19996410-PERSPECTIVE2-BOOKLET-CAPA

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219996410
Rafael Galvão onteiro
Perspective
Component of the course Perspective. Not for sale separately.
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Rafael Galvão Monteiro
2
Perspective
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Developing Exam Skills
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O Enem 4
Identificação e Análise de Gêneros Textuais 6
Notícia e Reportagem 6
Aspectos Linguísticos 11
Referência Pronominal 11
Conectivos 13
Grupos Nominais 15
Leitura de Enunciados 16
Estratégias de Leitura 20
Identificação do Tópico Frasal 20
Identificação da Ideia Central 22
Identificação de Informações Específicas 24
Questões de Vestibular 26
Glossário 53
Answer Key 54
Answer Key - Identificação e Análise de Gêneros Textuais 54
Answer Key – Aspectos Linguísticos 55
Answer Key – Leitura de Enunciados 56
Answer Key - Estratégias de Leitura 57
Answer Key - Questões de Vestibular 59
 
Sumário
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MATRIZ DE REFERÊNCIA DE LINGUAGENS, CÓDIGOS E SUAS 
TECNOLOGIAS
Competência de área 1 – 
Aplicar as tecnologias da comunicação e da informação na 
escola, no trabalho e em outros contextos relevantes para 
sua vida.
H1 – Identificar as diferentes linguagens e seus recursos 
expressivos como elementos de caracterização dos sistemas de 
comunicação.
H2 – Recorrer aos conhecimentos sobre as linguagens 
dos sistemas de comunicação e informação para resolver 
problemas sociais.
H3 – Relacionar informações geradas nos sistemas de 
comunicação e informação, considerando a função social 
desses sistemas.
H4 – Reconhecer posições críticas aos usos sociais que são 
feitos das linguagens e dos sistemas de comunicação e 
informação.
Competência de área 2 – 
Conhecer e usar língua(s) estrangeira(s) moderna(s) como 
instrumento de acesso a informações e a outras culturas e 
grupos sociais.
H5 – Associar vocábulos e expressões de um texto em LEM ao 
seu tema.
H6 – Utilizar os conhecimentos da LEM e de seus mecanismos 
como meio de ampliar as possibilidades de acesso a 
informações, tecnologias e culturas.
H7 – Relacionar um texto em LEM, as estruturas linguísticas, 
sua função e seu uso social.
H8 – Reconhecer a importância da produção cultural em LEM 
como representação da diversidade cultural e linguística.
Competência de área 3 – 
Compreender e usar a linguagem corporal como relevante para 
a própria vida, integradora social e formadora da identidade.
H9 – Reconhecer as manifestações corporais de movimento 
como originárias de necessidades cotidianas de um grupo 
social.
H10 – Reconhecer a necessidade de transformação de hábitos 
corporais em função das necessidades sinestésicas.
H11 – Reconhecer a linguagem corporal como meio de 
interação social, considerando os limites de desempenho e as 
alternativas de adaptação para diferentes indivíduos.
Competência de área 4 – 
Compreender a arte como saber cultural e estético gerador 
de significação e integrador da organização do mundo e da 
própria identidade.
4 Developing Exam Skills
O Enem surgiu com o objetivo de avaliar as Competências e as Habilidades 
desenvolvidas ao longo da Educação Básica. Atualmente, a prova está estruturada 
em quatro grandes áreas do conhecimento: Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias, 
Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e suas Tecnologias e Ciências Humanas e suas 
Tecnologias. A matriz de referência de Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias, que 
abrange a prova de inglês do Enem, é constituída por seis Competências e em cada área 
do conhecimento, sendo que as Competências estão distribuídas em 30 habilidades.
O Enem
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H12 – Reconhecer diferentes funções da arte, do trabalho da 
produção dos artistas em seus meios culturais.
H13 – Analisar as diversas produções artísticas como meio de 
explicar diferentes culturas, padrões de beleza e preconceitos.
H14 – Reconhecer o valor da diversidade artística e das inter- 
-relações de elementos que se apresentam nas manifestações 
de vários grupos sociais e étnicos.
Competência de área 5 – 
Analisar, interpretar e aplicar recursos expressivos das 
linguagens, relacionando textos com seus contextos, mediante 
a natureza, função, organização, estrutura das manifestações, 
de acordo com as condições de produção e recepção.
H15 – Estabelecer relações entre o texto literário e o momento 
de sua produção, situando aspectos do contexto histórico, 
social e político.
H16 – Relacionar informações sobre concepções artísticas e 
procedimentos de construção do texto literário.
H17 – Reconhecer a presença de valores sociais e humanos 
atualizáveis e permanentes no patrimônio literário nacional.
Competência de área 6 – 
Compreender e usar os sistemas simbólicos das diferentes 
linguagens como meios de organização cognitiva da realidade 
pela constituição de significados, expressão, comunicação e 
informação.
H18 – Identificar os elementos que concorrem para a 
progressão temática e para a organização e estruturação de 
textos de diferentes gêneros e tipos.
H19 – Analisar a função da linguagem predominante nos textos 
em situações específicas de interlocução.H20 – Reconhecer a importância do patrimônio linguístico para 
a preservação da memória e da identidade nacional.
Competência de área 7 – 
Confrontar opiniões e pontos de vista sobre as diferentes 
linguagens e suas manifestações específicas.
H21 – Reconhecer em textos de diferentes gêneros, recursos 
verbais e não verbais utilizados com a finalidade de criar e 
mudar comportamentos e hábitos.
H22 – Relacionar, em diferentes textos, opiniões, temas, 
assuntos e recursos linguísticos.
H23 – Inferir em um texto quais são os objetivos de seu 
produtor e quem é seu público-alvo, pela análise dos 
procedimentos argumentativos utilizados.
H24 – Reconhecer no texto estratégias argumentativas 
empregadas para o convencimento do público, tais como a 
intimidação, sedução, comoção, chantagem, entre outras.
Competência de área 8 – 
 Compreender e usar a língua portuguesa como língua materna, 
geradora de significação e integradora da organização do 
mundo e da própria identidade.
H25 – Identificar, em textos de diferentes gêneros, as marcas 
linguísticas que singularizam as variedades linguísticas sociais, 
regionais e de registro.
H26 – Relacionar as variedades linguísticas a situações 
específicas de uso social.
H27 – Reconhecer os usos da norma padrão da língua 
portuguesa nas diferentes situações de comunicação.
Competência de área 9 – 
Entender os princípios, a natureza, a função e o impacto das 
tecnologias da comunicação e da informação na sua vida 
pessoal e social, no desenvolvimento do conhecimento, 
associando-o aos conhecimentos científicos, às linguagens 
que lhes dão suporte, às demais tecnologias, aos processos de 
produção e aos problemas que se propõem solucionar.
H28 – Reconhecer a função e o impacto social das diferentes 
tecnologias da comunicação e informação.
H29 – Identificar pela análise de suas linguagens, as 
tecnologias da comunicação e informação.
H30 – Relacionar as tecnologias de comunicação e informação 
ao desenvolvimento das sociedades e ao conhecimento que 
elas produzem.
5O Enem
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6 Developing Exam Skills
Identifi cação e Análise 
de Gêneros Textuais
Notícia e Reportagem
“News is what someone wants suppressed. Everything else is advertising. The power is to set the agenda. 
What we print and what we don’t print matter a lot.” (Katharine Graham)
FishbowlNY. Disponível em: <http://www.adweek.com/fi shbowlny/quotes-inspire-journalists/243651?red=kw>. 
Acesso em: 23 maio 2016.
1 Apesar de notícia e reportagem serem ambas gêneros jornalísticos com influência signifi cativa na 
sociedade, há algumas diferenças entre elas. Usando seu conhecimento prévio, identifi que quais 
elementos abaixo se referem a cada gênero. Às vezes, mais de uma resposta é possível.
Gênero textual é o termo usado para classifi car textos que apresentam funções 
comunicativas diferentes. Uma receita culinária, por exemplo, tem a função co-
municativa de ensinar o leitor a produzir certo prato, enquanto uma fábula busca 
ensinar uma lição moral. Cada gênero tende a seguir padrões de estilo, formato, 
registro e linguagem. Neste volume, vamos nos concentrar nos gêneros textuais: 
notícias e reportagens de revista e jornal. Desde 2012, os textos desses gêneros 
na prova do Enem provêm apenas de fontes digitais, como grandes agências de 
notícias conhecidas internacionalmente, e de revistas de temas diversos.
N – Notícia R – Reportagem
1. É mais longa e mais abrangente.
2. Apresenta estrutura menos rígida.
3. Aborda temas sociais, políticos e econômicos.
4. Apresenta o posicionamento do autor, portanto, 
é mais opinativa.
5. É mais expositiva e informativa.
6. Usa linguagem formal.
7. É publicada logo que um evento acontece.
8. Narra acontecimentos.
9. Não necessita de uma conclusão.
10. Não trata necessariamente de um tema atual.
11. Tem uma função social relevante.
12. O autor apresenta juízo de valor sobre o tema. 
13. Pode usar discurso direto ou indireto.
14. Dependendo do tema e do tom, pode ter como 
objetivo entreter o leitor.
15. O leitor pode interromper a leitura a qualquer 
hora e mesmo assim compreender a mensagem 
principal.
2 Tanto a reportagem como a notícia podem apresentar os seguintes elementos em sua estrutura. Leia os 
tópicos e diga quais são as funções e características principais de cada um. Se achar necessário, pesquise 
em revistas e jornais.
1. Manchete ou título:
 H1, H5, H7, H18, H22, H23➔
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7Identificação e Análise de Gêneros Textuais 7Identificação e Análise de Gêneros Textuais
2. Lide: 
3. Corpo do texto: 
4. Imagem:
JK Rowling writing adult novel
Posted 23 Feb 2012, 12:48PM ET
CBC News. Disponível em: <http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/j-k-rowling-writing-adult-novel-1.1164656>. 
Acesso em: 29 maio 2016.
CAMILLE MANN CBS NEWS February 29, 2012, 10:16 AM
J.K. Rowling announces new book for adults, fans react
CBS News. Disponível em <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/jk-rowling-announces-new-book-for-adults-fans-react/>.
 Acesso em: 29 maio 2016.
3 A manchete, ou título, é o nosso primeiro contato com o conteúdo da notícia ou reportagem e, por 
isso, deve ser concisa, mas contundente. Na prova do Enem, podemos até encontrar a resposta de uma 
questão nesse primeiro elemento. Leia a seguir diferentes manchetes de duas notícias veiculadas por 
fontes distintas e responda:
Quais são as características linguísticas e estilísticas em comum entre as manchetes?
Notícia 1
Notícia 2
Comayagua prison fi re killed 355 – Honduras offi cials
16 February 2012 Latin America & Caribbean 
BBC. Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-17055231>.
 Acesso em: 29 maio 2016.
2_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX01_M16.indd 7 8/8/16 3:20 PM
8 Developing Exam Skills
(Enem 2012)
23 February 2012 Last update at 16:53 GMT
BBC World Service
J. K. Rowling to pen fi rst novel for adults 
Author J. K. Rowling has announced plans to publish her fi rst 
novel for adults, which will be “very diff erent” from the Harry 
Potter books she is famous for. The book will be published 
worldwide although no date or title has yet been released. 
“The freedom to explore new territory is a gift that Harry’s 
success has brought me,” Rowling said. All the Potter books 
were published by Bloomsbury, but Rowling has chosen 
a new publisher for her debut into adult fi ction. “Although 
I’ve enjoyed writing it every bit as much, my next book 
will be very diff erent to the Harry Potter series, which has 
been published so brilliantly by Bloomsbury and my other 
publishers around the world,” she said, in a statement. 
“I’m delighted to have a second publishing home in Little, 
Brown, and a publishing team that will be a great partner in 
this new phase of my writing life.”
Disponível em: www.bbc.co.uk. Acesso em: 24 fev. 2012 (adaptado).
4 Leia atenciosamente o enunciado da questão abaixo retirada da prova do Enem de 2012. Depois, leia a 
manchete e o corpo do texto para responder à questão.
Enem
Foco no
More than 300 killed in Honduras prison fi re
By Mariano Castillo and Elvin Sandoval, CNN
Updated 0615 GMT (1415 HKT) February 16, 2012
CNN. Disponível em: <http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/15/world/americas/honduras-fi re-deaths/>. 
Acesso em: 29 maio 2016.
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J. K. Rowling tornou-se famosa por seus livros sobre o bruxo Harry Potter e suas aventuras, adaptados para o 
cinema. Esse texto, que aborda a trajetória da escritora britânica, tem por objetivo
a. informar que a famosa série Harry Potter será adaptada para o público adulto.
b. divulgar a publicação do romance por J. K. Rowling inteiramente para adultos.
c. promover a nova editora que irá publicar os próximos livros de J. K. Rowling.
d. informar que a autora de Harry Potter agora pretende escrever para adultos.
e. anunciar um novo livro da série Harry Potter publicado por editora diferente.2_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX01_M16.indd 8 8/8/16 3:20 PM
9Identificação e Análise de Gêneros Textuais
5 Encontre no texto evidências que sustentem a resposta correta, assim como cada uma das alternativas 
erradas.
Alternativa a:
Alternativa b:
Alternativa c:
Alternativa d:
Alternativa e:
6 Até que ponto essa imagem ajuda na compreensão do texto e na resolução da questão?
7 Nesta outra questão do Enem, de 2013, adote a mesma estratégia utilizada na atividade anterior para 
responder à questão.
(Enem 2013)
After prison blaze kills hundreds in Honduras, UN warns on overcrowding
15 February 2012
A United Nations human rights official today called on Latin American countries to tackle the problem of prison 
overcrowding in the wake of an overnight fire at a jail in Honduras that killed hundreds of inmates. More than 300 prisoners 
are reported to have died in the blaze at the prison, located north of the capital, Tegucigalpa, with dozens of others still 
missing and presumed dead. Antonio Maldonado, human rights adviser for the UN system in Honduras, told UN Radio 
today that overcrowding may have contributed to the death toll. “But we have to wait until a thorough investigation is 
conducted so we can reach a precise cause,” he said. “But of course there is a problem of overcrowding in the prison 
system, not only in this country, but also in many other prisons in Latin America.”
Disponível em: www.un.org. Acesso em: 22 fev. 2012 (adaptado). 
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10 Developing Exam Skills
 Os noticiários destacam acontecimentos diários, que são veiculados em jornal 
impresso, rádio, televisão e internet. Nesse texto, o acontecimento reportado é a
a. ocorrência de um incêndio em um presídio superlotado em Honduras.
b. questão da superlotação nos presídios em Honduras e na América Latina.
c. investigação da morte de um oficial das Nações Unidas em visita a um presídio.
d. conclusão do relatório sobre a morte de mais de trezentos detentos em Honduras.
e. causa da morte de doze detentos em um presídio superlotado ao norte de 
Honduras.
Dica de Estudo
Acesse jornais e revistas online e, antes de ler a notícia ou reportagem, explore 
a manchete ou o título ao máximo para extrair significados. Perceba também as 
caraterísticas linguísticas e estilísticas que se repetem.
8 Como visto anteriormente, o lide é um elemento importante tanto em uma 
notícia quanto em uma reportagem. Identifique-o nos textos das duas 
questões anteriores e localize as respostas às perguntas que o definem 
(quem, o que, quando, onde, como e por quê). 
Estratégia de Exame
Os textos selecionados para as questões no Enem têm fontes autênticas, porém 
são geralmente adaptados ou fragmentos do texto original, por causa do espaço 
que ocupam. Por esse motivo, tente sempre ler o corpo do texto, mesmo que 
acredite já ter encontrado a resposta no título, no subtítulo, no lide e na imagem.
Dica de Estudo
Crie o hábito de ler jornais e revistas em inglês. Inicie sua leitura pelos temas que mais 
lhe agradam. Opte por notícias, inicialmente. Conforme for ganhando mais familiaridade 
com o gênero, arrisque ler textos mais complexos. Busque por reportagens sobre 
assuntos recorrentes na prova. Abaixo estão algumas das fontes mais usadas:
BBC. Disponível em: 
<http://www.bbc.com/>. 
Time. Disponível em: <http://time.com/>.
The New York Times. Disponível em: 
<http://www.nytimes.com/>.
Newsweek. 
Disponível em: <http://www.newsweek.
com/>. Acessos em: 23 maio 2016.
Fechamento
Notícia e 
Reportagem
Ambos possuem:
– Título: com 
predominância 
de substantivos, 
marcante e formado 
por poucas palavras, 
precisa chamar a 
atenção do leitor;
– Lide: o primeiro 
parágrafo, em que 
o autor coloca 
as informações 
principais da matéria, 
respondendo 
perguntas como: 
quem fez, o que, 
quando, onde, como e 
por que;
– Corpo do texto: o 
aprofundamento das 
informações contidas 
no lide;
– Imagem: pode 
ser ilustrativa 
ou apresentar 
informações 
adicionais.
A notícia é mais 
expositiva e 
informativa; é 
publicada logo que o 
evento acontece e não 
possui conclusão. Já 
a reportagem é mais 
longa e abrangente; 
apresenta estrutura 
menos rígida; pode 
ser mais opinativa; 
não precisa ser sobre 
um tema atual e pode 
ser mais leve e menos 
informativa.
2_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX01_M16.indd 10 8/8/16 3:20 PM
11Aspectos Linguísticos
Aspectos Linguísticos
Referência Pronominal
1 Pronomes são utilizados para garantir a coesão de um texto. Observe os pronomes abaixo e numere a 
segunda coluna de acordo com a primeira. Siga o exemplo.
1. Pronomes demonstrativos – demonstrative pronouns what, which, who, whom, whose
2. Pronomes relativos – relative pronouns one, you, we, they
3. Pronomes interrogativos – interrogative pronouns  this, that, these, those
4. Pronomes pessoais genéricos – generic personal 
pronouns one, ones, some
5. Substituição – substitution
 (a) little, (a) few, another, all, any, some, both, 
each, either, enough, half, less, many, much, 
neither, none, one(s), other(s), several
6. Pronomes quantitativos – quantifying pronouns who, that, which, where, whom, whose
2 Agora complete as frases com os pronomes corretos e indique nos a qual classe eles pertencem, de 
acordo com a categorização da atividade anterior.
a. is the man I met at the bank earlier today. 
b. “Is there a post o� ce near here?” “Yes, there is around the corner.” 
c. My brothers are twins. speak English very well. 
d. Mike is the student parents work at the school. 
e. gave you this present? 
f. hardly ever need warm clothes in the Brazilian summer. 
Para facilitar a transmissão da mensagem do texto de cada gênero, algumas ferramen-
tas linguísticas são utilizadas, no que diz respeito à organização do texto, para ga-
rantir coerência e coesão. Nesta seção, nos concentraremos em referência pronominal, 
conectivos e grupos nominais.
Estratégia de Exame
Há muitas formas para construir um texto coeso, ou seja, um texto em que haja a correlação de ideias a fim de dar ao 
leitor a sensação de fluidez na leitura. Para isso, é necessário atentar para o uso apropriado de pronomes, evitando a 
repetição de palavras e estruturas e tornando mais lógica a correlação das ideias do texto.
 H1, H5, H18➔
3_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX02_M16.indd 11 8/15/16 6:05 PM
12 Developing Exam Skills 
3 Leia o trecho desta reportagem da BBC utilizada na questão abaixo e, em seguida, identifi que a ideia 
principal do texto.
How fake images change our memory and behavior
[…]
For decades, researchers have been exploring just how unreliable our own memories are. Not only is memory fi ckle when 
we access it, but it’s also quite easily subverted and rewritten. Combine this susceptibility with modern image-editing 
soft ware at our fi ngertips like Photoshop, and it’s a recipe for disaster. In a world where we can witness news and world 
events as they unfold, fake images surround us, and our minds accept these pictures as real, and remember them later. 
These fake memories don’t just distort how we see our past, they aff ect our current and future behaviour too – from what 
we eat, to how we protest and vote. The problem is there’s virtually nothing we can do to stop it.
Old memories seem to be the easiest to manipulate subjects were showed images from their childhood. Along with real images, 
researchers snuck in doctored photographs of the subject taking a hot-air balloon ride with his or her family. Aft er seeing those 
images, 50% of subjects recalled some part of that hot air balloon ride – though the event was entirely made up.
EVELETH, Rose. How fake images change our memory and behaviour. BBC, 13 dez. 2012. 
Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20121213-fake-pictures-make-real-memories>. Acesso em: 27 maio 2016.
Enem
Foco no
 A reportagem apresenta consequências do uso de novas tecnologias para a mente humana. Nesse contexto, a 
memória das pessoas é influenciada pelo(a)a. alteração de imagens.
b. exposição ao mundo virtual.
c. acesso a novas informações.
d. fascínio por so� wares inovadores.
e. interferência dos meios de comunicação.
4 Agora releia o texto e identifi que a que ou a quem se refere cada um dos pronomes indicados.
1. our (l1): 
2. it (l2): 
3. this (l2): 
4. it (l3): 
5. we (l3): 
6. they (l4): 
7. them (l5): 
8. they (l5): 
9. it (l7): 
10. their (l8): 
11. his (l9): 
12. her (l9): 
5 Agora releia o texto e o enunciado e responda à questão.
 H7, H21➔
 H1, H5, H18➔
3_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX02_M16.indd 12 8/8/16 3:20 PM
13Aspectos Linguísticos
6 Como o estudo de referências pronominais ajuda na resolução dessa questão?
Conectivos
7 Leia os trechos retirados de diferentes notícias e reportagens da BBC. Identifique a função dos conectivos 
destacados e tente deduzir suas funções.
1 Whereas the great dramatists of Ancient Greece focused on specific events in the life of Oedipus, Enescu’s opera 
covers the whole narrative from birth to death.
Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07dk7l0?ns_mchannel=social&ns_campaign= 
bbc_radio_3&ns_source=twitter&ns_linkname=radio_and_music>. Acesso em: 27 maio 2016.”
2 As a result, many smaller farmers have turned to other crops that are not price controlled and 3 thus generate 
higher income.
Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/news/business-36365336>. Acesso em: 29 maio 2016.
 “But smaller companies have no means to know what kind of geospatial information they can store and what they 
cannot,” she says.” 4 Moreover, if a start-up requires three months to get approvals for your data before you 
can use it, it’ll be as good as dead.”
Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36276754>. Acesso em: 29 maio 2016.
 Global warming is feared to be causing the ice cover to melt increasingly fast, 5 but has also increased access 
to Greenland’s mineral resources.
Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18249474>. Acesso em: 29 maio 2016.
6 Although the vast majority of restaurants are safe, a number each year are found to have breached laws and 
guidelines.
Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-36268630>. Acesso em: 29 maio 2016.
 The philosopher Rene Descartes said “I think, 7 therefore I am.”
Extracted from: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/158615.stm>. Acesso em: 29 maio 2016.
Estratégia de Exame
Outro recurso gramatical que ajuda a dar coesão textual é o uso de conectivos. Conjunções, preposições e advérbios 
podem fazer esse papel de organizar e dar clareza às ideias expostas no texto. 
3_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX02_M16.indd 13 8/8/16 3:20 PM
14 Developing Exam Skills 
8 Na questão abaixo, retirada da prova do Enem de 2012, a resolução depende da compreensão dos 
conectivos. Leia atentamente o enunciado e o texto. Em seguida, escolha a opção correta e justifique as 
alternativas incorretas.
(Enem)
Quotes of the Day 
Friday, Sep. 02, 2011 
“There probably was a shortage of not just respect and boundaries but also love. But you do need, when they cross the line 
and break the law, to be very tough.”
British Prime Minister DAVID CAMERON, arguing that those involved in the recent riots in England need “tough love” as he 
vows to “get to grips” with the country’s problem families. 
Disponível em: www.time.com. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2011 (adaptado). 
 A respeito dos tumultos causados na Inglaterra em agosto de 2011, as palavras de alerta de David Cameron têm 
como foco principal 
a. enfatizar a discriminação contra os jovens britânicos e suas famílias. 
b. criticar as ações agressivas demonstradas nos tumultos pelos jovens.
c. estabelecer relação entre a falta de limites dos jovens e o excesso de amor.
d. reforçar a ideia de que os jovens precisam de amor, mas também de firmeza.
e. descrever o tipo de amor que gera problemas às famílias de jovens britânicos.
9 Quais são os conectivos que afetam a resolução da questão? Explique a importância deles na resposta 
correta.
10 Explique a que ou a quem se referem os seguintes pronomes no texto
a. you (linha 2): 
b. they (linha 3): 
c. those (linha 5): 
d. he (linha 6): 
Enem
Foco no
Dica de Estudo
Sempre que buscar o significado de palavras de um texto, tente identificar a classe gramatical delas para facilitar a compreensão. 
Descobrir se há sentido conotativo, positivo ou negativo, também é de grande ajuda. 
3_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX02_M16.indd 14 8/8/16 3:20 PM
15Aspectos Linguísticos
Grupos Nominais
Estratégia de Exame
Geralmente, quando lidamos com a compreensão de vocabulário desconhecido, pode 
ser mais fácil identificar o significado em um grupo de palavras do que analisar pala-
vra por palavra. Um grupo nominal é um conjunto de palavras que tem como núcleo 
um substantivo, o qual, por sua vez, é acompanhado de uma ou mais palavras que de-
terminam, modificam ou alteram esse núcleo. Na sentença She lives in a yellow house, 
por exemplo, yellow house é um grupo nominal. Em inglês, os modificadores tendem 
a aparecer antes do núcleo. Nesse caso, yellow é o modificador, e house é o núcleo.
11 Leia o texto abaixo e identifi que 13 grupos nominais.
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
36 Hours in Buenos Aires
Contemporary Argentine history is a roller coaster of fi nancial booms and cracks, set to 
gripping political soap operas. But through all the highs and lows, one thing has remained 
constant: Buenos Aires’s graceful elegance and cosmopolitan cool. This attractive city 
continues to draw food lovers, design buff s and party people with its riotous night life, 
fashion-forward styling and a favorable exchange rate. Even with the uncertain economy, 
the creative energy and enterprising spirit of Porteños, as residents are called, prevail — 
just look to the growing ranks of art spaces, boutiques, restaurants and hotels.
Disponível em: www.nationalgeographic.com. Acesso em: 27 jul. 2010.
 Nesse artigo de jornal, Buenos Aires é apresentada como a capital argentina que
a. foi objeto de novelas televisivas baseadas em sua vida noturna e artística.
b. manteve sua elegância e espírito cosmopolita, apesar das crises econômicas.
c. teve sua energia e aspecto empreendor ofuscados pela incerteza da economia.
d. foi marcada historicamente por uma vida fi nanceira estável, com repercussão na arte.
e. parou de atrair apreciadores da gastronomia, por causa do alto valor de sua moeda.
12 Leia a questão e escolha a opção correta. 
13 Quais grupos nominais do texto são encontrados na resposta correta? Como 
eles ajudam na resolução?
Fechamento
Pronomes 
demonstrativos:
this, that, these, those
Pronomes relativos: 
who, that, which, where, 
whom, whose
Pronomes 
Interrogativos:
what, which, who, 
whom, whose
Pronomes Pessoais 
Genéricos: 
one, you, we, they
Substituição: 
one, ones, some
Pronomes Quantitativos: 
(a) little, (a) few, 
another, all, any, some, 
both, each, either, 
enough, half, less, many, 
much, neither, none, 
one(s), other(s), several
Conectivos:
Conjunções, preposições 
e advérbios podem fazer 
esse papel de organizar 
e dar clarezas as ideias 
expostas no texto. 
Conectivos podem dar 
a ideia de contraste, 
consequência, adição, 
entre outros.
Grupos Nominais:
São grupos de palavras 
que tem como núcleo 
um substantivo, 
que, por sua vez, é 
acompanhado de uma 
ou mais palavras que 
determinam, modifi cam 
ou alteram esse núcleo. 
Na sentença My father 
bought a red car, red car 
é um grupo nominal no 
qual red é o modifi cador 
e car, o núcleo.
 H7, H8, H18, H19, H25, H28➔
3_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX02_M16.indd 15 8/8/16 3:20 PM
16 Developing Exam Skills
Leitura de Enunciados
1 Usando o conhecimento que desenvolvemos, na seção sobre gêneros, leia abaixo apenas o título e o 
subtítulo de uma reportagem e tente prever o conteúdo do texto. Resuma a ideia em uma frase.
Na prova de Língua Inglesa do Enem, fazer uma leitura efi ciente 
dos enunciados é tão importante quanto compreender o textoapresentado. Portanto, dedique tempo sufi ciente para ler as 
questões com calma e atenção. Lembre-se de sempre ler todo 
o enunciado antes de ler o texto e as alternativas. 
Steve Jobs: A Life Remembered 1955-2011
Readersdigest.ca takes a look back at Steve Jobs, and his contribution to our digital world. 
Disponível em: http://www.readersdigest.ca/features/hot-topics/steve-jobs-life-remembered-1955-2011. Acesso em: 6 maio 2016.
2 Agora leia o enunciado e as alternativas da questão usada na prova do Enem de 2013. Quais das 
alternativas poderiam ser eliminadas antes mesmo da leitura do texto? Justifi que sua resposta.
(Enem 2013)
Steve Jobs: A Life Remembered 1955-2011 
Readersdigest.ca takes a look back at Steve Jobs, and his contribution to our digital world. 
CEO. Tech-Guru. Artist. There are few corporate fi gures as famous and well-regarded as former-Apple CEO Steve Jobs. His list 
of achievements is staggering, and his contribution to modern technology, digital media, and indeed the world as a whole, 
cannot be downplayed.
With his passing on October 5, 2011, readersdigest.ca looks back at some of his greatest achievements, and pays our respects 
to a digital pioneer who helped pave the way for a generation of technology, and possibilities, few could have imagined. 
Disponível em: www.readersdigest.ca. Acesso em: 25 fev. 2012.
 Informações sobre pessoas famosas são recorrentes na mídia, divulgadas de forma impressa ou virtualmente. Em 
relação a Steve Jobs, esse texto propõe 
a. expor as maiores conquistas da sua empresa. 
b. descrever suas criações na área da tecnologia. 
c. enaltecer sua contribuição para o mundo digital. 
d. lamentar sua ausência na criação de novas tecnologias. 
e. discutir o impacto de seu trabalho para a geração 
digital.
 H1, H5➔
 H5, H18, H19➔
4_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX03_M16.indd 16 8/8/16 3:20 PM
17Leitura de Enunciados
3 Finalmente, leia o texto completo, responda à questão e justifi que por que as outras alternativas não são 
a melhor resposta e escreva abaixo.
4 Analise novamente o enunciado da Atividade 2 e responda às perguntas, justifi cando como elas afetam a 
resolução da questão. 
1. O gênero textual é explicitamente mencionado no enunciado?
2. Além das instruções, há também uma contextualização do tema?
3. As instruções são apresentadas em formato de pergunta ou frase a ser completada?
4. Se transformada em pergunta, como fi caria a frase “Em relação a Steve Jobs, esse texto propõe [...]”?
5. Quais são as palavras-chave, ou seja, aquelas que carregam mais signifi cado e nos conduzem à resposta?
Estratégia de Exame
1o passo: Identificar o gênero textual. Para tanto, explore layout, título(s), imagem(ns), legenda(s), fonte.
2o passo: Ler o enunciado, identificar as palavras-chave da frase incompleta e tentar transformá-la em pergunta. Dessa 
forma, você focará sua atenção na informação que deve ser encontrada.
3o passo: Ler o texto criticamente com o objetivo de responder à pergunta ou completar a sentença. Grifar quaisquer 
evidências no texto.
4o passo: Ler as alternativas e eliminar as menos possíveis, tendo em mente o motivo de eliminá-las.
5o passo: Reler com atenção as alternativas restantes e buscar evidências no texto que sustentem a melhor resposta.
 H5, H18➔
4_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX03_M16.indd 17 8/8/16 3:20 PM
18 Developing Exam Skills
5 Seguindo as estratégias listadas na página anterior, leia a questão abaixo e escolha a opção correta. 
(Enem 2011)
Going to university seems to reduce the risk of dying from coronary heart disease. An American study that involved 10 000 
patients from around the world has found that people who leave school before the age of 16 are fi ve times more likely to 
suff er a heart attack and die than university graduates.
World Report News. Magazine Speak Up. Ano XIV, nº 170. Editora Camelot, 2001.
 Em relação às pesquisas, a utilização da expressão university graduates evidencia a intenção de informar que 
a. as doenças do coração atacam dez mil pacientes. 
b. as doenças do coração ocorrem na faixa dos dezesseis anos. 
c. as pesquisas sobre doenças são divulgadas no meio acadêmico. 
d. jovens americanos são alertados dos riscos de doenças do coração. 
e. maior nível de estudo reduz riscos de ataques do coração.
6 Use o espaço abaixo para justifi car por que as outras quatro alternativas não são as melhores respostas 
para a questão, de acordo com a categorização indicada.
1. Alternativas mais distantes da resposta correta:
2. Alternativas mais próximas da resposta correta:
Enem
Foco no
Dica de Estudo
Ao ler notícias e reportagens em revistas e jornais, crie o 
hábito de tentar resumir a ideia principal do texto em uma 
única frase.
7 A leitura efi caz do enunciado pode nos ajudar também a identifi car o foco da questão e, portanto, 
quais são as melhores estratégias de leitura que devemos adotar. Analise novamente os enunciados 
das questões das páginas 8, 9 e 10, Seção Leitura de Enunciados, e das páginas 16 e 17, desta seção. 
Identifi que se a resposta da questão está em informações explícitas (palavras exatas) ou implícitas (que 
necessita de uma análise mais detalhada) e justifi que.
1. Questão 4, página 8 (Enem 2012):
 H5, H18, H21➔
4_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX03_M16.indd 18 8/8/16 3:20 PM
19Leitura de Enunciados
2. Questão 6, página 9 (Enem 2013):
3. Questão 8, página 10 (Enem 2011):
4. Questão 2, página 16 (Enem 2013):
5. Questão 6, página 17 (Enem 2011):
8 Abaixo estão listados alguns dos focos mais comuns das questões do 
Enem. Associe-os aos enunciados listados acima, conforme o exemplo.
Foco Enunciados
identificação de ideias principais
busca e seleção de informação espe-
cífica
identificação do propósito do textow
Questão 4, página 8 (Enem 2012)
identificação da opinião e atitude do 
texto/autor
inferência de significado de palavra ou 
expressão
identificação de implicação
interpretação de imagens, gráficos 
etc.
Fechamento
Leitura de 
Enunciados
No Enem, a leitura 
cuidadosa dos 
enunciados é 
parte essencial 
da resolução das 
questões. Geralmente 
as instruções são 
apresentadas em 
forma de sentença a 
ser completada e é 
possível, logo de cara, 
identificar o gênero 
do texto utilizado, o 
que pode ajudar na 
resolução. Uma dica 
é tentar transformar a 
frase a ser completada 
em uma pergunta.
Ainda nessa leitura, 
a localização de 
palavras-chave 
também pode 
auxiliar. Geralmente 
são substantivos ou 
verbos localizados 
na sentença a ser 
completada.
Lembre-se de, depois 
de identificar o 
gênero textual, ler o 
enunciado, identificar 
as palavras-chaves 
e tentar transformar 
a sentença em 
pergunta.
4_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX03_M16.indd 19 8/8/16 3:20 PM
20 Developing Exam Skills
Estratégias de Leitura
Estratégias de leitura são técnicas que utilizamos para conseguir uma boa compreen-
são e interpretação de texto, como um conjunto de passos que nos ajudam a enxergar 
o texto de forma mais objetiva. Tão importante quanto ter conhecimento de diferentes 
estratégias é avaliar a efi cácia dessas estratégias e refletir sobre como podemos 
aprimorá-las e adaptá-las às nossas condições. Nesta seção, nos concentraremos nas 
estratégias de leitura de identifi cação dos seguintes elementos: tópico frasal, ideia 
central do texto e informações específi cas.
Identifi cação do Tópico Frasal
1 Leia as quatro primeiras frases de uma notícia da agência britânica BBC. Elas estão fora de ordem. Mesmo 
assim, tente identifi car o tema central do texto.
Estratégia de Exame
A identifi cação do tópico frasal pode ser uma estratégia útil para a resolução de questões do Enem. Um texto costuma 
apresentar uma ideia principal, que será desenvolvida após sua apresentação. O tópico frasal é geralmente apresentado na 
primeira frase em notícias, por exemplo, já que este é um texto bastante objetivo. Contudo, em uma reportagem, podemos 
às vezes encontrar o tópico frasal só depois de uma contextualização. Apesar de não haver uma regra fixa sobre a localização 
desse elemento, a identifi cação dessa ideia central nos ajudará a compreender o texto.
a. The shore bird breeds in the Arctic in the summer 
and flies to tropical habitats in winter. 
b. A migratory bird has shrunk in stature as 
temperatures warm at its Arctic breeding ground, 
according to research. 
c. Scientists believe shrinkage in body size is a 
response to climate change in diff erent animals.
d. As a consequence of climate change, the red knot 
may have a lower survival chance on a diff erent 
continent, say scientists. 
Adaptado de: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36266692>. Acesso em: 15 maio 2016.
2 Qual das quatro frases deve ser a primeira? Justifi que a sua resposta.
3 Neste caso, a primeira frase é o tópico frasal, ou seja, aquele que apresenta o tema central do texto a ser 
desenvolvido em seguida. Encontre informações detalhadas sobre o tema central nas frases seguintes e 
escreva-as abaixo.
 H1, H5, H18➔
5_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX04_M16.indd 20 8/8/16 3:20 PM
21Estratégias de Leitura
4 Agora leia a notícia apresentada na página anterior na ordem correta e perceba que ela segue uma ordem 
lógica, demonstrado pelo uso de pronomes e artigos. Em seguida, crie um possível título para ela.
A migratory bird has shrunk in stature as temperatures warm at its Arctic breeding ground, according to research. As a 
consequence of climate change, the red knot may have a lower survival chance on a different continent, say scientists. The 
shore bird breeds in the Arctic in the summer and flies to tropical habitats in winter. Scientists believe shrinkage in body 
size is a response to climate change in different animals.
Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36266692>. Acesso em: 15 maio 2016.
5 O texto da questão abaixo é um trecho de uma notícia da National Geographic. Identifique o tópico frasal 
e justifique a sua escolha.
(Enem 2013)
National Geographic News, Christine Dell’Amore, Published April 26, 2010.
Our bodies produce a small but steady amount of natural morphine, a new study suggests. Traces of the chemical are often 
found in mouse and human urine, leading scientists to wonder whether the drug is being made naturally or being delivered 
by something the subjects consumed. The new research shows that mice produce the “incredible painkiller”—and that 
humans and other mammals possess the same chemical road map for making it, said study co-author Meinhart Zenk, who 
studies plant-based pharmaceuticals at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center in St. Louis, Missouri.
(Disponível em: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/04/100426-natural-morphine-drugs-humans-mice/. Acesso em: 15 may 2016)
 Ao ler a matéria publicada na National Geographic, para a realização de um trabalho escolar, um estudante 
descobriu que
a. os compostos químicos da morfina, produzidos por humanos, são manipulados no Missouri.
b. os ratos e os humanos possuem a mesma via metabólica para produção de morfina.
c. a produção de morfina em grande quantidade minimiza a dor em ratos e humanos.
d. os seres humanos têm uma predisposição genética para inibir a dor.
e. a produção de morfina é um traço incomum entre os animais.
6 Agora leia a questão completa, responda-a e justifique sua escolha.
7 Como a identificação do tópico frasal ajudou na resolução da questão?
Enem
Foco no
5_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX04_M16.indd 21 8/8/16 3:20 PM
22 Developing Exam Skills
Identifi cação da Ideia Central
8 Quais elementos de uma notícia ou reportagem nos ajudam a identifi car a ideia global do texto?
9 Leia a reportagem a seguir, encontre no corpo do texto detalhes das informações contidas no título e 
escreva-os abaixo.
How one German millennial chose to live on trains rather than pay rent
COLOGNE, Germany - When others get off the train to fi nally go home, Leonie Müller stays behind. That’s because she 
already is home: the train is her apartment, and she says she likes it that way. 
The German college student gave up her apartment in spring. “It all started with a dispute I had with my landlord,” Müller told 
The Washington Post. “I instantly decided I didn’t want to live there anymore — and then I realized: Actually, I didn’t want to live 
anywhere anymore.” 
Instead, she bought a subscription that allows her to board every train in the country free. She says that she enjoys the liberty 
she has experienced since she gave up her apartment. [...] “I want to inspire people to question their habits and the things they 
consider to be normal,” Müller told The Post [...]
Adaptado de: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/08/22/how-one-german-millennial-chose-to-live-on-trains-rather-than-pay-rent/>. 
Acesso em: 18 maio 2016.
10 Leia a reportagem novamente e responda à questão, justifi cando sua resposta. 
O objetivo da reportagem é:
a. descrever a rotina de uma jovem alemã que vive em um trem.
b. incentivar outros jovens a passar a viver em trens.
c. ensinar como viver em um trem.
d. informar o leitor sobre a escolha de moradia de uma jovem. 
e. discutir os altos valores de moradia na Alemanha.
Estratégia de Exame
A identifi cação da ideia global de um texto, também conhecida como skimming, é uma das estratégias de leitura mais úteis não 
apenas para o Enem, mas também como uma habilidade para a vida. Utilizamos essa estratégia para uma série de propósitos: ao 
folhearmos uma revista ou um jornal, por exemplo, temos o costume de antes fazer uma leitura rápida de alguns elementos que nos 
permitem entender o tema principal da matéria antes de decidir se leremos o texto completo.
Nem sempre é possível responder a uma questão de identifi cação da ideia global sem ler o texto completo. Skimming é uma 
estratégia de leitura rápida, na qual não nos detemos aos detalhes. Além da identifi cação de uma única ideia principal, podem-se 
encontrar no texto algumas ideias centrais, identifi car o propósito do texto, assim como compreender a opinião e a atitude do autor.
 H1, H5, H7, H18, H22➔
5_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX04_M16.indd 22 8/8/16 3:20 PM
23Estratégias de Leitura
11 As questões seguintes envolvem a estratégia de skimming para a sua resolução. Retome as estratégias já 
desenvolvidas até agora, tanto de leitura de texto quanto de enunciado, e responda às duas questões.
(Enem 2010) 
The Weather Man
They say that the British love talking about the weather. For other nationalities this can be a banal and boring subject of 
conversation, something that people talk about when they have nothing else to say to each other. And yet the weather is a 
very important part of our lives. That at least is the opinion of Barr Gromett, press officer for The Met Office. This is located in 
Exeter, a pretty cathedral city in the southwest of England. Here employees – and computers – supply weather forecasts for 
much of the world.
Speak Up. Ano XXIII, nº 275.
Enem
Foco no
 Ao conversar sobre a previsão do tempo, o texto 
mostra: 
a. o aborrecimento do cidadão britânico ao falar sobre 
banalidades. 
b. a falta de ter o que falar em situações de avaliação 
de línguas. 
c. a importância de se entender sobre meteorologia 
para falar inglês. 
d. as diferenças e as particularidades culturais no uso 
de uma língua. 
e. conflito entre diferentes ideias e opiniões ao se 
comunicar em inglês.
(Enem 2014)
A Tall Order 
The sky isn’t the limit for an architect building the world’s 
first invisible skyscraper.
Charles Wee, one of the world’s leading high-rise 
architects, has a confession to make: he’s bored with 
skyscrapers. After designing more than 30, most of which 
punctuate the skylines of rapidly expanding Asian cities, 
he has struck upon a novel concept: the first invisible 
skyscraper. 
As the tallest structure in South Korea, his Infinity Tower 
will loom over Seol until somebody pushes a button and it 
completely disappears.
When he entered a 2004 competition to design a 
landmark tower, the Korean-Americanarchitect rejected 
the notion of competing with Dubai, Toronto, and 
Shanghai to reach the summit of man-made summits. 
“I thought, let’s not jump into this stupid race to build another 
‘tallest’ tower,” he says in a phone conversation. “Let’s take 
an opposite approach — let’s make an anti-tower.”
The result will be a 150-story building that fades from view 
at the flick of a switch. The tower will effectively function 
as an enormous television screen, being able to project 
an exact replica of whatever is happening behind it onto 
its façade. To the human eye, the building will appear to 
have melted away.
It will be the most extraordinary achievement of Wee’s 
stellar architectural career. After graduating from UCLA, 
he worked under Anthony Lumsden, a prolific Californian 
architect who helped devise the modern technique of 
wrapping buildings inside smooth glass skins. 
HINES, N. Disponível em: http://mag.newsweek.com. 
Acesso em: 13 out. 2013 (adaptado). 
 No título e no subtítulo desse texto, as expressões A Tall Order e The sky isn’t the limit são usadas para apresentar 
uma matéria cujo tema é: 
a. Inovações tecnológicas usadas para a construção de 
um novo arranha-céu em Seul. 
b. Confissões de um arquiteto que busca se destacar 
na construção de arranha-céus. 
