LITERATURA INGLESA II 1

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02224 - A MODERNA LITERATURA INGLESA: CRÍTICA SOCIAL
	 
	 
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	The more vocal kind of Communist is in effect a Russian publicity agent posing as an international socialist. It is a pose that is easily kept up at normal times, but becomes difficult in moments of crisis, because of the fact that the U.S.S.R. is no more scrupulous in its foreign policy than the rest of the Great Powers. Alliances, changes of front etc., which only make sense as part of the game of power politics have to be explained and justified in terms of international socialism. Every time Stalin swaps partners, 'Marxism' has to be hammered into a new shape. This entails sudden and violent changes of 'line', purges, denunciations, systematic destruction of party literature, etc., etc. Every Communist is in fact liable at any moment to have to alter his most fundamental convictions, or leave the party.
Source: ORWELL, George. Inside the Whale (1932). Access in: https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/inside-the-whale/
 
After reading the contextualization above and the affirmatives below, mark the only option indicating the correct set of affirmative(s).
I. Orwell is a Socialist believer who is, because of a specific historical background, criticizing Stalin's Communist regime.
II. 'Marxism' is between inverted commas in this excerpt because Orwell understands that its constantly readapted version to fit Stalinism is not really Marxism.
III. Orwell does not believe that Stalin's management of the partner swaps is free of violent means.
		
	
	II, only.
	
	I and III, only.
	 
	I, II and III.
	
	I, only.
	
	II a III, only.
	
	
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	There is of course something in the argument that, just as one person's terrorist is another's freedom-fighter, so is one person¿s utopia another's dystopia. Indisputably, thus, whether a given text can be described as a dystopia or utopia will depend on one's perspective of the narrative outcome. Such ambiguity should, however, be a provocative source of discussion, rather than a rationale for dismissing the genre as such. (CLAEYS, 2010, p. 108)
Source: CLAEYS, Gregory. "The origins of Dystopia: Wells, Huxley and Orwell". IN: CLAEYS, Gregory (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Considering the text above, mark the correct affirmative regarding dystopian literature:
		
	
	It can prove how the twentieth century apathy towards dystopia disregarded great predictions about the future.
	 
	It is a literary genre which could politically project into the future either a society bent towards liberalism or towards socialism.
	
	It is a literary genre intending to depict the social problems arising from the past in today's world.
	
	It is a literary genre with strict boundaries, not allowing much flexibility upon its fictional world-building strategies.
	
	It works as a popular classification, helping booksellers to profit over the propaganda created for the book.
	
	
	 
		
	02225 - A MODERNA LITERATURA INGLESA: VANGUARDA MODERNISTA
	 
	 
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	Throughout the novel, Orlando experiences several social, political and cultural changes. What's more, the protagonist also suffers from another fundamental change: gender swap. In relation to the issue of gender, it is correct to say that the novel Orlando:
		
	
	shows how one's biological sex is more than important than gender.
	 
	portrays questions of sexual identity in flexible and multiple ways.
	
	presents how women's social roles improved throughout history.
	
	advocates for the rights of lesbians in early twentieth-century Britain.
	
	illustrates how androgyny is an unnatural phenomenon.
	
	
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	Orlando is a fantastic story published in 1928. The novel spans over 300 years and follows the story of Orlando, a young poet. During the span of the novel, Orlando ages very little and inexplicably changes gender. The poet Vita Sackville-West is often linked to the novel Orlando because she:
		
	
	helped the novel become popular.
	
	introduced the novel to the Bloomsbury Group.
	 
	was the inspiration behind the main character.
	
	let the novel be written in her family home.
	
	wrote parts of the novel.
	
	
	 
		
	02583 - LITERATURA INGLESA: MODERNIDADE E PÓS-MODERNIDADE
	 
	 
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	Modernism expresses the insecurities, disorientation, and fragmentation of the twentieth-century western world. Modernist works then were shaped by a shattered worldview. What are the characteristics of literary Modernism?
		
	
	Objectivity in writing, mimetic representation, continuous narrative.
	
	Rigid genre distinctions, emotional language, use of colloquial words, objectivity.
	 
	Emphasis on impressionism, multiple narrated stories, fragmented forms.
	
	Omniscient third-person narrators with fixed points of view and moral positions.
	 
	Emphasis on realistic representation, a first-person narrator, the use of pastiche.
	
	
	 
		
	02632 - NOVAS TENDÊNCIAS NA LITERATURA INGLESA
	 
	 
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	Ben Okri is one of the most original African writers writing in English. In his writings the boundaries between the mystical and the historical tend to be blurred and Nigerian cultural heritage is articulated in a new way.  In general terms, the fiction of Ben Okri portrays Africa as a continent which:
		
	 
	possesses vibrant cultural features that remain to be discovered.
	
	refuses the illusory discourses and promises of postmodernism.
	
	suffers constantly to overcome the terrible consequences of colonialism.
	
	favors modernization instead of focusing on archaic traditions.
	
	struggles to narrate its own past without the effects of colonial history.
	
	
	 
		
	02662 - O ROMANTISMO INGLÊS
	 
	 
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	The Romantic poet Lord Byron inspired a character in literature known as a Byronic hero. Which characteristics are associated with this character? 
		
	 
	  Charisma, sophistication, cynicism and a mysterious troubled past.
	
	Youth, well-behavior, compassion, concerns about other people¿s well-being.
	
	Beauty, politeness, flexibility, generosity, loyalty and faithfulness.
	
	Seduction, generosity, respect to conservative moral values, passion.
	
	Ugliness, trustworthiness, intelligence, and a certain dose of naiveté.
	
	
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	In the preface to the Lyrical Ballads (1802), Wordsworth defined poetry as ¿the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.¿ In other words, for the Romantics, poetry emanates from:
		
	
	rationality
	 
	emotions
	
	memory
	
	nature
	
	mystery
	
	
	 
		
	03045 - A LITERATURA E O PROGRESSO - O SÉC. XIX
	 
	 
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	The Modern Prometheus is Frankenstein¿s subtitle. The novel aims at reimagining the classical myth of the Titan who not only shaped humankind from inert clay but also stole fire from the Olympian Gods. Choose the alternatives that best explain the connection between the subtitle and the novel.
I. Frankenstein also created life out of dead materials.
II. Frankenstein also introduced mankind to a new type of technology.
III. Frankenstein was also punished by crossing the limits.
		
	
	Only II is correct.
	
	Only I and II are correct.
	
	Only I and III are correct.
	 
	I, II, and III are correct.
	
	Only I is correct.
	
	
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	The Brontë household was affected by many dramatic events that may have brought the family closely together. At very young age the Brontë sisters were keen on telling stories, on creating narratives and fantasy worlds. Even though they would be affectedby early deaths, their literary writings reshaped the literary landscape of that time, mainly because:
I. They helped establish women¿s position in a male-dominated genre.
II. Their writings were highly conservative.
III. Their writings helped change the way women were perceived at that time.
		
	 
	I, II, and III are correct.
	
	Only I is correct.
	
	Only I and II are correct.
	
	Only II and III are correct.
	
	Only III is correct.