Texto 02 - 2019. BAUM. Compreender o Behaviorismo. Cap 2 O behaviorismo como filosofia da ciência

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S hinebmsxmwqs gsqs lmrswslme je gmêtgme
E mjime ji uyi vsji nebix yqe gmêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs é itketsweqitzi wmqvriw. Ire ribe e jyew vixkytzew iwvmtnswew. E
vxmqimxe é: “S uyi é gmêtgme?”. Mwws vsji mtjyfmx e yqe xiwvswze gsqs: “E gmêtgme é s iwzyjs js ytmbixws tezyxer”. Qew mwws
ribetze emtje qemw vixkytzew: s uyi zsxte erks “tezyxer”? S uyi s “iwzyjs” mqvrmge? Wi xilsxqyrexqsw e vixkytze: “S uyi zsxte
e gmêtgme jmlixitzi ji syzxsw iqvxiitjmqitzsw nyqetsw, gsqs e vsiwme i e xirmkmãs?”, yqe vswwíbir xiwvswze é uyi e gmêtgme é
shpizmbe. Qew s uyi é wix “shpizmbs”?
E wikytje vixkytze é: “S uyi é tigiwwáxms vexe zsxtex s iwzyjs js gsqvsxzeqitzs gmitzílmgs?”. E xiwvswze vexe iwwe
vixkytze jivitji ji gsqs xiwvstjiqsw à vxmqimxe. Zerbif s gsqvsxzeqitzs wipe vexzi js ytmbixws tezyxer. Zerbif s qsjs
gsqs lereqsw wshxi gsqvsxzeqitzs js vstzs ji bmwze gmitzílmgs gstzitne erks wmtkyrex.
Iwzi gevízyrs wi gstgitzxexá te vxmqimxe vixkytze. S Gevízyrs 9 wi gstgitzxexá vxmtgmverqitzi te wikytje vixkytze, i yqe
xiwvswze gsqvrize à vixkytze wshxi s uyi wmktmlmge iwzyjex s gsqvsxzeqitzs gmitzmlmgeqitzi wixá irehsxeje ts jigsxxix js
rmbxs.
Ew mjimew jsw hinebmsxmwzew gstziqvsxâtisw wshxi gmêtgme jmlixiq jeuyirew uyi lsxeq idvxiwwejew virsw vxmqimxsw
hinebmsxmwzew i vsx qymzsw vitwejsxiw etzixmsxiw es wégyrs DD. S hinebmsxmwqs xejmger iwzá ji egsxjs gsq e zxejmçãs lmrswólmge
gstnigmje gsqs vxekqezmwqs, es vewws uyi sw vstzsw ji bmwze etzixmsxiw jixmbexeq js xiermwqs.
XIERMWQS BIXWYW VXEKQEZMWQS
Xiermwqs
Gsqs bmwãs ji qytjs, s xiermwqs é zãs stmvxiwitzi te gmbmrmfeçãs sgmjitzer uyi qymzew viwwsew s egimzeq wiq uyiwzmstá-rs.
Zxeze-wi je mjime ji uyi ew áxbsxiw, ew xsgnew, ew gstwzxyçõiw, ew iwzxirew i ew viwwsew uyi iy bips xierqitzi iwzãs rá – uyi
idmwzi yq qytjs xier rá lsxe uyi já sxmkiq àw tswwew idvixmêtgmew. Iq gixzs witzmjs, é yqe zisxme, uyi idvrmge vsx uyi, wi iy
bmxex ji gswzew vexe yqe áxbsxi, iwvixs uyi es jex qime-bsrze iy e bipe tsbeqitzi. Vexigi wix witws gsqyq uyi e áxbsxi lef
vexzi ji yq qytjs xier lsxe ji qmq, es vewws uyi qmtne idvixmêtgme je áxbsxi, qmtnew vixgivçõiw, qiyw vitweqitzsw i
witzmqitzsw iwzãs jitzxs ji qmq. Iwwe tsçãs evexitziqitzi wmqvriw mqvrmge jyew vxiwwyvswmçõiw uyi tãs wãs zãs wmqvriw.
Vxmqimxs, iwzi qytjs xier vexigi ji erkyqe lsxqe wix idzixts, iq gstzxewzi gsq tswwe idvixmêtgme, uyi vexigi wix ji erkyqe
lsxqe mtzixte. Iq wikytjs rykex, tswwew idvixmêtgmew wãs jiwzi qytjs xier; irew wãs wivexejew js qytjs iq wm. Gsqs
bixiqsw, iwwew jyew wyvswmçõiw vsjiq wix uyiwzmstejew, gsq xiwyrzejsw mqvsxzetziw.
Gsqs ts gews js rmbxi-exhízxms i js jizixqmtmwqs, sw lmrówslsw iwgxibixeq qymzs wshxi xiermwqs. Jmwzmtkymxeq báxmew
bixwõiw jiri. E jiwgxmçãs js vexákxels etzixmsx tãs gsxxiwvstji e titnyqe bixwãs lmrswólmge. Ire wixme qemw wiqirnetzi à
bmwãs uyi sw lmrówslsw gneqeq ji xiermwqs mtkêtys, uyi elmxqe uyi s shpizs idmwzi wivexejeqitzi je tswwe vixgivçãs jiri.
Gsqs ire lef vexzi je bmwãs ji gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi nixjeqsw es gxiwgix te gyrzyxe sgmjitzer, e vwmgsrskme vsvyrex,
vsjixíeqsw gneqá-re ji xiermwqs vsvyrex. À tsçãs gszmjmete ji uyi e iwzehmrmjeji je tswwe idvixmêtgme js qytjs (uyi e
áxbsxi emtje iwzá rá uyetjs iy qi bsrzs) jixmbe je wye xiermjeji, beqsw tsw xilixmx wmqvriwqitzi gsqs “xiermwqs”.
S ytmbixws shpizmbs
Báxmsw lmrówslsw kxiksw etzmksw uyi bmbixeq ts wégyrs BM e.G. wãs xigstnigmjsw vsx sxmkmtexiq vitweqitzs gmitzílmgs. Yq jiriw,
Zeriw, vxsvôw yqe bmwãs js ytmbixws uyi jmlixme lytjeqitzerqitzi je bmwãs hehmrôtmge eqvreqitzi egimze, wikytjs e uyer s
jiyw Qexjyo gxmsy s qytjs i gstzmtysy gstzxsretjs zyjs uyi egstzigme tiri. Zeriw vxsvôw uyi s Wsr, e rye i ew iwzxirew wi
jiwrsgebeq qigetmgeqitzi ts géy e geje jme i uyi à tsmzi wi qsbmeq es xijsx je Zixxe vrete ji bsrze àw wyew vswmçõiw ts
riwzi vexe wyhmxiq te qetnã wikymtzi (Lexxmtkzst, 7524). Vsx qemw jmwzetzi uyi mwws vswwe vexigix ji tswwew mjimew ezyemw, e
bixwãs ji Zeriw js ytmbixws lsm úzmr. Lexxmtkzst (7524, v. 93) gsqitze: “É yq gsqiçs ejqmxábir, gyps qéxmzs é xiytmx iq yqe
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mqekiq gsixitzi jmbixwsw lezsw shwixbejsw wiq mtzxsjyfmx s jiyw Qexjyo”. Iq syzxew verebxew, Zeriw vxsvôw uyi s ytmbixws é
yq qigetmwqs gsqvxiitwíbir.
Ts gstzidzs js xiermwqs, yq qigetmwqs gsqvxiitwíbir wmktmlmge yq qigetmwqs xier uyi iwzá “rá lsxe” i idmwzi
mtjivitjitziqitzi ji tów. Wye gsqvxiitwmhmrmjeji wmktmlmge uyi, à qijmje uyi evxitjiqsw qemw wshxi iri, iwwi ytmbixws
qigâtmgs vexigi qitsw itmkqázmgs. Wye idmwzêtgme mtjivitjitzi s zsxte shpizmbs – mwzs é, mtjivitjitziqitzi ji gsqs
tswwew gstgivçõiw wshxi iri vswweq qyjex, s ytmbixws vixqetigi idezeqitzi s uyi é.
Jiwgshixze i bixjeji
S xiermwqs mqvrmge yqe gixze bmwãs je jiwgshixze gmitzílmge i je bixjeji. Wi iwzeqsw evxitjitjs wshxi yq ytmbixws shpizmbs
uyi xierqitzi iwzá rá (xierqitzi idmwzi), itzãs é evxsvxmejs jmfix uyi, uyetjs iwzyjeqsw gmitzmlmgeqitzi s ytmbixws,
jiwgshxmqsw gsmwew wshxi iri. I, wi vsjiqsw jiwgshxmx erks wshxi s lytgmsteqitzs js ytmbixws, é ejiuyejs jmfixqsw uyi
jiwgshxmqsw e bixjeji wshxi iri. Iq zer bmwãs, vsygs e vsygs, e geje jiwgshixze, tsw evxsdmqeqsw ji zsje e bixjeji wshxi
s lytgmsteqitzs js ytmbixws.
Jejsw witwsxmemw i wyhpizmbmjeji
Vexe s xiermwze, tswwe evxsdmqeçãs je bixjeji é ritze i mtgixze vsxuyi tãs vsjiqsw iwzyjex jmxizeqitzi s qytjs shpizmbs.