5_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX04_M16.indd 23 8/8/16 3:20 PM
24 Developing Exam Skills
c. Técnicas a serem estabelecidas para a construção 
de edifícios altos na Califórnia.
d. Competição entre arquitetos para a construção do 
edifício mais alto do mundo. 
e. Construção de altas torres de apartamentos nas 
grandes metrópoles da Ásia.
Identificação de Informações Específicas
12 Leia a notícia abaixo. Qual é a ideia central dela? Que elementos do texto nos levam a essa resposta? 
Qual é o objetivo do texto?
New Zealand votes to keep its flag after 56.6% back the status quo
13 Todas as afirmações a seguir falam sobre a notícia da questão anterior. Sublinhe no texto trechos que 
sustentem cada uma delas.
a. Mesmo a favor da mudança da bandeira, uma pessoa conta que votou contra a proposta.
b. Muitas pessoas passaram a considerar a bandeira um problema somente após o processo do referendo.
c. O resultado do referendo foi diferente do que o primeiro-ministro, John Key, esperava.
d. John Key, primeiro-ministro da Nova Zelândia, era a favor da alteração da bandeira.
e. O problema do referendo foi o valor da nova bandeira, na opinião de muitos neozelandeses para tão pouca 
mudança.
f. A nova bandeira que foi apresentada não agradou a todos por ser muito parecida com a existente.
New Zealand has voted to keep its traditional flag in a 
snub to the prime minister, John Key. Preliminary results 
announced that 1,200,003 (56.6%) of voters wanted 
to keep the Union flag-centred emblem. Only 915,008 
(43.2%) opted for the proposed new design [...].
The long-serving and popular Key had strongly supported 
the flag change, but it was not enough to win a majority. 
“Obviously I’m a bit disappointed there was no change 
but nearly a million people voted for change,” he said.
“I’m all for change […] as without change culture doesn’t 
grow,” said former New Zealand defence force artist 
and soldier Matt Gauldie, who voted not to change the 
current flag. “However […] I didn’t like the design option. I 
didn’t feel it represented enough change to me […] just a 
reshuffle of the status quo!”
For many New Zealanders, the biggest humbug of the 
referendum was the cost for a new flag that did not look 
startlingly different to the old one. “I think it’s been talked 
about a lot and a lot more money has been spent on it 
than needed to be,” said William Nelson, a dentist from 
Carterton.
Prof Paul Moon, a New Zealand historian at the Auckland 
University of Technology said changing the current flag 
would have been like “amputating” New Zealand history. 
“There was no popular sentiment for a change. Indeed, 
most people barely considered our national flag as an 
issue until it was thrust in front of them in the form of an 
impending referendum.
Adaptado de: <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/24/new-zealand-
votes-to-keep-its-flag-in-referendum>. Acesso em: 18 maio 2016.
5_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX04_M16.indd 24 8/8/16 3:20 PM
25Estratégias de Leitura
Estratégia de Exame
Normalmente, quando estamos lendo jornais e revistas, tanto no formato físico quanto no 
on-line, fazemos uso de estratégias de skimming, em que uma leitura rápida nos revela o 
interesse em prosseguir. Em seguida, caso o conteúdo nos interesse, tendemos a mudar 
nossa estratégia e passamos a ler o texto com mais atenção, de forma que possamos 
compreender seus detalhes e nuances. As questões do Enem não exigem que apenas 
encontremos dados no texto; ao contrário, muitas vezes requerem que identifiquemos 
informações específicas, que vão além de simplesmente encontrar o objetivo, a ideia 
principal, ou a atitude do autor. Nesse caso, devemos encontrar em que ponto do texto 
essa informação está apresentada. Nesse tipo de questão, é mais fácil encontrar evidências 
explícitas, que ajudam a guiar as respostas. 
14 A questão seguinte envolve a estratégia de identificação de informações 
específicas para a sua resolução. Retome as estratégias desenvolvidas até 
agora e responda.
Enem
Foco no
(Enem 2010)
The Record Industry
The record industry is undoubtedly in 
crisis, with labels laying off employees 
in continuation. This is because CD sales 
are plummeting as youngsters prefer to 
download their music from the Internet, 
usually free of charge.
And yet it s̓ not all gloom and doom. Some 
labels are in fact thriving. Putumayo World 
Music, for example, is growing, thanks to 
its catalogue of ethnic compilation
albums, featuring work by largely 
unknown artists from around the planet. 
Putumayo, which takes its name from 
a valley in Colombia, was founded in 
New York in 1993. It began life as an 
alternative clothing company, but soon 
decided to concentrate on music. Indeed 
its growth appears to have coincided 
with that of world music as a genre.
Speak Up. Ano XXIII, nº 275 (fragmento).
 A indústria fonográfica passou por várias mudanças no século XX e, como 
consequência, as empresas enfrentaram crises. Entre as causas, o texto da revista 
Speak Up aponta
a. baixo interesse dos jovens por alguns 
gêneros musicais. 
b. acesso a músicas, geralmente sem 
custo, pela internet. 
c. a compilação de álbuns com 
diferentes estilos musicais.
d. a ausência de artistas populares entre 
as pessoas mais jovens.
e. o aumento do número de cantores 
desconhecidos.
Fechamento
Identificação do 
Tópico Frasal
A identificação do 
tópico frasal, ou ideia 
principal, ajuda na 
compreensão do 
texto. Geralmente 
está na primeira 
sentença ou após a 
contextualização.
Identificação da 
Ideia Central
Para isso usamos 
a estratégia de 
skimming, uma leitura 
rápida de alguns 
elementos que nos 
permitem entender o 
tema principal sem nos 
determos nos detalhes. 
Também é possível 
encontrar ideias 
centrais, identificar o 
propósito do texto e a 
opinião do autor.
Identificação 
de Informações 
Específicas
Para isso é 
necessário ler o texto 
de forma mais lenta 
e com mais atenção. 
Quando uma questão 
assim aparece na 
prova, é interessante 
encontrar evidências 
explícitas nos textos.
5_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX04_M16.indd 25 8/8/16 3:20 PM
Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 26 8/11/16 10:40 AM
Texto para as questões 1 e 2.
Brazil is More Than Soccer and ‘Carnival’
July 24, 2009
Many investors rarely think about Brazil as a place to put their 
investment dollars. They think Brazil is just a country that goes 
crazy over soccer and has a wild ‘Carnival’ every year in Rio. But 
Brazil is so much more.
They may have the best economy in the Americas. Brazil has made 
great strides under current President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, 
commonly known as Lula. Lula took office on January 1, 2003 and 
he has, since being in office,run a very orthodox fiscal policy. The 
country has maintained fiscal and trade surpluses for the better 
part of his presidency.
Brazil’s highly capable Central Bank has followed a very strong 
monetary policy. They have maintained high levels of real interest 
rates, which prevented the economy from overheating and creating 
an over-expansion of credit – unlike the policies of others like the 
Federal Reserve. 
In late April, the Brazilian Central Bank cut their interest rate from 
11.25% to 10.25%. This leaves them plenty of room to cut interest 
rates further, if necessary, to stimulate the Brazilian economy. 
Again, this distinguishes the Brazilian Central Bank from the 
Federal Reserve and others, who have left themselves virtually no 
room to cut interest rates further.
Also, Brazil has long pursued a strategy of achieving energy 
independence from foreign oil. Brazil started its own ethanol 
program – based on its rich sugar crop and offshore oil exploration 
using deep-sea drilling methods.
It’s achieved a remarkable degree of energy self-sufficiency – again 
setting it apart from much of the rest of the world.
Brazil, unlike the United States and other economies, is not over-
levered – It has prudent fiscal and monetary policies, balanced and 
diversified trade, along with a coherent energy policy. It leaves the 
country well positioned for the future.
<www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewarticle/articleid/3370044#>. Adaptado.
1 (FGV-SP) According to the text:
a. Lula’s government has become much more 
conservative since 2003.
b. the idea that Brazil is just Carnival and soccer is 
becoming less and less widespread among investors.
c. Brazilian economy did not overheat due to high 
interest rates established by its Central Bank.
d. Brazilian Central bank adopted some policies in line 
with the Federal Reserve, the American Central Bank.
e. in April, the Federal Reserve cut their interest rate 
from 11.25 to 10.25 to stimulate the Brazilian 
economy.
2 (FGV-SP) No trecho do sexto parágrafo do texto – 
It’s achieved a remarkable degree of energy self-
sufficiency… – o ’s em It’s pode ser corretamente 
substituído por:
a. has.
b. goes.
c. was.
d. does.
e. is.
3 (UEG-GO) O texto a seguir servirá de base para 
responder à questão.
How is technology changing the way we 
use language?
Professor Naomi Baron
The popular press has led many people to believe that the explosion 
of first email, and then IM (instant messages) and texting, has 
led language down a destructive path: all that bad spelling and 
grammar, random punctuation, and all those abbreviations, 
acronyms, and emoticons. 
There are two presumptions in this assumption: first, that language 
has indeed changed and second, that the change is destructive.
Has contemporary digital technology really changed language that 
much? If you look at writing patterns over the past fifty years or so, 
you’ll find that our notions regarding the importance of “writing 
mechanics” have shifted dramatically. Grammar? Don’t be so 
prescriptive. Punctuation? Follow more the way we speak (so-called 
rhetorical punctuation) rather than traditional rules for writing 
(so-called logical punctuation). Spelling? Isn’t that what spell check 
is for? It turns out that many of the “errors” we complain about 
finding in IMs or text messages have their roots in the writing of 
young people before online and mobile communication became 
available.
As for abbreviations and acronyms, a quick check of history shows 
that such shortenings date back centuries, even millennia. With 
emoticons, while there are hundreds of options out there, empirical 
research indicates that unless you are a teenager or young adult 
wanting to show how “in” or “cool” you can be, the vast majority of 
people do not use them much.
Disponível em: <http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/technology-changing-
language>. Acesso em: 25 abr. 2013.
27Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 27 8/11/16 10:40 AM
 De acordo com a opinião expressa pela autora 
do texto com relação à influência da revolução 
tecnológica digital na linguagem:
a. it has led to very important changes in the way 
people communicate orally.
b. changes in language have always occurred 
regardless of digital technology.
c. language has become less formal and prescriptive 
and that is a bad change.
d. it has contributed to a complete destruction of 
good writing and pronunciation.
4 (Unifesp-SP)
Do people only use 10 percent of their 
brains?
By Robynne Boyd
The human brain is complex. Along with performing millions of 
mundane acts, it composes concertos, issues manifestos and comes 
up with elegant solutions to equations. It’s the wellspring of all 
human feelings, behaviors, experiences as well as the repository 
of memory and self-awareness. So it’s no surprise that the brain 
remains a mystery unto itself. 
Adding to that mystery is the contention that humans “only” 
employ 10 percent of their brain. If only regular folk could 
tap that other 90 percent, they too could become savants who 
remember π to the twenty-thousandth decimal place or perhaps 
even have telekinetic powers.
Though an alluring idea, the “10 percent myth” is so wrong it is 
almost laughable, says neurologist Barry Gordon at Johns Hopkins 
School of Medicine in Baltimore. Although there’s no definitive 
culprit to pin the blame on for starting this legend, the notion 
has been linked to the American psychologist and author William 
James, who argued in The Energies of Men that “We are making use 
of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources.” 
It’s also been associated with Albert Einstein, who supposedly used 
it to explain his cosmic towering intellect.
The myth’s durability, Gordon says, stems from people’s conceptions 
about their own brains: they see their own shortcomings as 
evidence of the existence of untapped gray matter. This is a false 
assumption. What is correct, however, is that at certain moments 
in anyone’s life, such as when we are simply at rest and thinking, 
we may be using only 10 percent of our brains.
“It turns out though, that we use virtually every part of the brain, 
and that most of the brain is active almost all the time,” Gordon 
adds. “Let’s put it this way: the brain represents three percent of the 
body’s weight and uses 20 percent of the body’s energy.”
Although it’s true that at any given moment all of the brain’s 
regions are not concurrently firing, brain researchers using 
imaging technology have shown that, like the body’s muscles, most 
are continually active over a 24-hour period.
(www.sciam.com/article. February 7, 2008. Adaptado.)
 No trecho do terceiro parágrafo – “It’s also been 
associated with Albert Einstein, who supposedly 
used it to explain his cosmic towering intellect.” –, 
a letra s em it’s indica a forma verbal:
a. is.
b. were.
c. has.
d. was.
e. had.
5 (UEMG)
The Birth of a Storyteller
Jackie Torrence spent her childhood in North Carolina, in the 
southern part of the United States. She was a shy child because 
she had problems with her teeth, which made it hard for her to 
talk. Other children teased her because of her speech problem, 
so she spent much of her childhood playing alone. One of 
Jackie’s favorite games was to pretend she was on television. 
She told stories out loud using gestures and dramatic voices. At 
school, Jackie soon learned that she was good at writing stories, 
and with the help of her favorite teacher, she started to work on 
improving her speech. Jackie’s first storytelling performance 
was in a library.
She was working as a librarian and was asked to entertain a 
group of children. Jackie told them a story and they loved it! 
Before long, she began telling stories within her community. 
Many of her stories came from old American and African-
American folktales. Eventually, she started telling stories 
across North America.
As Jackie’s fame increased, her health decreased.She now has 
to use a wheelchair, but this has not stopped her storytelling 
career. Jackie’s stories have been published in books, magazines, 
and newspapers and she has appeared on radio and television. 
She has won awards for nine of her sound recordings and three 
of her television specials.
Adapted from NorthStar 3: Listening and Speaking, 2nd Edition (Longman, p. 57), 
Helen S. Solórzano and Jennifer P. L. Schmidt
28 Developing Exam Skills
Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 28 8/11/16 10:40 AM
 In the sentence, “She has won awards for 
nine of her sound recordings and three of her 
television specials”, the underlined expression 
shows that:
a. the action is not expected to happen.
b. the action began in the past and is continuing now.
c. the action expresses a past situation or habit.
d. the action expresses an experience that happened 
at some time in one’s life.
Read the text and answer questions 6 and 7 
according to it.
Adora Svitak: Tiny Literary Giant at 12
Adora started writing when she was four years old.
She hasn’t stopped since. At six, Adora received a laptop 
computer from her mother, on which she quickly amassed 
a collection of hundreds of short stories and hundreds of 
thousands of words – typing at 70 words per minute.
At the age of seven, Adora achieved her dream of becoming a 
published author with the release of Flying Fingers: Master 
the Tools of Learning Through the Joy of Writing. The book 
featured several of Adora’s short stories, along with her writing 
tips, typing tips, and advice from her mother. At age 11, Adora 
published a second book, Dancing Fingers, with her older 
sister, Adrianna.
Today, Adora is 12 and she has transformed her writing success 
into speaking and teaching success.
She has spoken at over 400 schools and presented at the 
annual TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) conference. 
She’s also planning a conference of her own, for kids and by 
kids, called TEDx Redmond. She has been featured on Good 
Morning America and on CNN. Adora also maintains a blog 
and attends an online public school. She is in the eighth grade.
Disponível em: <http://juniorbiz.com/adora-svitak-interview>. Acesso em: 02 jun. 
2011. (Texto adaptado.)
6 (UFPB) According to the first paragraph, when 
Adora got a laptop from her mother, she started:
a. publishing seventy stories per month.
b. reading thousands of stories weekly.
c. writing a smaller number of stories.
d. typing a great number of stories.
e. telling less and less stories online.
7 (UFPB) Identify the questions whose answers 
are found in paragraph four and five of the text:
I. How old is Adora now?
II. What grade is Adora at school?
III. Where has she presented conferences?
IV. How many schools does Adora maintain?
V. Which media has Adora been featured on?
Texto para as questões 8 e 9.
The widespread destruction of tropical rainforest ecosystems and 
the consequent extinction of numerous plant and animal species 
is happening before we know even the most basic facts about what 
we are losing.
Covering only 6 percent of the Earth’s surface, tropical moist forests 
contain at least half of all species. 
The abundant botanical resources of tropical forests have already 
provided substantial medical advances; yet only 1 percent of the 
known plant and animal species have been carefully examined for 
their medicinal potentials.
Meanwhile, 2 percent of the world’s rainforests are irreparably 
damaged each year. Scientists estimate that, at the accelerating rate 
at which rainforests are now being destroyed, as much as 20 or 25 
percent of the world’s plant species will soon be extinct.
Approximately 7,000 medical compounds prescribed by Western 
doctors are obtained from plants. These drugs had an estimated 
retail value of US$ 43 billion some years ago. Seventy percent 
of the 3,000 plants identified by the United States National 
Cancer Institute as having potential anti-cancer properties are 
characteristic of the rainforest.
Tropical forest species serve Western surgery and internal 
medicine in three ways. First, extracts from organisms can be 
used directly as drugs. For maladies ranging from persistent 
headaches to lethal contagions such as malaria, rainforest 
medicines have provided modern society with a variety of cures 
and pain relievers.
Secondly, chemical structures of forest organisms sometimes 
serve as models from which scientists and researchers can 
chemically synthesize drug compounds.
For example, the blueprint for aspirin comes from extracts of 
willow trees found in the rainforest. Neostigmine, a chemical 
obtained from the Calabar bean and used to treat glaucoma in 
West Africa, also provides the blueprint for synthetic insecticides. 
However, the chemical structures of most natural drugs are very 
complex, and simple extraction is usually less expensive than 
synthesis. Ninety percent of the prescription drugs that are based 
on higher plants include direct extractions from plants.
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
29Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 29 8/11/16 10:40 AM
Finally, rainforest plants provide aids for research. Certain plant 
compounds enable scientists to understand how cancer cells grow, 
while others serve as testing agents for potentially harmful food 
and drug products. 
Tropical forests offer hope for safer contraceptives for both women 
and men. The exponential growth of world population clearly 
demonstrates the need for more reliable and effective birth control 
methods. Worldwide, approximately 4,000 plant species have been 
shown to offer contraceptive possibilities. The rainforest also holds 
secrets for safer pesticides for farmers. Two species of potatoes have 
leaves that produce a sticky substance that traps and kills predatory 
insects. This natural self defense mechanism could potentially 
reduce the need for using pesticides on potatoes. Who knows what 
other tricks the rainforest might have up its leaves?
http://www.ran.org/info_center/factsheets/05f.html 
1995-2003 Rainforest Action Network
8 (PUC-RJ) Mark the only correct statement about 
the structure of the text.
a. Paragraph 1 affirms that the world’s population is 
powerless against deforestation.
b. Paragraph 2 warns about the destruction of 
rainforests and its valuable resources.
c. Paragraph 3 aims to inform the exact number of all 
plants identified in tropical forests.
d. Paragraph 4 explains in detail how insecticides can 
be obtained from plants.
e. Paragraph 5 lists the unhealthy or poisonous plants 
found in the rainforest.
9 (PUC-RJ) In the sentence “yet only 1 percent of 
the known plant and animal species …” (lines 
8-9), the word YET:
a. adds an example.
b. introduces a result.
c. makes a comparison.
d. expresses a contrast.
e. provides a cause.
Texto para as questões 10 e 11.
GLOBISH
Powered by the Internet and the global media, English has 
evolved into the world’s language
Contagious, adaptable, populist, and subversive, the English 
language has become as much a part of the global consciousness 
as the combustion engine. And as English gains momentum as a 
second language all around the world, it is morphing into a new 
and simplified version of itself – one that responds to the demands 
of a global economy and culture. Having neatly made the transition 
from the Queen’s English to the more democratic American version, 
it is now becoming a worldwide power, a populist tool increasingly 
known as Globish.
The term quickly caught on within the international community. 
The Times journalist Ben Macintyre described a conversation 
he had overheard while waiting for a flight from Delhi between 
a Spanish U.N. peacekeeper and an Indian soldier. “The Indian 
40
45
50
1
5
10
UF
BA
, 2
01
3
30 Developing Exam Skills
Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 30 8/11/16 10:40 AM
spoke no Spanish; the Spaniard spoke no Punjabi,” he says. “Yet 
theyunderstood one another easily. The language they spoke was 
a highly simplified form of English, without grammar or structure, 
but perfectly comprehensible, to them and to me. Only now do 
I realize that they were speaking ‘Globish’, the newest and most 
widely spoken language in the world.”
With the turn of the millennium, it appeared that English 
language and culture were becoming rapidly separated from 
their contentious past. English began to gain a supranational 
momentum that made it independent of its Anglo-American 
origins. And as English became liberated from its roots, it began 
to spread deeper into the developing world. In 2003 both Chile 
and Mongolia declared their intention to become bilingual in 
English. In 2006 English was added to the Mexican primary-
school curriculum as a compulsory second language. In China, 
some 50 million people are enrolled in a language program, 
known colloquially as “Crazy English,” conducted by “the Elvis 
of English,” Li Yang, who often teaches groups of 10,000 or more, 
under the slogan “Conquer English to make China strong.” 
The fact is that English no longer depends on the U.S. or U.K. It’s 
now being shaped by a world whose second language is English, and 
whose cultural reference points are expressed in English but without 
reference to its British or American origins. In the short term, 
Globish is set to only grow. Some 70 to 80 percent of the world’s 
Internet home pages are in English, compared with 4.5 percent in 
German and 3.1 percent in Japanese. 
According to the British Council, by 2030 “nearly one third of the 
world’s population will be trying to learn English at the same time.” 
That means ever more voices adapting the English language to suit 
their needs, finding in Globish a common linguistic denominator.
MCCRUM, R. Globish. Newsweek. New York. Jun. 21, p. 24-27. Adaptado. 
“U.S.” (l. 33) – United States. 
“U.K.” (l. 33) – United Kingdom.
10 (UFBA) According to the text, answer in 
Portuguese, in a concise way, the following 
questions:
a. What has mostly contributed to transforming the 
English language into a worldwide power?
 
b. Based on what the journalist Ben Macintyre 
says in the second paragraph, mention the main 
characteristics of the ‘Globish’ language.
c. What happened to the English language and 
culture with the turn of the millennium?
 
d. What are the British Council future expectations as 
far as the English language is concerned?
11 (UFBA) Follow the instructions below and make 
all the necessary changes.
a. Replace now by lately.
“it is now becoming a worldwide power” (l. 8)
 
b. Ask a question so that the sentence in bold is the 
answer.
“a conversation he had overheard while waiting 
for a flight from Delhi” (l. 11-12)
 
c. Use any instead of no.
“The Indian spoke no Spanish” (l. 13-14)
 
12 Read the following sentences and answer the 
questions:
I. I’ve just started to study Grammar.
II. I’ve listened to Iron Maiden recently.
III. My brother has been very busy lately.
 Although the words just, recently and lately 
have similar meanings, they are not perfect 
synonyms. In English, based on examples I, 
II and III, explain why and then create three 
sentences using them. 
