LIAM 01

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LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples: Sujeito e Predicado.
Estrutura Frasal
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Recognize the differences between “text”, “sentence”, “clause”, “phrase” and “word”;
Learn the types of sentence elements: “subject” and “predicate”;
Study the cases of subject-verb agreement.
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Morphosyntax is the system of the internal structure of words (morphology) and the way in which words are put together to form phrases and sentences (syntax).
 
Morphology - looks at how the smallest meaningful linguistic units, called morphemes, are formed into complete words.
Syntax - examines how fully formed words fit together to create complete and understandable sentences. 
MORPHOSYNTAX
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE
Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order: 
A TEXT consists of one or more sentences (texto)
A SENTENCE consists of one or more clauses (periodo)
 A CLAUSE consists of one or more phrases (oração)
A PHRASE consists of one or more words (sintagma)
A WORD consists of one or more morphemes (palavra)
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
John came to school yesterday, but he wasn’t feeling very well, so he went home.
 16 words
1 compound period.
3 clauses.
Phrases:
1st. clause:
John came to school yesterday,
John – noun phrase
Came – verb phrase OR came to school yesterday – verb phrase
To school yesterday – prepositional phrase
Yesterday – adverb phrase
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
John came to school yesterday, but he wasn’t feeling very well, so he went home.
 2nd. clause:
but he wasn’t feeling very well
he – noun phrase
wasn’t feeling very well – verb phrase
very well – adverb phrase
3rd. clause:
so he went home.
He – noun phrase
Went home – verb phrase
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
There are seven types of sentence element:
SUBJECT (Simple and Compound)
PREDICATE (Simple and Compound; Verbal, Nominal and Adjective)
VERB TRANSITIVITY (Intransitive, Transitive, Ditransitive, Tritransitive, Ambitransitive, Circumstantial and Linking)
OBJECT (Direct, Indirect, Prepositional)
PREDICATIVE (aka Predicate complement- subject complements and object complements) 
ADNOMINAL FUNCTORS (Adnominal Adjectives and Noun Complement)
ADVERBIAL (Adjunct, Obligatory, Conjunct, Disjunct).
They elected him president yesterday. 
They (=subject), elected (=verb), him (=object), president (=predicative), yesterday (=adverbial)
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
 In English, the basic order is "Subject-Verb-Object;" this means that in a simple sentence, the first noun phrase is the subject, and the subsequent predicate includes the verb phrase and may contain an object. 
 
Judy {runs}. 
Judy and her dog {run on the beach every morning}. 
 
To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb and then make a question by placing ``who?'' or ``what?'' before it -- the answer is the subject.
The audience littered the theatre floor with torn wrappings and spilled popcorn. 
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Types of Subject and Predicate
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Types of Predicate
A Verbal Predicate (Predicado Verbal) occurs when, in a sentence, the verb, which is not linking, is followed by a noun, a pronoun, an adverb or nothing. 
Example: They gave him his hat.
A Nominal Predicate or Predicate Noun (Predicado Nominal) is a noun phrase that functions as the main predicate of a sentence (there is a linking verb) 
Example: George III is the king of England
An Adjective Predicate or Predicate Adjective (Predicado Nominal) is an adjective that functions as a predicate (there is a linking verb)
Example: Jenny is attractive
So, as you can see there are two types of “Predicado Nominal” in English, one (Nominal Predicate) when the Predicate is a noun phrase and the other one (Adjective Predicate) when the predicate is an adjective.
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. It means that the verb agrees with HEAD of the subject. This is the cornerstone rule that forms the background of the concept.
The dog growls when he is angry. The dogs growl when they are angry.
2. Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb; they do not affect agreement.
The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very good.
The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail.
David, who likes basketball very much, is one of the school team members.
 
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
3. A plural verb is used when an adjective preceded by 'the' acts as a subject to represent a class of people. - plural
The rich are willing to help the poor.
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
4. AND - plural 
The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.
 
Note: AND - refer to the same person or thing - singular 
Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish.
Bread and cheese is my favourite for breakfast.
AND - If the words each, every, or no come before the subject- singular
No smoking and drinking is allowed. Every man and woman is required to check in.
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
5. If one of them is plural and the other one is singular it agrees with the nearest:
Are either my brothers or my father responsible? 
Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house. 
Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house. 
Do your sisters or your girlfriend want any pizza?
When two subjects (PRONOUNS) are connected by 'or', 'either...or', 'neither...nor' and 'not only...but also', the verb should be in agreement with the second subject.
Neither you nor I am the winner.
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
6. When noun and pronoun subjects like some, half, none, more, all, etc. are followed by a prepositional phrase – agrees with the object:
All of the chicken is gone. All of the chickens are gone.
7. Expressions - with, together with, including, accompanied by, in addition to, or as well as – the verb should agree with the first subject.
The President, accompanied by his wife, is traveling to India.
All of the books, including yours, are in that box.
I, as well as my parents, am going to emigrate to Singapore.
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
8. Anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody - singular 
Everyone has
done his or her homework. 
All, some - singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) (see 6)
Some of the beads are missing. / Some of the water is gone. 
None – it can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb 
None of you claims responsibility for this incident? 
None of you claim responsibility for this incident? 
 //unless something else in the sentence determines its number. 
None of the students have done their homework. (In this last example, the word their precludes the use of the plural verb.//
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
9 . After the words 'a lot of', 'most of the', 'some of', 'the majority of', 'all of', 'none of', etc, either singular or plural, depending on whether a countable or an uncountable noun is used. 
Most of the students are talking about their new teacher.
A lot of trouble was caused by your little sister.
 