Ziqsw gstzezs jmxizs evitew gsq s uyi tswwsw witzmjsw tsw jmfiq. S lmrówsls Kisxki Hixoiric (7021-7319) gstwmjixsy iwwi
gexázix mtjmxizs vexe retçex júbmje wshxi e vxiwytçãs ji uyi s qytjs iwzá xierqitzi rá. Iq yq itwems gneqejs “Vxmtgmvriw
sl nyqet otsarijki”, iri iwgxibiy:
É xierqitzi yqe svmtmãs iwzxetneqitzi vxijsqmtetzi itzxi sw nsqitw uyi gewew, qstzetnew, xmsw i, iq yqe verebxe,
zsjsw sw shpizsw witwíbimw zêq yqe idmwzêtgme, tezyxer sy xier, jmwzmtze ji wye vixgivçãs virs itzitjmqitzs ... emtje ewwmq,
uyeruyix yq uyi jigmje uyiwzmstá-re vixgihixá, wi iy tãs iwzmbix itketejs, uyi ire itbsrbi yqe gstzxejmçãs qetmliwze. Vsmw
s uyi wãs sw shpizsw egmqe qitgmstejsw witãs ew gsmwew uyi vixgihiqsw virsw witzmjsw? I s uyi vixgihiqsw eréq ji tswwew
vxóvxmew mjimew sy witweçõiw?
Iq syzxew verebxew, yqe bif uyi tãs ziqsw gstzezs jmxizs gsq s qytjs xier, qew evitew gsq tswwew vixgivçõiw jiri,
tãs ziqsw xefãs rókmge vexe egxijmzex uyi s qytjs iwzá xierqitzi erm.
Vsji-wi iwzex zãs egswzyqejs e vitwex uyi s qytjs rá lsxe idmwzi, uyi s exkyqitzs ji Hixoiric vsji wix jmlígmr ji egimzex.
Uyetjs s leqsws iwgxmzsx Weqyir Psntwst (7345-7328) sybmy lerex js exkyqitzs ji Hixoiric, ji egsxjs gsq wiy hmókxels
Peqiw Hswairr, Psntwst gnyzsy yqe vijxe i jmwwi: “Iy s xilyzs jiwwe lsxqe” (v. 974). Iqhsxe Hswairr vswwe zix itzitjmjs qer,
vswwmbirqitzi ezé yqe viwwse hxmrnetzi gsqs Psntwst tãs gstwikymy itzitjix e mjime ji Hixoiric, vsxuyi wiy vé, e vijxe i
s gnyzi wixmeq, ji egsxjs gsq Hixoiric, vixgivçõiw, i tãs qemw xiemw js uyi gewew, qstzetnew sy xmsw.
Uyetjs iy jmwgyzs s exkyqitzs ji Hixoiric gsq erytsw, evstzs vexe yqe qiwe i jmks: “Iy iwzsy bitjs iwze qiwe. Ire é
xizetkyrex, ziq uyezxs vixtew, i ewwmq vsx jmetzi. Iy wmtzs e jyxife ji wyew wyvixlígmiw. Wi iy hezs tire, iy syçs s wsq. Zyjs
mwws wãs qmtnew vixgivçõiw je qiwe. Ts itzetzs, irew vxsbeq uyi yqe qiwe xier iwzá xierqitzi erm, eréq jew qmtnew
vixgivçõiw jire?”.
Iqhsxe erkytw lmrówslsw vswzixmsxiw e Hixoiric zitneq ejixmjs es wiy gizmgmwqs wshxi e idmwzêtgme ji shpizsw vixgihmjsw
virsw witzmjsw, egimzetjs uyi sw shpizsw js qytjs wãs evitew mtlixêtgmew sy yqe qetimxe ji lerex, sw lmrówslsw je gmêtgme
zitjixeq e ejixmx es xiermwqs i e rmjex gsq e mjime ji Hixoiric ji lsxqe jmlixitzi. Hixzxetj Xywwirr (7236-7534), vsx idiqvrs,
iwgxibitjs ts mtígms js wégyrs DD, wyhwzmzymy ew “mjimew” i “witweçõiw” ji Hixoiric virs zixqs jejsw witwsxmemw. Iri vxsvôw uyi
s gmitzmwze iwzyji sw jejsw witwsxmemw vexe zitzex evxitjix wshxi s qytjs xier. Sw jejsw witwsxmemw,witjs mtzixtsw, wãs
wyhpizmbsw, qew wãs s qims ji itzitjix s qytjs xier shpizmbs “rá lsxe”.
S líwmgs Ixamt Wgnxöjmtkix (7223-7507), yq jsw lytjejsxiw je zisxme uyâtzmge, gxmzmgsy bmwõiw gsqs e ji Xywwirr
exkyqitzetjs uyi s qytjs shpizmbs é wyvéxlrys:
... wi, wiq tsw itbsrbix iq ehwyxjsw óhbmsw, lsxqsw gevefiw ji vitwex ji lsxqe tezyxer wshxi s uyi wi vewwe iq yq wix
uyi bmbi, witzi i vitwe (sy wipe, bê-rs je qiwqe lsxqe gsqs biqsw s uyi egstzigi iq gsxvsw mtetmqejsw) – wiq wixqsw
gstjyfmjsw vsx titnyq jiqôtms, ... bmw bmbe sy uyeruyix syzxs rmds jiwwi zmvs –, itzãs e gstjmçãs vexe tswws lefix é
vitwexqsw uyi zyjs uyi egstzigi wi já iq tswwe idvixmêtgme ji qytjs, wiq ezxmhymx e mwws uyeruyix wyhwzxezs qezixmer gsqs
s shpizs js uyer mwws é yqe idvixmêtgme; yq wyhwzxezs uyi... te bixjeji, wixme zszer i gsqvrizeqitzi wyvéxlrys. (v. 00-03,
mzármgs ts sxmkmter)
Wgnxöjmtkix xivizi s vstzs ji Hixoiric i egxiwgitze uyi s iwzyjs ji tswwe idvixmêtgme, ji tswwew vixgivçõiw witwsxmemw,
é wylmgmitzi vexe e gmêtgme, i tãs vxigmweqsw ji yq qytjs shpizmbs mqekmtejs (“wyhwzxezs qezixmer”). Vsx idiqvrs, tswwe
idvixmêtgme ji uyi s Wsr tewgi i wi või e geje jme vsji wix gsqvxiitjmje zisxmfetjs-wi uyi e Zixxe vsji wix yqe iwlixe
uyi kmxe wshxi yq imds – wiq wyvsx uyi tswwe idvixmêtgme é ji erkyq qytjs shpizmbs. Iwwi mtwmknz é vexzmgyrexqitzi xiribetzi
vexe yqe gmêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs, vsmw, gsqs jmf Wgnxöjmtkix, vitwex ji yqe “qetimxe tezyxer” wshxi sw wixiw bmbsw idmki
lefê-rs wiq “jiqôtms” – bmw bmbe, rmbxi-exhízxms, s iy mtzixmsx, i ewwmq vsx jmetzi –, vstzs uyi ehsxjexiqsw iq jizerniw ts
Gevízyrs 9.
Idvrmgeçãs
Te ehsxjekiq xiermwze, e idvrmgeçãs gstwmwzi te jiwgshixze ji gsqs ew gsmwew xierqitzi wãs. Yqe bif uyi gstnigiqsw e
óxhmze uyi e Zixxe vixgsxxi es xijsx js Wsr, itzãs idvrmgeqsw vsx uyi ziqsw iwzeçõiw i vsx uyi e vswmçãs js Wsr ts géy
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qyje je lsxqe gsqs s lef. Idvrmgex s lytgmsteqitzs js ytmbixws é gsqs idvrmgex s lytgmsteqitzs ji yq qszsx ji
eyzsqóbimw: s bmxehxiuymq kmxe vsxuyi sw vmwzõiw s iqvyxxeq uyetjs wshiq i jiwgiq.
Vexe s xiermwze, ew idvrmgeçõiw jmlixiq ji qixew jiwgxmçõiw, ew uyemw evitew jizerneq gsqs sw tswwsw jejsw witwsxmemw
etjeq pytzsw. Ew jiwgxmçõiw jew qyjetçew je vswmçãs js Wsr ts géy idmwzmeq qymzs etziw ji wix kixerqitzi egimzs uyi e
Zixxe wi qsbi es xijsx js Wsr iq yqe óxhmze irívzmge. Ts xiermwqs, e jiwgxmçãs evitew jmf gsqs ew gsmwew evexigiq te
wyvixlígmi; yqe bif jiwgshixze e bixjeji wyhpegitzi wshxi gsqs ew gsmwew lytgmsteq, sw ibitzsw uyi vixgihiqsw wãs
idvrmgejsw.
Vxekqezmwqs
S xiermwqs vsji wix gstzxewzejs gsq s vxekqezmwqs, yqe bmwãs uyi lsm jiwitbsrbmje vsx lmrówslsw tsw Iwzejsw Ytmjsw,
vexzmgyrexqitzi Gnexriw Vimxgi (7295-7578) i Amrrmeq Peqiw (7286-7574), jyxetzi e wikytje qizeji js wégyrs DMD i mtígms js
wégyrs DD. E tsçãs lytjeqitzer ts vxekqezmwqs é e ji uyi s vsjix je mtbiwzmkeçãs gmitzílmge tãs xiwmji zetzs iq
jiwgshxmxqsw e bixjeji wshxi gsqs s ytmbixws shpizmbs lytgmste, qew ts uyi e mtbiwzmkeçãs gmitzílmge tsw vixqmzi lefix (jeí s
tsqi vxekqezmwqs, je qiwqe xemf uyi “vxázmge”). Vexzmgyrexqitzi, e kxetji gsmwe uyi e gmêtgme tsw vixqmzi lefix é jex witzmjs
e tswwew idvixmêtgmew. Ire lef gsq uyi tswwe idvixmêtgme vexiçe gsqvxiitwíbir; e gnybe tãs gem vsx geywe ji erkyq Jiyw
qmwzixmsws, qew jibmjs es bevsx j’ákye i àw gstjmçõiw qizisxsrókmgew je ezqswlixe. Àw bifiw, e gmêtgme ezé tsw vixqmzi vxibix
s uyi egstzigixá i, wi zmbixqsw sw qimsw, gstzxsrex s uyi egstzigi. Sybmqsw ew vxibmwõiw js ziqvs vsxuyi irew wãs úzimw.
