Grammar in Use - Essential

Prévia do material em texto

U N I T
1 Am/is/are
My name is Lisa. I’m 22. I’m not married.
I’m American.
I’m from Chicago.
I’m a student.
My father is a doctor, and 
my mother is a journalist.
My favorite color is blue.
My favorite sports are 
tennis and swimming.
I’m interested in art.
Positive Negative
I am (I’m) I am not (I’m not)
he (he’s) he (he’s no t or he isn’t)
she is (she’s) she is not (she’s not or she isn’t)
it (it’s) it (it’s not or it isn’t)
we (we’re) we (we’re not or we aren’t)
you are (you’re) you are not (you’re not or you aren’t)
they (they’re) they (they’re not or they aren’t)
I’m cold. Can you close the window, please?
I’m 32 years old. M y sister is 29.
M y brother is very tall. H e’s a policeman.
John is afraid of dogs.
It’s ten o ’clock. You’re late again.
M ei Lan and I are good friends.
Your keys are on the table.
I’m tired, but I’m not hungry.
Tom isn’t interested in politics. H e’s interested in music. 
Jessica isn’t at home right now. She’s at work.
Those people aren’t Canadian. They’re Australian.
It’s sunny today, but it isn’t warm .
I’m afraid 
of dogs.
th a t’s = tha t is there’s = there is here’s = here 
T hank you. T h a t’s very kind of you.
T I I 'U rin
T hank you. m a ts vt 
Look! There’s Chris.
“H ere’s your key.” “Thank you.
LISA
Thank you.
2 Am I is I are (Questions) Unit 2 There is I are Unit 38
Exercises
1.1 Write the short form (she's / we aren't, etc.).
1. she is she's______________ 3. it is n o t ______________ 5. I am not
2. they are 4. that is 6. you are not
1.2 Write am, is, or are.
1. The w eather is nice today. 5. Look! T h e r e _______Carol.
2. I am not tired. 6. M y brother and I __ good tennis players.
3. This b a g _______ heavy. 7. A m y at home. H er ch ild ren at school.
4. These bags heavy. 8. I . a taxi driver. M y s is te r ............... a nurse.
1.3 Write complete sentences. Use is!isn't!are!aren't.
1. (your shoes very dirty) Your shoes are ve ry dirty.
2. (my brother a teacher) M y ____________________________________________________
3. (this house not very big) _______
4. (the stores not open today)
5. (my keys in my bag)
6. (Jenny 18 years old)
1.4 Look at Lisa's sentences (Section A). Write sentences about yourself.
1. (name?) M y...................................... ......... .. 6. (favorite color or colors?)
2. (from?) I
3. (age?)I ......
4. (job?) I ___
5. (married?) I
My
7. (interested in?) 
I
1.5 Write sentences for the pictures. Use these words:
afraid angry cold hot hungry thirsty
1- He's th irsty.____________ 3. H e __ . 5.
2. They ............................ 4 . _______________________ 6.
1.6 Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use am / am not / is / isn't / are / aren't
1. (I / interested in politics) I'm in te re s te d in politics. OR Ym no t in te re s te d in politics.
2. (I / hungry) I .
3. (it / w arm today) It ________________________________________________________.
4. (I / afraid of dogs)
5. (my hands / cold)
6. (Canada / a very big c o u n try )_______________________
7. (I / interested in soccer)
8. (Tokyo / in China)
U N I T
2
Am/is/are (Questions)
Positive
I am
he
she
it
is
we
you
they
are
Q uestion
am I?
he? 
is she? 
it?
we? 
are you? 
they?
What’s your name?
David. 
Are you married?
No, I’m single. 
How old are you?
25.
Are you a student?
Yes, I am.
“Am I late?” “N o, you’re on tim e.”
“Is your mother at hom e?” “N o, she’s o u t.”
“Are your parents at hom e?” “N o, they’re o u t.”
“Is it cold in your room ?” “Yes, a little.”
Your shoes are nice. Are they new?
We say:
Is she at home? / Is your mother at home? {not Is at home your mother?) 
Are they new? / Are your shoes new? (no t Are new your shoes?)
Where . . . ? / W h a t. . . ? / Who . . . ? / H ow
Where is your m other? Is she at home?
“Where are you from ?” “ C anada.”
“What color is your car?” “I t’s red .”
“H ow old is Joe?” “H e’s 2 4 .”
“H ow are your parents?” “They’re fine.”
w here’s - where is w ha t’s = w hat is w ho’s - w ho is how ’s - how is 
Where’s Sarah? W ho’s th a t man?
W hat’s the tem perature? H ow ’s your father?
? / Why . . . ?
“Why are you angry?”
“Because you’re late .”
“H ow much are these postcards?’ 
“Fifty cents.”
Short answers
I am. I’m
he he’s he
she is. she’s she isn’t.
Yes, it N o, it’s not. or N o, it
we w e’re we
you are. you’re you aren’t.
they they’re they
That’s my seat.
No, it isn’t.
I
“Are you tired?” “Yes, I am. 
“Are you hungry?”
“N o, I’m not, but I’m thirsty.
‘Is your friend Japanese?” “Yes, he is .’ 
‘Are these your keys?” “Yes, they are.’ 
‘That’s my seat.” “N o, it isn’t .”
A m lislare Unit 1 Questions Unit 45
2.1 Find the right answers for the questions.
Exercises U N I
2
1. W here’s the camera? a) Toronto. 1.
2. Is your car blue? b) N o, I’m not. 2.
3. Is Nicole from Boston? c) Yes, you are. 1J.
4. Am I late? d) M y sister. 4.
5. W here’s Anne from? e) Black. 5.
6. W hat color is your bag? f) N o, it’s black. 6.
7. Are you hungry? g) In your bag. 7.
8. W ho’s that woman? h) N o, she’s Canadian. 8.
2.2 Write questions. Use is or are.
1. (at hom e / your m other?) /s your m other a t hom e?
2. (interesting / your job?)
3. (the stores / open to d a y ? )___________ ___________ _
4. (interested in sports / y o u ? )_______________________
5. (near here / the post office?)
6. (at school / your children?)
7. (why / you / late?)
2.3 Write questions. Use What/Who/Where/How . . . ?. Read the answers first.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6 . 
7.
„How_ore your parents? 
the bus stop? 
your children?
_____________these oranges?
your favorite sport? 
the m an in this photograph?
your new shoes?
They’re fine.
At the end of the block. 
Five, six, and ten. 
Seventy-nine cents a pound. 
Skiing.
T h a t’s my father.
Black.
2.4 Write questions. Read the answers first.
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8 . 
9.
(name?) W hat's your name? 
(married or single?) 
(Australian?)
(how old?)
(a lawyer?)
(wife a teacher?)
(from?)
(her name?)
(how old?)
Paul.
I’m m arried.
N o, I’m Canadian. 
I’m 30.
N o, I’m a teacher. 
N o, she’s a lawyer. 
She’s M exican. 
Ana.
She’s 27.
2.5 Write true short answers (Yes, I am. / No, he isn't., etc.).
1. Are you married? No. I'm not. 4. Are your hands cold?
2. Are you thirsty? 5. Is it dark n o w ? _____
3. Is it cold to d a y ? 6. Are you a teacher?
Additional Exercises 1-2 (pages 243-244) 5
U N I T
3
I am doing (Present Continuous)
A
B
They’re running. 
They aren’t walking.
The present continuous is am /is/are + doing/eating/running/w riting , etc.
I am (not) ■ I’m working. I’m not watching TV.
he ■ Chris is taking a bath.
she is (not) ■ She isn’t eating, (or She’s no t eating.)
it -ing ■ The phone is ringing.
we ■ We’re having dinner.
you are (not) ■ You’re not listening to me. (or You aren’t listening to me.
they ■ The children are doing their hom ew ork.
am /is/are + -ing = som ething is happening now
I’m working 
she’s wearing a hat 
they’re playing football 
I’m not watching television
past now future
Please be quiet. I’m working. (= I’m w orking now)
Look at M ichiko! She’s w earing her new hat. (= she is wearing it now) 
The w eather is nice. I t’s no t raining.
“W here are the children?” “They’re playing in the p a rk .”
(on the phone) W e’re having dinner now. Can you call back later?
: You can tu rn off the television. I’m not watching it.
Spelling (see Appendix 5)
come -» coming w rite -» w riting dance dancing 
run -» running sit sitting swim -* swimming 
lie lying
She’s eating. It’s raining.
She isn’t reading. The sun isn’t shining.
We’re running.
A m lis la re U nit 1 A re y o u d o in g . . . ? (Q uestions) U nit 4 I am d o in g and I do U nit 8 
W hat are y o u d o in g to m o rro w ? Unit 26
3.1 What are these people doing? Use these verbs to complete the sentences:
-eat have lie play sit wait
Exercises u N 1
1. She's e a ting an apple. 4. _________________________ on the floor.
2. H e _______________________ for a bus. 5. ______ _ _ _ __________breakfast.
3. T h e y _________________________ soccer. 6. on the table.
3.2 Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs:
build cook leave stand stay swim take work
1. Please be quiet. I 'm w orking .
2. “W here’s John?” “H e’s in the kitchen. H e _______________________
3. “Y o u _______________________ on my fo o t.” “O h, I’m sorry.”
4. Look! Som ebody________________________ in the river.
5. W e’re here on vacation. We at the Far West M otel.
6. “W here’s Erin?” “S h e ________________________ a shower.”
7. T h e y _______________________ a new hotel dow ntow n.
8. I ________________________ now. Goodbye.
3.3 Look at the picture. Write sentences about Emily. Use She's -ing or She isn't -ing.
1 . (have dinner) She isn t having dinner.
2. (watch television) She's w atching television.
3. (sit on the floor) She _
4. (read a book)
5. (play the piano)
(laugh)
7. (wear a hat)
8. (write a letter)
3.4 What's happening now? Write true sentences.
1. (I / wash / mv hair) I'm n o t washing m v hair.
2. (it / snow) It's snowina OR It isn 't snowina.
3.
- ' 27 27
(I / sit / on a chair)
4. (I / eat)
5. (it / rain)
6. (I / study / English)
7. (I / listen / to music)
8. (the sun / shine)
9. (I / wear / shoes)
10. (I / read / a newspaper)
7
U N I T
4
Are you doing. . . ? 
(Present Continuous Questions)
Positive Q uestion
I am am I
he doing he
she is working is she
it going it
we staying, etc. we
you are are you
they they
doing? 
working? 
going? 
staying?, etc.
“Are you feeling O K ?” “Yes, I’m fine, thanks.”
“Is it raining?” “Yes, take an um brella .”
W hy are you wearing a coat? I t’s no t cold.
“W hat’s Luis doing?” “H e’s reading the newspaper.”
“W hat are the children doing?” “They’re watching television.” 
Look, there’s H annah! W here’s she going?
W ho are you waiting for? Are you waiting for Sue?
Study the w ord order.
is/are + subject + -mg
Is he working today?
Is Luis working today? (n o t Is w orking Luis today?)
W here are they going?
W here are those people going? (no t W here are going those people?)
Short answers
Yes,
I am. I’m
he he’s he
she is. she’s she isn’t.
it N o, it’s not. or N o, it
we w e’re we
you are. you’re you aren’t.
they they’re they
“Are you going now ?” “Yes, I am .”
“Is Luis working today?” “Yes, he is.”
“Is it raining?” “N o, it isn’t .”
“Are your friends staying at a hotel?” “N o, they aren’t. They’re staying w ith m e.’
I am doing Unit 3 What are yo u doing tom orrow ? Unit 26 Questions Units 4 5 -4 8
4.1 Look at the pictures and write the questions.
Exercises U N I
4
4.2 Look at the pictures and complete the questions. Use these words:
cry eat go laugh look at read
4.3 Write questions with these words. Use is or are and put the words in order.
1. (working / Luis / today?) /_? Luis working, tn d a y l
2. (what / doing / the children?) W.bxi.l^are^±he-johdcJrsn,.claLng?
3. (you / listening / to me?)
4. (where / going / your friends?) _______________________________
5. (your parents / television / watching?)
6. (what / cooking / Jessica?)
7. (why / you / looking / at me?)