15
20
25
30
35
40
31Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 31 8/11/16 10:40 AM
13 (PUC-RJ)
Electric bicycles: green your bike 
commute1
Despite the huge recent push to significantly reduce greenhouse 
gas emissions, if you take a look around, you’ll note that cars still 
rule the road. The common mentality is that a bicycle (or walking, 
for that matter) is for those who live right around the corner from 
work, or don’t have any extras to tote along during the day. Enter 
the electric bicycle.
Electric bikes (also referred to as e-bikes or power-assist bicycles) 
haven’t yet proven to be a viable alternative for most people because 
of the cost, weight, and added complexities, such as rechargeable 
battery packs, that can arise from their use. However, there are 
some strong cost and environmental justifications for using these 
virtually silent motorized wonders as part of your daily commute. 
The newest technology for electric bikes also effectively answers 
many past e-bike concerns. What’s not to love about e-bikes? 
They’re light, they recharge quickly, travel far without a trace of 
pollution, and store all of your stuff… “But wait”, you naturally 
ask next, “What’s this gonna cost me?” A little research reveals 
a wide range of prices, simply dependent upon maker and added 
features. Average prices span from $450 to $1,500, while add-ons 
like customized front suspension and battery upgrades will tack on 
a bit more. However, that’s not too unfair considering what you’ll 
be saving in fuel costs, and the harmful pollutants you’ll be sparing 
Mother Nature in the process. Very eco-cool!
By Keith Shockley 
http://greenlivingideas.com/electric-bicycles/electricbicycles-greenyour-bike-
commute.html (with slight adaptations) 
1Commute (noun): a regular journey of some distance to and from your place of 
work; the act of traveling from one place to another.
 About greenhouse gas emissions, the text (lines 
1-3) reveals that:
a. they have decreased slightly in recent times.
b. most cars on the road now have lower gas 
emissions.
c. a great campaign to decrease them quickly will be 
made.
d. great efforts have been made lately to cut them 
back considerably.
e. the number of cars that produce them has been 
dropping sharply.
1
5
10
15
20
Texto para as questões de 14 a 16.
Do parents know their kids?
There are now 31 million kids in the 12-to-19 age group, and 
demographers predict that there will be 35 million teens by 2010, 
a population bulge bigger than even the baby boom at its peak. In 
many ways, these teens are uniquely privileged. They’ve grown up 
in a period of sustained prosperity and haven’t had to worry about 
the draft (as their fathers did) or cataclysmic global conflicts (as 
their grandparents did. Cable and the Internet (I) them 
access to an almost infinite amount of information. 
In survey after survey, many kids – even those on the honor roll – 
say they feel increasingly alone and alienated, unable to connect 
with their parents, teachers, and sometimes even classmates. 
They’re desperate for guidance, and when they don’t get what 
they need at home or in school, they cling to cliques or immerse 
themselves in a universe out of their parents’ reach, a world defined 
by computer games, TV and movies, where brutality is so common 
it (II) mundane.
Many teens say they feel overwhelmed by pressure and 
responsibilities. They are juggling part-time jobs and hours of 
homework every night; sometimes they’re so exhausted that they’re 
nearly asleep in early-morning classes. Half (III) 
through their parents’ divorce. Sixty-three percent are in 
households where both parents work outside the home, and many 
look after younger siblings in the afternoon. Still others are home 
by themselves after school. That unwelcome solitude can extend 
well into the evening; mealtime for this generation too often begins 
with a forlorn touch of the microwave. 
In fact, of all the issues that trouble adolescents, loneliness ranks 
at the top of the list. University of Chicago sociologist Barbara 
Schneider (IV) 7,000 teenagers for five years and 
 (V) they spend an average of 3 1/2 hours alone every day. 
Teenagers may claim they want privacy, but they also crave and 
need attention – and they’re not getting it.
(Adapted from Newsweek. May 10, 1999.)
14 (Mack-SP) As lacunas I (linha 7) e II (linha 16) 
devem ser preenchidas, respectivamente, por:
a. given – become
b. has given – have become
c. have given – has become
d. gave – had became
e. did give – did become
15 (Mack-SP) De acordo com o texto, conclui-se que:
a. Os adolescentes estão ficando tempo demais no 
computador. Segundo uma pesquisa, 63% dos 
15
10
15
20
25
30
32 Developing Exam Skills
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6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 32 8/11/16 10:40 AM
meninos passam em média 4 horas por dia na 
internet, com bate-papo e jogos.
b. De acordo com uma estimativa realizada nos 
Estados Unidos, teremos um “baby boom” a 
partir do ano de 2010, com mais de 35 milhões 
de crianças no mundo todo. Os cientistas já estão 
começando a se preocupar com os problemas que 
esses jovens terão que enfrentar, como a violência 
e a brutalidade na cidade.
c. Os jovens estão se sentindo pressionados pela 
responsabilidade que possuem hoje em dia, pois 
muitos deles trabalham meio período e ajudam 
no orçamento doméstico. O que está realmente 
contribuindo para a sua independência é ter que 
chegar em casa e preparar sua própria refeição, 
ficar sozinho a noite toda e não ter ninguém para 
lhe dar ordens.
d. De todas as questões que preocupam os 
adolescentes, a solidão ocupa o topo dessa lista. A 
socióloga Barbara Schneider estuda 7 000 jovens 
há 5 anos e descobriu que eles ficam uma média de 
3 horas e meia sozinhos todo dia. Os adolescentes 
podem alegar que querem privacidade, mas 
também desejam e precisam de atenção.
e. Os adolescentes estão se sentindo sozinhos e 
rejeitados pelos pais e, segundo uma pesquisa 
com 7 000 alunos da Universidade de Chicago, 
todos eles estão com a “síndrome da solidão”, uma 
doença do novo milênio. Aconselha-se às vítimas 
tentar levar uma vida social normal, evitando a 
presença de máquinas e computadores.
16 (Mack-SP) As lacunas III (linha 20), IV (linha 
29) e V (linha 30) devem ser preenchidas, 
respectivamente, por:
a. has lived – have been studying – have found
b. lived – has studying – found
c. was living – have studied – was finding
d. had lived – has studied – have found
e. have lived – has been studying – has found
17 (PUC-MG)
Britain’s clone towns
Is shopping in Britain changing? Across the country, town centers 
are full of the colorful logos and shop signs of major retailers. 
The problem is that everywhere is starting to look the same. In 
recent years, thousands of small independent, family and specialist 
shops have been replaced by retail chains. The result is a new 
phenomenon: “clone towns”. British town centers are becoming 
identical. According to the New Economics Foundation (NEF), more 
than 2,000 independent and family stores are shutting down each 
year, while 50 rural shops have closed every week since 1997. Town 
centre diversity is dying in Britain. Very few high streets now have 
a cinema, hardware store or launderette. They have vanished along 
with independent and family-run bookshops, pharmacies and 
clothing stores.
Around 80 per cent of the UK supermarket sector is owned by the 
“Big Four”: Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Morrisons and Asda. Sainsbury’s and 
Tesco also control a large share of the convenience store market, 
which has led to the closure of many independent shops. Non-food 
business – clothing, books, CDs, medicines – is growing fast, which 
threatens even more small and medium-sized businesses.
Supermarkets already control more than 10 per cent of the British 
book market. Of course, multiple retailers provide income and 
hundreds of jobs for local economies. Yet, surveys show that small, 
independent shops are actually better for providing employment 
and put more back into local economies.
Britain’s town centers clearly need a better balance between big 
business and small businesses that are the life-blood of local 
communities. Small business associations, consumer groups and 
politicians are now demanding change. Andrew Simms, NEF’s 
policy director, warns that it’s not only shoppers who risk losing 
out: diversity is also necessary for a stronger economy.
According to Simms, it’s much better to have a more diverse base to 
work from because it gives you greater stability. He fears 1we may 
be creating for ourselves not only a more boring world, but a much 
more unstable economy through the constant concentration and 
consolidation of the marketplace.
(FROM: Speak Up, May, 2006, adapted.)
 The word may in “…we may be creating…” (ref. 1) 
conveys an idea of:
a. certainty.
b. possibility.
c. condition.
d. obligation.
18 (PUC-MG)
The Cold Facts
Winter is coming. It’s time again for coughing and sneezing. You 
can’t avoid colds completely. But by knowing more about how 
33Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 33 8/11/16 10:40 AM
they’re caught and spread, you can make your winter healthier. 
Here’s a quiz to test your knowledge.
To avoid colds, sTay inside as much as possible during cold weaTher.
False. Cold weather does not cause colds – viruses do. There are 
more than a hundred different cold viruses. Children are more 
likely than adults to catch colds because they are exposed to 
more cold viruses in school.
when you sneeze, cover your nose and mouTh wiTh your hand.
False. This usually helps spread colds. When you sneeze, cold 
viruses are carried through the air and can infect other people 
around you. Colds may also be spread by indirect contact. A person 
who sneezes covers his mouth, touches an object (such as a glass 
or telephone) another person handles the object and then touches 
her mouth, nose, or eyes. It’s better to sneeze into a tissue and then 
throw the tissue away. If you don’t have a tissue, sneeze into your 
sleeve, or turn your head toward the floor. Then wash your hands. 
chicken soup helps you feel beTTer when you have a cold.
True. Studies have shown that hot drinks can relieve a stuffy 
nose. Liquids can also help relieve a dry throat, and aspirin will 
temporarily ease headaches and other aches and pains. Although 
these methods often relieve cold symptoms, you won’t get over a 
cold faster. Your body’s natural defenses, along with time and rest, 
are the only known cure, but you can help prevent colds by eating 
lots of fruits and vegetables.
(FROM: ECKSTUT, Samuela & SORENSEN, Karen. What’s in a Word? Hong Kong: 
Longman, 1993)
 The sentence “You can’t avoid colds…” means 
that:
a. you don’t have to do any exam.
b. you mustn’t stay inside your home.
c. you can’t keep away from colds.
d. you shouldn’t be exposed to viruses.
19 (UFPE) 
Stuck for cash? 
Here are some money‑making ideas!
Need some extra cash? Why not consider working from home? 
Setting up your own business may sound complicated and 
expensive, but there are many ideas that don’t need a lot of money 
to follow through. Plus, of course, there’s the added advantage that 
you can completely tailor your working day to suit your lifestyle.
But don’t forget to tell the tax man or you could end up with an 
unexpected bill!!!!
 A expressão “business may sound complicated 
and expensive…” traz consigo a ideia de:
a. permissão.
b. possibilidade.
c. certeza.
d. habilidade.
e. obrigação.
20 (Vunesp-SP)
The International English Language 
Testing System
The IELTS is an increasingly valuable worldwide test to assess 
your proficiency in English. It tests all four skills – Reading, 
Writing, Listening, and Speaking. There are two options 
offered – Academic and General Training.
The Academic option is for those who wish to undertake 
undergraduate or postgraduate studies in an English speaking 
country, whereas the General Training option is for emigration 
purposes, to take a secondary course or a professional training 
course.
Universities in Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and 
a growing number in the USA and Europe ask for the IELTS as 
proof that a foreign student is able to study and live in an English-
speaking country. In Brazil, when applying for a grant, it is one 
of the English language tests applicants are asked to present to 
CNPq, CAPES, FAPESP and other funding institutions, including 
The British Council. Not only for study purposes but also for those 
who wish for funding to present papers at conferences, do training 
courses or training programmesabroad. 
A candidate may take the test more than once, however, there 
must be a three-month interval between one test and the next. 
Additionally there is no expire date, but a University or agency may 
ask for a more recent result if the test was taken a long time ago.
(Eddie Edmundson, R. Turner, M. Hermens, A. Francis. New Routes, no 10, July 2000.)
 Universities abroad may a more recent result 
when the IELTS was taken a long time ago.
a. requires
b. require
c. to require
d. requiring
e. required
Texto para as questões 21 e 22.
The Worst of Both Worlds?
In the global-warming debate, there’s a big gap between public 
rhetoric (which verges on hysteria) and public behavior (which 
34 Developing Exam Skills
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indicates indifference). People say they’re worried but don’t act 
that way. Greenhouse emissions continue to rise despite many 
earnest pledges to control them. Just last week, the United Nations 
reported that of the 41 countries it monitors (not including most 
developing nations), 34 had increased greenhouse emissions from 
2000 to 2004. These include most countries committed to reducing 
emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.
Why is this? Here are three reasons. First: With today’s technologies, 
we don’t know how to cut greenhouse gases in politically and 
economically acceptable ways. 
Second: In rich democracies, policies that might curb greenhouse 
gases require politicians and the public to act in exceptionally 
“enlightened” (read: “unrealistic”) ways. 
Third: Even if rich countries cut emissions, it won’t make much 
difference unless poor countries do likewise – and so far, they’ve 
refused because that might jeopardize their economic growth and 
poverty-reduction efforts.
Unless we develop cost-effective technologies that break the link 
between carbon-dioxide emissions and energy use, we can’t 
do much. Anyone serious about global warming must focus on 
technology – and not just assume it. Otherwise, our practical 
choices are all bad: costly mandates and controls that harm 
the economy; or costly mandates and controls that barely affect 
greenhouse gases. Or, possibly, both. 
(Adapted from “The Worst of Both Worlds?” Newsweek November 13, 2006, page 45.)
21 (UFPE) The reasons why greenhouse emissions 
had increased in 34 countries out of 41, from 
2000 to 2004, are:
( ) lack of cost-effective technologies that are 
politically viable.
( ) acceptance of emissions cuts on the part of all of 
the most developed countries.
( ) development of policies for economy growth, 
without much control of greenhouse gases.
( ) the earnest concern of both developed and 
developing countries to control greenhouse gases.
( ) absence of joint efforts of rich and poor countries 
to curb greenhouse gases.
22 (UFPE) In the phrase “34 had increased 
greenhouse emissions from 2000 to 2004” 
(in paragraph 1), the verb tense had increased 
refers to:
( ) an action that began in the past and continues up 
to now.
( ) an indefinite time in the past.
( ) an action that happened in the past before 
another past action.
( ) an action that is habitual.
( ) two simultaneous actions in the past.
Texto comum para as questões 23 e 24.
Stranger than fiction
By Hillel E. Silverman
When the Old and New Cities of Jerusalem were reunited in 1967, 
a recently widowed Arab woman, who had been living in Old 
Jerusalem since 1948, wanted to see once more the house in which 
she formerly lived. Now that the city was one, she searched for and 
found her old home. She knocked on the door of the apartment, 
and a Jewish widow came to the door and greeted her.
The Arab woman explained that she had lived there until 1948 and 
wanted to look around. She was invited in and offered coffee. The 
Arab woman said, “When I lived here, I hid some valuables. If they 
are still here, I will share them with you half and half.”
The Jewish woman refused. “If they belonged to you and are still 
here, they are yours.” After much discussion back and forth, they 
entered the bathroom, loosened the floor planks, and found a hoard 
of gold coins. The Jewish woman said, “I shall ask the government 
to let you keep them.” She did and permission was granted. 
The two widows visited each other again and again, and one day 
the Arab woman told her new friend, “You know, in the 1948 
fighting here, my husband and I were so frightened that we ran 
away to escape. We grabbed our belongings, took the children, and 
each fled separately. We had a three-month-old son. I thought my 
husband had taken him, and he thought I had. Imagine our grief 
when we were reunited in Old Jerusalem to find that neither of us 
had taken the child.”
The Jewish woman turned pale, and asked the exact date. The 
Arab woman named the date and the hour, and the Jewish widow 
told her: “My husband was one of the Israeli troops that entered 
Jerusalem. He came into this house and found a baby on the floor. 
He asked if he could keep the house and the baby, too. Permission 
was granted”.
At that moment, a twenty-year-old Israeli soldier in uniform walked 
into the room, and the Jewish woman broke down in tears. “This is 
your son,” she cried.
This is one of those incredible tales we hear. And the aftermath? 
The two women liked each other so much that the Jewish widow 
asked the Arab mother: “Look, we are both widows living alone. Our 
children are grown up. This house has brought you luck. You have 
found your son… our son. Why don’t we live together?” And they do. 
Adaptado de: www.perso.ch/tio.family/page_196.html, acesso em março/2011.
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23 (UEPG-PR) Sobre o que as duas mulheres têm em 
comum hoje, assinale o que for correto.
01. Elas perderam seus maridos.
02. Ambas têm filhos já adultos.
04. Elas moram no mesmo endereço.
08. O jovem soldado de vinte anos é amado por 
ambas as mulheres.
Soma: 
24 (UEPG-PR) Sobre o que fica evidente na primeira 
sentença do texto, assinale o que for correto.
01. Em 1966, a mulher árabe já não morava mais na 
Antiga Jerusalém.
02. Em 1966, a mulher árabe ainda morava na Antiga 
Jerusalém.
04. A mulher árabe foi morar na Antiga Jerusalém em 
1967.
08. A mulher árabe tinha ido morar na Antiga 
Jerusalém havia muito tempo.
Soma: 
25 Explique, em inglês, o humor da charge abaixo 
usando o past perfect continuous. Considere não 
apenas o que acontece no exato momento da 
imagem, mas o que provavelmente levou a esse 
desfecho. Responda em inglês.
26 Complete as lacunas do texto abaixo com os 
tempos verbais corretos.
 When Jane (to get) home after 
work, she suddenly (to get) very 
surprised too with the messy she 
(to find) all around. First, she 
(to see) colorfull stains all over the floor. Then, in 
the living room, she (to find) three 
paintbrushes full of dried ink in different colors. On 
the kitchen’s floor, she (to grab) 
a t-shirt totally painted in pink and blue. In the 
backyard, she (to figure out) that even 
the dog (to be) (to 
paint) in different cheerful colors. Apart from the 
painting, she (to discover) a broken 
vase. Later on, she (to find out) 
that she (to investigate) the house only 
to learn that her little boys (to mess) 
around the house and (to paint) the 
walls all day long. But in the end, the vision of them 
lying on the sofa, asleep, and completely peaceful 
 (to make). her forgive them right away. 
27 Responda, em inglês, às perguntas sobre suas 
expectativas pessoais.
By the time you are 40 years old…
a. … which countries will you have visited?
(Image by the cartoonist Gary Varvel)
©
 2
01
6 
Ga
ry
 V
ar
ve
l/
Cr
ea
to
rs
 S
yn
di
ca
te
/I
pr
es
s
36
Questões de Vestibular
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b. … how many languages will you have learned?c. … will you have gotten married? If so, how many 
children will you have had?
d. … what kind of housing will you have chosen?
e. … what kind of car will you have bought?
f. … how many books will you have read?
g. … which dreams will you have accomplished?
28 O cientista afro-americano George Washington 
Carver foi pioneiro em pesquisas agrícolas 
em sua jornada da escravidão à descoberta 
científica. Explique a conclusão de seu 
pensamento a partir da frase final:
How far you go in life depends on your being tender with the young, 
compassionate with the aged, sympathetic with the striving and 
tolerant of the weak and strong. Because someday in your life you 
will have been all of these.
(George Washington Carver)
 
29 Complete os trechos a seguir com frases no 
future perfect usando as palavras sugeridas nos 
parênteses: 
a. Rose and Rita are going to the movies. The film 
starts at 8:30 and it’s already 8:25. It will take them 
15 minutes to get there. By the time the girls arrive 
there, (the fi lm / begin) 
 .
b. Roger came from Brazil to Italy almost five years 
ago. Next Sunday it will be exactly five years since 
he arrived. Next Sunday (he / be / there / exactly 
five years) 
 .
c. The game will end at 9:30, and Tom always takes a 
quick shower right after the game ends. So at 9:45 
(Tom / take his shower) 
 .
d. Barbara is on vacation. She doesn’t have much money 
on her and she’s been spending a lot of money too 
fast. Before the end of her vacation, (she / spend / all 
her money) 
 .
e. Next month it is Bob and Daisy’s 50th wedding 
anniversary, so (they / be married / 50 years) they 
will have been married for 50 years
 .
f. I always go to bed at midnight. My friend lives 
abroad and is planning to call me around 1:00 a.m. 
When he calls me, (I / already / go to bed) 
 .
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30 Todos os planos a seguir foram cumpridos. 
A partir disso, avalie se as afirmativas são 
verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F):
a. Peter’s plans:
2017 – save money
2018 – backpack around Europe
2019 – start college
( ) In 2020, Peter will have traveled to several 
European countries.
( ) In 2018, Peter will be saving all his money while 
working hard.
( ) In 2020, Peter will have finished college and 
started working.
( ) In 2018, Peter will be spending all the money he 
saved before.
b. Megan’s plans:
2017 – study Architecture
2022 – design buildings
2030 – be a famous architect
( ) In 2020, Megan will be designing buildings 
professionally.
( ) In 2019, Megan will have finished her college 
studies.
( ) In 2027, Megan will have designed some 
buildings for her clients.
( ) By 2030, Megan will have become a famous 
architect.
c. Mark’s plans:
2017 – practice soccer daily
2020 – become a professional soccer player
2024 – play for a big European team
( ) In 2021, Mark will be trying to become a 
professional player.
( ) In 2022, Mark will be getting paid to play for a 
professional team.
( ) In 2019, Mark will have started playing soccer 
professionally.
( ) Before Mark retires, he will have played for a big 
European team.
d. Anna’s plans:
2017 – get married
2019 – get pregnant
2024 – have a couple of children
( ) In 2017, Anna will be getting married.
( ) In early 2019, Anna will have already had a baby.
( ) In 2020, Anna will have had her first child.
( ) In 2023, she will be expecting her third child.
31 (UECE)
BRASÍLIA – Brazil’s highest court has long viewed itself as a 
bastion of manners and formality. Justices call one another “Your 
Excellency,” dress in billowing robes and wrap each utterance 
in grandiloquence, as if little had changed from the era when 
marquises and dukes held sway from their vast plantations.
In one televised feud, Mr. Barbosa questioned another justice 
about whether he would even be on the court had he not been 
appointed by his cousin, a former president impeached in 1992. 
With another justice, Mr. Barbosa rebuked him over what the chief 
justice considered his condescending tone, telling him he was not 
his “capanga,” a term describing a hired thug.
In one of his most scathing comments, Mr. Barbosa, the high 
court’s first and only black justice, took on the entire legal system 
of Brazil – where it is still remarkably rare for politicians to 
ever spend time in prison, even after being convicted of crimes 
– contending that the mentality of judges was “conservative, pro-
status-quo and pro-impunity.”
“I have a temperament that doesn’t adapt well to politics,” Mr. 