Note:	A plural verb is used when 'a number of' and 'a group of' are followed by plural nouns or pronouns.
 A number of F.5 students are worried about their future.
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
10. Units of measurement - singular
Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.
 
Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning. 
A large percentage of the older population is voting against her. 
A large percentage of the voters are voting against her
Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle. 
Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire. 
 
Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. E.g. Two and two is four. 
NOTE: The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: 
"More than one student has tried this.“ 
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
11. DOLLARS - When talking about an amount of money, it requires a singular verb, but when referring to the dollars themselves, a plural verb is required.
Five dollars is a lot of money.
Dollars are often used instead of rubles in Russia.
12. Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, clothes, goods, savings, pyjamas, spectacles, and scissors - plural 
My glasses were on the bed. / My pants were torn. 
Unless they're preceded the phrase pair of (in which case the word pair becomes the subject – possible for some of them). A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet.
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
14. 'Economics', 'mathematics', 'physics', 'gymnastics', 'politics', ‘measles’ crisis', 'apparatus 'etc. - singular
Mathematics is what I am weak in.
Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
 However, a plural verb is used when these words are preceded by possessive adjectives or articles.
Her politics are very radical. 
13. Uncountable nouns such as 'news', 'advice', 'information', 'knowledge', 'rubbish', 'furniture', etc, must be followed by singular verbs. The furniture is made in Sweden.
 Note:	To make these uncountable nouns countable, we can use some phrases like 'a piece of', 'pieces of', 'a heap of', 'heaps of', etc., as in: Peter gives me these pieces of information which are very useful for the project.
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
15. If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject. 
The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach on Valentine's Day. 
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
16. There are a number of words like government, e.g. family, company, audience, jury, department, committee, which can be followed by a singular verb or a plural verb. It depends on how you perceive the noun, whether as a unit, or as a group of individuals. Formality also comes into it. Generally it would be more formal to use a singular verb agreement (as the Queen does). 
My family are great lovers of fruit (one sees a family as individuals)
The average family eats three portions of fruit a day (the group ‘family’)
NOTE: Are" is correct when referring to police in general because 'are' is plural; use is when referring to a single person or a specific department. 
The police are blocking off the street where the accident occurred.
A police officer is getting information from the neighbors. 
The police department is at the corner of First and Main streets.
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Select the alternative that completes the following sentences:
I. Either the physicians in this hospital or the chief administrator ____ going to have to make a decision. 
II. _____ my boss or my sisters in the union going to win this grievance? 
III. Some of the votes __________ to have been miscounted. 
a) are – are – seem		b) are – is - seem
c) is – is – seem			d) is – are – seem
e) is – is – seems
Explanation: 
When subjects are connected by or, the subject closer to the verb (which is, in this case, singular) determines the number of the verb. 
The subject closer to the verb (my boss) determines the number of the verb. 
Some is the subject in this sentence; it is plural because the word votes makes it a countable indefinite pronoun. 
LET’S PRACTICE
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Select the alternative that completes the following sentences:
I. The tornadoes that tear through this county every spring _____ more than just a nuisance. 
II. Everyone selected to serve on this jury _____ to be willing to give up a lot of time.
III. Kara Wolters, together with her teammates, _________ a formidable opponent on the basketball court. 
a) are – have – present		b) are – have - presents
c) are – has – presents		d) is – has - presents
e) is – has – present
Explanation:
The subject is tornadoes. You were not confused by the words and phrases that came between the subject and its verb. 
Everyone is a singular word.
The subject is not compounded by phrases such as along with, together with, and as well as. 
LET’S PRACTICE
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Select the alternative that completes the following sentences:
I. He seems to forget that there _______ things to be done before he can graduate. 
II. There ___ to be some people left in that town after yesterday's flood. 
III. Some of the grain __________ to be contaminated. 
a) are – has – appear		b) are – has – appears
c) is – has - appear		d) are – have – appears
e) is – has – appears
Explanation:
The subject (things, in this case) comes after the verb in constructions that begin with here or there. 
The subject is people, which is plural, and that determines the verb (not the word there). 
Some is the subject of this sentence and, since it is not really countable (you can't count the grain), it is singular. 
LET’S PRACTICE
Aula 1- Elementos do Período Simples – Sujeito e Predicado. Estrutura Frasal.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Recognize the differences between “text”, “sentence”, “clause”, “phrase” and “word”;
Learn
the types of sentences elements: “subject” and “predicate”;
Study the cases of subject-verb agreement.