8. (coming / the b u s? )___________________
4.4 Write true short answers (Yes, I am. / No, he isn't., etc.).
1. Are you w atching TV? No. km no t 4. Is it raining? _
2. Are you wearing a watch?__________ 5. Are you sitting on the floor? _
3. Are you eating something? 6. Are you feeling all right?
Additional Exercise 3 (page 244) 9
U N I T
5
I do, I work, I like, etc. (Simple Present)
A
B
C
10
they read / he likes / I work, etc. = the simple present
I/we/you/they read like work live watch do have
he/she/it reads likes works lives watches does has
Remember:
he works / she lives / it rains, etc.
I work in an office. My brother works in a bank. (no t M y brother work)
Anne lives in Canada. Her parents live in the U.S.
It rains a lot in the winter, 
he/she/it has
John has lunch at home every day. {not John haves)
Spelling (see Appendix 5)
-es after -s/-sh/-ch pass -> passes finish -*■ finishes w atch —> watches
-y -*• -ies study -» studies try tries
and also do —> does go -» goes
We use the simple present for things th a t are true in general, or for things that happen 
sometimes or all the time.
I like big cities.
The stores open at 9 o ’clock and close at 5:30.
M ario works very hard. He starts at 7:30 and finishes at 8 o ’clock at night.
The earth goes around the sun.
We do a lot of different things in our free time.
It costs a lot of money to stay at luxury hotels.
always/never/often/sometimes/usually + simple present
Sue always gets to w ork early. (no t Sue gets always)
We often sleep late on weekends. (not We sleep often)
I usually drive to w ork, but I sometimes walk.
Julia never eats breakfast.
I d o n 't . . . U nit 6 D o y o u . . . ? (Q uestions) U nit 7 I am d o in g and I do U nit 8 
A lw a y s I u su a lly I o fte n , etc. Unit 95
They’re looking at their books. 
They read a lot.
H e’s drinking coffee. 
He likes coffee.
5.1 Write these verbs + -s or-es.
1. (read) she reads 3. (fly) i t 5. (have) she
2. (think) h e 4. (dance) h e ______________6. (finish) i t ______________
5.2 Complete the sentences about the people in the pictures. Use these verbs:
eat go live play play sleep
Exercises u N 1
1- .He p /a ys ____ ... the piano. 4 . _______________________________ tennis.
2. They in a very big house. 5 . to the movies a lot.
3 . a lot of fruit. 6 . eight hours a night.
5.3 Complete the sentences. Use these verbs:
boil close cost cost like like meet open speak teach wash
1. M egan speaks four languages.
2. Banks usually at 9:00 in the morning.
3. The A rt M useum _ _ _ at 5 o ’clock in the afternoon.
4. Isabel is a teacher. She ... m athem atics to young children.
5. M y job is very interesting. 1 _______________a lot of people.
6. Peter ______________ his hair every day.
7. Food is expensive. I t a lot of money.
8. Shoes are expensive. They _ _ a lot of money.
9. W a te r_____________ at 100 degrees Celsius.
10. Julia and I are good friends. I her and s h e _____________me.
5.4 Write sentences from these words. Put the verb in the right form (arrive or arrives, etc.).
1. (always / early / Sue / arrive) Sue a lw ays arrive s early .________________
2. (Julia / parties / enjoy / always) J u l i a _____________________ .
3. (work / M egan / hard / usually) ______________ ________
4. (Jenny / always / nice clothes / wear)
5. (dinner / we / have / always / at 6 :3 0 ) _ _____
6. (television / M ario / w atch / never)
7. (like / chocolate / children / usually)
8. (basketball I I I play / often / after work) _
5.5 Write sentences about yourself. Use always/never!often!sometimes/usually.
1. (watch television) / usually w a tch television a t night.
2. (read in bed) I .
3. (get up before 7 o ’c lo c k )___________________
4. (go to w ork/school by bus)
5. (drink coffee)
11
U N I T
6
I don't. . . (Simple Present Negative)
A The
Positive Negative
I
we
you
they
work
like
do
have
he
she
it
works
likes
does
has
I
we don’t
you
they
(do not) work
like
he
she
it
do
doesn’t 
(does not)
have
B
C
I drink coffee, but I don’t drink tea.
Sue drinks tea, but she doesn’t drink coffee.
You don’t work very hard.
We don’t watch television very often.
The w eather is usually nice. It doesn’t rain very often. 
Jerry and Nicole don’t know many people.
Remember:
I/we/you/they don’t . . . I don’t like football.
he/she/it doesn’t . . . He doesn’t like football.
I don’t like Fred, and Fred doesn’t like me. (no t Fred don ’t like) 
My car doesn’t use m uch gas. (no t M y car don’t use) 
Sometimes he’s late, but it doesn’t happen very often.
We use don’t/doesn’t + base form (don’t like / doesn’t speak / doesn’t do, etc.).
I don’t like washing the car. I don’t do it very often.
Sandra speaks Spanish, but she doesn’t speak Italian, [not doesn’t speaks) 
Bill doesn’t do his job very well. (not Bill doesn’t his job)
Paula doesn’t usually have breakfast.(not doesn’t . . . has)
simple present negative is don’t/doesn’t + verb. 
Coffee?
She doesn’t drink coffee. He doesn’t like his job.
I do! w ork I like, etc. Unit 5 Do yo u . . . ? (Questions) Unit 7
Exercises
6.1 Write negative sentences.
1. I play the piano very well. / don 't p /ay the piano ve r y well.
2. Yuki plays the piano very well. Y u k i ______________________
3. They know my phone n u m b er.__________________
4. We w ork very hard.
5. He has a car.
6. You do the same thing every day.
U N I
6
6.2 Study the information and write sentences with like.
1. 23ill and Those like jazz..
Do you 
like . . .
Carol 
I jazz
BILL 8c
ROSE CAROL YOU
2. Bill and Rose 
Carol 
I
1. jazz? yes no ?
2. boxing? no yes p
3. horror movies? yes no p
3.
6.3 Write about yourself. Use I n e v e r. . . or I . . . a lot or I d o n 't . . . very often.
1. (watch TV) / n e v er w a tch TV. OR / w atch TV a lot. OR / dorh t. . . v e ry often.
2. (go to the theater) .
3. (ride a b icyc le)__________________________________________ _______
4. (eat in restaurants)
5. (travel by t ra in )_________________ ___ _____
6.4 Complete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use do n ’t/doesn't + one of these 
verbs: cost go know read see use wear
1. I buy a new spaper every day, but sometimes I don t re a d _____________ it.
2. Fu Chen has a car, but h e ________________________ it very often.
3. They like films, but th e y to the movies very often.
4. A m anda is m arried, but s h e _______________________ a ring.
5. I m uch about science. I’m not interested in it.
6. It’s no t an expensive hotel. It
7. Brian lives near us, but we .
m uch to stay there.
him very often.
6.5 Put the verb in the correct form, positive or negative.
1. M egan ^speaks four languages - English, Japanese, Arabic, and Spanish, (speak)
my job. I t’s very boring, (like)2. I don 't like
3. “W here’s M ark?” “I’m sorry. I
4. Sue is a very quiet person. She
5. Jim
6. It’s not true! I
7. T h a t’s a very beautiful picture. I
8. M ark is a vegetarian. He ______
.” (know) 
very much, (talk) 
a lot of coffee. I t’s his favorite drink, (drink) 
it! (believe)
it very much, (like)
meat, (eat)
13
U N I T
7
Do y o u . . . ? (Simple Present Questions)
We use do/does in simple present questions.
Positive Q uestion
I
we
you
they
work
like
do
do
I
we
you
they
work?
like?
he works he do?
she likes does she
it does it
Study the w ord order.
do/does + subject + base form
Do you work on Saturdays?
Do your friends live near here?
Does Chris play tennis?
W here do your parents live?
H ow often do you wash your hair?
W hat does this w ord mean?
H ow m uch does it cost to fly to Puerto Rico?
Questions w ith always/usually/ever
Do you always have breakfast?
Does Chris ever call you?
W hat do you usually do on weekends?
What do you do? = W hat’s your job?
“What do you do?” “I w ork in a bank .”
Remember:
do I/we/you/they . . . Do they like music?
does he/she /it. . . Does he like music?
Short answers
y I/we/you/they do.
he/she/it does.
^ I/we/you/they don’t.
be/she/it doesn’t.
“D o you play cards?” “N o, I don’t.”
“D o your parents speak English?” “Yes, they do .” 
“Does Choi Soo w ork hard?” “Yes, he does.”
“Does your sister live in Vancouver.” “N o, she doesn’t .”
14 I d o lw o rk llik e , etc. Unit 5 I d o n 't . . . Unit 6 I ha ve I I'v e g o t Unit 9 Questions Units 4 5 -4 8
Exercises
7.1 Write questions with Do . . . ? and Does . . . ?
1. I like chocolate. H ow about you? ..2U you [ike chocolate?
2. I play tennis. H ow about you? y o u _____________
3. Paulo plays tennis. H ow about L u c ia ? _______L u c ia _______________________
4. You live near here. H ow about your friends? _ _
5. You speak English. H ow about your b ro th e r? __________________________________
6. I do yoga every m orning. H ow about you?
7. Sue often travels on business. H ow about Paul?
8. I w ant to be fam ous. H ow about y o u ? _________________________________________
9. You w ork hard. H ow about Nicole?
7.2 Write questions. Use the words in parentheses ( ) + do/does. Put the words in the 
right order.
1. (where / live / your parents?) W here do your ̂ parents live?
2. (you / early / always / get up?) V o you alw ays g e t up early?
3. (how often / TV / you / watch?) ______________________________________________
4. (you / w ant / w hat / for dinner?)
5. (like / you / football?) _____________________________
6. (your brother / like / football?)
7. (what / you / do / in your free time?) __________________________________________
8. (your sister / w ork / where?)
9. (to the movies / ever / you / go?)
10. (what / mean / this word?)
11. (ever / snow / it / h e re ? )______________________________________________________
12. (go / usually / to bed / w hat time / you?)
13. (how m uch / to call M exico / it / c o s t? )__________________ _____________________
14. (you / for breakfast / have / usually / what?)
7.3 Complete the questions. Use these verbs:
1/
r
"What do you do p I w ork in a bookstore.
7 it? It’s OK.
W hat time in the morning? At 9 o ’clock.
on Saturdays? Sometimes.
H ow to work? Usually by bus.
And your husband? W hat p H e’s a teacher.
W here p At Lincoln High School
his job? Yes, he loves it.V______________________________________________;!___ J
7.4 Write true short answers {Yes, he does. / No, I don't., etc.).
1. Do you live in a big city? No. / don t. OR Yes, / do.
2. Does it rain a lot where you live?_______ __________
3. Do your friends w atch TV a lot?
4. Do you ever ride a bicycle?_______________________
5. Do you play the piano? _______________________
Additional Exercises 4 -7 (pages 244-245)
U N I T
8
I am doing and / do 
(Present Continuous and Simple Present)
Jim is w atching television.
He is no t playing the guitar.
But Jim has a guitar.
H e plays it often, and he plays very well.
Jim plays the guitar, but 
he’s not playing the guitar now.
Is he playing the guitar? 
Does he play the guitar?
N o, he isn’t. 
Yes, he does.
Present continuous (I am doing) = now, at the time of speaking
I’m doing
p a st n o w
Please be quiet. I’m working. (not I work)
Tom is taking a shower right now. (not Tom takes) 
Take an um brella w ith you. It’s raining.
You can turn off the television. I’m not watching it. 
W hy are you under the table? W hat are you doing?
fu tu re
Simple present (I do) = in general, all the time or sometimes
I do
p a st n o w
I work every day, from 9 o ’clock to 5:30. 
Tom takes a shower every m orning.
It rains a lot in the winter.
I don’t watch television very often.
W hat do you usually do on weekends?
fu tu re
We do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing):
like love want know understand remember depend
prefer hate need mean believe forget
Use only the simple present (I want / do you like?, etc.) w ith these verbs. 
I’m tired. I want to go home. (not I’m wanting)
“Do you know that girl?” “Yes, but I don’t remember her nam e.” 
1 don’t understand. W hat do you mean?
(present continuous) 
(simple present)
16 Present Continuous Units 3 -4 Sim ple Present Units 5-7 Present for the Future Unit 26
8.1 Answer the questions about the pictures.
Exercises U N I
8
I’m a bus driver. We’re teachers.