Barbosa, 58, said in a recent interview in his quarters here in the 
Supreme Federal Tribunal, a modernist landmark designed by the 
architect Oscar Niemeyer. “It’s because I speak my mind so much.” 
His acknowledged lack of tact notwithstanding, he is the driving 
force behind a series of socially liberal and establishment-shaking 
rulings, turning Brazil’s highest court – and him in particular – into 
a newfound political power and the subject of popular fascination.
The court’s recent rulings include a unanimous decision 
upholding the University of Brasília’s admissions policies aimed at 
increasing the number of black and indigenous students, opening 
38 Developing Exam Skills
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the way for one of the Western Hemisphere’s most sweeping 
affirmative action laws for higher education.
In another move, Mr. Barbosa used his sway as chief justice and 
president of the panel overseeing Brazil’s judiciary to effectively 
legalize same-sex marriage across the country. And in an 
anticorruption crusade, he is overseeing the precedent-setting trial 
of senior political figures in the governing Workers Party for their 
roles in a vast vote-buying scheme.
Ascending to Brazil’s high court, much less pushing the institution 
to assert its independence, long seemed out of reach for Mr. Barbosa, 
the eldest of eight children raised in Paracatu, an impoverished city 
in Minas Gerais State, where his father worked as a bricklayer.
But his prominence – not just on the court, but in the streets as 
well – is so well established that masks with his face were sold 
for Carnival, amateur musicians have composed songs about his 
handling of the corruption trial and posted them on YouTube, and 
demonstrators during the huge street protests that shook the nation 
this year told pollsters that Mr. Barbosa was one of their top choices 
for president in next year’s elections.
While the protests have subsided since their height in 
June, the political tumult they set off persists. The race for 
president, once considered a shoo-in for the incumbent, 
Dilma Rousseff, is now up in the air, with Mr. Barbosa – who 
is now so much in the public eye that gossip columnists are 
following his romance with a woman in her 20s – repeatedly 
saying he will not run. “I’m not a candidate for anything,” 
he says.
But the same public glare that has turned him into a celebrity 
has singed him as well. While he has won widespread admiration 
for his guidance of the high court, Mr. Barbosa, like almost every 
other prominent political figure in Brazil, has recently come under 
scrutiny. And for someone accustomed to criticizing the so-called 
supersalaries awarded to some members of Brazil’s legal system, 
the revelations have put Mr. Barbosa on the defensive.
One report in the Brazilian news media described how he received 
about $180,000 in payments for untaken leaves of absence during 
his 19 years as a public prosecutor. (Such payments are common 
in some areas of Brazil’s large public bureaucracy.) Another noted 
that he bought an apartment in Miami through a limited liability 
company, suggesting an effort to pay less taxes on the property. In 
statements, Mr. Barbosa contends that he has done nothing wrong.
In a country wherea majority of people now define themselves as 
black or of mixed race – but where blacks remain remarkably rare 
in the highest echelons of political institutions and corporations 
– Mr. Barbosa’s trajectory and abrupt manner have elicited both 
widespread admiration and a fair amount of resistance.
As a teenager, Mr. Barbosa moved to the capital, Brasília, finding 
work as a janitor in a courtroom. Against the odds, he got into the 
University of Brasília, the only black student in its law program at 
the time. Wanting to see the world, he later won admission into 
Brazil’s diplomatic service, which promptly sent him to Helsinki, 
the Finnish capital on the shore of the Baltic Sea.
Sensing that he would not advance much in the diplomatic service, 
which he has called “one of the most discriminatory institutions of 
Brazil,” Mr. Barbosa opted for a career as a prosecutor. He alternated 
between legal investigations in Brazil and studies abroad, gaining 
fluency in English, French and German, and earning a doctorate in 
law at Pantheon-Assas University in Paris.
Fascinated by the legal systems of other countries, Mr. Barbosa 
wrote a book on affirmative action in the United States. He still 
voices his admiration for figures like Thurgood Marshall, the first 
black Supreme Court justice in the United States, and William J. 
Brennan Jr., who for years embodied the court’s liberal vision, 
clearly drawing inspiration from them as he pushed Brazil’s high 
court toward socially liberal rulings.
Still, no decision has thrust Mr. Barbosa into Brazil’s public imagination 
as much as his handling of the trial of political operatives, legislators 
and bankers found guilty in a labyrinthine corruption scandal called 
the mensalão, or big monthly allowance, after the regular payments 
made to lawmakers in exchange for their votes.
Last November, at Mr. Barbosa’s urging, the high court sentenced 
some of the most powerful figures in the governing Workers Party 
to years in prison for their crimes in the scheme, including bribery 
and unlawful conspiracy, jolting a political system in which 
impunity for politicians has been the norm.
Now the mensalão trial is entering what could be its final phases, 
and Mr. Barbosa has at times been visibly exasperated that 
defendants who have already been found guilty and sentenced 
have managed to avoid hard jail time. He has clashed with other 
justices over their consideration of a rare legal procedure in which 
appeals over close votes at the high court are examined.
Losing his patience with one prominent justice, Ricardo 
Lewandowski, who tried to absolve some defendants of certain 
crimes, Mr. Barbosa publicly accused him this month of 
“chicanery” by using legalese to prop up certain positions. An 
outcry ensued among some who could not stomach Mr. Barbosa’s 
talking to a fellow justice like that. “Who does Justice Joaquim 
Barbosa think he is?” asked Ricardo Noblat, a columnist for 
the newspaper O Globo, questioning whether Mr. Barbosa was 
qualified to preside over the court. “What powers does he think he 
has just because he’s sitting in the chair of the chief justice of the 
Supreme Federal Tribunal?”
Mr. Barbosa did not apologize. In the interview, he said some 
tension was necessary for the court to function properly. “It was 
always like this,” he said, contending that arguments are now just 
easier to see because the court’s proceedings are televised.
Linking the court’s work to the recent wave of protests, he explained 
that he strongly disagreed with the violence of some demonstrators, 
but he also said he believed that the street movements were “a sign 
of democracy’s exuberance.”
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“People don’t want to passively stand by and observe these 
arrangements of the elite, which were always the Brazilian 
tradition,” he said.
 In the sentence “A political system in which 
impunity in politics has been the norm” (18th 
paragraph), the verb phrase in the future perfect 
tense becomes:
a. would have been.
b. will have been.
c. will have being.
d. will been being.
32 (UEPG-PR)
How to Feed a Growing Planet
Here’s an uncomfortable math problem: by 2045 Earth’s population 
will likely have swelled from seven to nine billion people. To fill 
all those stomachs – while accounting for shifting consumption 
patterns, climate change, and a finite amount of arable land and 
potable water – some experts say global food production will have 
to double. How can we make the numbers add up?
Julian Cribb, author of The Coming Famine, says higher yielding 
crop varieties and more efficient farming methods will be crucial. 
So will waste reduction. Cribb and other experts urge cities to 
reclaim nutrients and water from waste streams and preserve 
farmland. Poor countries, they say, can improve crop storage and 
packaging. And rich nations could cut back on resource-intensive 
foods like meat. In fact, wherever there is easy access to cheap food, 
people buy more than they consume. We could thus all start by 
shopping smarter – and cleaning our plates.
As Cribb notes, food security is increasingly a collective challenge. 
It’s also a chance “to pull together on something we can all agree 
about, share and enjoy”. 
Adaptado de: Amanda Fiegl – National Geographic Magazine, July 2011.
 Com relação aos segmentos verbais will likely 
have swelled e will have to double, ambos 
presentes no primeiro parágrafo do texto, 
assinale o que for correto.
01. O primeiro está no futuro do presente composto 
e o segundo no futuro do presente.
02. O primeiro se refere a um evento já ocorrido e o 
segundo a um evento ainda por ocorrer.
04. Ambos são tempos verbais equivalentes.
08. O primeiro se refere a um fato que, em 2045, já 
poderá estar consumado e o segundo se refere a 
um acontecimento que deverá ocorrer no futuro.
Soma: 
Modal verbs – Future time
33 (PUC-RJ)
How Exercise Can Calm Anxiety
In an eye-opening demonstration of nature’s ingenuity, researchers 
at an American University recently discovered that exercise creates 
vibrant new brain cells – and then shuts them down when they 
shouldn’t be in action.
For some time, scientists studying exercise have been puzzled by 
physical activity’s two seemingly incompatible effects on the brain. 
On the one hand, exercise is known to prompt the creation of new 
and very excitable brain cells.
At the same time, exercise can induce an overall pattern of calm in 
certain parts of the brain.
Most of us probably don’t realize that neurons are born with certain 
predispositions. Some, often the younger ones, are by nature easily 
excited. They fire with almost any provocation, which is laudable if 
you wish to speed thinking and memory formation. But that feature 
is less desirable during times of everyday stress. If a stressor does 
not involve a life-or-death decision and require immediate physical 
action, then having lots of excitable neurons firing all at once can 
be counterproductive, inducing anxiety.
Studies in animals have shown that physical exercise creates 
excitable neurons in abundance, especially in the hippocampus, 
a portion of the brain known to be involved in thinking and 
emotional responses. But exercise also has been found to reduce 
anxiety in both people and animals.
How can an activity simultaneously create ideal neurological 
conditions for anxiety and leave practitioners with a deep-rooted 
calm, the Princeton researchers wondered?
So they gathered adult mice, injected them with a substance that 
marks newborn cells in the brain, and for six weeks, allowed half 
of them to run at will on little wheels, while the others sat quietly 
in their cages.
Afterward, the scientists determined each group’s baseline 
nervousness. Given access to cages with open, well-lighted areas, 
as well as shadowy corners, the running mice were more willing 
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to cautiously explore and spend time in open areas, an indication 
that they were more confident and less anxious than the sedentary 
animals. 
The researchers also checked the brains of some of the runners and 
the sedentary mice to determine how many and what varieties of 
new neurons they contained. 
As expected, the runners’ brains teemed with many new, excitable 
neurons. The sedentary mice’s brains also contained similar, 
volatile newborn cells, but not in such profusion.
The runners’ brains, however, also had a notable number of new 
neurons specifically designed to release the neurotransmitter 
GABA, which inhibits brain activity, keeping other neurons from 
firing easily. In effect, these are nanny neurons, designed to shush 
and quiet activity in the brain.
In the runners’ brains, there were large new populations of these 
cells in a portion of the hippocampus, the ventral region, associated 
with the processing of emotions. The rest of the hippocampus, the 
dorsal region, is more involved with thinking and memory. What 
role these nanny neurons were playing in the animals’ brains and 
subsequent behavior was not altogether clear.
So the scientists next gently placed the remaining mice in ice-cold 
water for five minutes. Mice do not enjoy cold water. They find 
immersion stressful and anxietyinducing, although it is not life-
threatening. Then the scientists checked these animals’ brains. 
They were looking for markers, known as immediate early genes, 
that indicate a neuron has recently fired.
They found them, in profusion. In both the physically fit and the 
sedentary mice, large numbers of the excitable cells had fired in 
response to the cold bath. Emotionally, the animals had become 
fired up by the stress. But with the runners, it didn’t last long. Their 
brains, unlike those of the sedentary animals, showed evidence 
that the shushing neurons also had been activated in large 
numbers, releasing GABA, calming the excitable neurons’ activity 
and presumably keeping unnecessary anxiety at bay.
In effect, the runners’ brains had responded to the relatively minor 
stress of a cold bath with a quick rush of worry and a concomitant, 
overarching calm. 
What all of this suggests is that the hippocampus of runners is 
vastly different from that of sedentary animals. Not only are there 
more excitatory neurons and more excitatory synapses, but the 
inhibitory neurons are more likely to become activated, presumably 
to dampen the excitatory neurons, in response to stress.
It’s important to note that this study examined longterm training 
responses. The runners’ wheels had been locked for 24 hours 
before their cold bath, so they would gain no acute calming effect 
from exercise. Instead, the difference in stress response between 
the runners and the sedentary animals reflected fundamental 
remodeling of their brains.
Of course, as we all know, mice are not men or women. But other 
studies show that physical exercise reduces anxiety in humans, 
which suggests that similar remodeling takes place in the brains 
of people who work out. It won’t be a huge stretch to suggest that 
the hippocampi of active people might be less susceptible to certain 
undesirable aspects of stress than those of sedentary people.
By Gretchen Reynolds. Adapted from: http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/03/
how-exercise-can-calm-anxiety/?src=me. Retrieved on 03/07/2013
 At the end of the text ( l . 86), “might” suggests:
a. certainty.
b. obligation.
c. quality.
d. possibility.
e. ability.
34 (PUC-RJ)
Why are we so curious?
Cooking is something we all take for granted but a new theory 
suggests that if we had not learned to cook food, not only would we 
still look like chimps but, like them, we would also be compelled to 
spend most of the day chewing.
I hate to disappoint you, but whatever your ambitions, whatever 
your long-term goals, I’m pretty sure that reading this column isn’t 
going to further them. It won’t stop you feeling hungry. It won’t 
provide any information that might save your life. It’s unlikely to 
make you attractive to the opposite sex.
And yet if I were to say that I will teach you a valuable lesson about 
your inner child, I hope you will want to carry on reading, driven 
by nothing more than your curiosity to find out a little more. What 
could be going on in your brain to make you so inquisitive?
We humans have a deeply curious nature, and more often than not 
it is about the minor tittle-tattle in our lives. Our curiosity has us 
doing utterly unproductive things like reading news about people 
we will never meet, learning topics we will never have use for, or 
exploring places we will never come back to. We just love to know 
the answers to things, even if there’s no obvious benefit.
From the perspective of evolution this appears to be something of 
a mystery. We associate evolution with ‘survival-of-the-fittest’ traits 
that support the essentials of day-to-day survival and reproduction. 
So why did we evolve to waste so much time? Shouldn’t evolution 
have selected for a species which was – you know – a bit more 
focussed?
Child’s play
The roots of our peculiar curiosity can be linked to a trait of the 
human species called neoteny. This is a term from evolutionary 
theory that means the “retention of juvenile characteristics”. 
It means that as a species we are more child-like than other 
mammals. Being relatively hairless is one physical example. A large 
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brain relative to body size is another. Our lifelong curiosity and 
playfulness is a behavioural characteristic of neoteny.
Neoteny is a short-cut taken by evolution – a route that brings about 
a whole bundle of changes in one go, rather than selecting for them 
one by one. Evolution, by making us a more juvenile species, has 
made us weaker than our primate cousins, but it has also given us 
our child’s curiosity, our capacity to learn and our deep sense of 
attachment to each other.
And of course the lifelong capacity to learn is the reason why 
neoteny has worked so well for our species. Our extended childhood 
means we can absorb so much more from our environment, 
including our shared culture. Even in adulthood we can pick up 
new ways of doing things and new ways of thinking, allowing us to 
adapt to new circumstances. 
Exploration bonus 
In the world of artificial intelligence, computer scientists have 
explored how behaviour evolves when guided by different learning 
algorithms. An important result is that even the best learning 
algorithms fall down if they are not encouraged to explore a little. 
Without a little something to distract them from what they should 
be doing, these algorithms get stuck in a rut, relying on the same 
responses time and time again.
Computer scientists have learnt to adjust how these algorithms 
rate different possible actions with an ‘exploration bonus’ – that is, 
a reward just for trying something new. Weighted like this, the 
algorithms then occasionally leave the beaten track to explore. 
These exploratory actions cost them some opportunities, but leave 
them better off in the long run because they’ve gained knowledge 
about what they might do, even if it didn’t benefit them immediately.
The implication for the evolution of our own brain is clear. Curiosity 
is nature’s built-in exploration bonus. We’re evolved to leave the 
beaten track, to try things out, to get distracted and generally look 
like we’re wasting time. Maybe we are wasting time today, but the 
learning algorithms in our brain know that something we learnt by 
chance today will come in useful tomorrow.
Obviously it would be best if we knew what we needed to know, 
and just concentrated on that. Fortunately, in a complex world it is 
impossible to know what might be usefulin the future. And thank 
goodness – otherwise we would have evolved to be a deadly-boring 
species which never wanted to get lost, never tried things to just see 
what happened or did things for the hell of it.
Evolution made us the ultimate learning machines, and the 
ultimate learning machines need a healthy dash of curiosity to help 
us take full advantage of this learning capacity.
Or, as Kurt Vonnegut said, “We are here on Earth to fart around. 
Don’t let anybody tell you any different.”
NEUROHACKS 19 June 2012. Why are we so curious? Tom Stafford. <http://www.
bc.com/future/story/20120618-why-are-we-so-curious?selectorSection=health>.
Retrieved on July 28, 2012.
 “Might” in “… might save your life” ( l . 8) 
and “Shouldn’t” in “Shouldn’t evolution have 
selected for a species…” ( l . 23-24) express the 
ideas of, respectively:
a. probability – duty.
b. condition – ability.
c. obligation – assumption.
d. possibility – what is desirable.
e. theoretical ability – suggestion.
35 (Unifesp-SP) Instrução: leia o texto para 
responder à questão.
Work After Eight Months of Pregnancy is 
as Harmful as Smoking, Study Finds
Conal Urquhart and agencies
July 28, 2012
Working after eight months of pregnancy is as harmful for babies 
as smoking, according to a new study. Women who worked after 
they were eight months pregnant had babies on average around 
230g lighter than those who stopped work between six and eight 
months.
The University of Essex research – which drew on data from three 
major studies, two in the UK and one in the US – found the effect of 
continuing to work during the late stages of pregnancy was equal 
to that of smoking while pregnant. Babies whose mothers worked 
or smoked throughout pregnancy grew more slowly in the womb.
Past research has shown babies with low birth weights are at 
higher risk of poor health and slow development, and may suffer 
from a variety of problems later in life. Stopping work early in 
pregnancy was particularly beneficial for women with lower 
levels of education, the study found – suggesting that the effect 
of working during pregnancy was possibly more marked for those 
doing physically demanding work. The birth weight of babies 
born to mothers under the age of 24 was not affected by them 
continuing to work, but in older mothers the effect was more 
significant.
The researchers identified 1,339 children whose mothers were 
part of the British Household Panel Survey, which was conducted 
between 1991 and 2005, and for whom data was available. A further 
sample of 17,483 women who gave birth in 2000 or 2001 and who 
took part in the Millennium Cohort Study was also examined 
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and showed similar results, along with 12,166 from the National 
Survey of Family Growth, relating to births in the US between the 
early 1970s and 1995.
One of the authors of the study, Prof. Marco Francesconi, said 
the government should consider incentives for employers to offer 
more flexible maternity leave to women who might need a break 
before, rather than after, their babies were born. He said: “We 
know low birth weight is a predictor of many things that happen 
later, including lower chances of completing school successfully, 
lower wages and higher mortality. We need to think seriously 
about parental leave, because – as this study suggests – the 
possible benefits of taking leave flexibly before the birth could 
be quite high.”
The study also suggests British women may be working for longer 
now during pregnancy. While 16% of mothers questioned by the 
British Household Panel Study, which went as far back as 1991, 
worked up to one month before the birth, the figure was 30% in 
the Millennium Cohort Study, whose subjects were born in 2000 
and 2001.
(www.guardian.co.uk)
 In the excerpt from the third paragraph – may 
suffer from a variety of problems later in life –, 
the word may carries the idea of:
and sticks to the skin by natural electrostatic forces rather than 
glue. “We think this could be an important conceptual advance 
in wearable electronics, to achieve something that is almost 
unnoticeable to the wearer. The technology can connect you to the 
physical world and the cyberworld in a very natural way that feels 
comfortable,” said Professor Todd Coleman of the University of 
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who led the research team.
A simple stick-on circuit can monitor a person’s heart rate and 
muscle movements as well as conventional medical monitors, 
but with the benefit of being weightless and almost completely 
undetectable. Scientists said it may also be possible to build a circuit 
for detecting throat movements around the larynx in order to 
transmit the information wirelessly as a way of recording a person’s 
speech, even if they are not making any discernible sounds.
Tests have already shown that such a system can be used to control 
a voice-activated computer game, and one suggestion is that a stick-
on voicebox circuit could be used in covert police operations where 
it might be too dangerous to speak into a radio transmitter. “The 
blurring of electronics and biology is really the key point here,” 
said Yonggang Huang, professor of engineering at Northwestern 
University in Evanston, Illinois. “All established forms of electronics 
are hard, rigid. Biology is soft, elastic. It’s two different worlds. This 
is a way to truly integrate them.”
Engineers have built test circuits mounted on a thin, rubbery 
substrate that adheres to the skin. The circuits have included 
sensors, light-emitting diodes, transistors, radio frequency 
capacitors, wireless antennas, conductive coils and solar cells. “We 
threw everything in our bag of tricks on to that platform, and then 
added a few other new ideas on top of those, to show that we could 
make it work,” said John Rogers, professor of engineering at the 
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a lead author of the 
study, published in the journal Science.
(www.independent.co.uk. Adaptado.)
 In the excerpt of the fourth paragraph – where 
it might be too dangerous to speak into a radio 
transmitter. – the word might conveys an idea of:
a. obligation.
b. habit.
c. inevitability.
d. request.
e. possibility.
36 (Unifesp-SP) Instrução: leia o texto para 
responder à questão:
How Computers Will Soon Get Under 
Our Skin
By Steve Connor, Science Editor
12 August 2011
It may soon be possible to wear your computer or mobile phone 
under your sleeve, with the invention of an ultra-thin and flexible 
electronic circuit that can be stuck to the skin like a temporary 
tattoo. The device, which is almost invisible, can perform just 
as well as more conventional electronic machines but without 
the need for wires or bulky power supplies, scientists said. The 
development could mark a new era in consumer electronics. The 
technology could be used for applications ranging from medical 
diagnosis to covert military operations.
The “epidermal electronic system” relies on a highly flexible 
electrical circuit composed of snake-like conducting channels that 
can bend and stretch without affecting performance. The circuit is 
about the size of a postage stamp, is thinner than a human hair 
a. possibility.
b. ability.
c. request.
d. certainty.
e. demand.
37 (Fatec-SP) Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Psychology of Money
Want Happiness? Don’t Buy More Stuff – Go on Vacation. When it 
comes to spending money on things or experiences, the research is 
clear: doing brings more happiness than owning.
By Gary Belsky & Tom Gilovich | July 21, 2011
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Given that it’s vacation season for many folks, we thought 
it a good time to devote this Mind Over Money post to a brief 
discussion of what personal finance is ultimately all about. Some 
people, of course,really enjoy counting their money, deriving 
great satisfaction simply from watching their bottom line grow, 
often quite removed from any thought of what they might do 
with their riches. But for most of us, money is just a token for 
what we can do with it — pay the mortgage or rent, send kids to 
college, buy a TV or travel to Italy. And for nearly all of us, money 
is finite; there isn’t enough to do all we want, so we must be 
selective. That raises a crucial question: if we want to maximize 
the happiness or satisfaction we get from our money, how should 
we spend it?
