LI1 04

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LITERATURA INGLESA I
Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
Tema da Apresentação
Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Class content:
Thomas Malory time and work.
Morte d’Arthuras: Malory´ s text structure and archetypes. 
 
Tema da Apresentação
Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The legend of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table is the most powerful and enduring in the western world. King Arthurand the other characters have not been proved, but their names conjure up a romantic image of gallant knights in shining armour, elegant ladies in medieval castles, heroic quests for the Holy Grail in a world of honour and romance, the court of Camelot - a royal and mystical Britain 
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians. The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthur's name also occurs in early  
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The Arthurian legend has existed for over a thousand years and is just as compelling today as it was in the faraway days of its early creators - Geoffrey of Monmouth, Robert de Boron, Chrétien de Troyes, and most majestically: Sir Thomas Malory in his epic work, Le Morte d'Arthur. Countless artists, have been inspired by these legends.
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table never existed in real life. They're purely figures of legend. There might have been someone called Arturus (or Riothamus) in Britain's distant past, but if there was, he was probably a Romano-British leader or military general campaigning against the marauding Saxon hordes in the 5th century AD. In that period of history, however, there was no such thing as knights-in-armour - horsemen didn't even use stirrups until much later, so they couldn't have worn and fought in armour. There are several theories about the location of the 'original' court of Camelot, and although research continues, these are irrelevances: King Arthur and his knights will always be figures of fantasy, and Arthurian legend should be appreciated for what it is: a large and unique body of wonderful early European literature. 
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The popular literary King Arthur is thought by some historians to originate with a real but little-known figure called Riothamus who existed in post-Roman Britain in the 5th century AD, and who may also have been called Arturius. Other academics believe he may have early Welsh origins in the poem 'Y Gododdin' which commemorates British warriors who died in a battle at Catraeth during the 5th or 6th centuries when the native Britons fought against Germanic Saxon invaders. 
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The Welsh King Arthur
There is also an early Welsh poem - 'Historia Brittonum' - from around 800, which records that "at that time the Saxons increased in numbers and grew in Britain. After the death of Hengist, Octa, his son, came down from the north part of Britain to the kingdom of the Kentishmen, and from there are sprung the kings of the Kentishmen. Then Arthur fought at that time against them in those days along with the kings of the Britons, but he was their leader in battles." The poem lists Arthur's battles, culminating in his twelfth at Badon Hill.
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The poem 'Annales Cambrie' from around 900 also gives references to battles: "The Battle of Badon, in which Arthur carried the Cross of our Lord Jesus Christ for three days and nights on his shoulders and the Britons were the victors" and "The Battle of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut fell - and there was plague in Britain and Ireland." He is mentioned in 'Preiddeu Annwn' (The Spoils of Annwn) and 'Pa gwr' (Arthur and the Porter) and in the 10th century appears in the 'Stanzas of the Grave', a Welsh poem which makes reference to the graves of several Arthurian figures.
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
William of Malmesbury in 'Gesta regum Anglorum' (c. 1125)
William of Newburgh in 'Historia regum anglicarum' (1196-98) 
Gerald of Wales (1223) claims that he witnessed the exhumation of King Arthur from a grave discovered at Glastonbury Abbey in around 1190 or 1191: "And there was a lead cross fixed under... a stone slab. I have seen this cross, and have traced the letters sculpted into it... and they said: 'Here lies buried the famous King Arthur with Guenevere his second wife in the island of Avalon.' 
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The origin of the name Arthur remains a matter of debate. Some suggest it is derived from the Roman nomen gentile(family name) Artōrius, of obscure and contested etymology (but possibly of Messapic or Etruscan origin).Some scholars have suggested it is relevant to this debate that the legendary King Arthur's name only appears as Arthur, or Arturus, in early Latin Arthurian texts, never as Artōrius. However, this may not say anything about the origin of the name Arthur, as Artōrius would regularly become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh.