I’m a 
\ window 
washer.'m a photographer.
 la ail / m \ x
1. Does he take photographs? Yes, he J oes. Is he taking a photograph? No, he isn't. 
W hat’s he doing? He's cooking
2. Is she driving a b u s ? ____________________Does she drive a bus?
W hat’s she doing? ______________________________
3. Does he wash w in d o w s? ________________Is he washing a window?
W hat’s he doing?
4. Are they teach ing? Do they teach?
W hat do they d o ? _____________
8.2 Write am/is/are or do/don't/ does/doesn't.
1. Excuse me, do _______you speak English?
2. “W here’s M arta?” “I _______________know .”
3. W hat’s so funny? W h y _______ you laughing?
4. “W h a t_________ _ _ your sister do?” “She’sa dentist.”
5. I t ______________ raining. I _______________ w ant to go out in the rain.
6. “W h e re _______________you come from ?” “ C anada.”
7. EIow m u c h ______________ it cost to send a letter to Canada?
8. Steve is a good tennis player, but h e ______________ play very often.
8.3 Put the verb in the present continuous (/ am doing) or the simple present (/ do).
1. Excuse me, do you speak English? (you / speak)
2. “W here’s Tom ?” “ He's taking _ a show er.” (he / take)
3. / d o n 't w a tch____________________ television very often. (I / not / watch)
4. Listen! Somebody _ . (sing)
5. Sandra is t ir e d . _ _ _ to go home now. (she / want)
6. H ow o f te n _ _ _ a newspaper? (you / read)
7. “Excuse me, b u t______________________ in my place.” “ Oh, I’m sorry.” (you / sit)
8. I’m so rry , . Can you speak more slowly?
(I / not / understand)
9. It’s late. home now. (I / go)
 w ith me? (you / come)
10. W hat t im e w ork every day? (your father / finish)
11. You can turn off the r a d io . to it. (I / no t / listen)
12. “W here’s Paul?” “In the k itc h e n . som ething.” (he / cook)
13. T o n y to w ork, (not / usually / drive)
He . (usually / walk)
14. A c h a ra __________________ coffee, (not / l ik e )___________________ tea. (she / prefer)
Additional Exercises 8 -9 (page 246) 17
I have. . . and I've got .
You can say I have or I’ve got, he has or he’s got.
I
we ,
haveyou
they
or
I
we
you
they
have got
(I’ve got) 
(we’ve got) 
(you’ve got) 
(they’ve got)
he he (he’s got)
she has or she has got (she’s got)
it it (it’s got)
I’ve got a headache.
I have blue eyes, or I’ve got blue eyes.
The house has six bedroom s, or The house has got six bedroom s.
Li Jing isn’t feeling well. She has a headache, or She’s got a headache. 
They have a horse, three dogs, and six cats, or They’ve got a horse . . .
I d on ’t have / I haven’t got, etc. (negative) 
You can say:
I/we/you/they don’t 
he/she/it doesn’t have or
I/we/you/they haven’t 
he/she/it hasn’t
got
I have a bike, but I don’t have a car. or I’ve got a bike, but I haven’t got a car. 
Mr. and M rs. H arris don’t have any children, or . . . haven’t got any children. 
It’s a nice house, but it doesn’t have a garage, or . . . it hasn’t got a garage. 
M ariko doesn’t have a job. or M ariko hasn’t got a job.
D o you have . . . ? / H ave you got . . . ?, etc. (questions) 
You can say:
do I/we/you/they 
does he/she/it
have? or
have I/we/you/they 
has he/she/it got?
Do you have a camera? or H ave you got a camera?
Does Anne have a car? or H as Anne got a car?
W hat kind of car does she have? or W hat kind of car has she got? 
W hat do you have in your bag? or W hat have you got in your bag?
Short answers
“D o you have a cam era?” “Yes, I d o .” / “N o, I don’t .” or 
“H ave you got a cam era?” “Yes, I have.”/ “N o, I haven’t .”
“Does Anne have a car?” “Yes, she does.” / “N o, she doesn’t .” or 
“H as Anne got a car?” “Yes, she h as.” / “N o, she hasn’t .”
Had I d idn 't have Units 11-12 Have Unit 59 Som elany Unit 77
Exercises
9.1 Rewrite these sentences with got (have got / hasn't got / have . . . got?, etc.).
1. They have a car. They've g o t a car.
2. Bill has a h e a d ac h e ._________ _________________________________________________
3. I d on ’t have any free time.
4. Do you have a watch?
5. We have a lot of w ork at the office now.
6. M y brother doesn’t have a college degree.
Now rewrite these sentences without got. Use have / doesn't have / do . . . have?, etc.
7. Yoshi hasn’t got time to go w ith us. Yoshi doesn 't ha ve tim e to go w ith us.
8. You’ve got a phone call from Japan.
9. Have you got any a s p ir in ? ___________________ ________________________________
10. Sara hasn’t got m uch money.
11. Have your parents got any friends in Hawaii?
got / hasn't got / have got / haven't got.
1. (a camera) Ting has g o t a camera.
I've g o t a camera. OR J_ haven 't g o t_
2. (a bicycle) Tina 
1 .
3. (long h a ir ) ______________________________
4. (brothers / sisters)
9.3 Complete the sentences. Use have/has or don’t have / doesn't have + one of these:
-a-big ŷar-d a key a toothache m uch time
a headache a lot of friends four wheels
1. I’m not feeling very well. I have a headache____________________ .
2. It’s a nice house, but it doesn 't have a big y a r d
3. M ost cars
4. Everybody likes Tom. H e __________________________________ .
5. I’m going to the dentist this morning. I .
6. He can’t open the door. H e __________________________________ .
7. Hurry! W e _________________________________ .
9.4 Complete the sentences with do, doesn't, do n ’t, got, has, or have.
1. Sarah hasn’t go t a car. She goes everywhere by bicycle.
2. They like animals. They h a v e ________ three dogs and two cats.
3. Ryan isn’t happy. H e ______________ got a lot of problem s.
4. _____________ you have change for a dollar?
5. They don’t read much. T h e y have m any books.
6. “W hat’s w rong?” “I’v e _______________something in my eye.”
7. “W here’s my pen?” “I don’t know. I don’t _______________it.”
8. Julia w ants to go to the concert, but s h e have a ticket.
9 . ________________you got a minute to help me?
9.2 Write about Tina and you. Use has
My brothers and sisters.
TINA
Additional Exercises 4 -7 (pages 244-245)
U N I T
10
Was/were
N ow A rturo is at w ork.
At m idnight last night 
he w asn’t at work.
He was in bed.
He was asleep.
I
I
am/is (present) -» was (past)
I am tired, (now)
W here is Beth? (now)
The w eather is nice today.
are (present) -» were (past)
You are late, (now)
They aren’t here, (now)
I was tired last night.
W here was Beth yesterday?
The w eather was nice last week.
You were late yesterday.
They w eren’t here last Sunday.
Positive Negative Q uestion
I I I?
he
. was
she
he
she
was not 
(wasn’t)
he?
was , . 
she?
it it it?
we
you were 
they
we
you
they
were not 
(weren’t)
we?
were you? 
they?
Last year Amy was 22, so she’s 23 now.
W hen I was a child, I was afraid of dogs.
We were hungry after the trip , but we w eren’t tired. 
The hotel was com fortable, but it w asn’t expensive.
Was the w eather nice w hen you were on vacation? 
Those shoes are nice. Were they expensive?
W hy were you late this morning?
Short answers
I/he/she/it was.
Yes, we/you/they were. N o,
I/he/she/it w asn’t, 
we/you/they w eren’t.
“Were you late?” “N o, I w asn’t .”
“Was Scott at w ork yesterday?” “Yes, he w as.”
“Were Amy and M att at the party?” “N o, they w eren’t .”
20 A m lislare Units 1-2 I was doing Unit 13
Exercises
10.1 Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon? Where were you?
MR. and MRS. HALLBILL ELENA
1. _ B ill w as in b e d ______________. 4. o n ___________ .
2. Elena and P a b lo _______ a t __________. 5 . _ at
3. Kate at . 6 . And you? I _________________________ .
10.2 Write am / is / are (present) or was / were (past).
1. Last year she _}̂ yos___________ 22, so she .as____________23 now.
2. Today the w e a th e r______________ nice, but yesterday i t _______________very cold.
3 .1 hungry. Can I have som ething to eat?
4. I feel fine this m orning, but I ______________very tired last night.
5. W h e re ______________ you at 11 o ’clock last Friday morning?
6. D on’t buy those shoes. They . very expensive.
7. I like your new ja c k e t.______________ it expensive?
8. “W here _ the children?” “I don’t know. T h e y _______ here ten minutes ago .”
10.3 Write was / wasn't or w ere/ weren't.
1. We weren’t happy with the hotel. O ur room w as very small, and it w asn 't very clean.
2. Bill a t w ork last week because h e ____________ sick. H e’s better now.
3. Y esterday a holiday, so the banks _________closed. They’re open today.
4. “ ________ Kate and John at the party?” “Kate . there, but J o h n _________.”
5. “W here are my keys?” “I don’t know. T h e y ______________ on the table, but
they’re not there now .”
6. Y o u at hom e last night. W h e re you?
10.4Write questions. Use the words in parentheses ( ) in the correct order + was/were.
The traffic was bad.
N o, it was easy.
They were on vacation.
Because you were late.
Yes, it was beautiful.
1. f (late / you / this m orning / why?) W hy w ere you 
la te this m orning?
2. (hard / your exam?)
3. (last week / where / Beth and Bill?)
4. (angry / you / yesterday / why?
5. (nice / the weather / last week?)
U N I
10
21
A
U N I T
11
Worked, got, went, etc. (Simple Past)
They watch television every night.
(,simple present)
They watched television last night.
(simple past)
Watched is the simple past:
I/we/you/they , ,i , , ,. watched he/she/it
The simple past is often -ed (regular verbs). For example:
w ork — worked dance — danced 
clean — cleaned stay — stayed 
s tart — started need — needed
I brush my teeth every m orning. This m orning I brushed my teeth.
■ Terry worked in a bank from 1987 to 1998.
Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.
■ We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. 
The party ended at m idnight.
Spelling (see Appendix 5)
c
try — tried study — studied copy -> copied 
stop — stopped plan — planned
Some verbs are irregular (= not regular). Their simple past is no t -ed. Here are some 
im portan t irregular verbs (see also Appendixes 2-3).
begin -> began fall - f e l l leave — left sell --> sold
break broke find found lose lost sit sat
bring brought fly flew make made sleep slept
build built forget forgot meet met speak spoke
buy bought get got pay paid stand stood
catch caught give gave put put take took
come came go went read read* tell told
do did have had ring rang think thought
drink drank hear heard say said win won
eat ate know knew see saw write wrote
We did a lot of w ork yesterday. " Pro n o u n ced red
I usually get up early, but this m orning I got up at 9:30. 
Caroline went to the movies three times last week.
Ampol came into the room , took off his coat, and sat down.
22 Waslwere Unit 10 I d id n 't . and D id yo u . ? (Negatives and Questions) Unit 12 A go Unit 18
Exercises
11.1 Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs in the simple past:
b ru sh die enjoy end happen rain s ta rt stay
1. I b rushed _ my teeth three times yesterday.
2. The concert at 7:30 and at 10 o ’clock.
U N I
11
w ant
3. W hen I was a child, I
4. The accident
to be a doctor.
last Sunday afternoon.
5. I t’s a nice day today, but yesterday i t all day.
We our vacation last year. We at a very nice hotel.
7. Amy’s grandfather w hen he was 90 years old.
11.2 Write the simple past of these verbs:
 4. p a y ________
 5. visit
 6. b u y ________
1. get g o t
2. see
3. play
7. go
8. think
9. copy
10. know
11. put
12. speak
11.3 Read about Anna's trip to Mexico City. Put the verbs in the correct form.
f le wLast Tuesday Anna (l)
City. She (2)_________
(3)_______________a cup of coffee. At 7:15 she (4)
from Los Angeles to M exico
up at 6 o ’clock in the m orning and
home and (5)
(6 )
(8 )
to the airport. When she
the car and then, she (7)
to the ticket counter, where she (9)
in for her flight. Then she (10)__________ _ _ breakfast at an a irport
cafe and (ll) for her flight. The plane
(12) _______________on time and (13)_______________ in M exico City
four hours later. Finally, she (14) a taxi to her hotel.