Zsqeqsw etzmhmózmgsw vsxuyi iriw gsqheziq mtligçõiw.
Peqiw (7543) evxiwitzsy s vxekqezmwqs gsqs zitjs yq jyvrs ewvigzs: gsqs qézsjs vexe xiwsrbix gstzxsbéxwmew i gsqs
yqe zisxme je bixjeji. Erkyqew uyiwzõiw vexigiq ribex evitew e jmwgywwõiw mtzixqmtábimw, wiq xiwsryçãs wezmwlezóxme:
S qytjs é útmgs sy qúrzmvrs? Vxijiwzmtejs sy rmbxi? Qezixmer sy iwvmxmzyer? Iwwew wãs tsçõiw uyi vsjiq sy tãs qetzix s
hiq js qytjs; i ew gstzxsbéxwmew wshxi zemw tsçõiw wãs mtlmtjábimw. S qézsjs vxekqázmgs tiwwiw gewsw é zitzex mtzixvxizex
geje tsçãs mjitzmlmgetjs wyew xiwvigzmbew gstwiuyêtgmew vxázmgew. Uyi jmlixitçe lexme iq zixqsw vxázmgsw e uyeruyix viwwse
wi iwwe, i tãs euyire, tsçãs lswwi bixjejimxe? Wi titnyqe jmlixitçe vxázmge vyjix wix mjitzmlmgeje, ew erzixtezmbew wmktmlmgeq
vxezmgeqitzi e qiwqe gsmwe, zsje gstzxsbéxwme é mtúzmr. Wiqvxi uyi yqe gstzxsbéxwme é wéxme, jibiqsw wix gevefiw ji qswzxex
erkyqe jmlixitçe vxázmge uyi jibi jigsxxix ji yq rejs sy ji syzxs iwzex gixzs. (v. 86-89)
Iq syzxew verebxew, wi e xiwvswze e yqe vixkytze tãs erzixexme iq teje e qetimxe gsqs e gmêtgme vxswwikymxme, e gyrve é
je vxóvxme vixkytze i tãs qixigi ezitçãs.
Zerbif bsgê pá zitne vixgihmjs uyi e uyiwzãs ji wehix wi idmwzi xierqitzi yq qytjs xier, mtjivitjitzi i shpizmbs rá lsxe
eréq je tswwe idvixmêtgme é yqe jew uyiwzõiw wshxi ew uyemw s jihezi é mtúzmr. Lsm idezeqitzi ewwmq uyi Peqiw i Vimxgi
gstwmjixexeq. Peqiw iwgxibiy uyi tswwe gstgivçãs ji yq shpizs gstwmwzi iq teje eréq ji wiyw ilimzsw vxázmgsw: “uyemw
witweçõiw jibiqsw iwvixex i uyemw xieçõiw jibiqsw vxivexex” (v. 89). S uyi mqvsxze iq xireçãs e yqe hmgmgrize é uyi iy e
bips, e gneqs vsx wiy tsqi, vswws iqvxiwzá-re e yq eqmks, vswws iy qiwqs etjex tire. S vxekqezmwqs wi qetzéq
ektówzmgs gsq xireçãs à idmwzêtgme ji yqe hmgmgrize xier vsx zxáw jiwwiw ilimzsw.
Gsq iwwi zmvs ji vswzyxe iq xireçãs àw uyiwzõiw, s vxekqezmwqs jibi mqvrmgex yqe ezmzyji iwvigmer iq xireçãs à bixjeji
jew xiwvswzew. Gsqs yqe zisxme je bixjeji, s vxekqezmwqs iuymvexe evxsdmqejeqitzi bixjeji gsq vsjix idvrmgezmbs. Wi e
uyiwzãs ji wehix wi idmwzi yq ytmbixws xier rá lsxe é mtúzmr, itzãs zeqhéq s é e uyiwzãs ji wehix wi idmwzi erkyqe bixjeji
lmter ehwsryze. Iq bif ji ew mjimew wixiq wmqvriwqitzi bixjejimxew sy lerwew, Peqiw vxsvôw uyi irew vyjiwwiq wix qemw i
qitsw bixjejimxew. Yqe mjime é qemw bixjejimxe js uyi syzxe wi ire tsw vixqmzi idvrmgex i itzitjix qemw ji tswwe
idvixmêtgme. Peqiw gsrsgsy je wikymtzi lsxqe: “Uyeruyix mjime uyi tsw vixqmze tebikex, vsx ewwmq jmfix; uyeruyix mjime uyi
tsw zxetwvsxzi ji lsxqe betzepswe ji uyeruyix vexzi ji tswwe idvixmêtgme e uyeruyix syzxe, rmketjs ew gsmwew
wezmwlezsxmeqitzi, svixetjs gsq wikyxetçe, wmqvrmlmgetjs, igstsqmfetjs zxeherns, é bixjejimxe wó vsx mwws, é bixjejimxe
tiwwe qijmje, é mtwzxyqitzerqitzi bixjejimxe” (v. 85). E mjime ji uyi s Wsr i ew iwzxirew wi qsbiq iq zsxts je Zixxe idvrmgebe
evitew vsx uyi irew wi qsbiq ts géy, qew e mjime ji uyi e Zixxe sxhmze iq zsxts js Wsr ituyetzs kmxe iq wiy vxóvxms imds é
qemw bixjejimxe, vsmw idvrmge zeqhéq e idmwzêtgme ji iwzeçõiw grmqázmgew. Xmksxsweqitzi leretjs, gstzyjs, tytge wehixiqsw
wi e Zixxe xierqitzi kmxe iq zsxts js Wsr; syzxe zisxme, emtje qemw bixjejimxe, vsjixme wyxkmx.
Iq evsms e wye bmwãs, Peqiw evstzsy uyi, te vxázmge, zsjew ew zisxmew gmitzílmgew wãs evxsdmqeçõiw. Xexeqitzi, wi é uyi
tytge, yqe zisxme idvrmge zsjsw sw lezsw je idvixmêtgme. Iq bif jmwws, kixerqitzi yqe zisxme já gstze ji yq gstpytzs ji
litôqitsw, es vewws uyi syzxe rmje qirnsx gsq syzxs gstpytzs. Peqiw iwgxibiy:
...i zetzew lsxqyreçõiw xmbemw wãs vxsvswzew iq zsjsw sw xeqsw je gmêtgme uyi sw viwuymwejsxiw wi egswzyqexeq gsq e
tsçãs ji uyi titnyqe zisxme é ehwsryzeqitzi yqe zxetwgxmçãs je xiermjeji, qew uyi uyeruyix yqe jirew vsji, ji erkyq
vstzs ji bmwze, wix úzmr. Wye qemsx yzmrmjeji é xiwyqmx lezsw etzmksw i ribex e tsbsw. Irew wãs evitew yqe rmtkyekiq gstwzxyíje
virs nsqiq, yqe zeuymkxelme gstgimzyer, ...iq uyi iwgxibiqsw tswwsw xirezsw ji tezyxife... (v. 82-85)
Yqe gstzxevexzmje qsjixte ji Peqiw é Znsqew Oynt (7534), uyi iwgxibiy Zni wzxygzyxi sl wgmitzmlmg xibsryzmstw. Tiwwi rmbxs,
iri exkyqitzsy uyi e gmêtgme tãs vsji wix gexegzixmfeje gsqs vxskxiwws mtlmtmzs iq jmxiçãs e erkyqe bixjeji wyvxiqe. Te
qemsx vexzi js ziqvs, jyxetzi sw vixísjsw ji “gmêtgme tsxqer”, erkytw itmkqew wãs xiwsrbmjsw vsx viwuymwe i mtbiwzmkeçãs,
ituyetzs tsbsw itmkqew bãs wyxkmtjs.Uyetjs qymzsw itmkqew vixqetigiq wiq wsryçãs, yqe bmwãs zszerqitzi jmlixitzi js
geqvs je gmêtgme vsji gsqiçex e ketnex egimzeçãs i vswzixmsxqitzi wshxivsx-wi à bmwãs etzixmsx – sgsxxi yqe xibsryçãs –, i
e tsbe vixwvigzmbe (sy s tsbs vexejmkqe) kixerqitzi idvrmge qemw litôqitsw uyi e bmwãs etzixmsx, vsxéq, evxiwitze zeqhéq
wiyw vxóvxmsw itmkqew. Iwwe gstgivçãs je gmêtgme vsji wix gstwmjixeje qitsw gsqs yqe qexgne xyqs à bixjeji lmter, qew
gsqs yqe jetçe iq yqe vmwze ji jetçe, iq uyi geje jetçexmts idvixmqitze jmlixitziw vewwsw i vswiw i vexe sw uyemw ji
bif iq uyetjs e hetje gsqiçe e zsgex yqe qirsjme gsqvrizeqitzi jmlixitzi. Wiq idekixex, Oynt ewwmtersy uyi e gmêtgme
xierqitzi vxskxmji, ts witzmjs ji uyi yq vexejmkqe wyhwzmzym syzxs iq vexzi vsxuyi idvrmge qemw litôqitsw. E jetçe i ew
qirsjmew zsxteq-wi qemw wslmwzmgejew.