There’s been a lot of recent research on this subject, much of it 
conducted at Tom’s home institution, Cornell University. And the 
answer is clear. If you’re conflicted about whether to spend money 
on a material good (say, a computer) or personal experience (say, 
a vacation), the research says you’ll get much more satisfaction 
– and for longer – if you choose the experience. Most of us, it 
turns out, get more bang from the experiential buck. Indeed, 
when people are asked to recall their most significant material 
and experiential purchases over the previous five years, they 
report that the experience brought more joy, was a source of more 
enduring satisfaction and was more clearly “money well spent”.
This might seem counter-intuitive. After all, when faced with 
a trade-off between doing and buying, many people opt for 
the material good because “it will still be there” long after the 
experience would have been enjoyed.
In one sense that’s correct: The material good lasts while the 
experience is fleeting. But psychologically it’s the reverse. We 
quickly adapt to the material good, but the experience endures 
in the memories we cherish, the tories we tell and the very sense 
of who we are.
(http://moneyland.time.com Acesso em 25/08/2011. Adaptado.)
 No terceiro parágrafo do texto, o modal auxiliar 
might transmite uma ideia de:
a. proibição.
b. obrigação.
c. expectativa.
d. necessidade.
e. possibilidade.
38 (PUC-SP) Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Underground river ‘Rio Hamza’ 
discovered 4km beneath the Amazon
Scientists estimate the subterranean river may be 6,000km long 
and hundreds of times wider than the Amazon
Alok Jha, science correspondent guardian.co.uk. 
Friday, 26 August 2011
Fr
an
s 
La
tin
/C
or
bi
s
An aerial view of the Amazon river. Photograph: Frans Lanting/Corbis.
Covering more than 7 million square kilometres in South America, the 
Amazon basin is one of the biggest and most impressive river systems in 
the world. But it turns out we have only known half the story until now. 
Brazilian scientists have found a new river in the Amazon basin – 
around 4km underneath the Amazon river. The Hamza river, named 
after the head of the team of researchers who found the groundwater 
flow, appears to be as long as the Amazon river but up to hundreds of 
times wider. Both the Amazon and Hamza flow from west to east and 
are around the same length, at 6,000km. But whereas the Amazon 
ranges from 1km to 100km in width, the Hamza ranges from 200km 
to 400km. The underground river starts in the Acre region under the 
Andes and flows through the Solimões, Amazonas and Marajó basins 
before opening out directly into the depths of the Atlantic Ocean.
The Amazon flows much faster than the Hamza, however, draining 
a greater volume of water. Around 133,000m3 of water flow through 
the Amazon per second at speeds of up to 5 metres per second. The 
underground river’s flow rate has been estimated at around 3,900m3 
per second and it barely inches along at less than a millimeter per hour.
The Hamza was located using data collected inside a series of 241 
abandoned deep wells that were drilled in the Amazon region by 
the petrochemical company Petrobras in the 1970s and 1980s. 
Elizabeth Tavares Pimentel and Valiya Hamza of the Department 
of Geophysics at Brazil’s National Observatory led the work and 
presented their results last week at the International Congress of 
the Brazilian Geophysics Society in Rio de Janeiro.
According to the researchers, the presence of the Hamza river might 
account for the relatively low salinity of the waters around the mouth 
of the Amazon. Professor Hamza said Pimentel’s measurements 
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represented preliminary work on the discovery of the new river, but 
Hamza said he expected to confirm the existence of the flow with 
additional measurements within the next few years.
www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/aug/26/underground-river-amazon/
print. Adaptado.
 No trecho do último parágrafo – According to 
the researchers, the presence of the Rio Hamza 
river might account for the relatively low salinity 
of the waters around the mouth of the Amazon. 
– a palavra might pode ser substituída, sem 
alteração de sentido, por:
out of poverty; and how to improve international coordination for 
sustainable development.
It is a historic opportunity to define pathways to a sustainable future 
– a future with more jobs, more clean energy, greater security and a 
decent standard of living for all.
Why do we need Rio+20?
If we are to leave a liveable world to our children and grandchildren, 
the challenges of widespread poverty and environmental destruction 
need to be tackled now. 
• The world today has 7 billion people – by 2050, there will be 9 
billion.
• One out of every five people – 1.4 billion – currently lives on 
US$1.25 a day or less.
• A billion and half people in the world don’t have access to 
electricity.
• Two and a half billion people don’t have a toilet.
• Almost a billion people go hungry every day.
• Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and more than a third 
of all known species could go extinct if climate change continues 
unchecked.
The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio laid the groundwork.
Rio+20 is a new opportunity to think globally so that we can all act 
locally to secure our common future.
(www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/about.shtml. Acesso em 22.5.12)
 No trecho do texto – more than a third of all 
known species could go extinct if climate change 
continues unchecked. – a expressão could go 
extinct pode ser substituída, sem alteração de 
sentido, por:
a. has been vanished.
b. might disappear.
c. is going to inactivate.
d. ought to lose.
e. have to migrate.
40 (Ulbra-RS) A questão refere-se ao texto a seguir:
As we all know, electricity is a fundamental need. On a daily basis, 
we consume electricity even without us knowing it. Just a simple 
task such as listening to your music player consumes electricity. 
Today, most of our electric generators and power plants are fed 
with fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal. However, due to the 
exponential increase of power demand, fossil fuel supplies are 
slowly being depleted. Not only that, but also burning fossil fuels 
a. has to.
b. will.
c. could.
d. ought to.
e. is going to.
39 (PUC-SP) Instrução: leia o texto para responder à 
questão.
What is “Rio+20”?
“Rio+20” is the short name for the United Nations Conference on 
Sustainable Development to take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 
in June 2012 – twenty years after the landmark 1992 Earth 
Summit in Rio. Rio+20 is also an opportunity to look ahead to the 
world we want in 20 years.
At the Rio+20 Conference, world leaders, along with thousands 
of participants from the private sector, NGOs and other groups, 
will come together to shape how we can reduce poverty, advance 
social equity and ensure environmental protection on an ever more 
crowded planet.
The official discussions will focus on two main themes: how to build 
a green economy to achieve sustainable development and lift people 
PU
C-
SP
, 2
01
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has given off greenhouse gases and other unwanted byproducts. 
Because of this, the search for alternative energy sourcesis now 
a necessity. One of the most promising alternative energy sources 
today is Wind Powered Generators. So, what is a wind-powered 
generator? Basically it is the use of wind as a mechanical force 
needed to power an electric generator. 
Utilizing wind as an energy source is not exactly a new idea. The 
ancient Persians were the fi rst to use wind to pump water, cut wood, 
and grind food and others by building windmills. Even today you 
can fi nd windmills still being used on some farms. It was the use 
of wind as an electric source that came into existence much later. 
The fi rst practical wind powered generators were built in 1970, but 
yet we rarely see them in widespread use today, why? Let’s look at 
the advantages and disadvantages of the wind powered generator.
The main advantage of wind powered generators is that they have, 
ideally, zero gas emissions – unlike fossil-fueled power generators. 
Because of the alarming effects of greenhouse gases and global 
warming, we want our power generators to be as clean and as 
environmentally friendly as possible. Since there is no burning 
process in a wind powered generator that produces toxic gases, 
it is very safe to build one in residential areas. Also, with proper 
engineering and enough wind, these generators can provide a 
high rate of wattage that can go as high as the Megawatt range. 
Another advantage is that it can be implemented using several 
small turbines connected together. This is a good thing when there 
is not enough space for huge structures.
41 (Unesp-SP) Leia a tira para responder à(s) questão(ões).
 No trecho do primeiro quadrinho – This should be the last load –, a palavra should indica uma ideia de 
a. dúvida.
b. solicitação.
c. obrigação.
d. recomendação.
e. expectativa.
The major disadvantage of wind powered generators is that wind 
power varies greatly from one place to another and from day to day 
and season to season. 
Sometimes wind may be strong enough to supply energy, but 
that strength cannot be maintained due to changes in weather 
patterns. Needing strong, constant wind to most effectively power 
wind generators is one reason they are often built in coastal 
areas. Another disadvantage is that the structure of most practical 
wind powered generators is huge and bulky. Commonly, its size is 
proportional to the wind power it can collect. 
Research in wind power has now intensified because of its innate 
advantages over other power generators. With this increase in 
interest in wind energy and alternative energy sources as a whole, 
our future will become brighter and more and more remote areas 
will eventually enjoy the benefits of clean electric energy. In an 
electricity-dependent world, power supplies must provide the 
required electricity for communities and businesses. Wind powered 
generators might just be the solution for power shortages.
Disponível em: http://mysolarcellhome.org/articles/pros-and-cons-of-wind-
powered-generators.
 Might in “wind powered generators might just 
be the solution for power shortages…” and must 
in “In an electricity-dependent world, power 
supplies must provide the required electricity 
for communities and businesses” express 
respectively the ideas of:
a. possibility – advice.
b. permission – duty.
c. probability – 
obligation.
d. probability – 
deduction.
e. possibility – 
assumption.
(w
w
w
.h
uffi
ng
to
np
os
t.c
om
)
46 Developing Exam Skills
Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 46 8/11/16 10:40 AM
43 Relacione cada situação proposta a três sugestões possíveis:
( ) He might invite some friends to go camping 
with him.
( ) He might take art classes and start painting.
( ) He might ask one of his friends to help him study 
and solve exercises.
( ) He could stay home in bed and rest in order to feel 
better.
( ) He might go to a doctor and take some 
medicine.
( ) He could go to the mall and watch a good movie 
there.
( ) He could go by bus, but it takes too long depending 
on the traffic.
( ) He could drink hot tea and eat chicken soup. It 
always helps.
( ) He might take the subway, it’s fast and cheap.
42 Relacione as colunas, considerando que as frases da direita complementam o sentido das da esquerda:
( 1 ) That couple owns three apartments and three cars 
as well.
( 2 ) The bride is going to enter the church to get 
married in a few minutes.
( 3 ) My son has just finished eating his dinner.
( 4 ) My friend Sheila arrived this morning back from 
her great vacation.
( 5 ) That boy at the back row has been yawning all the 
morning.
( 6 ) I can’t believe that Mark and Kelly are getting 
married.
( 7 ) My grandfather is sneezing and coughing.
( 8 ) Thomas has seven brothers and sisters.
( 9) Lisa always gets the best grades in her class.
(10) Robert’s parents never let him go out with his 
friends.
( ) She may feel a bit tired, but at the same time she 
might be very relaxed.
( ) He must be sick. He should see a doctor to check if 
he is ok.
( ) She must be very anxious and nervous, but 
happy too.
( ) They may be very strict. Or they might not trust him.
( ) He might be feeling exhausted. Or he may think 
that the classes are boring.
( ) He can’t be lonely living in such a crowded house.
( ) They must be very rich! And I know they are very 
generous people.
( ) She must be very intelligent and must study hard 
too.
( ) She always tells everybody she can’t stand him.
( ) He can’t be hungry right now!
( 1 ) Sam doesn’t have any plans for the weekend. 
He’d like to have fun.
( 2 ) Mike feels miserable. He has a high fever and a 
terrible cold.
( 3 ) Kevin is very good at drawing, but he hasn’t 
chosen a career yet.
( 4 ) Nick is a good student, but he’s having trouble in 
math class.
( 5 ) Andrew doesn’t know how to get to the airport in 
New York.
( ) He could talk to his teacher and ask him for some 
advice.
( ) He might take a taxi to get there, but it’s a bit 
expensive.
( ) He could become an architect and design 
skyscrapers.
47Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 47 8/11/16 10:40 AM
( ) He might spend the days at the club, playing sports 
and swimming.
( ) His parents could hire a private teacher to give 
him some extra lessons.
( ) He could make cartoons and become famous for 
that.
44 Considerando as situações propostas, complete 
as sugestões de forma correta e criativa:
a. What should we do tonight?
Let’s .
b. I’m not in the mood for cooking today.
How about ?
c. When can we go to the travel agency to get our 
tickets?
Why don’t we ?
d. I’m worried because I can’t find my passport 
anywhere and I’ll travel soon.
Maybe you could .
e. I don’t know what to give Stella for her birthday.
Why not ?
f. I’m so hungry. What is there to eat?
Let’s .
g. My kids really enjoy being outdoors.
How about ?
h. We are already late and now we missed the bus.
Why don’t we ?
i. I wonder how to celebrate my birthday this year.
Maybe you could .
j. I really don’t like wearing yellow cloth
Why not ?
Texto para as questões 45 e 46.
People prefer Facebook texts instead 
of traditional communication modes: 
research
LONDON: Peopleprefer to use Facebook messages for staying 
in touch with their loved ones back home rather than using 
traditional modes of communication like postcards, a new 
research has found.
According to the study, the rise of the smartphones means 
holidaymakers can tweet or text about their fun in the sun rather 
than putting pen to paper, with many dismissing postcards as 
‘too slow’.
The research showed that just one in six holidaymakers now send 
postcards to friends and family when they go abroad.
Nearly half of the 2,000 people surveyed said they had never sent a 
postcard rather preferring to text, call or use Facebook to keep in 
touch with home, the ‘Daily Mail’ reported.
The figure increases to more than half of young people aged under 
24, many of whom take their social life abroad with them by 
posting envy-inducing photos of their adventures online for their 
friends back home. (…)
According to the study, sending text messages is the biggest cause 
of the decline of the postcard, with more than half of people (60 
percent) surveyed using texts as a way to keep friends and family 
updated.
Phoning home is the second most popular way to stay in touch, 
1while a third of holidaymakers (34 percent) use Facebook and 29 
percent choose to e-mail loved ones about their travels. (…)
Disponível em: Source: The Economic Times. August 13, 2012. In: http://articles.
economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-13/news/33182772_1_postcards-
textmessaes-facebookmessages. Accessed on September 13, 2013.
45 (UEPA) Considerando a pesquisa apresentada 
no texto People prefer Facebook texts instead 
of traditional communication modes: research, 
entende-se que:
a. as pessoas deixaram de ter interesse em manter 
contato com seus amigos e familiares.
b. há uma diminuição do uso do telefone, por ser um 
meio muito demorado.
48 Developing Exam Skills
Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 48 8/11/16 10:40 AM
c. as mensagens de texto são consideradas como 
a melhor forma de deixar os familiares e amigos 
atualizados.
d. as pessoas continuam considerando o envio de 
cartões postais como um meio bastante eficaz.
e. a maioria das pessoas entrevistadas prefere enviar 
um cartão postal a teclar uma mensagem.
46 (UEPA) Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a 
afirmação correta baseada no texto acima.
a. Na pesquisa, foi constatado que a maioria das 
pessoas deixou de usar o cartão-postal por 
considerar um meio de comunicação muito 
demorado.
b. De acordo com a pesquisa, atualmente o telefone 
é o meio de comunicação mais utilizado do que o 
Facebook.
c. O aumento do número de smartphones, de acordo 
com a pesquisa, é responsável pela preferência no 
uso de cartões-postais.
d. Na pesquisa, verificou-se que as pessoas não 
escolheram as mensagens de texto como melhor 
forma de se comunicar com seus amigos e 
familiares.
e. Os jovens abaixo dos 24 anos, de acordo com a 
pesquisa, preferem enviar cartões-postais a usar os 
meios mais atuais de comunicação.
Texto para as questões 47 e 48.
Pet theories – can animals increase our 
wellbeing?
The body of evidence supporting the notion that pet 
ownership is good for your health grew even fatter this 
month. American researchers have discovered that owning a 
pet can significantly reduce the risk of a common cancer. And 
that’s not all. “There have been studies that have suggested 
pet owners are more likely to have higher self-worth and 
are less likely to suffer loneliness and depression,” says Dr 
Deborah Wells of the University of Belfast, who has conducted 
several studies on the benefits of pet ownership. Wells says 
pets are particularly useful for children. “Pets can become 
like a therapist. If children are bullied at school, or their 
parents are getting divorced, children will often tell their 
pets their problems whereas they wouldn’t always talk to a 
person.” The routine and “normality” of having a pet can 
help people suffering a traumatic event, such as bereavement 
or a diagnosis of terminal illness. The researchers found that 
people with animals to care for adjusted far better after the 
death of someone close than those without pets. “We live in 
a society where we do not like to cry in front of people, but 
there are a large number of people who can cry in front of 
their pets”, one of the researchers adds.
(Texto adaptado. Disponível em: <http://www.guardian.co.uk/
lifeandstyle/2008/oct/21/healthandwellbeing-medicalresearch>. 
Acesso em 28/08/2012)
47 (UEM-PR) According to text, choose the correct 
alternative(s).
01. Having a pet is harmful for your health because 
animals can cause breathing problems.
02. Children who experience bullying can benefit 
from having pets as they feel more comfortable 
to tell the animals their problems.
04. Owning a pet can be beneficial to people who 
are seriously ill.
08. Constant contact with a pet helps people to 
overcome personal losses.
16. Human beings are selfish and not able to share 
their experiences with another person.
Soma: 
48 (UEM-PR) Choose the alternative in which the 
information about the words extracted from text 
is correct.
01. The suffixes “-ship”, in “ownership” (l. 2), 
“-ness”, in “loneliness” (l. 7) and “-ment”, in 
“bereavement”, (l. 15) are used to form nouns in 
English.
02. The words “even” (l. 2) and “far” (l. 17) are used 
to emphasize or intensify the comparatives 
“fatter” (l. 2) and “better” (l. 17).
04. The present perfect tense is used in the extracts 
“There have been studies” (l. 5) and “who has 
conducted” (l. 8) to show that the activity is in 
progress at the moment.
1
5
10
15
20
49Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 49 8/11/16 10:40 AM
08. In the extract “children will often tell their pets 
their problems whereas they wouldn’t always talk 
to a person” (l. 13-15), the underlined conjunction 
expresses a contrast of ideas.
16. The word “close” (l. 20) refers to someone you 
like or love.
Texto para as questões 49 e 50.
2012’s Second Sun
Earth is believed to be getting a second sun burning in the sky near 
the end of 2012, as the second biggest star in the universe, Betelgeuse, 
is dying, which will lead to “multiple days of constant daylight”. Many 
ancient cultures have speculated about the appearance of a second 
sun and this event appears to tie in very closely with the December 21 
2012 predictions. Betelgeuse is the second biggest star in the universe 
and the eighth brightest in the night sky, Scientists have determined 
that the star is losing mass at a rapid rate, which indicates it will go 
supernova very soon. The light emitted from this exploding star will 
be so bright that it will appear for a few weeks at the end of 2012 as 
a second sun in the sky. There may be little if no period of darkness 
or night according to senior lecturer of physics at the University of 
Southern Queensland, Brad Carter. Earth will experience “brightness 
for a brief period of time for a couple of weeks and then over the coming 
months it begins to fade and then eventually it will be very hard to see 
at all”, explained the Australian scientist Brad Carter to news.com.au. 
Scientist have known about this dying star which is 640 light years 
away from Earth, since 2005. It is believed that as Betelgeuse goes 
supernova it will not be harmful to Earth. “There will be neutrinos 
emitted during the supernova process, said University of Minnesota 
physics professor Priscilla Cushman, but neutrinos, even lots and lots 
of them, are only weakly interacting, so they won’t affect life on earth,” 
but that is only speculation at this point.
The fact is, we as human beings have never experienced anything 
like this before so close to our home planet, and to be honest, we 
just don’t know for sure what this event could bring.
(www.december212012.com>) on 30/08/11
49 (Udesc) It is correct to say that the text is about:
a. a prediction of an Earth mass destruction.
b.a big explosion from our Sun.
c. a big planet will come towards the Earth.
d. a future great change on Earth’s sky soon.
e. a mad disaster from a lunatic.
50 (Udesc) The verb tenses “have speculated” 
(line 5), “have determined” (line 9-10) and 
“have known” (line 23) are:
a. Past perfect
b. Simple present
c. Present perfect
d. Past participle
e. Gerund
51 (UFSJ-MG) Read the following joke and answer 
the question:
Young Nina and her grandmother are having a conversation: 
“Grandma, how long have you and Grandpa been married?”, 
asked Nina.
“We’ve been married for fifty years”, Grandma replied.
“That is so wonderful”, exclaimed Nina. “And I bet in all that time, 
you never once thought about divorce, right?”
“Right Nina. Divorce, never. Murder, lots of times.”
Adapted from: http://www.sarasotawedding.com/jokes/divorce_jokes.html. 
Access on September 28th, 2012.
 In the joke, the sentence “We’ve been married 
for fifty years” (line 5) means that Nina’s 
grandparents:
a. lived together for fifty years.
b. were married for fifty years.
c. got married fifty years ago.
d. were married for a long time
Texto para as questões 52 e 53.
9 Things I Hate About Everyone
1) People who point at their wrist asking for the time… I know 
where my watch is pal, where the hell is yours? Do I point at my 
crotch when I ask where the toilet is?
2) People who are willing to get off their a** to search the entire 
room for the TV remote because they refuse to walk to the TV and 
change the channel manually.
3) When people say “Oh you just want to have your cake and eat it 
too”. Damn Right! What good is cake if you can’t eat it?
4) When people say “it’s always the last place you look”. Of course 
it is. Why the hell would you keep looking after you’ve found it? Do 
people do this? Who and where are they?
1
5
10
15
20
25
50 Developing Exam Skills
Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 50 8/11/16 10:40 AM
5) When people say while watching a film, “did ya see that?” No 
Loser, I paid $12 to come to the cinema and stare at the damn floor!
6) People who ask “Can I ask you a question?”... Didn’t give me a 
choice there, did ya sunshine?
7) When something is ‘new and improved’. Which is it? If it’s new, 
then there has never been anything before it. If it’s an improvement, 
then there must have been something before it, couldn’t be new.
8) When people say “life is short”. What the hell??? Life is the longest 
damn thing anyone ever does!!! What can you do that’s longer?
9) When you are waiting for the bus and someone asks “Has the bus 
come yet?” If the bus came, would I be standing here??
(www.boardofwisdom.com) (Unknown author) Accessed on March 12th, 2013.
52 (Udesc) It is correct to say that the text:
a. satirizes a system of daily errors, hence ignoring it.
b. criticizes stupid doubts which a special type of 
person says.
c. says that everybody asks stupid questions about 
their own manias.
d. satirizes daily questioning which people 
unconsciously say.
e. criticizes uncommon statements about a person 
someone hates.