(fly)
(get)
(have) (leave) 
(drive)
(arrive) (park) 
(go) (check) 
(have)
(wait)
(depart) (arrive) 
(take)
11.4 Write sentences about the past.
1. Jim always goes to w ork by car. Yesterday he w en t to w ork by ear
2. Mei Lan often loses her keys. S h e _______________________ ______
3. Kate meets her friends every night. S h e __________
4. I usually buy tw o newspapers every day. Yesterday I
5. We usually go to the movies on Sundays. Last Sunday we
6. I eat an apple every day. Yesterday I
last week 
last night
7. Taro always takes a shower in the m orning. This m orning he
11.5 Write sentences about what you did yesterday.
1. / p la y e d volleyball yesterday....... 3.
2. 4 .
23
/ didn't. . . Did y o u . . . ? 
(Simple Past Negative and Questions)
We use did in simple past negatives and questions.
Base form Positive Negative Q uestion
play I played I play I play?
start we started we start we start?
watch you watched you did not 
(didn’t)
w atch you watch?
have they had they have did they have?
see he saw he see he see?
do she did she do she do?
go it went it go it go?
do/does (present) did (past)
I don’t w atch television very often. 
Does she go out often?
I didn’t w atch television yesterday. 
Did she go out last night?
We use did/didn’t + base form (watch/play/go, etc.)
Positive -> Negative
I watched -> I didn’t watch (no t I didn’t watched) 
he had -» he didn’t have 
they went —> did they go? (n o t did they went?) 
you did did you do?
I played tennis yesterday, but I didn’t win.
“Did you do your hom ew ork?” “N o, I didn’t have tim e.’ 
We went to the movies, but we didn’t enjoy the film.
Study the w ord order in questions:
did + subject + base form
Did your sister call you?
W hat did you do last night?
H ow did the accident happen?
W here did your parents go for vacation?
Short answers
I/we/you/they . . . 
YeS’ he/she/it a ia * N o,
I/we/you/they
he/she/it didn’t.
‘Did you see Joe yesterday?” “N o, I didn’t .”
‘Did it rain on Sunday?” “Yes, it did.”
‘Did Helen come to the party?” “N o, she didn’t.” 
‘Did your parents have a good trip?” “Yes, they did.’
24 Worked I got I went, etc. (Sim ple Past) Unit 11
12.1 Complete these sentences. Use didn’t.
1. I saw Barbara, but I didn 't see _ M ariana.
2. They w orked on M onday, but th e y ________________________ on Tuesday.
3. We w ent to the post office, but we _ _ _ to the bank.
4. She had a pen, but s h e ________________________ any paper.
5. Brian did some w ork in the yard, but he _ _ _ _ any work in the house.
Exercises
12.2 Write questions with Did . . . ?
1. I w atched TV last night. H ow about you? D id yo u w a tch T V la st night?
2. I enjoyed the party. H ow about you?
3. I had a nice vacation. H ow about you?
4. I finished w ork early. H ow about you?
5. I slept well last night. H ow about you?
12.3 What did you do yesterday? Write true sentences, positive or negative.
1. (watch TV) / w a tc h e d TV. OR / didn't w a tch TV.
2. (get up before 7 o ’clock) 1
3. (take a shower)
4. (buy a magazine)
5. (eat meat)
6. (go to bed before 10:30)
12.4 Write B's questions. Use:
cost get to w ork go go to bed late
1. A: We w ent to Vancouver last m onth.
B: W here d id you s ta y ?
A: W ith some friends.
2. A: I was late this m orning.
B: W hat t im e _________ ?
A: H alf past nine.
3. A: I played tennis this afternoon.
B : __________________________________
A: N o, I lost.
4. A: I had a nice vacation.
B: Good. W here _ ?
A: To the m ountains.
happen have a nice tim e s tay win
5. A: We came home by taxi.
B: H ow m u c h _____________________ ?
A: Ten dollars.
6. A: I’m tired this m orning.
B:
A: N o, but I d idn’t sleep very well.
7. A: We w ent to the beach yesterday.
B:
A: Yes, it was great.
8. A: The w indow is broken.
B: H ow ?
A: I don’t know.
12.5 Put the verb in the correct form - positive, negative, or question.
1. We w ent to the movies, but the film w asn’t very good. We didn't enjoy it. (enjoy)
2. T im _________ some new clothes yesterday - two shirts, a jacket, and a sweater, (buy)
3. “________________________ yesterday?” “N o, it was a nice day.” (rain)
4. We were tired, so we________________________ long at the party, (stay)
5. It was very w arm in the room , so I a window, (open)
6. “Did you go to the bank this m orning?” “N o, I ____________________tim e.’’(have)
7. “I cut my hand this m orning .” “H o w ________________________ that?” (do)
U N I
12
Additional Exercises 10-13 (page 247)
I was doing (Past Continuous)
N o w
she began
It’s 6 o ’clock now.
Kelly is at home.
She is watching television.
At4 o ’clock she wasn’t at home. 
She was at the tennis club.
She was playing tennis.
She wasn’t watching television.
she stopped
pla}dng
she was
plaj
playing
dng
3: 90 4:00 4 30
Was/were + -ing is the past continuous.
Positive Negative Q uestion
1
he
she
it
was
we
you
they
were
doing
watching
playing
running
living
I
he
she
it
wasn’t 
(was not)
we
you
they
weren’t 
(were not)
doing
watching
playing
running
living
(etc.)
was
were
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
doing?
watching?
playing?
running?
living?
(etc.)
W hat were you doing at 11:30 yesterday? Were you working?
“W hat did he say?” “I don’t know. I wasn’t listening.”
It was raining, so we d idn’t go out.
In 1994 we were living in Japan.
Today she’s w earing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing pants.
I w oke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful m orning. The sun was shining, and 
the birds were singing.
Spelling (see Appendix 5) 
live living run —*• running lie lying
am/is/are + -ing (present) —*> was/were + -ing (past)
I’m working (now). I was working at 10:30 last night.
It isn’t raining (now). It wasn’t raining when we w ent out.
W hat are you doing (now)? W hat were you doing at three o ’clock?
Waslwere Unit 10 I was doing and I d id (Past Continuous and Sim ple Past) Unit 14
Exercises u N 1
1313.1 Look at the pictures. Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon? 
What were they doing? Write two sentences for each picture.
r 11 V
(at the tra in sta tio n / 
w a it for a train)
BRIAN CAROL
(at the su p e rm ark e t / 
buy food)___________ (in h is ca r / drive)(at hom eT w m cb k rV )
MR. a n d MRS.' CODY 
(in the p a rk / w alk)
1. T in g w a s a t home. S h e w a s w a tch in g TV.
2. Carol and B r ia n ________________________________ . T h e y __________________
3. T o m _____________________________ • ___
4.
5.
6. And you? I __________ .__________________
13.2 Sarah did a lot of things yesterday morning. Look at the pictures, and complete the 
sentences.
1. At 8:45 she w as washing h er car
2. At 10:45 she
3. At 8 o ’c lo c k _____________________
4. At 12:10
5. At 7:15 .
6. At 9:30
13.3 Complete the questions. Use was/were -ing. Use what/where/why if necessary.
1. (you / live)
2. (you / do)
3. (it / rain)
4. (Ann / drive)
5. (Lee / wear)
W here w ere yo u in 1990? 
at 2 o ’clock? 
w hen you got up?
 so fast?
. a suit yesterday?
In Brazil.
I was asleep.
N o, it was sunny. 
Because she was late. 
N o, jeans.
13.4 Look at the picture. You saw Joe yesterday afternoon. What was he doing? Write 
positive or negative sentences.
1. (wear / a jacket) He w asn 't w earing a ja cke t.
2. (carry / a bag)
3. (go / to the dentist)
4. (eat / an ice cream cone)
5. (carry / an umbrella)
6. (go / home) . _____
7. (wear / a hat)
8. (ride / a bicycle)
27
U N I T
14
I was doing and I did 
(Past Continuous and Simple Past)
A
B
Eric was reading 
a book.
The phone rang. He stopped reading.
W hat happened? The phone rang, (simple past) 
W hat was Eric doing when the phone rang?
He was reading a book.
W hat did he do when the phone rang?
He stopped reading and answered the phone.
Eric began reading before the phone rang.
So w hen the phone rang, he was reading.
he began 
reading
he was reading
(past continuous) 
(simple past)
He answered the 
phone.
the phone 
rang
he stopped 
reading
he answered 
the phone
 I
Simple past
■ A: W hat did you do yesterday morning? 
B: We played tennis, (from 10 to 11:30)
beg inn ing end
we played
(complete action)
10:00 11:30
■ Eric read a book yesterday. (= from 
beginning to end)
■ Did you watch the movie on television 
last night?
■ It didn’t rain while we were on vacation.
Past continuous
■ A: W hat were you doing at 10:30? 
B: We were playing tennis.
beginn ing
we were playing
(unfinished action)
/ \
10:00
■ Eric was reading a book when the 
phone rang.
■ Were you watching television w hen I 
called you?
■ It wasn’t raining when I got up.
I started w ork at 9 o ’clock and finished at 4:30. At 2:30 I was working.
It was raining when we went out. (= it started raining before we w ent out) 
I saw Lucy and Steve this m orning. They were waiting at the bus stop.
M i Ja fell asleep while she was reading.
28 I d id (Sim ple Past) Units 11-12 / was doing (Past Continuous) Unit 13 While Unit 100 When Unit 11.
Exercises
Linda broke (break) her arm
last week. I t _____________
continuous or simple past.14.1 Look at the pictures. Put the verbs in the past
(happen) when she 
(paint) her room . She 
(fall) off the ladder.
2 .
W'm / PAULA t
__Hi, Paula! 2 ^
II•- A . . K
© F
I’m going home.
SrNl
v N f "
" ' r '' ■■ i
Jim! I
arrive
14.2 Put the verb in the past continuous or simple past.
1. A; W hat u/ere you doing (you / do) w hen the phone rang 
B: I lA/os w atching , ... . (watch) television.
The t ra in __________
at the station, and Paula _
(get) off. Two friends of hers, John
and Jenny ,____________________(wait)
to meet her.
Yesterday Sue
(walk) dow n the street when she
_______________ _ _ _ _ _ (meet) Tim.
H e ________ . (go)
hom e, and he
(carry) a bag. T h e y ______
(stop) to talk for a few minutes.
 (ring)?
2. A: Was Tracy busy w hen you w ent to see her?
B: Yes, she _ _ ______________ _ ________ (study).
3. A: W hat t im e _________________________________(the mail / come) this morning?
B: I t (come) while I _ (have) breakfast.
4. A: Was M egan at w ork today?
B: N o, s h e ___
5. A: H ow fast
B:
6. A:
B:
7. A:
B:
8. A:
I don’t know exactly, but I
____________(not / go) to w ork. She was sick.
_____________ (you / drive) when the police
. (stop) you?
(not / drive) very fast, 
(your team / win) the baseball game yesterday?
N o, the weather was very bad, so we
H o w _____________________________
We
(not / play).
(you / break) the window?
(play) baseball. I (hit)
the ball, and it
B: Yes, she 
9. A: W hat
(break) the window, 
(you / see) Judy last night?
(wear) a long dress.
B: I was asleep. 
10. A: I
B: H ow 
A; I
(you / do) at 2 o ’clock this morning?
(lose) my key last night.
(you / get) into your apartm ent?
(climb) in through a window.
Additional Exercises 14-15 (pages 248-249) 29
U N I T
15
I used t o . . .
DAVE a fe w years ago DAVE to d a y
I w o rk in a factory. I w o rk in a su p e rm ark et. 
I used to work in
1
Dave used to work in a factory. N ow he works in a superm arket.
Dave used to work in a factory = he w orked in a factory in the past, but he doesn’t
w ork there now
he used to work
p a st
he w o rk s
n o w
You can say I used to work . . . / she used to have . . . / they used to be . . . , etc.
be
I/you/we/they , work
, , , used to havehe/she/it ,play
(etc.)
W hen I was a child, I used to like chocolate.
I used to read a lo t of books, but I d on ’t read 
m uch these days.
Liz has short hair now, but it used to be very long. 
They used to live on the same block as us, so we 
used to see them often. But we don’t see them 
very often these days.