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Another possibility is that it is derived from a Brittonic patronym *Arto-rīg-ios -"bear-king“, to be found in the Old Irish personal name Art-ri).Less likely is the commonly proposed derivation from Welsh arth "bear" + (g)wr "man" (earlier *Arto-uiros in Brittonic); there are phonological difficulties with this
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
An alternative theory, which has gained only limited acceptance among professional scholars,derives the name Arthur from Arcturus, the brightest star in the constellation Boötes, near Ursa Major or the Great Bear. Classical Latin Arcturus would also have become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh, and its brightness and position in the sky led people to regard it as the "guardian of the bear“.
A similar first name is Old Irish Artúr, which is believed to be derived directly from an early Old Welsh or Cumbric Artur.The earliest historically attested bearer of the name is a son or grandson of Áedán mac Gabráin (d. AD 609).
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
SIR THOMAS MALORY
(1414/1420 - 1471)
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Malory's exact date of birth is unknown (probably around the year 1410), he succeeded to his father's estates in 1434. Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel in Warwickshire (Thomas Malory of Studley and Hutton),a knight, land-owner and Member of Parliament - Previously, it was suggested by antiquary John Leland (1506–1552) as well as John Bale that he was Welsh (identifying 'Malory' with Maelor). Occasionally, other candidates are put forward for authorship of Le Morte d'Arthur, but the supporting evidence for their claim has been described as circumstantial.
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Le Morte d'Arthur tells the story of King Arthur and his Knights at the Round Table. Arthur,son of King Uther Pendragon and raised by another family, takes his rightful place as king when, as a boy, he is able to pull the sword called Excalibur from the stone. Although he rules wisely
and is counseled by Merlin the magician, Arthur is often at war.
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Le Morte D'Arthur is the first true novel written in English. A moving tale of love and betrayal, and quests inspired by noble ideals amidst the turmoil of an age of profound change, the essence of Sir Thomas Malory's timeless masterpiece has remained firmly in the imagination of successive generations.  
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Le Morte D'Arthur was finished, as the epilogue tells us, in the ninth year of Edward IV., i.e. between March 4, 1469 and the same date in 1470. It is thus, fitly enough, the last important English book written before the introduction of printing into this country, and since no manuscript of it has come down to us it is also the first English classic for our knowledge of which we are entirely dependent on a printed text. 
Caxton, William
c.1422-c.1491-William Caxton published works including: "Morte d'Arthur," "The History of Reynart the Foxe," and "The Canterbury Tales."
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Le Morte D'Arthur is the story of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, beginning with Arthur's conception and birth, and concluding with his death at the hands of his bastard son, Mordred . Along the way, we meet handsome knights, beautiful ladies, and become immersed in Camelot. 
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The "mythic hero" is a particular breed of hero with particular traits. The Greek hero Heracles (Latin Hercules) will stand as our model Mythic Hero - since he exemplifies most of the associated traits - but we shall consider other mythic heroes from an assortment of cultures in our search to understand what exactly we mean by "heroic" in the "mythic" sense. Artwork used to illustrate these myths and heroes is deliberately drawn from a wide range of cultures, artists, periods and media to reveal the viability and popularity of such myths beyond antiquity 
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
During the Middle Ages, Arthur was made a member of the Nine Worthies, a group of heroes encapsulating all the ideal qualities of chivalry. His life was thus proposed as a valuable subject for study by those aspiring to chivalric status. This aspect of Arthur in the Nine Worthies was popularised firstly through literature and was thereafter adopted as a frequent subject by painters and sculptors. Arthur has also been used as a model for modern-day behaviour. In the 1930s, the Order of the Fellowship of the Knights of the Round Table was formed in Britain to promote Christian ideals and Arthurian notions of medieval chivalry.In the United States, hundreds of thousands of boys and girls joined Arthurian youth groups, such as the Knights of King Arthur, in which Arthur and his legends were promoted as wholesome exemplars.
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Tema da Apresentação
Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Tema da Apresentação
Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Tema da Apresentação
Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Tema da Apresentação
Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
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Thomas Mallory: Le Morte d’Arthur
LITERATURA INGLESA I
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