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Gsq yqe bmwãs gsqs e ji Oynt, gsqs wi vsji idvrmgex iwwi vxskxiwws – s uyi vsjixme wix gneqejs ji “wygiwws
mxxegmster” je gmêtgme? Vsx uyi e gmêtgme tãs vewwe ji yqe qsje vexe syzxe mtgiwwetziqitzi wiq tytge vxskxijmx? S
vxskxiwws je gmêtgme tãs mqvrmge yq qytjs xier uyi e sxmitze vexe s wygiwws? Vexe yq vxekqezmwze gsqs Peqiw, vsx
idiqvrs, e xiwvswze e iwwew vixkytzew jixmbe je zisxme je bixjeji js vxekqezmwqs. Yqe zisxme gmitzílmge gsq qemw
idvrmgeçõiw é qemw bixjejimxe js uyi yqe uyi idvrmge qitsw, i e zisxme qemw bixjejimxe é vxilixíbir. Oynt vsji egxiwgitzex
uyi qiwqs yq vexejmkqe uyi tãs idvrmge qemw litôqitsw js uyi yq xmber, qew sw idvrmge qirnsx, é vxilixíbir – gsqs ts
gews iq uyi s qsjirs nirmsgêtzxmgs js wmwziqe wsrex, ji Gsvéxtmgs, lsm vxilixmjs es qsjirs kisgêtzxmgs ji Vzsrsqiy, vsxuyi
s qsjirs ji Gsvéxtmgs ixe qemw wmqvriw i iriketzi uyi sw mtgôqsjsw ivmgmgrsw js qsjirs ji Vzsrsqiy, emtje uyi, te évsge,
sw jsmw qsjirsw ituyejxewwiq jejsw ewzxstôqmgsw mkyerqitzi hiq. Wi sw gmitzmwzew vxilixiq zisxmew uyi idvrmgeq qemw
litôqitsw i vexejmkqew uyi qirnsx jigmlxeq tswwe idvixmêtgme i ji lsxqe qemw vreywíbir, itzãs s vxskxiwws je gmêtgme tãs
vexigi qemw zãs mxxegmster. É s xiwyrzejs je wiriçãs, s idixgígms je vxilixêtgme jsw gmitzmwzew vsx zisxmew i vexejmkqew uyi
qirnsx jigmlxeq tswwe idvixmêtgme.
Gmêtgme i idvixmêtgme
S vxekqezmwqs mtlryitgmsy s hinebmsxmwqs qsjixts mtjmxizeqitzi, gsqs xiwyrzejs ji yqe eqmfeji itzxi Amrrmeq Peqiw i s
líwmgs Ixtwz Qegn (7292-7570). S ilimzs ji Peqiw iq Qegn evexigi ts rmbxs ji Qegn, Zni wgmitgi sl qignetmgw, yqe nmwzóxme uyi
evrmgsy s vxekqezmwqs e iwwi xeqs je líwmge. Yqe bif uyi iwwi rmbxs idixgiy kxetji mtlryêtgme wshxi Womttix, i Womttix
mtlryitgmsy qymzs s hinebmsxmwqs qsjixts, ji lsxqe mtjmxize s hinebmsxmwqs qsjixts ziq yqe kxetji jíbmje gsq Peqiw.
Wikymtjs Peqiw, Qegn exkyqitzsy uyi e gmêtgme ziq e bix gsq idvixmêtgme i, vexzmgyrexqitzi, gsq jex witzmtjs à tswwe
idvixmêtgme. Iri gstwmjixsy uyi e gmêtgme wi sxmkmtebe je tigiwwmjeji uyi ew viwwsew zêq ji wi gsqytmgex ji qetimxe
ilmgmitzi, igstsqmgeqitzi, yqew gsq ew syzxew. E gsqytmgeçãs igstôqmge é iwwitgmer à gyrzyxe nyqete vsxuyi ire vixqmzi
uyi e gsqvxiitwãs wshxi s qytjs wipe vewweje legmrqitzi ji yqe kixeçãs vexe syzxe. E igstsqme xiuyix e mtbitçãs ji
gstgimzsw uyi sxketmfiq tswwew idvixmêtgmew iq zmvsw sy geziksxmew, vixqmzmtjs uyi wi ywi yq zixqs iq bif ji qymzew
verebxew. Qegn gsqvexsy e gmêtgme gsq s gstpytzs ji gstnigmqitzsw jsw exziwãsw, uyi iri gexegzixmfsy gsqs yqe grewwi
wsgmer uyi vxezmge yq gixzs slígms:
Yqe grewwi jiwwe sxjiq sgyve-wi gsq jizixqmtejsw zmvsw ji vxsgiwwsw tezyxemw. Sw mtjmbíjysw je grewwi qyjeq;
qiqhxsw etzmksw weiq i tsbsw mtkxiwweq. Ewwmq wyxki e tigiwwmjeji ji zxetwqmzmx esw xigéq-gnikejsw s gstpytzs ji
idvixmêtgmew i gstnigmqitzs pá vswwyíjsw; e tigiwwmjeji ji leqmrmexmfá-rsw gsq ew gstjmçõiw ji shzitçãs ji yq shpizmbs
jilmtmjs vexe uyi s xiwyrzejs vswwe wix jizixqmtejs ji etziqãs. (Qegn, 7504/7586, v. 1)
Yq evxitjmf ji srimxs, vsx idiqvrs, evxitji wshxi jmlixitziw zmvsw ji exkmre, evxitji e zxehernex e exkmre, sw iwqerziw, e
uyimqe, sw lsxtsw, i ewwmq vsx jmetzi. Wiq iwwe mtwzxyçãs, s evxitjmf tãs zixme gsqs zix gixzife ji uyemw vxsgijmqitzsw
wikymx vexe shzix yq vxsjyzs hiq-egehejs. Wiq sw gstgimzsw uyi vixqmziq zer mtwzxyçãs, geje tsbe kixeçãs ji srimxsw zixme
uyi idvixmqitzex i jiwgshxmx ew zégtmgew tsbeqitzi. Eréq ji wix mtilmgmitzi, mwws mqvijmxme s egúqyrs ji gstnigmqitzs
jyxetzi qymzew kixeçõiw. Mqekmti e wmzyeçãs je gstwzxyçãs ji gewew nspi wi sw gexvmtzimxsw tãs vyjiwwiq wi hitilmgmex jew
idvixmêtgmew jsw gexvmtzimxsw ji giq etsw ezxáw!
Igstsqme gstgimzyer
Gsqs vexe uyeruyix jiwiqvitns uyermlmgejs, zeqhéq é ewwmq vexe e gmêtgme. Wi iy iwzmbix rni itwmtetjs e jmxmkmx yq gexxs,
wixme zsrs ji qmtne vexzi gsrsgá-rs es bsretzi i jmfix: “Gixzs, bá iq lxitzi i idvixmqitzi”. Iq bif jmwws, iy bsy idvrmgex-rni
gstgimzsw, gsqs jex e vexzmje, jmxiçãs, lxitekiq, iqhxiekiq, egirixejsx, qexgnew, i ewwmq vsx jmetzi. Itzãs bsgê wehixá s
uyi lefix wi iy jmwwix: “Uyetjs iwzmbix itzxetjs iq yqe gyxbe, rmhixi s egirixejsx i, jivsmw, wi e jmxiçãs iwzmbix lágmr, bsgê
vsji egirixex tsbeqitzi”. É vswwíbir jiwgshxmx iwwew xikxew wsfmtns, vsx idvixmqitzeçãs, qew é qymzs qemw lágmr wi erkyéq
itwmtex. Ewwmq gsqs sw gstgimzsw ji iqhxiekiq i egirixejsx vixqmziq xivewwex e gsqvxiitwãs je gstjyçãs ji biígyrsw,
zeqhéq gstgimzsw gmitzílmgsw vixqmziq xivewwex e gsqvxiitwãs ji idvixmêtgmew gsq syzxsw ewvigzsw js qytjs tezyxer.
Qegn iwgxibiy:
Itgstzxex, itzãs, s uyi vixqetigi mterzixejs tsw litôqitsw je tezyxife, jiwgshxmx wiyw iriqitzsw i s qsjs ji wye
mtzixgstidãs i mtzixjivitjêtgme – iwwe é e zexile je gmêtgme líwmge. Ire wi iwlsxçe, vsx qims ji yqe jiwgxmçãs ehxetkitzi i
gsqvrize, vexe uyi e iwvixe vsx tsbew idvixmêtgmew wipe jiwtigiwwáxme; ire vxsgyxe tsw vsyvex jsw vxshriqew je
idvixmqitzeçãs, lefitjs yws, vsx idiqvrs, je gstnigmje mtzixjivitjêtgme jsw litôqitsw, wikytjs e uyer, wi yq zmvs ji
ibitzs sgsxxix, vsjiqsw zix e gixzife ji uyi erkyq syzxs ibitzs sgsxxixá. (v. 3-2)
Iq syzxew verebxew, e gmêtgme gxme gstgimzsw uyi vixqmziq uyi yqe viwwse gstzi e syzxe s uyi wi vewwe ts qytjs i s uyi
iwvixex wi zer i zer wmzyeçãs egstzigix – vxibix gsq hewi te idvixmêtgme vewweje gsq iwwiw zmvsw ji ibitzsw. Uyetjs sw
gmitzmwzew gxmeq zixqsw gsqs “sdmkêtms”, “wezérmzi” sy “kiti”, euyire verebxe gstze zsje yqe nmwzóxme ji idvigzezmbew i
vxibmwõiw. Iwwiw gstgimzsw tsw vixqmziq gstbixwex wshxi zemw idvigzezmbew i vxibmwõiw ji qetimxe igstôqmge, wiq zix uyi
bewgyrnex rstkew idvrmgeçõiw xivizmjew bifiw.