Amy used to have a piano, but she sold it when 
she moved.
The negative is I didn’t use to . . . .
W hen I was a child, I didn’t use to like tom atoes.
The question is did you use to . . . ?
W here did you use to live before you came here?
c
30
We use used to . . . only for the past. You cannot say “I use to . . .” (present). 
I used to play tennis. These days I play golf. (not I use to play golf.)
We usually get up early. (no t We use to get up early.)
Exercises
15.1 Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with used to . . . .
N o w A few years N o w When I was 
younger. . .
O ,
1. She u sed to have long 2. He 
hair.
N o w A few years
3.
baseball.
I’m a hairdresser now.
a taxi driver.
L We live in ̂Denver now. N o w This is me 20 years ago. N o w A long time^ago
I never wear glasses now.
t o
Our house in Dallas 20 years ago.
4. 5.
in Dallas.
6. This building
15.2 Karen works very hard and has very little free time. Afew years ago, her life was
different. .
KAREN a fe w years ago
Do you play any sports? Yes, I swim every day
and I play volleyball.
Do you go out much? Yes, three or four nights a week.
Do you play a musical Yes, the guitar,
instrument?
Do you like to read? Yes, I read a lot.
Do you travel much? Yes, I take two or three trips
a year.
Write sentences about Karen with used to . . . .
1. She u sed to sw im e v e ry day. ............... 4 . ______
2. She _______________________________ . 5.
3. 6.
KAREN now
1 work very 
hard at my 
job. I don’t 
have any 
free time.
15.3 Complete these sentences. Use used to or the simple present (/ play /h e lives, etc.).
1. 1 used to p lay tennis. I stopped playing a few years ago.
2. “Do you play any sports?” “Yes. I p l a y _
3. “Do you have a car?
4. Fu Chen
>” “Yes, I 
‘N o, I _
basketball.” 
one, but I sold it.”
_____________________ a waiter. N ow he’s the m anager of a restaurant.
5. “Do you go to w ork by car?” “Sometimes, but usually I ______________by tra in .”
6. W hen I was a child, I n e v e r vegetables, but I eat them now.
7. Suree loves to w atch TV. S h e TV every night.
8. W e _________________ . near the airport, but we moved to the city a few years ago.
9. N orm ally 1 start w ork at 7 o ’clock, so I up very early.
10. W hat g am e s__________________ y o u ____________________when you were a child?
U N I
15
31
Have you ever . . . ?(Present Perfect)
Have you been to Mexico City?
Yes, I have. Many times. 
Have you ever driven a car there?
No, I’ve never driven in Mexico City.
Have been / have driven / have played, etc., is the present perfect (have + past participle). 
I
we
you
they
he
she
it
have (‘ve) 
have not (haven’t)
has (’s)
has not (hasn’t)
played I played?
lived have we lived?visited you visited?
read they read?
lost he lost?
been has she been?
flown it flown?
Regular verbs
Irregular verbs
Regular verbs: The past participle is -ed (the same as the simple past).
play we have played live -* I have lived visit -> she has visited 
Irregular verbs: The past participle is sometimes the same as the simple past.
buy I bought / 1 have bought have -» he had / he has had 
Sometimes it is different (see Appendixes 2-3).
break —* I broke / I have broken see you saw / you have seen
We use the present perfect when we talk about a time from the past until now, for example, 
a person’s life.
Have you ever been to Japan?
n o wp a st
“Have you been to France?” (in your life) “N o, I haven’t.”
We’ve been to C anada, but we haven’t been to Alaska.
M ary has had m any different jobs and has lived in m any places.
I’ve seen th a t w om an before, but I can’t rem em ber where.
H ow m any times has Brazil won the W orld Cup?
“Have you read this book?” “Yes, I’ve read it tw ice.” (twice = tw o times)
Present perfect + ever (in questions) and never
“Has Amy ever been to A ustralia?” “Yes, once.” (once = one time)
“Have you ever played golf?” “Yes, I play golf a lo t.”
M y m other has never traveled by plane.
■ I’ve never ridden a horse.
“W ho is that m an?” “I don’t know. I’ve never seen him before.”
Present Perfect and Sim ple Past Units 19-21 Present Perfect Units 17-18 Irregular Verbs Appendixes 2-3
Exercises
16.1 You are asking Angela questions. Write the 
questions. Begin with Have you e v e r . .. ?
YO U 1
1. (M ontreal?)
2. (p lay /go lf?)
3. (Australia?)
4. (lose / your passport?)
5. (fly / in a helicopter?)
6. (eat / Chinese food?)
7. (London?)
8. (drive / a bus?)
H ave you e v e r been to M ontreal? 
Have you e v e r p layed golf?
Have
vsy
I AN GELA
N o, never.
Yes, m any times. 
N o, never.
Yes, once.
N o, never.
Yes, a few times. 
Yes, twice.
N o, never.
16.2 Look at Angela's answers in Exercise 16.1. Write sentences about Angela.
1. (London) Hnaela has been to London t w ice .
2. (Australia) She
3. (Chinese food)
4. (drive / a b u s )________________ _______________________________________
Now write about yourself. How many times have you done these things?
5. (London) I _ _ _ _ ____ __________________________________
6. (play / tennis)
7. (fly / in a helicopter)
16.3 Mary is 85 years old. She has had an interesting life. What has she done?
MARY
be meet
do travel
-have write
all over the world 
a lot of interesting people m arried three times 
a lot of interesting things ten books
1 • She has had m any d iffe re n t Jo bs
2. She
3.
4 . ________________________________
5.
6.
16.4 Put the verbs in the present perfect.
1. I've seen _(I / see) that w om an before, but 1 can’t rem ember where.
2. “ Have you e v e r p la ye d (you / ever / play) golf?” “Yes, I play golf a lo t.”
3. “ (you / ever / write) a poem ?” “Yes, in high school.”
4. “Does Emma know Sam ?” “N o , _ _ _ (she / never / meet) h im .”
5. Ann and Eli have lots of books, a n d _____________________ (they / read) all of them.
6 . ___ (I / never / be) to Australia, but
(my brother / be) there twice.
7. Joy’s favorite film is H ow ard and B e lin d a .________________________ (she / see) it
five times, b u t (I / never / see) it.
8 . (I / travel) by plane, bus, and train. Someday, I w ant to
take a trip by boat.
U N I
16
Additional Exercises 16, 18 (pages 249-250) 33
A
U N I T
17
How long have y o u . . . ?
Susan is on vacation in N ew York. 
She is there now.
She arrived in N ew York on M onday. 
Today is Thursday.
H ow long has she been in N ew York?
She has been in N ew York [ f nce, M o" day 'Dor three days.
Com pare is and has been:
She has been in New York jsince Monday.
ror three days.
She is in 
New York now.
Monday
is = present
has been = present perfect
now
Thursday
Com pare:
Simple present
■ D an and Kate are m arried.
■ Are you m arried?
■ D o you know Lynn?
■ I know Lynn.
■ Vera lives in Brasilia.
■ I have a car.
Present perfect
■ They have been m arried for five years. 
{not They are m arried for five years.)
■ H ow long have you been married?
{not H ow long are you married?)
■ H ow long have you known her?
(no t H ow long do you know her?)
■ I’ve known her for a long time.
{not I know her for a long time.)
H ow long has she lived in Brasilia? 
She has lived there all her life.
■ H ow long have you had your car?
I’ve had it since April.
Present continuous
I’m studying German.
Bruce is watching TV.
It’s raining.
Present perfect continuous 
m H ow long have you been studying German? 
{not H ow long are you studying German?)
I’ve been studying Germ an for tw o years.
■ H ow long has he been watching TV?
H e’s been watching TV since 5 o ’clock.
(he’s been = he has been)
■ It’s been raining all day. (it’s been = it has been)
How long have you 
been in New York?
Since Monday.
34 For and since Units 18, 99
17.1 Complete these sentences.
Exercises
1. Susan is in N ew York. She has been there since M onday.
2. I know Isabel. I have know n her for a long time.
3. N ancy and Seth are m arried. They m arried since 1997.
4. Bill is sick. He sick for the last few days.
5. We live on M ain Street. We there for ten years.
6. Chris works in a bank. She in a bank for five years.
7. Andy has a headache. He a headache since he got up this morning.
8. I’m studying English. I English for six m onths.
17.2 Write questions with How long . . . ?
1. Susan is on vacation.
2. Seth and N ancy are in Canada.
3. I know Amy.
4. D iana is studying Italian.
5. M y brother lives in Seattle.
6. I’m a teacher.
7. It is raining.
17.3
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with:
all day all her life for ten m inutes for ten years since he w as 20 since Sunday
1. _ They have been m a rr ied fo r ten years.
2. S h e .
I’m
waiting.
I have a beard.I live in Korea. vacation.
3. They
4. The sun
5. She
6. H e ____
17.4 Which is right?
1. Vinai lives / has lived in C anada since 1999. (has lived is right,)
2. R uth is a good friend of mine. I know / have know n her very well.
3. Ruth is a good friend of mine. I know / haveknow n her for a long time.
4. “Sorry I’m late. H ow long are you / have you been w aiting?” “Only five m inutes.”
5. Ted w orks / has w orked in a hotel now. He likes his job a lot.
6. Amy is reading the newspaper. She is / has been reading it for tw o hours.
7. “H ow long do you live / have you lived in this house?” “A bout ten years.”
8. “Is that a new coat?” “N o. I have / I’ve had this coat for a long tim e.”
9. Ed is / has been in Seattle right now. He is / has been there for the last three days.
U N I
17
Additional Exercises 16-21 (pages 249-252) 35
A
U N I T
18
For, since, and ago
for and since
We use for and since to say bow long.
■ Rachel is in Brazil. She has been there |
since Monday.
We use for + a period of time (three days / 
two years, etc.).
for three days
M o n d a y T uesday W ednesday
pa st n o w
for
three days ten m inutes
an hour tw o hours
a week four weeks
a m onth six m onths
five years a long time
Richard has been in Canada for six 
months. (not since six months) 
W e’ve been waiting for two hours. 
[not since tw o hours)
I’ve lived in Chicago for a long time.
We use since + the start of the period 
(Monday / 9 o ’clock, etc.).
M o n d a y since Mondayv >
pa st n o w
since
M onday W ednesday
9 o ’clock 12:30
July 4th my birthday
January I was ten years old
1995 we arrived
Richard has been in Canada since 
January. (= from January to now) 
W e’ve been waiting since 9 o ’clock. 
(= from 9 o ’clock to now)
I’ve lived in Chicago since I was ten 
years old.
ago = before now
■ Ji Yoo started her new job three weeks ago. (- three weeks before now)
■ “W hen did Tom go o u t?” “Ten minutes ago.” (= ten m inutes before now)
■ I had dinner an hour ago.
■ Life was very different a hundred years ago.
We use ago w ith the past (started/did/had/was, etc.).
Com pare ago and for:
When did Rachel arrive in Brazil?
She arrived in Brazil three days ago.
H ow long has she been in Brazil?
She has been in Brazil for three days.
36 Present Perfect + for/since Unit 17 From I u n til I since I fo r Unit 99 For and during Unit 100
18.1 Write for or since.
1. Rachel has been in Brazil since M onday.
2. Rachel has been in Brazil fo r , three days.
3. M y aunt has lived in A u stra lia_______________15 years.
4. Jennifer is in her office. She has been th e re 7 o ’clock.
5. M exico has been an independent country 1821.
6. The bus is late. We’ve been w a itin g ______________ 20 minutes.
7. N obody lives in those houses. They have been empty m any years.
8. Luis has been sick _____________ a long time. He has been in the hospital
_ October.