53 (Udesc) The two underlined sentences are 
consecutively:
a. question tag and present perfect.
b. simple past question and simple present question.
c. tag question and simple present question.
d. simple past question and imperative.
e. tag question and imperative.
Texto para as questões 54 e 55
We wanted to feature new work by older as well as younger writers, 
believing that many authors improve with age and experience. […] 
Their work was selected for its energy, insight and skill, and for the 
excitement it generated in us – in the same way as the work of younger 
writers excited us. We’re happy to have had a broader brief: to highlight 
new writing in English by writers of all ages and nationalities.
It was no great surprise to discover, when we arrived at the final 
selection, that half the best pieces were written by women. Since 
gender in no way influenced selection, it’s almost embarrassing to 
mention this. But in a literary world where shortlists for literary 
prizes regularly feature twice as many men as women, and where 
poetry anthologies including half a dozen women out of fifty 
contributors aren’t yet a distant memory, this selection is glowing 
evidence of the equal talents of today’s female and male writers.
Source: ADEBAYO, D., MORRISON, B.; ROGERS, J. (2003) New Writing
54 (PUC-RS) This extract is part of:
a. an introduction to an anthropology book.
b. an article about the success of women in today’s 
world.
c. a description of how texts for an anthology were 
chosen.
d. an article on how adults become literate.
e. a comparison between older and younger writers.
55 (PUC-RS) A palavra “Since” (linha 8) é 
empregada da mesma forma e tem o mesmo 
sentido no texto e em duas das frases a seguir:
1. They were divorced two years ago and she has 
since remarried.
2. It’s been long since we last went to a movie or a 
party.
3. Since you are up, hand me those tools over there, 
please.
4. The original building has long since been torn down.
5. We thought that, since we were in the area, we’d 
stop by and see them.
56 (PUC-RJ)
Are You a Digital Native or 
a Digital Immigrant?
We all know that we are living in an increasingly technologically 
driven world. Living here in the heart of Silicon Valley I certainly 
feel it every day. In fact, I don’t think I know a single couple in my 
neighborhood, other than my wife and I, who don’t work in the 
technology fi eld in some capacity. Our local companies are Facebook, 
Apple, Google, Yahoo, and so many venture capital firms that I can’t 
keep them straight. But you don’t have to live in Silicon Valley to 
feel that the world is getting more and more technology centered, 
focused, and driven. We can debate the pros and cons of this reality 
but 1we can’t deny that the world has changed very quickly in head 
spinning ways. Two recent comments led me to fi nally enter the 21st 
century by getting a smart phone this week, kicking and screaming.
1
5
10
1
5
10
51Questões de Vestibular
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 51 8/11/16 10:40 AM
First, I mentioned to one of my undergraduate classes at Santa 
Clara University that I didn’t have a smart phone, but rather I 
had a dumb phone. 2My phone can make and receive phone calls 
and that’s about it. No email, internet, and so forth. So one of my 
students looked at me in an odd and curious way, like she was 
talking to someone from another planet, and stated in a matter 
of fact manner, “Professor Plante, even 2nd graders have smart 
phones.” Ouch! 
Second, I was talking with a producer at the PBS NewsHour who 
wanted me to do a live interview within a few hours of his call 
regarding some late breaking news about clergy sexual abuse, 
which is my specialty. I was out of the office and driving my car 
when he called and in a matter of fact manner he said that he 
wanted to send me some important information to my smart phone 
to best prepare me for the upcoming interview. When I told him 
that I couldn’t receive anything since I had a dumb phone and not 
a smart phone, there was a long silence. He then said he’d have to 
just read it to me over the phone as a Plan B. He wasn’t happy … 
neither was I.
In case you haven’t noticed, the 21st century is really upon us and to 
live in it one really does need to be connected in my view. Although 
I often consider myself a 19th or 20th century guy trapped in the 
21st century we really do need to adapt. For most of us we are just 
living in a new world that really demands comfort with and access 
to technology.
This notion of digital native vs. digital immigrant makes a great 
deal of sense to me. Young people in our society are digital natives. 
They seem to be very comfortable with everything from iPhones 
to TV remotes. Digital immigrants, like me, just never feel that 
comfortable with these technologies. Sure we may learn to adapt by 
using email,mobile phones, smart ones or dumb ones, Facebook, 
and so forth but it just doesn’t and perhaps will never be very 
natural for us. It is like learning a second language … you can 
communicate but with some struggle.
This has perhaps always been true. I remember when I 
was in graduate school in the 1980s trying to convince my 
grandparents that buying a telephone answering machine as 
well as a clothes dryer would be a good idea. They looked at 
me like I was talking in another language or that I was from 
another planet. 
Perhaps we have a critical period in our lives for technology just 
like we do for language. When we are young we soak up language 
so quickly but find it so much harder to learn a new language when 
we are older. The same seems to be true for technology. 
So, this week I bought my first smart phone and am just learning to 
use it. When questions arise, I turn to my very patient teenage son 
for answers. And when he’s not around, I just look to the youngest 
person around for help.
So, what about you? Are you a digital native or a digital immigrant 
and how does it impact your life?
Adapted from “Digital Native vs. Digital Immigrant? Which are you?” Published on 
July 24, 2012 by Thomas G. Plante, Ph.D. ABPP in Do the Right Thing http://www. 
psychologytoday.com/blog/do-the-right-thing/201207/digital-native-vs-digital-
immigrant-which-are-you
Retrieved on July 28, 2012
 “We can’t deny” in “…we can’t deny that the 
world has changed very quickly…” (ref. 1) and 
“My phone can make” in “My phone can make 
and receive phone calls…” (ref. 2) express the 
ideas of, respectively:
a) probability – duty.
b) condition – ability.
c) obligation – assumption.
d) possibility – obligation.
e) impossibility – ability.
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
52 Developing Exam Skills
6_CS3_4005_ING_V2_EX05_M16.indd 52 8/11/16 10:40 AM
53Glossário
 
Glossário
BBC: a British Broadcasting Corporation é umas das 
mais antigas emissoras públicas de rádio e televisão 
do Reino Unido.
Coesão textual: organização lógica entre palavras, 
frases e parágrafos por meio de recursos linguísticos, 
como conectores e pronomes de referência.
Conectores: conjunções, preposições ou advérbios 
que ajudam a estabelecer relações de dependência 
e ligação entre ideias em uma frase ou parágrafo, por 
exemplo, but, because, however.
Discurso direto: fala reproduzida de forma integral, 
geralmente sinalizada por uso de travessão (—), dois 
pontos ( : ) e aspas ( " ).
Discurso indireto: fala apresentada por outra pessoa, 
normalmente escrita ou dita em terceira pessoa.
Eixo temático: conjunto de temas relacionados e 
limitados por um assunto principal e comum.
Gênero textual: tipo de texto que apresentar um 
objetivo comunicativo.
Gênero jornalístico: tipo de texto que apresenta 
objetivo comunicativo específico dentro da esfera 
jornalística.
Inferência: estratégia de leitura que exige a 
compreensão de significado não explícito no texto.
Layout: estrutura física de um texto, englobando 
elementos como texto, gráficos, imagens e a forma 
como eles se encontram em um determinado espaço.
Lide: trecho inicial de uma notícia ou reportagem, 
onde se encontram informações básicas sobre o 
conteúdo do texto.
Propósito/Objetivo comunicativo: propósito do 
texto, levando em consideração o público-alvo.
Referência pronominal: é um recurso utilizado 
para dar coerência à língua, interligando, de maneira 
lógica, as sentenças que compõem um texto.
Registro: o nível de formalidade do uso de língua em 
um texto.
Skimming: técnica de identificação da ideia principal 
de um texto a partir de uma leitura rápida.
Texto autêntico: um texto original, escrito por 
alguém da língua materna, um contexto específico.
Tópico frasal: ideia central de um parágrafo, que 
resume o conteúdo a ser desenvolvido em seguida.
7_CS3_4005_ING_V2_GLOSS_M16.indd 53 8/9/16 11:01 AM
54 Developing Exam Skills
 
Answer Key
Identificação e Análise de Gêneros 
Textuais 
1
announces (a) new book. Todas as manchetes são concisas 
e contêm uma média de oito ou nove palavras, consideradas 
chave para atrair o leitor. A informação que é apresentada 
primeiro na manchete é geralmente o foco da notícia. No caso 
da notícia 1, o nome da autora sempre aparece primeiro. Já na 
segunda notícia, o foco pode variar.
4 
Alternativa correta: d.
5
a. Incorreta. É uma obra inédita sem relação com a série Harry 
Potter, conforme o trecho " [...] my next book will be very 
different to the Harry Potter series [...]".
b. Incorreta. O objetivo do texto não é a divulgação da obra, 
uma vez que nem o título nem a data de lançamento são 
mencionados.
c. Incorreta. O objetivo do texto não é promover a editora, 
apesar de o seu nome ser divulgado. Nesse caso, a menção 
ocorre para indicar que a autora vai trabalhar com uma 
editora diferente da que publicou os livros da série Harry 
Potter.
d. Correta. A resposta pode ser encontrada na manchete e 
no lide. Aqui, a palavra pen é usada como verbo e não 
como substantivo. Pen é sinônimo de escrever. No lide, 
no primeiro parágrafo, encontramos as palavras-chave 
announce (anunciar) e plans (planos), que justificam a 
escolha das palavras informar e pretende na alternativa d. 
e. Incorreta. Apesar de o objetivo ser o anúncio de um novo 
livro publicado por uma editora diferente, ele não é da série 
Harry Potter, como mencionado antes. Trecho: "[...] my next 
book will be very different to the Harry Potter series [...]".
6
A imagem não é essencial para a compreensão do texto, pois 
é meramente ilustrativa. Se removida a imagem, não se altera 
a qualidade da leitura.
7
a. Correta. A resposta pode ser encontrada na manchete. A 
palavra blaze é um sinônimo para fire, ou seja, significa 
"incêndio" nesse contexto. Se a palavra for desconhecida, 
é possível inferir seu significado ao ler o texto, já que a 
palavra fire é usada como sinônimo. Trecho: "[...] in the 
wake of an overnight fire at a jail".
b. Incorreta. É importante ficar atento ao enunciado, já 
que esse não é o acontecimento reportado. O fato da 
superlotação é mencionado, mas ele é apenas mostrado 
como um agravante do acidente. Trecho: "[...] overcrowding 
may have contributed to the death toll".
1. R 
2. R
3. R/N 
4. R 
5. N 
6. R/N 
7. N
8. N
9. N
10. R
11. R/N
12. R 
13. R/N
14. R 
15. N 
2
1. É formado por poucas palavras, mas deve ser marcante e 
aguçar a curiosidade do leitor. A ordem das palavras na 
frase pode variar. Há maior predominância de substantivos, 
que tornam os fatos mais concretos para o leitor. Com o 
intuito de mostrar mais atualidade, muitas vezes usa-se o 
verbo no tempo presente, mesmo que o acontecimento 
esteja no passado.
2. Este é normalmente o primeiro parágrafo da notícia ou 
reportagem, em que o autor descreve as informações 
básicas sobre a matéria. Serve como uma espécie de 
resumo, apresentando as informações mais importantes do 
texto. Geralmente traz respostas para questões a respeito 
da ação descrita no texto: quem fez, o que, quando, onde, 
como e por quê. É aqui também que poderemos encontrar 
as palavras-chave do texto. 
3. É o desenvolvimento das informações apresentadas no 
lide. Provavelmente é o elemento que mais varia entre um 
gênero e outro.
4. É a imagem que acompanha uma notícia ou reportagem. 
Pode ser meramente ilustrativa, o que não compromete o 
tema, ou ela pode apresentar informações adicionais ao 
texto, no caso de gráficos e mapas, por exemplo.
3
Em termos linguísticos, nota-se que os verbos apresentam 
formas reduzidas, como é o caso da omissão de verbos 
auxiliares, por exemplo is em JK Rowling (is) writing new novel, 
e were em More than 300 (were) killed in Honduras. É também 
comum omitir artigos e pronomes, como a em JK Rowling 
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55Answer Key
c. Incorreta. Ele não morreu no incêndio. O seu nome é 
mencionado em uma citação da declaração de Maldonado. 
Trecho: "AntonioMaldonado, human rights adviser for the 
UN system in Honduras, told UN Radio today that [...]".
d. Incorreta. Não há menção a nenhum relatório.
e. Incorreta. Mais de 300 pessoas morrem e não 12. A palavra 
dozens no trecho " [...] dozens of others still missing [...] ", 
ou seja, “dúzias de/muitos outros ainda desaparecidos”, 
pode confundir o leitor
8
Na notícia 1, o lide é o primeiro parágrafo, e as questões 
respondidas são: quem e o quê. Na notícia 2, o lide 
encontrado na primeira frase nos informa quem adverte 
e quem é advertido (warn), d0 que a advertência se trata, 
onde se passou o incidente, como o problema foi causado 
e por que está sendo feita uma advertência. Como vista na 
resolução comentada das duas questões, a resposta estava 
tanto na manchete quanto no lide.
Aspectos Linguísticos
1
1. Pronomes demonstrativos – demonstrative pronouns (3) what, which, who, whom, whose
2. Pronomes relativos – relative pronouns (4) one, you, we, they
3. Pronomes interrogativos – interrogative pronouns (1) this, that, these, those
4. Pronomes pessoais genéricos – generic personal pronouns (5) one, ones, some
5. Substituição – substitution
(6) (a) little, (a) few, another, all, any, some, both, each, either, 
enough, half, less, many, much, neither, none, one(s), other(s), 
several
6. Pronomes quantitativos – quantifying pronoun (2) who, that, which, where, whom, whose
2 
a. That/this is the man I met at the bank earlier today. (1)
b. “Is there a post office near here?” “Yes, there is one around 
the corner.” (5)
c. My brothers are twins. Both/they speak English very well. 
(6/2)
d. Mike is the student whose parents work at the school. (2)
e. Who gave you this present? (3)
f. You hardly ever need warm clothes in the Brazilian summer. 
(4) 
3 
O texto busca informar o leitor sobre a suscetibilidade da 
memória e do comportamento humano às imagens falsas. Tais 
imagens afetam nosso passado, presente e futuro.
4
1. Our: nossa memória
2. It: a memória
3. This: a flexibilidade da memória
4. It: a combinação da suscetibilidade da memória com o fácil 
acesso à softwares de edição de imagem
5. We: pessoas no geral
6. They: notícias e eventos mundiais
7. Them: imagens
8. They: memórias falsas
9. It: o processo de as imagens afetarem nosso passado, 
presente e futuro
10. Their: sujeitos do estudo
11. His: sujeitos do estudo
12. Her: sujeitos do estudo
5
Alternativa correta: a. O trecho fake images surround us, 
and our minds accept these pictures as real, and remember 
them later justifica a resposta. Não há menção ao conteúdo 
apresentado nas demais alternativas.
6
No trecho em que encontramos a evidência para a resposta 
correta, há quatro pronomes (us, our, these, them), que se 
referem a conteúdo já mencionados no texto. A não compreensão 
das referências pode nos distanciar da resposta correta.
7
1. contraste (enquanto)
2. consequência (consequentemente)
3. consequência (portanto)
4. adição (além disso)
5. adição (não apenas... mas também)
6. contraste (embora)
7. consequência (portanto)
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56 Developing Exam Skills
remained constant: Buenos Aires’s graceful elegance and 
cosmopolitan cool).
Alternativa d: o trecho "[...] Contemporary Argentine history is 
a roller coaster of financial booms and cracks, set to gripping 
political soap operas. But through all the highs and lows [...]" 
mostra que a história contemporânea argentina é marcada por 
uma economia instável . A montanha-russa (roller coaster) é 
usada como metáfora. Além disso, não houve repercussão nas 
artes, que não foram afetadas pela economia.
Alternativa e: o trecho "[...] This attractive city continues to draw 
food lovers (continua a atrair amantes da gastronomia) [...] 
with its [...] favorable exchange rate (taxa de câmbio favorável)" 
traz evidências que anulam essa afirmação.
13
a roller coaster of financial booms and cracks; all the highs 
and lows; Buenos Aires’s graceful elegance and cosmopolitan 
cool. Identificar os grupos nominais ajudou a revelar a 
resposta correta.
Leitura de Enunciados
1
Resposta possível: A revista Readers Digest faz uma retrospectiva 
da vida de Steve Jobs e de sua contribuição ao mundo digital.
2
 A alternativa a pode ser facilmente eliminada, já que o foco 
do texto está na vida de Steve Jobs, e não na sua empresa. A 
alternativa d também pode ser facilmente eliminada porque 
o objetivo da retrospectiva, ao contrário de lamentar, propõe 
mostrar suas contribuições.
3 
A resposta correta é a alternativa “There are few corporate 
figures as famous and well-regarded as former-Apple CEO 
Steve Jobs” e o uso de expressões como achievements e 
contribution. 
Nenhuma das suas criações é descrita como propõe a 
resposta b. Da mesma forma, nota-se que nenhuma discussão 
é proposta. No entanto, o texto tem um tom bastante positivo, 
que enaltece a contribuição de Steve Jobs para o mundo 
digital.
4
1. Não, mas podemos saber ao ver a fonte do texto.
2. Sim. Há uma introdução sobre informações de pessoas 
famosas na mídia.
3. Em formato de frase a ser completada.
4. O que esse texto propõe em relação a Steve Jobs?
5. “Steve Jobs”, “texto” e “propõe”.
8
A alternativa correta é a d. A alternativa a está incorreta, pois 
não há menção desse assunto no texto.
A alternativa b está incorreta porque não há detalhes sobre a 
reação do governo; portanto, não sabemos se foram agressivas, 
mas apenas que foram firmes. A alternativa c está incorreta, 
pois não houve excesso de amor, e sim falta dele e a alternativa, 
e está incorreta porque a falta ou o tipo de amor não foi a causa 
dos problemas familiares. Esses motivos não são mencionados.
9 
Os conectivos são not just... but also e but. Na alternativa 
correta, os conectivos fazem que a sentença sugira a 
necessidade de amor, assim como firmeza.
10
a. Às autoridades no geral.
b. Aos jovens.
c. Aos envolvidos nos tumultos.
d. Ao primeiro-ministro David Cameron.
11
Os núcleos estão sublinhados:
1. a roller coaster of financial booms and cracks
2. gripping political soap operas
3. all the highs and lows
4. Buenos Aires’s graceful elegance and cosmopolitan cool
5. attractive city
6. food lovers
7. design buffs
8. party people with its riotous night life
9. fashion-forward styling
10. a favorable exchange rate
11. uncertain economy
12. creative energy and enterprising spirit of Porteños
13. the growing ranks of art spaces, boutiques, restaurants 
and hotels
12
A alternativa correta é a b. Evidências: [...] a roller coaster of 
financial booms and cracks [...] But through all the highs and 
lows, one thing has remained constant: Buenos Aires’s graceful 
elegance and cosmopolitan cool.
Alternativas incorretas: 
Alternativa a: a expressão soap opera (novela) é usada como 
metáfora no texto para se referir ao drama da política local.
Alternativa c: o texto informa que as incertezas da economia 
(roller coaster of financial booms and cracks) não afetaram o 
espírito cosmopolita e a elegância da cidade (one thing has 
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57Answer Key
5
A resposta correta é a alternativa e. Ao se referir a university 
graduates, o autor do texto faz menção a pessoas com grau 
de instrução mais alto.
6
1. Alternativa a: 10 mil é o número de envolvidos na pesquisa. 
Alternativa b: 16 anos é a idade com que os adolescentes 
podem deixar a escola.
2. Alternativa c: não se sabe se essa informação é 
verdadeira, por não aparecer no texto, mas, mesmo 
assim, isso não é o que a expressão selecionada busca 
evidenciar. Alternativa d: university graduates não 
significa “jovens americanos” no geral, mas apenas uma 
parcela dessa população. 
7 
1. Informações implícitas. O enunciado pede que o aluno 
identifique o objetivo do texto. Apesar de encontrarmos 
evidências em algumas palavras, é necessário descobrir o 
propósito do texto como um todo.
2. Informações explícitas. O enunciado questiona qualé o 
acontecimento reportado, e existe um trecho do texto com 
uma descrição bem específica do acontecimento. 
3. Informações explícitas. O enunciado questiona qual é 
o tema do projeto, e no texto há um trecho com uma 
descrição bem exata do projeto.
4. Informações implícitas. O enunciado pede que o aluno 
identifique a proposta do texto. Apesar de encontrarmos 
evidências em algumas palavras, é necessária uma leitura 
mais cuidadosa do texto inteiro.
5. Informações implícitas. O enunciado pede ao aluno que 
identifique a intenção do texto e para isso é necessário 
analisar a implicação da expressão university graduates 
no contexto apresentado.
8 
Foco Enunciados
identificação de ideias principais
busca e seleção de informação específica Questão 8, página 10 (Enem 2011)
Questão 6, página 9 (Enem 2013)
identificação do propósito do texto Questão 4, página 8 (Enem 2012)
Questão 2, página 16 (Enem 2013)
identificação da opinião e atitude do texto/autor
inferência de significado de palavra ou expressão
identificação de implicação Questão 6, página 17 (Enem 2011)
interpretação de imagens, gráficos etc.
Estratégias de Leitura
1
O texto trata de uma espécie de pássaro que, por causa do 
aumento das temperaturas no Ártico, diminuiu de tamanho.
2
A primeira frase é a do item b (A migratory bird has shrunk in 
stature as temperatures warm at its Arctic breeding ground, 
according to research). Este é o tópico frasal, que apresenta 
o tema central. As outras frases desenvolvem o assunto 
apresentado nessa primeira. É nessa frase também que o 
sujeito (a migratory bird) é apresentado pela primeira vez. O 
artigo indefinido a é geralmente usado quando o sujeito é 
introduzido. Em seguida, refere-se a ele como the bird, com o 
uso do artigo definido.
3
Nas frases seguintes, descobrimos que o nome do pássaro 
é red knot; que tem baixas chances de sobrevivência em 
continentes diferentes; se reproduz no verão ártico; voa para 
terras tropicais no inverno; e que cientistas acreditam que 
esse fenômeno de encolhimento afeta espécies diferentes 
como consequência da mudança climática.
4
Resposta pessoal. O título original em inglês é Shrinking bird 
pays the bill for Arctic warming. Uma tradução livre seria “Espécie 
de ave encolhe como consequência do aquecimento do Ártico”. 
5
O tópico frasal é Our bodies produce a small but steady 
amount of natural morphine, a new study suggests. As frases 
8_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX01_EX05_AK_M16.indd 57 8/8/16 3:19 PM
58 Developing Exam Skills
seguintes apresentam desdobramentos ou detalhamentos 
desse tema central.