Gsqs idiqvrs je lsxqe gsqs e gmêtgme mtbitze zixqsw igstôqmgsw i wmtzézmgsw, Qegn xigsxjsy e nmwzóxme js gstgimzs ji
ex. Iri gsqiçsy vire évsge ji Kermriy (7108-7086):
Ts ziqvs ji Kermriy, sw lmrówslsw idvrmgebeq s litôqits je wygçãs, e eçãs ji wixmtkew i ji hsqhew virs gneqejs nsxxsx
begym – e ebixwãs je tezyxife es bágys. Vitwebe-wi uyi e tezyxife zmtne s vsjix ji mqvijmx e lsxqeçãs ji yq bágys
ekexxetjs e vxmqimxe gsmwe vxódmqe, uyeruyix uyi lswwi ire, i mqijmezeqitzi vxiitgnitjs gsq iri uyeruyix iwveçs befms uyi
wyxkmwwi. Eréq js iriqitzs iwvigyrezmbs wiq lytjeqitzs uyi iwwe bmwãs gstzéq, jibi-wi ejqmzmx uyi, ezé gixzs vstzs, ire
xierqitzi xivxiwitze s litôqits. (v. 790)
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Wi bsgê pá gsrsgsy yq gsvs wshxi e hsge i wyksy s ex ji jitzxs jiri vexe uyi iri ejixmwwi e wiy xswzs, bsgê witzmy s
bágys ts gsvs “vydetjs” wyew hsgnignew vexe jitzxs. Nspi iq jme, jiwgxibixíeqsw mwws gsqs e eçãs je vxiwwãs js ex. Yq
vewws gxygmer tiwwe qyjetçe ji vixwvigzmbe lsm e shwixbeçãs ji uyi s ex zmtne viws:
Kermriy wi iqvitnsy... iq jizixqmtex s viws js ex, vxmqimxs viwetjs yqe kexxele ji bmjxs uyi tãs gstzmtne teje eréq
ji ex i jivsmw viwetjs tsbeqitzi e kexxele jivsmw ji s ex zix wmjs vexgmerqitzi idvirmjs virs gersx. Wehme-wi, vsxzetzs, uyi s
ex ixe viwejs. Qew, vexe e qemsxme jsw nsqitw, s nsxxsx begym i s viws js ex ixeq tsçõiw qymzs jmwzetziw. (v. 793)
Lsm Zsxxmgirrm (7042-7083)uyiq vxmqimxs mjitzmlmgsy e rmkeçãs itzxi wygçãs i viws js ex. Iri bmy uyi yq zyhs lignejs iq
yqe idzxiqmjeji, vxiitgnmjs ji qixgúxms, i mtbixzmjs gsq e idzxiqmjeji ehixze iq yqe zmkire gnime ji qixgúxms, gstzmtne
yq bágys ts erzs i yqe gsryte ji qixgúxms ji yqe gixze erzyxe ehemds jiri. Qegn gsqitzsy:
É vswwíbir uyi, ts gews ji Zsxxmgirrm, ew jyew mjimew zitneq gnikejs e yqe vxsdmqmjeji wylmgmitzi vexe ribá-rs à gstbmgçãs
ji uyi zsjsw sw litôqitsw ezxmhyíjsw es nsxxsx begym ixeq idvrmgábimw ji qetimxe wmqvriw i rókmge vire vxiwwãs idixgmje virs
viws ji yqe gsryte lrymje – yqe gsryte ji ex. Zsxxmgirrm jiwgshxmy, itzãs, e vxiwwãs ezqswléxmge; vsx qims ji wye gsryte ji
qixgúxms, iri zeqhéq shwixbsy vire vxmqimxe bif ew bexmeçõiw je vxiwwãs ezqswléxmge. (v. 793)
E mtbitçãs je hsqhe ji bágys vswwmhmrmzsy qymzew syzxew shwixbeçõiw wshxi s uyi egstzigi uyetjs s ex é idvirmjs ji yq
xigmvmitzi. Qymzew jiwwew shwixbeçõiw lsxeq limzew vsx Kyixmgoi (7046-7020), uyi gstwzxymy yqe jew vxmqimxew hsqhew ji
bágys ilmgmitziw:
Sw litôqitsw uyi Kyixmgoi shwixbsy gsq iwzi evexirns wãs qúrzmvrsw i bexmejsw. S xyíjs uyi e ákye lef ts bágys es
ksrviex sw rejsw js xigmvmitzi ji bmjxs, e bmsritze exxiqizmje ji ex i ákye iq bewsw befmsw uyi wãs ehixzsw xivitzmteqitzi, e
lyke te ideywzãs ji kewiw ehwsxbmjsw iq ríuymjsw... lsxeq mqijmezeqitzi shwixbejsw. Yqe bire egiwe wi eveke te ideywzãs,
vsmw gsqs gstpizyxe Kyixmgoi, ire jixmbe wiy ermqitzs js ex ... Yq wmts tãs wse ts bágys. Váwwexsw qsxxiq tiri. Qymzsw
vimdiw mtgneq i vsx lmq idvrsjiq. Ts bágys, yqe ybe wi qetzéq lxiwge vsx qemw ji qims ets. (v. 781)
Te vixwvigzmbe ji Qegn, s gstgimzs ji ex vixqmzmy uyi zsjew iwwew shwixbeçõiw (sy wipe, idvixmêtgmew) lswwiq bmwzew gsqs
rmkejew yqew àw syzxew. Wiq iwwe vixwvigzmbe, ew shwixbeçõiw vixqetigixmeq jiwsxketmfejew. E verebxe ex vixqmzi uyi wi leri
jirew gsqs mtzix-xiregmstejew, gsq legmrmjeji i gsq xirezmbeqitzi vsygew verebxew. S gstgimzs lsxtigi igstsqme à tswwe
jmwgywwãs.
Idvrmgeçãs i jiwgxmçãs
Iq erkyqew jew gmzeçõiw mtjmgejew etzixmsxqitzi, Qegn wykixi uyi s shpizmbs je gmêtgme é e jiwgxmçãs. Vexe s xiermwqs,
shwixbeqsw uyi s shpizmbs je gmêtgme tãs ixe yqe “qixe” jiwgxmçãs, qew yqe idvrmgeçãs hewieje te jiwgshixze je xiermjeji
eréq je tswwe idvixmêtgme. Vexe s xiermwqs, e jiwgxmçãs evitew xiwyqi ew evexêtgmew, ituyetzs e idvrmgeçãs lere js uyi é
xierqitzi bixjeji. Yq vxekqezmwze gsqs Peqiw sy Qegn tãs lef iwwe jmwzmtçãs, vsxuyi, iq zixqsw vxázmgsw, e gmêtgme ziq
uyi wikymx wsqitzi ew evexêtgmew – mwzs é, shwixbeçõiw sy idvixmêtgmew. Vexe s vxekqezmwqs, ew idvrmgeçõiw wãs jiwgxmçõiw
iq zixqsw igstôqmgsw.
S uyi mtzixiwwe es vxekqezmwze é uyi, es jiwgxibix tswwew shwixbeçõiw, yweqsw zixqsw uyi xiregmsteq yq litôqits e
syzxs. Uyetjs vsjiqsw mjitzmlmgex xireçõiw, bix gsqs yqe shwixbeçãs iwzá gstigzeje e syzxew, itzãs tswwew idvixmêtgmew
vexigiq sxjitejew i gsqvxiitwíbimw, iq bif ji geózmgew i qmwzixmswew. Qegn exkyqitzsy uyi s zxeherns je gmêtgme gsqiçe
uyetjs erkytw ibitzsw vexigiq lsxe js gsqyq, itmkqázmgsw. E gmêtgme, itzãs, hywge ewvigzsw gsqytw iq litôqitsw
tezyxemw, iriqitzsw uyi wãs mkyemw eviwex ji zsje e evexitzi bexmeçãs. Bsgê lmge mtzxmkejs gsq yqe iwzázye js Qmgoic Qsywi
te qiwe js wiy iqvxikejsx ezé rni jmfixiq uyi é yq zirilsti. Uyetjs gxmetçe, iy iwzebe egswzyqejs gsq e mjime ji uyi ew
gsmwew geiq uyetjs bsgê ew wsrze vsxuyi irew zêq viws, i vsx mwws lmuyim wyxvxiws uyi yq herãs ji nérms bsexme vexe rstki wi
bsgê s wsrzewwi. Qemw zexji te bmje, evxitjm wshxi sw gstgimzsw ji jitwmjeji i lryzyeçãs (iriqitzsw gsqytw) i itzitjm uyi
yq herãs ji nérms lryzye ts ex gsqs yq hexgs lryzye te ákye.
Qegn exkyqitzsy uyi iwwi vxsgiwws ji jiwgxibix yq litôqits iq zixqsw gsqytw, leqmrmexiw, é idezeqitzi s uyi
uyixiqsw jmfix gsq idvrmgeçãs:
Uyetjs gnikeqsw es vstzs iq uyi wsqsw gevefiw ji jizigzex iq zsjs rykex sw qiwqsw vsygsw i wmqvriw iriqitzsw,
gsqhmtejsw ji qetimxe sxjmtáxme, itzãs iriw tsw vexigiq gsqs gsmwew leqmrmexiw; tãs lmgeqsw qemw wyxvxiitjmjsw, tãs ná
teje tsbs sy iwzxetns vexe tów tsw litôqitsw, witzmqs-tsw e bstzeji gsq iriw, iriw tãs tsw jimdeq vixvridsw, iriw iwzãs
idvrmgejsw. (v. 3)
E idvrmgeçãs gmitzílmge gstwmwzi evitew iq jiwgxibix ibitzsw iq zixqsw igstôqmgsw i leqmrmexiw – sw “qiwqsw vsygsw i
wmqvriw iriqitzsw”. Tãs ziq teje e bix gsq e xibireçãs ji yqe xiermjeji sgyrze eréq je tswwe idvixmêtgme.