18.2 Answer these questions. Use ago.
1. W hen was your last meal? Three hours ape.
2. W hen was the last time you were sick? _ ____
3. W hen was the last time you w ent to the movies? _______________________
4. W hen was the last time you were in a car?
5. W hen was the last time you took a v aca tio n ?________________________
18.3 Complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses ( ) + for or ago.
1. Rachel arrived in Brazil th ree days ago ____ . (three days)
2. Rachel has been in Brazil fo r th ree days _ __. (three days)
3. Linda and Frank have been m a rr ie d . (20 years)
4. Linda and Frank got m a rr ie d . (20 years)
5. We a rr iv e d ________________________ . (ten minutes)
6. It started to rain ______________________ . (an hour)
7. Silvia has been studying E nglish . (six months)
8. I bought these sh o e s . (a few days)
18.4 Complete the sentences with for or since.
1. Pam is in Cuba now. She arrived three days ago. She has been there for th ree days.
2. Carlos is here. He arrived here on Tuesday. He h a s _______________________________ .
3. It’s raining. It started an hour ago. It’s b e e n __________________________________ .
4. I know Sue. I m et her tw o years ago. I’v e __________________________________ .
5. I have a camera. I bought it in 1999. I’v e .
6. Liz is studying medicine a t the university. She started three years ago. She has
Exercises
7. Toshi plays the piano. He started when he was seven years old. Toshi has
18.5 Write sentences about yourself with for and since. Begin with the words in 
parentheses ( ).
1. (I’ve lived) ________
2. (I’ve been)
3. (I’ve been studying)
4. (I’ve known) _
5. (I’ve had)
U N I
18
Additional Exercise 17 (page 250) 3 7
I have done and I did 
(Present Perfect and Simple Past 1)
He is washing his car. He has washed his car. 
(= his car is clean now)
They have gone out.
(= they are not at home now)
c
38
His car is dirty.
They are at home. They are going out.
We use the present perfect (he has washed / they have gone, etc.) for an action in the past 
w ith a result now.
I’ve lost m y passport. (= I can ’t find my passport now)
“W here’s Tiffany?” “She’s gone to bed .” (= she is in bed now)
W e’ve bought a new car. (= we have a new car now)
Rachel has a headache because she hasn’t taken her medicine.
“Bob is on vacation .” “ O h, where has he gone?”
H ave you met my brother, or should I introduce you?
I was a very slow typist in college, but I’ve gotten faster.
Usually you can also use the simple past (he washed / 1 lost, etc.) in these situations. So 
you can say:
■ “W here’s your key?” “I’ve lost it.” or “I lo s t it.”
“ Is Peter here?” “N o, he’s gone hom e.” or “He w ent hom e.”
We’ve bought a new car. or We bought a new car.
We use only the simple past (not the present perfect) with a finished time (yesterday, last 
week, etc.).
I lost my key yesterday, (not I have lost)
We bought a new car last week. (no t we have bought)
Present Perfect Units 16-18 Present Perfect and Sim ple Past Units 20-21
Exercises
19.1 Look at the pictures. What has happened? Use the present perfect. Choose from: 
close the do o r fall dow n go to bed stop rain ing take a show er
1.
2 .
now
now
J5L f** H I
I
3.
4. now
O'
S '
5. before
m
1
a i I ^ 3 !
i U t
ii-X
6 . before now
Hr
She has w ash ed h e r car
He
They
It
He
The
U N
19
19.2 Rewrite the sentences that have underlined verbs. Use the present perfect.
1. Lee M ing isn’t here. He w ent home. He has gone hom e ___
2. I don’t need to call them. I w rote them a l e t t e r . ____ .
3. Karen’s not coming to the party. She broke her a r m .____
4. My brother and his wife don ’t live here anym ore. They moved to Seattle.
5. I m ade a big mistake.
6. I lost my wallet.
Did you see it anywhere?
7. Did you h ea r? . _______
M ark got married!
Now rewrite these present perfect sentences in the simple past.
8. I’ve done the shopping. J_ d id the shopping
9. Brian has taken my bike again w ithout asking.
10. Have you told your friends the good news?
11. We haven’t paid the electric b ill ._____________________
39
They have just arrived.
already (= before you expected / before I expected)
We use already with the present perfect or the simple past. 
A: W hat time are Diane and Paul coming?
B: They’ve already arrived, or They already arrived.
I t’s only nine o ’clock, and Anne has already gone to bed. 
or . . . Anne already went to bed.
A: John, this is Mary.
B: Yes, I know. We’ve already met. or We already met.
Jo h n , th is Yes, I know . W e’ve 
is M ary. already m et.
A
U N I T
20
B
C
Just; already; and yet 
(Present Perfect and Simple Past 2)
just (= a short time ago)
We use just w ith the present perfect or the simple past.
A: Are Diane and Paul here?
B: Yes, they’ve just arrived, or Yes, they just arrived. 
A: Are you hungry?
B: N o, I’ve just had dinner, or I just had dinner.
A: Is Jiro here?
B: Sorry, he’s just left, or Sorry, he just left.
yet (= until now)
We use yet w ith the present perfect or simple past. We use yet in negative sentences 
(I haven’t . . . yet) and questions (Have you . . . yet?). Yet is usually at the end.
yet in negative sentences
A: Are Diane and Paul here?
B: N o, they haven’t arrived yet. or . . . they didn’t arrive yet.
(but B expects Diane and Paul to arrive soon)
A: Does John know that you’re goingaway?
B: N o, I haven’t told him yet. or . . . I d idn’t tell him yet.
(but B is going to tell him soon)
Joy bought a new dress, but she hasn’t w orn it yet. or . . . she didn’t wear it yet.
yet in questions
A: H ave Diane and Paul arrived yet? or 
Did Diane and Paul arrive yet?
B: N o, not yet. We’re still waiting for them.
A: H as Nicole started her new job yet? or 
Did Nicole start her new job yet?
B: N o, she’s starting next week. > I W
■ A: This is my new dress. ~ i7 / /
B: O h, it’s nice. H ave you w orn it yet? or /
D id you w ear it yet?
Present Perfect Units 16-18 Present Perfect and Sim ple Past Units 19, 21
T his is my 
new dress. ^
Oh, it’s u 
Have you; 
it yet?
9020.1 Write a sentence for each picture. Use just and the present perfect.
Exercises u N 1
1. They vs j u s t arrived. 3. They
2. He 4. The race
20.2 Complete the sentences. Use already and the present perfect.
1. W hat time is Yong Jin arriving? ' He s a lready arrived.
2. Do Sue and Bill w ant to see the movie? N o, they it.
3. D on’t forget to call Eric. I
4. W hen is M ark going to work? He
5. Do you w ant to read the newspaper? I
6. W hen does Nicole start her new job? ^She y
20.3 Rewrite these sentences. Use the present perfect.
1. Did Nicole start her new job yet? Has N icole s ta r te d h er n e w Job ytet?
2. Did you tell your father about the accident yet?
3. I just ate a big dinner, so I’m not hungry.
4. Jenny can w atch TV because she already did her hom ew ork.
5. You can’t go to bed - you d idn’t brush your teeth yet.
6. You can’t talk to Pete because he just went home.
7. Sarah just got out of the hospital, so she can’t go to w ork.
Now rewrite these sentences in the simple past.
8. Have you given the m ailm an our new address yet?
.Vidaynugyive the m adm an our n e w addreaauyet?
9. The m ailm an hasn’t come vet.
10. I’ve just spoken to your sister.
11. Has M ario bought a new com puter yet?
12. Ted and Alice haven’t told anyone they’re getting m arried yet.
13. We’ve already done our packing for our trip.
14. I’ve just been to the gym. I feel great! .
20.4 Write questions with the present perfect and yet.
1. Your friend has gotten a new job. Perhaps she has started it. You ask her,
Ha. V£-.you. s ta r ted yo u r n e w ja b y e t ____________________________________ ?
2. Your friend has some new neighbors. M aybe he has met them. You ask him,
you _ _?
3. Your friend has to write a letter. Perhaps she has w ritten it now. You ask her, 
 ?
4. Jiro was trying to sell his car. M aybe he has sold it now. You ask a friend about Jiro.
p
41
A
U N I T
21
B
I've lost my key. I lost my key last week. 
(Present Perfect and Simple Past 3)
Sometimes you can use the present perfect (I have lost / he has gone, etc.) or the simple 
past (I lost / he went, etc.).
“Is Peter here?” “N o, he’s gone hom e.” or “N o, he went hom e.”
But w ith a finished time (yesterday / last week, etc.), we use only the simple past (not the 
present perfect).
Simple past + finished time
We arrived
yesterday, 
last week, 
at 3 o ’clock, 
in 1991. 
six m onths ago. past
yesterday 
last week 
six months ago
(finished time)
noiv
Do not use the present perfect w ith a finished time.
■ I saw R atana yesterday. (n o t I have seen)
■ W here were you on Sunday afternoon? (n o t W here have you been)
■ We didn’t take a vacation last year. (n o t We haven’t taken)
■ “W hat did you do last night?” “I stayed at hom e.”
W illiam Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He wrote many 
plays and poems.
Use the simple past to ask When . . . ? or What time . . . ?.
■ When did they arrive? (n o t W hen have they arrived?)
Compare:
Present perfect or simple past
■ I have lost my key. or I lost my key. (= I can’t find it now)
■ Bill has gone home, or Bill went home. (= he isn’t here now) 
* Have you had lunch? or Did you have lunch?
M The letter hasn’t arrived yet. or The letter didn’t arrive yet.
Present perfect only
(time until now) ►
■ Have you ever been to Spain?
(= in your life, until now)
M y friend is a writer. He has written m any books.
past ncnv ■ We’ve lived in Boston for six years. (= we live 
there now)
Simple past only
■ Did you go to Spain last year?
Shakespeare wrote many plays and poems.
We lived in Chicago for ten years, but now we
(finished time)
past nc)w live in Boston.
42 Present Perfect Units 16-18 Present Perfect and Sim ple Past Units 19-20
Exercises
21.1 Use the words in parentheses ( ) to answer the questions.
1. (an hour ago) Have you had lunch?
r
Yes, L h a d j t ,gn houCMgo
2. (last week) Have you started your new job? Yes, I last week.
3. (on Friday) Have your friends arrived? Yes, they
4. (at 5 o ’clock) H as Sarah gone out? Yes,
5. (yesterday) Have you w orn your new suit? Yes, )
U N I
21
2 1 . 2
21.3
Right or wrong? Correct the underlined parts that are wrong.
1. I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it. 'RICtHTL
2. Have you seen Anne yesterday? W RQ.N& d id you see
3. I’ve finished my w ork at two o ’clock.
4. I’m ready now. I’ve finished my work.
5. W hat time have you finished your work?
6. Gloria isn’t here. She’s gone out.
7. Tim’s grandm other has died last night.
8. W here have you been in 1998?
Put the verb in the present perfect or simple past.
1. M y friend is a writer. He . has w r itte n many books, (write)
2. We didn't take a vacation last year, (not / take)
3. I ________________________ tennis yesterday afternoon, (play)
4. W hat time to bed last night? (you / go)
5. Kathy travels a lot. S h e many countries, (visit)
6. I live in New York now, but I _ in M exico for many years, (live)
7. The w eather very good yesterday, (not / be)
8. Sonia is an actress now. S h e________________________ in several plays, (be)
9. I . my hair before breakfast this m orning, (wash)
21.4 Put the verb in the present perfect or simple past.
1. A: Jdave you e v e r been (you / ever / 
be) to Florida?
B: Yes, we w e n t (go) 
there on vacation two years ago.
A: (you / have) 
a good time?
B: Yes, it (be) great.
2. A: W hat does your friend do?
B: She’s a painter. She
(win) many prizes for her paintings.
A: (you / see) 
any of her paintings?
B: Yes, (I / see) 
some of her w ork last week.
3. Rose w orks in a factory now, but she
(have) a lot of
4. A: Do you know M ark ’s sister?
B: I (see) her
different jobs. Five years ago, she
(be) a waitress
a few times but I
(never / speak) to her.
in a restaurant. After that, she
(work) on a ranch,
but she
(you /
ever / speak) to her?
A: Yes, I (meet) her
(not / enjoy) it very much. at a party last week. She’s very nice.
Additional Exercises 19-23 (pages 251-253) 43
U N I T Is done and was done (Passive 1)
The office is cleaned every day.
The office was cleaned yesterday.
Com pare active and passive:
Somebody cleans the office every day. (active)
The office is cleaned every day. (passive)
Somebody cleaned the office yesterday, (active)
i— :--------------------------------------------------- 1
The office was cleaned yesterday. (passive)
The passive is:
Simple present 
Simple past
Past participle
am/is/are
was/were (not)
cleaned
invented
injured
done
built
taken, etc.
The past participle of regular verbs is -ed (cleaned/damaged, etc.).
For a list of irregular past participles (done/built/taken, etc.), see Appendixes 2 -3 .
Butter is made from cream.
Oranges are imported into Canada.