6
A alternativa b é a resposta correta. Junto do tópico frasal, 
o seguinte trecho apresenta a evidência: The new research 
shows that mice produce the “incredible painkiller”—and that 
humans and other mammals possess the same chemical 
road map for making it. O trecho "[...] the same chemical 
road map for making it [...]" expressa a ideia “a mesma 
via metabólica para produção” contida na alternativa. 
A alternativa a está incorreta porque Missouri é o local 
onde o estudo foi realizado, e não onde os compostos 
são produzidos. A alternativa c está incorreta porque 
conhecimentos prévios sobre os efeitos da morfina podem 
interferir na resposta, já que o texto trata da produção da 
morfina, e não de seus efeitos minimizadores da dor. Não há 
menção à informação contida na alternativa d e a alternativa 
e seria incorreta porque, de acordo com o texto, ratos 
produzem morfina.
7
A evidência da resposta estava contida em parte no tópico 
frasal, quando fala da produção de morfina pelo corpo humano.
8
O título, o subtítulo, as imagens, o tópico frasal e o último 
parágrafo tendem a nos ajudar a compreender a ideia 
global do texto. No entanto, essa informação é muitas vezes 
encontrada também no corpo do texto.
9
Os detalhes do título são evidenciados nos seguintes trechos 
do texto:
 • how...chose – I instantly decided I didn’t want to live there 
anymore
 • one German – the German college student
 • millenial – college student
 • live on trains – the train is her apartment
 • rather than pay rent – gave up her apartment in spring [...] 
didn’t want to live anywhere anymore. 
10
A resposta correta é a alternativa d. O propósito do texto é 
informar o leitor sobre a opção que a jovem alemã fez de 
morar em trens. Não há menção às demais alternativas.
11
(Enem 2010)
Alternativa a: É falsa já que o texto diz que eles adoram falar 
sobre o tempo.
Alternativa b: Também é incorreta já que não há menção à 
situação de avaliação de línguas.
Alternativa c: Tampouco há menção à importância de entender 
sobre meteorologia.
Alternativa d: Resposta correta. As primeiras duas frases do 
texto servem de evidência.
Alternativa e: O conflito apresentado no texto é somente sobre 
gostar ou não de falar sobre o tempo, diferente da informação 
contida na alternativa e.
(Enem 2014)
Alternativa a: Resposta correta. Evidências são encontradas 
nos seguintes trechos: a novel concept: the first invisible 
skyscraper (inovações tecnológicas e arranha-céus), as the 
tallest structure (arranha-céus) in South Korea, his Inifinity 
Tower will loom over Seul. 
Alternativa b: Não há confissões como sugerido na alternativa b. 
Alternativa c: A menção à Califórnia no texto se refere ao fato 
de o arquiteto ter se formado na Universidade da Califórnia, 
bem como ao fato de ele ter colaborado com outro arquiteto 
californiano. Alternativa d: Evidências que anulam a alternativa 
d são encontradas no seguinte trecho: "[...] let’s not jump into 
this stupid race to build another tallest tower [...] opposite 
approach". 
Alternativa e: A informação contida na alternativa e aparece 
como introdução à notícia, cujo tema não é este.
12
A notícia busca reportar o resultado do referendo que rejeitou 
a mudança da bandeira da Nova Zelândia. Essa informação é 
encontrada no título e no lide.
13
a. “I’m all for change […] as without change culture doesn’t 
grow,” said former New Zealand defence force artist and 
soldier Matt Gauldie, who voted not to change the current flag.
b. most people barely considered our national flag as an 
issue until it was thrust in front of them in the form of an 
impending referendum.
c. Obviously I’m a bit disappointed there was no change
d. The long-serving and popular Key had strongly supported 
the flag change
e. For many New Zealanders, the biggest humbug of the 
referendum was the cost for a new flag that did not look 
startlingly different to the old one.
f. I didn’t like the design option. I didn’t feel it represented 
enough change to me … just a reshuffle of the status quo!
14
Alternativa a: Evidência: Indeed its growth appears to have 
coincided with that of world music as genre. A informação 
sobre a popularidade da World Music é na verdade o contrário 
do apresentado na alternativa.
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59Answer Key
Alternativa b: Resposta correta. Evidência: "[...] as youngsters 
prefer to download their music from the Internet, usually free of 
charge [...]" (geralmente sem custo).
Alternativa c: A compilação não é uma das causas da crise, e 
sim o motivo do crescimento do selo Putumayo Music.
Alternativa d: Não há menção no texto.
Alternativa e: É mencionado no texto um aumento no número 
de artistas desconhecidos no selo Putumayo Music, portanto 
essa não é uma das causas da crise.
Questões de Vestibular
1
Resposta correta: c. A alternativa a está incorreta com base 
no que diz o segundo parágrafo do texto. A alternativa b 
vai contra o que diz o primeiro parágrafo. A alternativa d 
está incorreta, com base no trecho que afirma que o Banco 
Central distingue-se do Federal Reserve que não tem como 
cortar mais impostos. E a alternativa e está incorreta porque 
quem efetuou esse corte foi o Banco Central, e não o 
Federal Reserve.
2
Resposta correta: a. Contração do verbo to have na terceira 
pessoa do singular para formar o present perfect It has 
achieved.
3Resposta correta: b. A professora explica que as línguas são 
dinâmicas e mudam com o passar do tempo, pelo próprio 
uso. Durante esse processo, mudanças e usos considerados 
“erros” sempre existiram.
4
Resposta correta: c. Contração do verbo to have na terceira 
pessoa do singular para formar o present perfect: It has also 
been associated.
5
Resposta correta: d. A expressão sublinhada indica uma ação 
que já aconteceu no passado, sem especificar o momento 
exato. Não há a ideia de que algo ainda esteja acontecendo 
nem mesmo que seja um hábito do passado ou, ainda, algo 
que acontecia frequentemente no passado, como expressam 
as demais alternativas.
6
Resposta correta: d. O trecho que justifica a alternativa é o 
que diz: “[…] on which she quickly amassed a collection of 
hundreds of short stories and hundreds of thousands of words 
– typing at 70 words per minute”.
7
Resposta correta: I, II, III e V.
No terceiro parágrafo do texto, encontramos os seguintes 
trechos que podem ser respondidos pelo item I: Today, Adora 
is 12 and she has transformed her writing success into speaking 
and teaching success; pelo item III: She has spoken at over 
400 schools and presented at the annual TED (Technology, 
Entertainment, Design) conference; e pelo item V: She’s also 
planning a conference of her own, for kids and by kids, called 
TEDx Redmond. She has been featured on Good Morning 
America and on CNN. Adora also maintains a blog and attends 
an online public school. E por último, o item II: She is in the 
eighth grade.
8
Resposta correta: b. A única alternativa que corresponde ao 
que é dito no respectivo parágrafo é a b. O parágrafo 1 apenas 
faz uma introdução ao assunto geral do texto. O parágrafo 
3 informa que muitos compostos prescritos por médicos do 
Ocidente são obtidos das plantas das florestas tropicais. 
O parágrafo 4 explica como cientistas e pesquisadores 
sintetizam quimicamente os compostos, e o parágrafo 5 
informa que as plantas auxiliam as pesquisas.
9
Resposta correta: d. O sentido de yet na frase referida é “ainda 
que”; portanto, o aluno deve compreender o sentido dos 
conectivos no texto de acordo com o contexto. As demais 
opções podem ser rapidamente descartadas, pois yet não 
é utilizado em inglês para “acrescentar um exemplo”, como 
propõe a alternativa a, “introduzir um resultado”, como 
sugerido em b, “fazer uma comparação”, como apresentado 
em c, ou “apresentar uma causa”, como dito em e.
10
a. O fato de a língua ter sido impulsionada pela internet e 
pela mídia globalizada.
b. Uma forma altamente simplificada da língua inglesa, sem 
gramática ou estrutura, porém totalmente compreensível 
ao falante.
c. A língua começou a ser utilizada além de suas origens 
anglo-americanas, como se a língua e a cultura inglesas se 
separassem de seu passado controverso.
d. Provavelmente, um terço da população estará tentando 
aprender inglês ao mesmo tempo, o que significa que 
a língua será ainda mais adaptada e moldada para as 
necessidades dessas pessoas.
11
a. It has become a worldwide power lately.
b. What has The Times journalist Ben Macintyre described?
c. The Indian did not speak any Spanish.
12
The adverbs just, recently and lately are not perfect 
synonyms because each of them refers to slightly different 
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60 Developing Exam Skills
moments in the past. “Just” refers to the most recent 
action, as it is exemplified in the first sentence. “Recently” 
refers to something that happened not long ago, and 
“lately” refers to something that started in the past and is 
still in progress, like it is shown in the last sentence.
Sugestões de orações com cada advérbio:
He has just bought a new car.
I’ve started a new course recently.
They haven’t been in a good mood lately.
13
Resposta correta: d. Logo na introdução do texto, encontramos 
respaldo para a resposta correta:
Despite the huge recent push to significantly reduce 
greenhouse gas emissions […]. A alternativa correta é uma 
paráfrase desse trecho, em que há correspondência entre o 
termo recent do texto e o termo lately da alternativa.
14
Resposta correta: c. Tempo verbal no present perfect, sem 
indicação exata de quando a ação mencionada ocorreu, que 
se estende também ao presente. Atenção à concordância de 
número para a resposta correta.
15
Resposta correta: d. O último parágrafo do texto contém todas 
as informações que justificam a alternativa correta.
16
Resposta correta: e. Para preencher a lacuna III, é importante 
notar que a concordância com half se dá no plural. Na 
lacuna IV, usa-se o present perfect continuous, pois não há 
informação de que o estudo foi concluído. Na lacuna V, basta 
checar a concordância do present perfect (has – Barbara 
Schneider) e chegamos à resposta correta.
17
Resposta correta: b. O trecho destacado expressa 
possibilidade. O verbo may nunca expressa certeza, obrigação 
ou condição.
18
Resposta correta: c. A alternativa correta, assim como a 
sentença citada na questão, também indica a dificuldade de 
se evitar ficar resfriado no inverno. As demais alternativas têm 
o sentido de recomendação, conselho.
19
Resposta correta: b. A ideia é de possibilidade, pois, tendo em 
vista a tradução do trecho, abrir seu próprio negócio “pode 
soar” como algo complicado e caro – ou não.
20
Resposta correta: b. Tendo em vista que a forma do modal 
verb é sempre modal + infinitive verb, a única alternativa 
possível é a que traz o verbo na forma infinitiva, sem o to.
21
V – F – V – F – V. A Primeira afirmação é embasada 
pelo último parágrafo do texto, em que se lê sobre a 
necessidade de desenvolvermos tecnologias econômica 
e politicamente viáveis que quebrem a relação entre 
a emissão de dióxido de carbono e o uso de energia. 
A segunda afirmativa é incorreta porque o corte de 
emissão de gases não foi aceito pela maioria dos 
países desenvolvidos. A terceira afirmativa está correta 
porque as políticas de desenvolvimento e crescimento 
econômico sem o controle da emissão de gases têm 
contribuído para aumentá-la. A quarta afirmativa está 
incorreta porque a emissão de gases não tem sido 
uma preocupação séria na maioria dos países. A última 
afirmativa está correta porque de fato há uma ausência 
de esforços conjuntos de países ricos e pobres pelo 
controle da emissão de gases poluentes.
22
F – F – V – F – F. Única alternativa correta é a terceira, pois o 
tempo verbal past perfect refere-se a uma ação que ocorreu 
no passado, antes de outra ação no passado.
23
Soma: 15 (01 + 02 + 04 + 08). Todas as alternativas 
apresentam características comuns às duas viúvas, portanto, 
elas: perderam seus maridos, têm filhos já adultos e, 
inclusive, uma delas (a judia) cuidou do filho da outra desde 
bebê, sem saber disso. Ambas também passaram a viver 
no mesmo endereço, como indica o último trecho do último 
parágrafo: “Look, we are both widows living alone. Our 
children are grown up. This house has brought you luck. You 
have found your son… our son. Why don’t we live together?”. 
And they do.
24
Soma: 10 (02 + 08). Na primeira sentença do texto, há 
diversos verbos no simple past, no past perfect e um 
verbo no past perfect continuous. A alternativa 02 pode 
ser confirmada pelo trecho que diz que a Antiga e a Nova 
Jerusalém só foram reunificadas em 1967, ou seja, em 
1966 a mulher árabe ainda morava na Antiga Jerusalém. 
No mesmo parágrafo é dito que ela morava lá desde 
1948 ([…] a recently widowed Arab woman, who had been 
living in Old Jerusalem since 1948 […]), o que confirma 
a alternativa 08 e refuta também a alternativa 04. A 
alternativa 01 está incorreta, já que afirma o oposto da 
alternativa seguinte.
25
The police officer asked the driver, who had been driving 
and using the cell phone, to pull over. The driver, instead of 
explain why he had been using the cell phone while driving, 
explained that he wasn’t texting, but surfing the net and this 
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61Answer Key
explanation causes the humor in the comic cartoon, because 
the driver should know that he was not supposed to use 
the cell phone while driving under any circumstances. Para 
explicar o humor contido na charge, é preciso utilizar o past 
perfect continuous, pois o motorista executava uma ação 
contínua no passado antes da outra situação pontual (de o 
policial o parar).
26
got – got – had found – saw – found – grabbed – figured 
out – was – painted – discovered – found out – had been 
investigating – had been messing – painting – made
27
a. I will have visited…
b. I will have learned…
c. I will have gotten married and will have had… children. Or: I 
won’t have gotten married.
d. I will have chosen.
e. I will have bought a(n)…
f. I will have… books.
g. I will have accomplished…
28
O cientista diz que a distância a que chegaremos na vida 
depende de sermos amáveis com os jovens, compassivos 
com os idosos, solidários com aqueles que se esforçam e 
tolerantes com os fracos e fortes. Isso porque, conforme 
indica a frase destacada, chegará um dia em que teremos 
sido todos esses, ou seja, teremos passado por todas 
essas situações ou posições.
29
a. the film will have begun
b. he will have been there for exactly five years
c. Tom will have taken his shower
d. she will have spent all her money
e. they will have been married for 50 years
f. I will have already gone to bed
30
a. V – F – F – V
b. F – F – V – V 
c. F – V – F – V 
d. V – F – V – F 
31
b. A forma verbal apresentada na frase é has been e está 
no present perfect. O future perfect é formado pelo uso 
do auxiliar will seguido de have + o verbo principal no 
particípio (been).
32
Soma: 9 (01 + 08). Verdadeiras: [01] A expressão will have 
swelled está no future perfect (will + have + particípio 
do verbo principal) que em português equivale ao futuro 
do presente composto, e will have to double (will + 
verbo no infinitivo) está no simple future, ou seja, no 
futuro do presente. [08] Utiliza-se o future perfect para 
fazer referência a uma ação que terá acontecido em um 
determinado momento do futuro, enquanto o simple 
future é utilizado para se referir a um acontecimento que 
deverá ocorrer no futuro. Falsas: [02] Ambos os segmentos 
verbais estão no futuro. [04] Eles não são de forma alguma 
equivalentes.
33
Resposta correta: d. modal verb might transmite a ideia 
de possibilidade. A tradução do trecho em que aparece 
no texto é: “Não será um esforço enorme sugerir que o 
hipocampo de pessoas ativas possa ser menos suscetível a 
certos aspectos indesejáveis do estresse do que aqueles de 
pessoas sedentárias.”
34
Resposta correta: d. A alternativa correta, considerando os 
verbos modais, é a d, pois might indica possibilidade (O texto 
não fornecerá qualquer informação que possa salvar a sua 
vida) e should faz referência a algo desejável (A evolução não 
deveria ter selecionado uma espécie que fosse – você sabe – 
um pouco mais focada?). As demais alternativas apresentam 
significados que não condizem com o texto.
35
Resposta correta: e. Uma tradução para a frase em destaque 
seria: “[Os bebês] podem sofrer uma variedade de problemas 
mais tarde em suas vidas”. Portanto, o modal may transmite a 
ideia de possibilidade.
36
Resposta correta: a. O verbo modal might expressa 
possibilidade. A tradução do trecho em destaque é: “… onde 
pode ser muito perigoso falar em um transmissor de rádio.” 
Para habilidade o verbo modal é can, para pedido é may, para 
certeza é will e para demanda é must.
37
Resposta correta: e. O modal verb might indica 
possibilidade e a tradução do trecho em que aparece no 
texto é: “Isto pode ser contraintuitivo.” Para proibição 
o verbo modal é mustn’t, para obrigação é must e para 
necessidade é need to.
38
Resposta correta: c. Os modal verbs might e could expressam 
possibilidade. Quanto às demais alternativas, temos: has to = 
tem de; will = auxiliar de futuro, indica que o verbo seguinte 
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62 Developing Exam Skills
está no futuro; ought to = deveria (o mesmo que should); is 
going to = forma usada antes de um verbo no infinitivo para 
indicar immediate future.
39
Resposta correta: b. A tradução do trecho apresentado 
é: “… mais de um terço de todas as espécies conhecidas 
poderiam ser extintas se as mudanças climáticas 
continuarem incontroladas.”, portanto a melhor 
substituição para a expressão é: might disappear 
(poderiam desaparecer). Nas demais alternativas, temos: a 
– desapareceram; c – vão desativar; d – deveriam perder; 
e – têm de migrar.
40
Resposta correta: c. As traduções dos respectivos trechos são: 
“geradores movidos a vento podem ser exatamente a solução 
para a falta de energia…” e “Em um mundo dependente de 
eletricidade, os suprimentos de energia devem oferecer 
a eletricidade exigida para as comunidades e negócios.” 
Os modal verbs might e must indicam, respectivamente, 
probabilidade e obrigação.
41
Resposta correta: e. Observa-se na tira que os homens estão 
cansados com a tarefa de carregar as pilhas pesadas de 
folhetos. A frase dita no primeiro quadrinho, “Esta deve ser a 
última carga”, deixa clara a expectativa deles em terminar logo 
o trabalho.
42
4 – 7 – 2 – 10 – 5 – 8 – 1 – 9 – 6 – 3
43
4 – 5 – 3 – 1 – 3 – 4 – 2 – 2 – 1 – 5 – 2 – 5 – 1 – 4 – 3
44
a. go to the movies.
b. ordering a pizza?
c. go there tomorrow morning?
d. get a new passport.
e. buying her a nice book?
f. eat some lemon cake.
g. taking them to the park?
h. share a cab?
i. throw a costumes party.
j. buying a blue dress then?
45
Resposta correta: c. tradução do título do texto é: “As 
pessoas preferem textos no Facebook em vez de modos 
tradicionais de comunicação: pesquisa”, o que deixa claro 
que as mensagens de texto são consideradas a melhor 
forma de deixar os familiares e amigos atualizados. 
As pessoas seguem interessadas em manter contato com 
amigos e familiares, mas bem poucas utilizam cartões-postais.
46
Resposta correta: a. A resposta fica comprovada no 
seguinte trecho do segundo parágrafo: “... holidaymakers 
can tweet or text about their fun in the sun rather than 
putting pen to paper, with many dismissing postcards as 
‘too slow’.”, cuja tradução é: “…turistas podem tuitar ou 
enviar mensagens de texto sobre sua diversão ao sol em 
vez de colocar a caneta no papel, com muitos rejeitando 
postais por serem ‘lentos demais’.”
47
Soma: 10. 1. No texto, não há menção a problemas 
respiratórios relacionados aos animais de estimação (01); 
o texto diz que as pessoas que passam por traumas ou 
momentos difíceis, como o diagnóstico de uma doença 
grave, lidam melhor com a situação quando têm animais de 
estimação, e não que esses animais beneficiam pacientes 
em situações mais graves (04); o texto também não diz 
que os seres humanos são egoístas e não conseguem 
compartilhar suas experiências com outras pessoas (16), e 
sim que vivem em uma sociedade que condena quem sofre 
perante o outro; por isso, tantas pessoas preferem sofrer ou 
chorar perante seu animal de estimação.
48 
Soma: 27. A única alternativa incorreta (04) refere-se ao 
present perfect, ao afirmar que esse tempo verbal serve para 
designar atividades em progresso no momento. O present 
perfect designa atividades que se iniciaram no passado em 
um tempo ou período indefinidos, e não necessariamente 
continuam no presente. O tempo que mostra atividades em 
progresso apenas no momento, sem ligação com o passado, é 
o present continuous.
49 
Resposta correta: d. O texto fala sobre a segunda maior 
estrela do universo, Betelgeuse. Os cientistas afirmam que 
esta estrela está perto de virar uma supernova, ou seja, 
morrer. Esse evento é previsto como uma “mudança” no 
céu, pois será uma explosão tão brilhante que parecerá 
haver um segundo sol por semanas.
50 
Resposta correta: c. O present perfect é formado pelo 
verbo to have no simple present + o verbo principal no 
past participle.
51
Resposta correta: c.Eles se casaram há 50 anos e 
continuam casados; a alternativa correta, portanto, é 
a que utiliza o past perfect, que estabelece a relação 
do presente com o passado nesse contexto. As demais 
alternativas apresentam verbos no simple past (lived, 
8_CS2_4005_ING_V2_EX01_EX05_AK_M16.indd 62 8/8/16 3:19 PM
63Answer Key
were married), dando a noção de que o casamento já 
teria acabado, o que não é informado no texto.
52
Resposta correta: d. O texto traz uma lista de questionamentos 
e expressões triviais, em geral retóricos e enfáticos, 
comumente usados pelas pessoas para simplesmente 
estabelecer uma comunicação com o outro. O tom é de ironia, 
não de crítica.
53
Resposta correta: a. As questions tags são usadas para 
confirmar a informação dada na frase, porém discordarão 
da primeira declaração, como no caso de Didn’t give me 
a choice there, did ya sunshine?, em que o autor faz uma 
pergunta e ao mesmo tempo a responde. No segundo 
caso, temos o present perfect, formado pelo verbo to have 
no presente e verbo principal no past participle: Has the 
bus come yet?.
54 
Resposta correta: c. Algumas palavras e expressões- 
-chave para a escolha da alternativa são: we wanted to 
feature new work, by older as well as younger writers, their 
work was selected, final selection, poetry anthologies, this 
selection.
55
Resposta correta: c. Since, no texto, foi empregado com o 
sentido de “já que…”. As frases 1, 2 e 4 têm o sentido de 
“desde”, temporal.
56
Resposta correta: e. We can’t deny é uma expressão de 
negação, portanto expressa impossibilidade. My phone can 
make expressa uma função, uma habilidade do aparelho.
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