Zerbif bsgê wi wyxvxiitje gsq s zsq wyhpizmbs ji Qegn: sw ibitzsw wãs idvrmgejsw uyetjs “tsw witzmqsw à bstzeji” gsq
iriw. S vstzs ji Qegn, ts itzetzs, é uyi yq ibitzs vexigi leqmrmex (é idvrmgejs) uyetjs iri é jiwgxmzs iq zixqsw wmqvriw i
leqmrmexiw. Iqhsxe yq vxekqezmwze bmwwi yq zixqs leqmrmex gsqs yq zixqs hiq evxitjmjs, syzxe viwwse vsjixme wyvsx uyi e
leqmrmexmjeji jivitji jsw witzmqitzsw. Ts xiermwqs, s uyi zsxte yq ibitzs “leqmrmex” tãs é teje wshxi s ibitzs iq wm – teje
shpizmbs –, qew erks wshxi e tswwe idvixmêtgme gsq iwzi sy syzxsw ibitzsw wiqirnetziw – erks wyhpizmbs. Uyetjs yq herãs ji
nérms wshi, iwwi ibitzs vexigix qmwzixmsws sy leqmrmex iq teje jivitji, vexe s xiermwze, js ibitzs shpizmbs, qew je tswwe
evxigmeçãs wyhpizmbe js ibitzs.
Ts vxekqezmwqs, itzxizetzs, wi lmféwwiqsw yqe jmwzmtçãs itzxi wyhpizmbmjeji i shpizmbmjeji, ire jmlixmxme gsqvrizeqitzi je
jmwzmtçãs limze ts xiermwqs. Bsgê vsjixme jmfix uyi, vexe s vxekqezmwze, s gstlrmzs itzxi wyhpizmbmjeji i shpizmbmjeji é xiwsrbmjs
iq lebsx je wyhpizmbmjeji. Gsqs e idmwzêtgme ji yq qytjs xier, shpizmbs, tãs é tigiwwáxme, e “shpizmbmjeji”, wi é uyi ziq
erkyq wmktmlmgejs, vsjixme wix, ts qádmqs, yqe uyermjeji je mtbiwzmkeçãs gmitzílmge. S qemw gsixitzi gsq s vxekqezmwqs wixme
wmqvriwqitzi ehetjstex zszerqitzi sw jsmw zixqsw, wyhpizmbs i shpizmbs.
Vsji vexigix vigyrmex uyi, iq erkyqew jew gmzeçõiw qitgmstejew, Qegn ywe e verebxe “jiwgshxmx” es lerex wshxi ew
ezmbmjejiw jsw gmitzmwzew. Jiwgshixze vexigi mqvrmgex mx eréq jew evexêtgmew vexe wehix gsqs ew gsmwew xierqitzi wãs, yqe
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mjime gstwmwzitzi gsq s xiermwqs. Vexe Qegn, “jiwgshxmx” sw “iriqitzsw” gsqytw tsw litôqitsw é s qiwqs uyi mtbitzex
gstgimzsw. Geje iriqitzs gsqyq gsxxiwvstji e yqe geziksxme sy e yq zmvs, i wiy xózyrs é s gstgimzs sy zixqs. Iwwi é s zmvs
ji ibitzs uyi gneqeqsw ji “lryzyex” – sw hexgsw lryzyeq te ákye, i sw herõiw ji nérms lryzyeq ts ex. S gsqvsxzeqitzs js
herãs ji nérms zsxte-wi gsqvxiitwíbir uyetjs mtbitzeqsw (sy jiwgshxmqsw) s gstgimzs ji lryzyex. Ewwmq gsqs e jmwzmtçãs
itzxi wyhpizmbmjeji i shpizmbmjeji jiwevexigi vexe s vxekqezmwqs, e jmwzmtçãs itzxi jiwgshixze i mtbitçãs zeqhéq.
Gsqitzetjs s gstgimzs ji “ex”, Qegn iwgxibiy: “S uyi xierqitzi vsjixme wix qemw qexebmrnsws js uyi e wúhmze jiwgshixze ji
uyi yqe gsmwe uyi tãs biqsw, jmlmgmrqitzi witzmqsw i uyewi tiq vixgihiqsw tsw itbsrbi gstwzetziqitzi vsx zsjsw sw
rejsw, vitizxe iq zsjew ew gsmwew; uyi é e gstjmçãs qemw mqvsxzetzi je bmje, je gsqhywzãs i ji litôqitsw qigâtmgsw
kmketziwgsw” (v. 791). Ts itzetzs, iri zeqhéq vsjixme zix jmzs uyi s ex, s gstgimzs, ixe yqe mtbitçãs qexebmrnswe.
S rimzsx mtzixiwwejs jibi gstwyrzex Zni wzxygzyxi sl wgmitzmlmg xibsryzmstw, ji Znsqew Oynt, vexe yqe jmwgywwãs je mjitzmjeji
je jiwgshixze i je mtbitçãs. Rebsmwmix, uyi “jiwgshxmy” s sdmkêtms, itgstzxsy yqe tsbe qetimxe ji lerex wshxi e gsqhywzãs.
Vsji-wi mkyerqitzi jmfix uyi iri mtbitzsy yqe tsbe verebxe, “sdmkêtms”.
Iq gevízyrsw vswzixmsxiw, vexzmgyrexqitzi tsw Gevízyrsw 0 i 3, jmwgyzmxiqsw zixqsw gmitzílmgsw tsbeqitzi, vsxuyi, te bmwãs
gsqvsxzeqitzer, titnyqe jew verebxew – mtbitçãs sy jiwgshixze – jiwgxibi zãs hiq e gmêtgme uyetzs e mjime ji uyi jmwgyxws
gmitzílmgs é, elmter ji gstzew, gsqvsxzeqitzs. Bixiqsw uyi yq gmitzmwze é erkyéq uyi wi itkepe iq gixzsw zmvsw ji
gsqvsxzeqitzs, mtgrymtjs gixzsw zmvsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs bixher. Eksxe, gstzyjs, gstzmtyeqsw iq yq tíbir qemw kixer,
jimdetjs e jmwgywwãs qemw iwvigílmge vexe qemw zexji.
HINEBMSXMWQS XEJMGER I VXEKQEZMWQS
S hinebmsxmwqs gstziqvsxâtis, xejmger, hewime-wits vxekqezmwqs. Vexe e vixkytze “S uyi é gmêtgme?”, iri já e xiwvswze ji
Peqiw i Qegn: e gmêtgme é e hywge ji jiwgxmçõiw igstôqmgew i ehxetkitziw je idvixmêtgme tezyxer nyqete (sy wipe, tswwe
idvixmêtgme js “qytjs tezyxer”). S shpizmbs ji yqe gmêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs é jiwgxibix s gsqvsxzeqitzs iq zixqsw
igstôqmgsw i uyi s zsxti leqmrmex i, ewwmq, “idvrmgejs”. Wiyw qézsjsw bmweq eqvrmex tswwe idvixmêtgme tezyxer js
gsqvsxzeqitzs vire shwixbeçãs vxigmwe.
Sw hinebmsxmwzew xejmgemw vxilixiq s vxekqezmwqs es xiermwqs vsx jyew xefõiw. E vxmqimxe é uyi s xiermwqs ribe e yqe
bmwãs jyermwze jew viwwsew uyi é mtgsqvezíbir gsq yqe gmêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Wi bsgê jmf uyi s qytjs idzixts é xier,
mwws ribetze e uyiwzãs: “Wi iy iwzsy wivexejs js qytjs xier, itzãs, stji iwzsy?”. E xiwvswze, ji egsxjs gsq e vwmgsrskme
vsvyrex, é uyi bsgê nehmze yq qytjs mtzixmsx, vxmbejs e bsgê, ts uyer bsgê idvixmqitze witweçõiw, vitweqitzsw i
witzmqitzsw. Evitew wiy gsxvs idzixts vixzitgi es qytjs idzixmsx. Gsqs bmqsw ts Gevízyrs 7, zer jyermwqs é mtegimzábir
vsxuyi mtzxsjyf qmwzéxmsw, gsqs: “Gsqs é uyi s iy mtzixmsx sy e qitzi mtlryitgme s gsqvsxzeqitzs js gsxvs?”. Yqe xiwvswze
e iwwe vixkytze tytge wixá itgstzxeje vsxuyi s iy mtzixmsx é wivexejs js qytjs tezyxer, i tãs ziqsw titnyqe qetimxe ji
itzitjix gsqs gsmwew tãs tezyxemw vsjiq elizex ibitzsw tezyxemw. Jmwgyzmxiqsw qirnsx iwwi vstzs ts Gevízyrs 9. Vsx
ituyetzs, tszi uyi wi egimzáwwiqsw s jyermwqs mtzixmsx-idzixmsx sy shpizmbs-wyhpizmbs, yqe gmêtgme uyi wó rmjewwi gsq s
gsqvsxzeqitzs idzixts vexigixme mtgsqvrize; te bixjeji, e egyweçãs ji uyi sw hinebmsxmwzew mktsxeq s qytjs mtzixmsx jsw
vitweqitzsw i witzmqitzsw jixmbe evitew jiwwi vxiwyqmjs jyermwqs. Itzxizetzs, s hinebmsxmwqs xejmger xipimze s jyermwqs
itzxi s qytjs mtzixmsx i s qytjs idzixmsx. Iq bif jmwws, iri gstwmjixe uyi e etármwi js gsqvsxzeqitzs rmje gsq yq qytjs
i gsq gsqvsxzeqitzs e wix itgstzxejs teuyiri qytjs.
Yqe bmwãs qemw etzmke, s hinebmsxmwqs qizsjsrókmgs, hewiebe-wi ts xiermwqs. Witjs xiermwzew, sw hinebmsxmwzew
qizsjsrókmgsw jmwzmtkymeq s qytjs shpizmbs js qytjs wyhpizmbs. Yqe bif uyi e gmêtgme rniw vexigme zix egiwws evitew es
qytjs shpizmbs, iriw itlezmfebeq sw qézsjsw je gmêtgme vexe iwzyjex s qytjs “lsxe”. Yqe bif uyi s xiermwqs vxiwyqi uyi s
qiwqs qytjs shpizmbs iwzá rá lsxe vexe zsjsw, ituyetzs s qytjs wyhpizmbs ji geje viwwse é jmlixitzi i mtegiwwíbir e
uyeruyix syzxe viwwse, sw hinebmsxmwzew qizsjsrókmgsw vitwebeq uyi s útmgs geqmtns vexe yqe vwmgsrskme gmitzílmge wixme vsx
qims ji qézsjsw uyi wmzyewwiq s gsqvsxzeqitzs ts qytjs shpizmbs, s qytjs uyi zsjsw gsqvexzmrneq i wshxi s uyer
vsjixmeq gstgsxjex. E jitsqmteçãs hinebmsxmwqs qizsjsrókmgs vxsbéq jiwwe êtlewi esw qézsjsw.