H ow often are these room s cleaned?
I am never invited to parties.
This house was built 100 years ago.
These houses were built 100 years ago.
W hen was the telephone invented?
We weren’t invited to the party last week.
“Was anybody injured in the accident?” “Yes, tw o people were taken to the 
hosp ita l.”
was/were born
I was born in Los Angeles in 1981. (not I am bom )
W here were you born?
Passive + by . . .
We were w oken up by a loud noise. (= The noise w oke us up.)
The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
■ My brother was bitten by a dog last week.K .- '
Is b e in g d o n e I has b e e n d o n e U nit 23 Irre g u la r Verbs U nit 25, A p p e n d ix e s 2 -3 
B y U nit 106 A ctiv e and Passive A p p e n d ix 1
22.1 Write sentences with the words in parentheses ( ). Sentences 1-7 are present.
1. (the office / clean / every day) The office is clean e d e v e ry day.
2. (these room s / clean / every day?) f ir e these rooms cleaned e v e r y day? ___
3. (glass / m ake / from sand) G la s s .
4. (stamps / sell / in a post o ffice )_________________________________________________
5. (this w ord / not / use / very often) _____________________________________________ _
6. (we / allow / to park h e re ? )________________________________________
7. (how / this word / p ronounce?)________ _______________________________________
Sentences 8-14 are past.
8. (the office / clean / yesterday) The o ffice w as cleaned y e s te r day.
9. (the house / pain t / last m onth) The house _____________________________________.
10. (three people / injure / in the acc id en t)____________________________________
11. (my bicycle / steal / a few days a g o ) _
12. (when / this bridge / b u ild ? ) _
13. (you / invite / to the party last w eek ?) .____
14. (I / no t / wake up / by the noise) _____________________
22.2 Correct these sentences.
1. This house built 100 years ago. This house w as built 100 years ago.
2. Soccer plays in m ost countries of the w o r ld .________________________________
3. W hy did the letter send to the w rong ad d ress?___________
4. A garage is a place where cars re p a ir ._______________________
5. W here are you b o rn ? _____________ _____________________________ ________________
6. H ow many languages are speaking in Canada? _________________________
7. Somebody broke into our house, but nothing s to le n .__________________________
8. W hen was invented the b icycle?___________________________________________
22.3 Complete the sentences. Use the passive (present or past) of these verbs:
clean damage find give invite make make show steal take
1. The room is clea n e d ___________ every day.
2. I saw an accident yesterday. Two people w ere taken _ to the hospital.
3. P a p e r________________________ from wood.
4. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two of the ro o m s _______________________ .
5. “W here did you get this picture?” “I t ________________ to me by a friend of m ine.”
6. M any British p ro g ra m s________________________ on American television.
7. “Did Jim and Sue go to the w edding?” “N o. They ________________________ , but
they d idn ’t g o .”
8. “H ow old is this m ovie?” “I t _ in 1965 .”
9. My c a r ________________last week, but the next day it by the police.
22.4 Where were they born?
1. (M akoto / Kyoto) f fa k o to w as born in Ky oto._________________ _______
2. (Isabel / Sao Paulo) I s a b e l______________________________________________________ .
3. (her parents / Rio de Janeiro) Her
4. (y o u /???) I ___________________ .
5. (your m other / ???) ____________________________________________________________
Exercises U N I
22
45
A
U N I T
23
Is being done and has been done (Passive 2)
is/are being . . . (present continuous passive)
Somebody is painting the door . (active)
' : : : 1
The door is being painted. (passive)
■ I took the bus this morning. M y car is being repaired. (= somebody is repairing it)
■ Some new houses are being built across from the park. (= somebody is building 
them)
Compare the present continuous and simple present:
■ The office is being cleaned right now. (present continuous)
The office is cleaned every day. (simple present)
m In the U.S., football games are usually shown on TV on Mondays, but no games 
are being shown next Monday.
has/have been . . . (present perfect passive)
Somebody has painted the door . (active)
i ; 1
The door has been painted. (passive)
before now
My key has been stolen. (= somebody has stolen it)
■ My keys have been stolen. (= somebody has stolen them)
■ I’m not going to the party. I haven’t been invited. (= nobody has invited me)
■ Has this window been washed? (= Has somebody washed it?)
Compare the present perfect and simple past:
■ The room is clean now. It has been cleaned, (present perfect)
The room was cleaned yesterday, (simple past)
■ I can’t find my keys. I think they’ve been stolen, (present perfect)
M y keys were stolen last week, (simple past)
46
Present C o n tin u o u s and S im p le Present U nits 8, 26 Present Perfect and S im p le Past U nit 21 
Is d o n e / w as d o n e U nit 18 A ctiv e and Passive A p p e n d ix 1
Exercises
23.1 What's happening?
1. The car is being rep a ire d 3. The w in d o w s__
2. A bridge ___ _ . 4. The grass
23.2 Look at the pictures. What is happening or what has happened? Use the present 
continuous (is/are being . . . J or the present perfect (has/have been . . . ).
1. (the office / clean) The o ffice is being cleaned.
2. (the shirts / iron) The sh ir ts h a re been ironed.
3. (the w indow / break) The w indow _____________________________________________
4. (the roof / repair) The roof
5. (the car / damage)
6. (the buildings / knock / down)
7. (the trees / cut / d o w n ) _____
8. (they / invite / to a party)
23.3 Use the words in parentheses ( ) to complete the sentences. (Study Unit 22 first.)
1. I can’t use my office right now. It j s be ing /pa in ted . (paint)
2. We d idn’t go to the party. We w eren > in v ited ________ . (not / invite)
3. The washing machine was broken, but it’s OK now.
I t ________________________ . (repair)
4. The washing m achine , yesterday afternoon, (repair)
5. A factory is a place where th in g s________________________ . (make)
6. H ow old are these houses? W h e n ________________________ ? (they / build)
7. A : ________________________ right now? (the com puter / use)
B: Yes, Jim is using it.
8. I’ve never seen these flowers before. W hat . ? (they / call)
9. My sunglasses________________________ at the beach yesterday, (steal)
10. The bridge is closed. I t ________________________ last week and it
_________________ yet. (damage) (not / repair)
U N I
23
Additional Exercises 24-27 (pages 253-254) 4 7
U N I T Be, have, and do in Present and Past Tenses
be (am/is/are/was/were) + -ing (cleaning/working, etc.)
am/is/are + -ing
(present continuous) 
See Units 3 -4 and 26.
Please be quiet. I’m working. 
It isn’t raining right now. 
What are you doing tonight?
was/were + -ing
(past continuous) 
See Unit 13.
I was working when she arrived.
It wasn’t raining, so we went out. 
What were you doing at three o ’clock?
be + past participle (cleaned/made/eaten, etc.)
am/is/are + past participle 
(simple present passive) 
See Unit 22.
was/were + past participle 
(simple past passive)
See Unit 22.
The room is cleaned every day.
I’m never invited to parties.
Oranges are imported into Canada.
The room was cleaned yesterday.
These houses were built 100 years ago. 
H ow was the window broken?
Where were you born?
have/has + past participle (cleaned/lost/eaten/been, etc.)
I’ve lived in this house for ten years. 
Tom has never ridden a horse.
Barbara hasn’t been to South America. 
Where have Paul and Nicole gone?
have/has + past participle 
(present perfect)
See Units 16-17 , 19-21.
do/does/did + base form (clean/like/eat/go, etc.)
do/does + base form 
(simple present negative 
and questions)
See Units 6 -7 .
I like coffee, but I don’t like tea.
Chris doesn’t go out very often.
What do you usually do on weekends? 
Does Barbara live alone?
did + base form 
(simple past negative 
and questions)
See Unit 12.
■
I didn’t watch TV yesterday.
It didn’t rain last week.
What time did Paul and Nicole go out?
Irregular Verbs Unit 25. Appendixes 2-3
Exercises
24.1 Write is/are/do/does.
1. Do
24.2
24.4
2. W here are
3. W hy
4.
5. _________
you w ork on weekends?
. they going?
 you looking at me?
Bill live near you?
_ you like to cook?
6._ _
7. W hat time
9. W hat 
10 .
 the sun shining?
_ the stores close? 
R atana w orking today?
______ this w ord mean?
you feeling all right?
Write am n o t/ isn 't/ aren't/ don't / doesn't. All these sentences are negative.
1. Tom doesn 't_______ w ork on weekends.
2. I’m very tired. I _______________w ant to go out tonight.
3. I’m very tired. I going out tonight.
4. Eric ______________ w orking this week. H e’s on vacation.
5. M y parents are usually a t home. T h e y ______________ go out very often.
6. Barbara has traveled a lot, but she
7. You can turn off the television. I
8. There’s a party next week, but we
speak any foreign languages, 
watching it. 
going.
24.3 Write was/were/did/have/has.
1. W here w ere your shoes made?
2. . you go out last night?
you doing at 10:30?
6. W hat time
7. W hen
she go?
3. W hat _
4. W here
5.
your m other born? 
Barbara gone home?
9. W hy 
10. H ow long
_ these houses built? 
Sanun arrived yet? 
you go home early?
. they been married?
Write is/are/was/were/have/has.
1. Joe has never ridden a horse.
2. This bridge
3.
built ten years ago.
you finished your w ork yet? 7.
6. I _____________ just made some coffee.
W ould you like some?
Glass m ade from sand.
4. This tow n is always clean. The streets
. cleaned every day.
5. W here . you born?
8. This is a very old photograph. It
taken a long time ago.
9. Joe ______________ bought a new car.
24.5 Complete the sentences. Choose verbs from the list. Use the correct forms.
damage enjoy go away open -rain use
eat go listen pronounce understand
1. I’m going to take an umbrella w ith me. I t’s raining .
2. W hy are you so tired? Did you ao_ to bed late last night?
3. W here are the chocolates? Have y o u _______________them all?
4. H ow is your new job? Are you
5. M y car was badly
it?
6. Chris has a car but she doesn’t
in the accident, but I was OK. 
it very often.
7. M ary isn’t at hom e. She has 
I don ’t ___________
for a few days, 
the problem . Can you explain it again?
M ark is in his room . H e’s to music.
10. I don’t know how to say this w ord. H ow is it ?
11. H ow do you _____________ this window? Can you show me?
U N I
24
49
A
U N I T
25
Regular and Irregular Verbs
Regular verbs
The sim ple past and past participle of regular verbs is -ed.
clean —» cleaned live -» lived paint -» painted study -» studied
Simple past (see Unit 11)
I cleaned my room yesterday.
Charlie studied engineering in college.
Past participle
Present perfect = have/has + past participle (see Units 1 6 -1 7 , 19-21)
I have cleaned my room.
■ Tracy has lived in Miami for ten years.
Passive = be (is / are / were / has been, etc.) + past participle (see Units 22-23)
■ These rooms are cleaned every day.
■ My car has been repaired.
Irregular verbs
The simple past and past participle of irregular verbs are not -ed. For example:
Base form make break cut
Simple past made broke cut
Past participle made broken cut
Sometimes the simple past and past participle are the same. For example:
Base form 
Simple past 
Past participle
m I made a cake yesterday, (simple past)
■ I’ve just made some coffee, (past participle in the present perfect)
■ Butter is made from cream, (past participle in the passive)
Sometimes the simple past and past participle are different. For example:
Base form
Simple past 
Past participle
■ Somebody broke this window last night, (simple past)
■ Somebody has broken this window, (past participle in the present perfect)
■ This window was broken last night, (past participle in the passive)
break know begin go
broke knew begin went
broken known began gone
make find buy cut
made found bought cut
50 Irregular Verbs Appendixes 2 -3 Spelling of Regular Verbs Appendix 5
25.1 Write the simple past / past participle of these verbs. (The simple past and past 
participle are the same for all the verbs in this exercise.)
Exercises
1. make m ade 6. enjoy 11. hear
2. cut c u t 7. buy 12. put
3. say 8. sit 13. catch
4. bring 9. leave 14. watch
5. pay 10. happen 15. understand
Write the simple past and past participle of these verbs.