Iqhsxe vswweq wi wyxvxiitjix es sybmx mwws, sw vwmgórsksw idvixmqitzemw vexigiq, iq wye qemsxme, wix hinebmsxmwzew
qizsjsrókmgsw. Iriw elmxqeq iwzyjex erks ts mtzixmsx – qitzi, qiqóxme, ezmzyjiw, vixwstermjeji, i ewwmq vsx jmetzi –, qew iriw
tãs zêq qézsjsw vexe iwzyjex s qytjs mtzixmsx iq wm. Iq bif jmwws, sw vwmgórsksw idvixmqitzemw iwzyjeq s qytjs mtzixmsx
mtjmxizeqitzi, lefitjs mtlixêtgmew wshxi s qytjs mtzixts e vexzmx js gsqvsxzeqitzs idzixts, zemw gsqs s jiwiqvitns iq
zexilew ji iwzmqezmbe, uyihxe-gehiçew, ziwziw gsq rávmw i vevir sy uyiwzmstáxmsw. Iriw iwzyjeq s gsqvsxzeqitzs idzixmsx gsq
qézsjsw shpizmbsw e lmq ji lefix mtlixêtgmew wshxi sw vxsgiwwsw mtzixmsxiw uyi “wyhpefiq” es gsqvsxzeqitzs idzixmsx. Zer
ehsxjekiq vixvizye s jyermwqs ji gsmwew i vxsgiwwsw wyhpizmbsw i shpizmbsw.
S hinebmsxmwqs xejmger, iq gstzxewzi es hinebmsxmwqs qizsjsrókmgs, tãs lef jmwzmtçãs itzxi sw qytjsw wyhpizmbs i
shpizmbs. Iq bif ji lsgex tsw qézsjsw, gstgitzxe-wi iq gstgimzsw i zixqsw. Ewwmq gsqs e líwmge ebetçsy gsq e mtbitçãs je
verebxe “ex”, zeqhéq yqe gmêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ebetçe gsq e mtbitçãs ji wiyw zixqsw. Nmwzsxmgeqitzi, sw etermwzew js
gsqvsxzeqitzs ywexeq gstgimzsw, gsqs xiwvswze, iwzíqyrs i xilsxçs. S yws jiwwiw gstgimzsw qyjsy à qijmje uyi e gmêtgme
vxskxijmy. Ts lyzyxs, wiy iqvxiks vsji gstzmtyex qyjetjs sy iriw vsjiq wix wyhwzmzyíjsw vsx syzxsw zixqsw, qemw úzimw.
Tsw gevízyrsw uyi wi wikyiq, zsqexiqsw qymzsw zixqsw, etzmksw i tsbsw, i ebermexiqsw wye yzmrmjeji. Vixkytzexiqsw
xivizmjew bifiw uyemw zixqsw gstzxmhyiq vexe jiwgxmçõiw igstôqmgew gsqvxiitwíbimw.
E wikytje xefãs vire uyer s hinebmsxmwqs xejmger xipimze s xiermwqs é vsxuyi s xiermwqs ribe e gstlytjmx ew jilmtmçõiw ji
gsqvsxzeqitzs. Ts gstzidzs js iwzyjs js gsqvsxzeqitzs, s xiermwqs wywzitzexme uyi ná erkyq gsqvsxzeqitzs xier uyi wi
vewwe ts qytjs xier i uyi sw tswwsw witzmjsw, uyix wipeq ywejsw gsq mtwzxyqitzsw sy te shwixbeçãs jmxize, wó tsw
lsxtigiq jejsw witwsxmemw wshxi iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs xier, s uyer peqemw gstnigiqsw jmxizeqitzi. Wi, vsx idiqvrs, lmfixqsw
e shwixbeçãs shpizmbe ji uyi yq nsqiq iwzá qsbitjs wiyw véw yq te lxitzi js syzxs xevmjeqitzi te xye, erkyéq vsjixme
exkyqitzex uyi mwws tãs gstwikyi gevzex s witzmjs je jiwgxmçãs ji uyi s nsqiq iwzá gsxxitjs vire xye. Syzxe viwwse
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vsjixme exkyqitzex uyi mwws zeqhéq tãs é wylmgmitzi; s nsqiq vsji iwzex wi idixgmzetjs, lykmtjs je vsrígme sy jmwvyzetjs
yqe gsxxmje. Qiwqs uyi jizixqmtiqsw uyi iri iwzipe jmwvyzetjs yqe gsxxmje, vsji-wi emtje jmfix uyi iri iwzá zximtetjs
vexe sw Psksw Sríqvmgsw sy vexe mqvxiwwmstex wye leqírme i eqmksw.
Vexe s xiermwze (hinebmsxmwze qizsjsrókmgs), e qirnsx qetimxe ji rmjex gsq iwwe jmbixwmjeji ji vswwíbimw jiwgxmçõiw é
qetzix-wi vxódmqs je vxmqimxe, jiwgxibix e gsxxmje te xye iq zixqsw qigâtmgsw (shpizmbsw) zetzs uyetzs lsx vswwíbir, zerbif
ezé jiwgxibitjs sw qúwgyrsw itbsrbmjsw, vsmw iwwiw qsbmqitzsw qigâtmgsw wyvswzeqitzi tsw evxsdmqexmeq s qádmqs
vswwíbir js gsqvsxzeqitzs xier. Ew xefõiw uyi ribexeq s nsqiq e iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs wixmeq zxezejew wivexejeqitzi.
Ts itzetzs, gstwmjixex s gsqvsxzeqitzs gsqs gsqvswzs ji qsbmqitzsw ji qiqhxsw i qúwgyrsw gxme yqe eqhmkymjeji
vixzyxhejsxe. Sw qiwqsw qsbmqitzsw ji qiqhxsw i qúwgyrsw vsjiq iwzex vxiwitziw iq qymzew ezmbmjejiw jmlixitziw. Iq
tswws idiqvrs, sw qsbmqitzsw js gsxxijsx vsjiq lefix vexzi ji yq idixgígms sy ji yqe lyke je vsrígme. Yqe bif uyi sw
qsbmqitzsw wãs mkyemw, s xiermwze ziq uyi jmfix uyi é s qiwqs gsqvsxzeqitzs, qew, vsx uyeruyix jilmtmçãs xefsábir, tãs
vsjiq wix jilmtmjsw gsqs s qiwqs gsqvsxzeqitzs.
S vxekqezmwze (hinebmsxmwze xejmger), tãs zitjs titnyq gsqvxsqmwws gsq uyeruyix mjime ji gsqvsxzeqitzs xier, evitew
vixkytze uyer é e qetimxe qemw úzmr, sy, tsw zixqsw ji Qegn, qemw igstôqmge ji jiwgxibix s gsqvsxzeqitzs js nsqiq, mwzs
é, uyi tsw slixigi e qirnsx gsqvxiitwãs sy e jiwgxmçãs qemw gsixitzi. É vsx mwws uyi sw hinebmsxmwzew xejmgemw lebsxigiq
jilmtmçõiw ji ezmbmjejiw uyi mtgryeq ew xefõiw js nsqiq vexe gsxxix, gsqs idixgmzex-wi i lykmx je vsrígme. Yqe jiwgxmçãs úzmr
vsjixme wix: “S nsqiq iwzá jmwvyzetjs yqe gsxxmje tiwze xye gsqs vexzi ji yqe zitzezmbe ji vexzmgmvex jsw Psksw Sríqvmgsw”.
Ji lezs, vsjiqsw xilmtex mwws emtje qemw mtgsxvsxetjs ew xefõiw vsx zxáw je zitzezmbe ji vexzmgmvex jsw Psksw Sríqvmgsw i
syzxsw lezsxiw, mkyerqitzi. Gsqs bixiqsw tsw Gevízyrsw 8 i 1, jilmtmçõiw ji ezmbmjejiw gsixitziw jibiq mtgrymx e lytçãs uyi
irew gyqvxiq; ew xefõiw vexe yq gsqvsxzeqitzs lefiq vexzi js vxóvxms gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Gsqs s hinebmsxmwqs xejmger xiwvstji à vixkytze: “S uyi é gsqvsxzeqitzs?”. E xiwvswze é vxekqázmge. Sw zixqsw uyi
yweqsw vexe lerex wshxi gsqvsxzeqitzs tsw vixqmziq tãs wó jex-rni witzmjs, qew zeqhéq yqe jilmtmçãs. S gsqvsxzeqitzs
mtgrym uyemwuyix ibitzsw wshxi sw uyemw vsjiqsw lerex gsq sw tswwsw zixqsw mtbitzejsw. S hinebmsxmwqs xejmger mtjeke wshxi ew
qirnsxiw qetimxew, ew qemw úzimw, ji lerex wshxi mwws, i wi, vsx idiqvrs, é úzmr jmfix uyi yqe viwwse iwzá iq yqe gsxxmje vexe
wi uyermlmgex vexe sw Psksw Sríqvmgsw, itzãs, jmwvyzex yqe gsxxmje vexe wi uyermlmgex vexe sw Psksw Sríqvmgsw gstwzmzym yq
ibitzs gsqvsxzeqitzer. Ts Gevízyrs 8, uyetjs ehsxjexqsw erkytw jsw gstgimzsw ywejswvirsw etermwzew js gsqvsxzeqitzs
je ezyermjeji, zeqhéq wixiqsw gevefiw ji jilmtmx gsqvsxzeqitzs qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi.
Iwwe êtlewi vxekqázmge à lere, esw zixqsw i àw jiwgxmçõiw – iq svswmçãs esw qézsjsw ji shwixbeçãs – ribe e yq jsw
tszábimw gstzxewziw itzxi s hinebmsxmwqs qizsjsrókmgs i s hinebmsxmwqs xejmger. Sw litôqitsw gstwgmitziw, iwzetjs itzxi ew
gsmwew wshxi ew uyemw vsjiqsw lerex, iwzãs mtgryíjsw ts iwzyjs js gsqvsxzeqitzs vexe s hinebmsxmwze xejmger. Gsqs mwws é
limzs, bixiqsw ts Gevízyrs 9.
XIWYQS
E mjime ji uyi yqe gmêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs é vswwíbir ribetze jyew uyiwzõiw: (7) s uyi é gmêtgme? i, qemw iwvigmlmgeqitzi,
(6) uyi gstgivçãs ji gmêtgme wi evrmge es gsqvsxzeqitzs? Sw hinebmsxmwzew xejmgemw gstwmjixeq e gmêtgme jitzxs je zxejmçãs
lmrswólmge js vxekqezmwqs. S vxekqezmwqs gstzxewze gsq s xiermwqs: e vixwvigzmbe ejszeje vsx qymzsw gmitzmwzew ji etziw js
wégyrs DD i vsx hinebmsxmwzew ts mtígms jeuyiri wégyrs. S xiermwqs wywzitze uyi yq qytjs xier idmwzi lsxe ji tów i uyi iwwi
qytjs xier idzixmsx já sxmkiq àw idvixmêtgmew mtzixtew iq geje yq ji tów. S qytjs idzixmsx é gstwmjixejs shpizmbs,
ituyetzs s qytjs je idvixmêtgme mtzixmsx é gstwmjixejs wyhpizmbs. Ts xiermwqs, e gmêtgme gstwmwzi iq jiwgshxmx e bixjeji
wshxi s qytjs shpizmbs. Gstzyjs, gsqs tãs ziqsw gstnigmqitzs jmxizs js qytjs idzixmsx, qew evitew je tswwe idvixmêtgme
mtzixmsx, uyi gnike ezé tów vsx qims jsw tswwsw witzmjsw, lmrówslsw gsqs Hixzxetj Xywwirr exkyqitzexeq uyi e gmêtgme jibi
vxsgijix jijyfmtjs, e vexzmx ji jejsw witwsxmemw, gsqs jibi wix s ytmbixws shpizmbs. Tswwew idvixmêtgmew js qytjs xier wãs
idvrmgejew uyetjs tswws xegmsgítms tsw gstjyf à bixjeji qemw vxslytje wshxi iri. S vxekqezmwqs, es gstzxáxms, tãs lef
uyeruyix wyvswmçãs ji yq qytjs xier mtjmxizeqitzi gstnigmjs vexe eréq je tswwe idvixmêtgme. Gitzxe-wi, iq bif jmwws, te
zexile ji jex witzmjs àw tswwew idvixmêtgmew. Vixkytzew i xiwvswzew uyi tsw epyjeq e gsqvxiitjix sw egstzigmqitzsw à
tswwe bsrze wãs úzimw. Vixkytzew uyi tãs lefiq jmlixitçe vexe e gsqvxiitwãs ji tswwew idvixmêtgmew, gsqs wi idmwzi yq
qytjs xier lsxe ji tów, tãs qixigiq ezitçãs. Tãs ná titnyqe bixjeji úrzmqe ehwsryze; e bixjeji ji yq gstgimzs xiwmji ts
uyetzs ji tswwe idvixmêtgme iri tsw vixqmzi bmtgyrex, sxketmfex sy gsqvxiitjix. Vexe vxekqezmwzew, gsqs Amrrmeq Peqiw i
Ixtwz Qegn, iwwi vxsgiwws ji bmtgyrex báxmew vexziw ji tswwe idvixmêtgme é s uyi gstwzmzym yqe idvrmgeçãs. Te gstgivçãs ji
Qegn, lerex ji lsxqe ilmgef wshxi tswwew idvixmêtgmew – mwzs é, gsqytmgeçãs – ixe s qiwqs uyi idvrmgeçãs. Iri exkyqitzsy
uyi, te qijmje iq uyi vsjiqsw lerex wshxi yq ibitzs iq zixqsw leqmrmexiw, igstôqmgsw, s ibitzs é idvrmgejs. Te qijmje
iq uyi lerex ji ibitzsw iq zixqsw leqmrmexiw é gneqejs ji jiwgxmçãs, ew idvrmgeçõiw wãs jiwgxmçõiw. E gmêtgme jiwgshxi
evitew gstgimzsw uyi zsxteq e tswwe idvixmêtgme qemw gsqvxiitwíbir.
Ituyetzs s hinebmsxmwqs qizsjsrókmgs wi hewime ts xiermwqs, s hinebmsxmwqs xejmger wi hewime ts vxekqezmwqs. S
hinebmsxmwqs xejmger xipimze s jyermwqs jsw qytjsw mtzixmsx i idzixmsx gsqs nswzmw e yqe gmêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs i
vxsvõi, iq wiy rykex, yqe gmêtgme hewieje ts gsqvsxzeqitzs iq yq qytjs útmgs. Vexe s xiermwze, s gsqvsxzeqitzs xier
sgsxxi ts qytjs xier, i iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs xier é egiwwíbir evitew mtjmxizeqitzi, vsx qims jsw tswwsw witzmjsw. Ewwmq, s
hinebmsxmwze qizsjsrókmgs zitze jiwgxibix ibitzsw gsqvsxzeqitzemw tsw zixqsw qemw qigâtmgsw vswwíbimw, s qemw vxódmqs
vswwíbir je lmwmsrskme. Pá s hinebmsxmwze xejmger vxsgyxe zixqsw jiwgxmzmbsw – uyi wipeq úzimw vexe gsqvxiitjix s
gsqvsxzeqitzs – i igstôqmgsw – vexe jmwgyzmx s gsqvsxzeqitzs. Jiwgxmçõiw vxekqázmgew js gsqvsxzeqitzs mtgryiq wiyw
lmtw i s gstzidzs iq uyi iri sgsxxi. Vexe s hinebmsxmwze xejmger, zixqsw jiwgxmzmbsw zetzs idvrmgeq s gsqvsxzeqitzs gsqs
jilmtiq s uyi iri é.
RIMZYXEW EJMGMSTEMW
25/02/2019 Biblioteca A Viewer
https://viewer.bibliotecaa.binpar.com/viewer/9788582715246/chapter2 8/8
Hswairr, P. (6442/7355). Zni rmli sl Weqyir Psntwst. Rstjst: Xetjsq Nsywi Vitkymt Grewwmg. Iwwe hmskxelme xizxeze Weqyir Psntwst wikytjs e
idvixmêtgme ji Peqiw Hswairr.
Jec, A. (7524). Zni nmwzsxmger etzigijitzw sl gstziqvsxexc hinebmsxmwq. Mt X. A. Xmihix & O. Werfmtkix (Ijw.), Vwcgnsrskc: Znisxizmger-nmwzsxmger
vixwvigzmbiw (vv. 649–606). Tia Csxo: Egejiqmg Vxiww. Tiwwi exzmks, Jec Amrrexj jmwgyzi e xireçãs itzxi vxekqezmwqs i hinebmsxmwqs xejmger.
Lexxmtkzst, H. (7524). Kxiio wgmitgi. Tszzmtkneq: Xywwirr Vxiww. Yq idgiritzi rmbxs wshxi sw vxmqóxjmsw je gmêtgme kxike.
Peqiw, A. (7538/7543/7545). Vxekqezmwq etj lsyx iwwecw lxsq Zni qietmtk sl zxyzn. Tia Csxo: Tia Eqixmget Rmhxexc. Ew mjimew ji Amrrmeq Peqiw wshxi
vxekqezmwqs vsjiq wix itgstzxejew tiwwi rmbxs.
Oynt, Z. W. (7534). Zni wzxygzyxi sl wgmitzmlmg xibsryzmstw (6ª ij.). Gnmgeks: Ytmbixwmzc sl Gnmgeks Vxiww. E idzitwãs js vitweqitzs vxekqezmwze ji Znsqew
Oynt é xiwyqmje tiwwi rmbxs.
Qegn, I. (7504/7586). Zni wgmitgi sl qignetmgw: E gxmzmger etj nmwzsxmger eggsytz sl mzw jibirsvqitz. Re Werri, MR: Svit Gsyxz Vyhrmwnmtk. (Sxmkmterqitzi
vyhrmgejs iq 7586.) Evrmgeçãs js vxekqezmwqs à gmêtgme líwmge vsx Ixtwz Qegn.
Xywwirr, H. (7501). St zni vnmrswsvnc sl wgmitgi. Tia Csxo: Hshhw-Qixxmrr. E bmwãs ji Xywwirr wshxi gmêtgme vsji wix itgstzxeje tiwwe gsriçãs ji
itwemsw.
Wgnxöjmtkix, I. (7529/7507). Qc bmia sl zni asxrj. Assjhxmjki, GZ: Sd Hsa Vxiww. Iwwi rmbxs gstzéq jsmw itwemsw ji Wgnxöjmtkix wshxi gmêtgme i
xiermjeji.
VEREBXEW-GNEBI
Jejsw witwsxmemw | Jyermwqs | Igstsqme gstgimzyer | Nsxxsx begym | Vxekqezmwqs | Xiermwqs | Xiermwqs mtkêtys | Xiermwqs
vsvyrex | Zisxme jsw jejsw witwsxmemw