1. break broke broken 6. run 11. take
2. begin 7. speak 12. g°
3. eat 8. write 13. give
4. drink 9. come 14. throw
5. drive 10. know 15. get
25.3 Put the verb in the right form.
1. I . w ashed my hands because they were dirty, (wash)
2. Somebody has broken this window, (break)
3. I feel good. I _very well last night, (sleep)
4. We . _ a really good movie yesterday, (see)
5. I t a lot while we were on vacation, (rain)
6. I’v e _____________ my bag. (lose) Have y o u _____________ it? (see)
7. R osa’s bicycle was _ _ _ last week, (steal)
8. I . to bed early because I was tired, (go)
9. Have you your w ork yet? (finish)
10. The shopping mall w a s about 20 years ago. (build)
11. A nn ie_______________ to drive when she was 16. (learn)
12. I’ve n e v e r_____________a horse, (ride)
13. Julia is a good friend of mine. I’ve her for a long time, (know)
14. Yesterday I and _ my leg. (fall / hurt)
25.4 Complete these sentences. Choose from the list and put the verb in the correct form.
cost drive fly make meet sell speak swim tell think wake up
1. I’ve just m a d e________ some coffee. W ould you like some?
2. Have y o u John about your new job?
3. I know Aldo, but I’ve never his wife.
4. We w e r e _____________ by loud music in the middle of the night.
5. Stephanie jumped into the river a n d ______________ to the other side.
6. “Did you like the m ovie?” “Yes, I ______________ it was very good .”
7. M any different languages a r e ______________ in Guatem ala.
8. O ur vacation , a lot of money because we stayed at an expensive hotel.
9. Have you e v e r______________ a very fast car?
10. All the tickets for the concert w e r e _____________ very quickly.
11. A b ird _______________in through the open w indow while we were eating dinner.
U N I
25
51
A
U N I T
26
What are you doing tomorrow?
We use am /is/are + -ing (present continuous) for something happening now. 
“W here are Sue and A m anda?” “They’re playing tennis in the p a rk .” 
Please be quiet. Pm working.
We also use am /is/are + -ing for the fu ture (tom orrow / next week, etc.). 
Andrew is playing tennis tom orrow .
Pm not w orking next week.
I am doing som ething tom orrow = I have arranged to do 
Blanca is going to the dentist on Friday.
(= she has an appointm ent w ith the dentist)
We’re having a party next weekend.
Are you meeting Bill at the movies tonight?
W hat are you doing tom orrow night?
Pm not going out tonight. Pm staying at home.
You can also say, “Pm going to do som ething.” (see Unit
Do not use the simple present (I stay / Do you go . . . ?, etc.) for plans and arrangem ents. 
Pm staying at hom e tonight, (not I stay)
Are you going out tonight? (not Do you go)
Anne isn’t coming to the party next week, (not Anne doesn’t come)
But use the simple present for schedules (buses, movies, classes, etc.).
■ The plane arrives in N ew York at 7:30 tom orrow m orning.
W hat time does the movie end tonight?
Compare:
Present continuous (usually for people)
■ Pm going to a concert tom orrow .
■ W hat time are you leaving?
Simple present (for schedules)
■ The concert starts at 7:30.
■ W hat time does your plane leave?
it, I have a plan to do it
going to a 
concert tomorrow.
52 Present Continuous Units 3 -4 Sim ple Present Units 5 -7 I'm going to . Unit 27
Exercises
26.1 Look at the pictures. What are these people doing next Friday?
26.2 Write questions. All the sentences are future.
1. (you / go / out / tonight?) A r e you going o u t tonight?
2. (you / w ork / next week?)
3. (w hat / you / do / tom orrow night?) .
4. (w hat time / your friends / come?)
5. (when / Liz / go / on vacation?) _ _________
26.3 Write sentences about yourself. What are you doing in the next few days?
1. I'm staying a t home_ to n ig h t.______
2. I'm going to the th ea te r on AAon d a y. __
1.
2 .
3.
ANDREW RICHARD BARBARAA n d re w is p laying tennis on Friday. 4 .
Richard _______________to the movies. 5.
Barbara __________________________ .
D E N ISE AND TOM 
lunch with Ken.
4.
5.
6 .
26.4 Put the verb in the present continuous {he is leaving, etc.) or simple present (the 
train leaves, etc.).
1. “ A r e you going out tonight?” (you / go) “N o, I’m too tired .”
2. U4? 're going to a concert tonight, (we / go) It s ta r ts at 7:30. (it / start)
3. Listen to th is !_______________________________ m arried next m onth! (Karen / get)
4. A: M y p a re n ts on vacation soon, (go)
B: Oh, th a t’s nice. W h e re __________________________________ ? (they / go)
5. Silvia is taking an English course this semester. The course 
on Friday, (end)
6. There’s a football game tom orrow , b u t . (I / no t / go)
7. out with some friends tonight. (I / go) W hy don’t you
come too? at Jo h n ’s house at 8 o ’clock, (we / meet)
8. A: H o w home after the party tomorrow? (you / get) By taxi?
B: N o, I can take the bus. The last b u s ______________________ at m idnight, (leave)
9. A: Do you w ant to go to the movies tonight?
B: Yes, w hat t im e __________________________________ ? (the movie / begin)
10. A: W h a t_________________________________ next M onday afternoon? (you / do)
B: . (I / work)
U N I
26
53
U N I T
27
I'm going to ..
I’m going to do something.
Morning I’m going to watch TV to n ig h t.
-•iV
V*.\ ?• '* £ •:*.
She is going to watch TV tonight.
We use am/is/are + going to . . . for the future.
Tonight
I am do am I buy . . . ?
he/she/it is (not) going to drink is he/she/it going to e a t . . . ?
w e/you/they are w atch are we/you/they wear . . . ?
I am going to do something = I have decided to do it, my intention is to do it
I decided to do it
past
I’m going to do it
noiv future
■ I’m going to buy some books tom orrow .
■ Sarah is going to sell her car.
■ I’m not going to have breakfast this m orning. I’m no t hungry.
■ W hat are you going to wear to the party tonight?
■ “Your hands are d irty .” “Yes, I know. I’m going to wash them .”
■ Are you going to invite M in Fang to your party?
We also use the present continuous (I am doing) for the future, usually for arrangem ents 
(see Unit 26).
■ I am playing tennis w ith Julia tom orrow.
Something is going to happen = it is clear now 
that it is sure to happen
■ Look at the sky! It’s going to rain.
(black clouds now -» rain)
■ I t’s 9 o ’clock and I’m not ready.
I’m going to be late.
(9 o ’clock now and not ready -» late)
It’s going to rain.
54 Present fo r the Future Unit 26 W ill Units 28-29
Exercises
27.1 What are these people saying?
•)
:)
27.2 Complete the sentences. Use am/is/are + going to + one of these verbs:
do eat give lie down visit walk wash watch wear
1. M y hands are dirty. I 'm going to w ash them.
2. W hat are you going to w e a r to the party tonight?
3. It’s a nice day. I don’t w ant to take the bus. I
4. John is going to Seattle next week. He some friends.
5. I’m hungry. I _________________________________ a sandwich.
6. It’s Sharon’s birthday next week. We _ her a present.
7. M aria says she’s feeling very tired. She ___________________ _ for an hour.
8. T here’s a good program on Channel 13 at 9:00 tonight. _ _
you it?
9. W hat _ Rachel _ when she finishes school?
27.3 Look at the pictures. What is going to happen?
1. It's going to rain. 3. The c a r ________________________right.
2. The s h e lf__________________ . 4. H e ____________________the ball.
27.4 What are you going to do today or tomorrow? Write three sentences.
1. I’m ___________________________________________________________________________ .
2 .
3 . _________________________________________________________________________
U N I
27
55
A
U N I T
28
B
Will 0 )
Soo M i goes to w ork every day. She is always 
there from 8:30 until 4:30.
It is 11 o ’clock now. Soo Mi is at work.
At 11 o ’clock yesterday, she was at work.
At 11 o ’clock tom orrow , she will be at work.
will + base form (will be / will win / will come, etc.)
be
I/we/you/they will (’11) win
he/she/it will not (won’t) eat
come, etc.
’11 = will: I’ll (I will) / you’ll / she’ll, etc. 
w on’t = will not: I w on’t (I will not) / you w on’t /
We use will for the fu ture (tom orrow / next week, etc.).
M Sue travels a lot. Today she is in Los Angeles. Tom orrow she’ll be in M exico City. 
N ext week she’ll be in New York.
■ You can call me tonight. I’ll be home.
Put this bread in the back yard. The birds will eat it.
We’ll probably go out tonight.
Will you be home tonight?
■ I w on’t be here tom orrow . (= I will no t be here)
■ D on’t drink coffee before you go to bed. You w on’t sleep.
We often say I think . . . will . . . .
I think D iana will pass her driver’s test.
Do you think the test will be difficult?
I don’t think it will rain this afternoon.
We say I don’t think . . . will . . . (not I think . . . w on’t . . . ).
I don’t think the test will be difficult, (not I th ink the test w on’t be . . . )
We do not use will for things we have already arranged or decided to do (see Units 26-27).
■ W e’re going to the movies on Saturday. (not We will go)
■ I’m not working tom orrow . (no t I w on’t work)
N Are you going to cook dinner tonight? (no t Will you cook)
be?
I/w e/you/they win?
he/she/it eat?
come?, etc.
she w on’t, etc.
SOO MI
56 What are yo u doing tom orrow ? Unit 26 I'm going to . Unit 27 Will (2) Unit 29
28.1 Tracy is traveling in South America. Complete 
the sentences with she was, she’s, or she'll be.
Exercises
1. Yesterdav she was in Rio de Janeiro.
2. Tom orrow in Bogota.
3. Last week in Santiago.
4. N ext week in Caracas.
5. Right now in Lima.
6. Three days ago in Buenos Aires.
7. At the end of her trip very tired.
28.2 Where will you be? Write answers about yourself. Use one of these:
I’ll be . . . I ’ll probably be . . . I don ’t know where I’ll be.
1. At 10 o ’clock tom orrow ? I ’ll be g t work. OR I ’ll p robably be a t the beach.
2. One hour from now?
3. At m idnight tonight? .________________________________________________________
4. At 3 o ’clock tom orrow afternoon?
5. Two years from now?
28.3 Write will ('II) or w on’t
1. D on’t drink coffee before you go to bed. You w on 't________sleep.
2. “Are you ready yet?” “N o t yet. I _______________be ready in five m inutes.”
3. I’m going away for a few days. I’m leaving tonight, so I _______________be at home
tom orrow .
4. It _____________ _ rain , so you don’t need to take an umbrella.
5. A: I don ’t feel very well tonight.
B: Well, go to bed early and y o u feel better in the m orning.
6. It’s Bill’s birthday next M onday. He _____ be 25.
7. I’m sorry I was late this morning. I t ______________ happen again.
28.4 Rewrite these sentences. Use I think . . . or I don't think . . . .
1. (Diana will pass the driver’s test.) / think V i ana w ill p a ss the driver's test._______
2. (Diana w on’t pass the driver’s test.) . / d o n ’t think D iana w ill p a ss the_drlyer's test.
3. (We’ll win the game.) I .
4. (I w o n ’t be here to m o rro w .)______________________________________________
5. (Rika will like her present.)
6. (They w on’t get m arr ie d .)______________________________________________________
7. (You w on’t like the movie.)
28.5 Which is right? (Study Unit 26 before you do this exercise.)
1. We’ll go / We’re going to the theater tonight. We’ve got tickets. (We’re going is right.)
2. “W hat will vou do / are you doing tom orrow night?” “N othing. I’m free.”
3. They’ll leave / They’re leaving tom orrow m orning. Their train is at 8:40.
4. I’m sure she’ll lend / she’s lending us some money. She’s very rich.
5. “W hy are you putting on your coat?” “ I’ll go / I’m going o u t.”
6. Do you think Claire will call / is calling us tonight?
7. Steve can’t m eet us on Saturday. H e’ll w ork / H e’s w orking.
^~\^\__JDARACAS (n e x t week) 
BOGOW(tomorrow)
L!MA(now) ;
\ RIO DE JANEIROI yesterc/y)SANTIAGO . /
(LastUiFNNi ‘BOEmfiim 
/ . (three dags ago)
U N I '
28
57
U N I T
29
Will (2)
I’ll carry it for you, Dad.
You can use I’l l . . . (I will) when you offer or decide to do something.
■ “M y suitcase is very heavy.” “I’ll carry it for you .”
■ “I’ll call you tom orrow , O K ?” “ OK. G oodbye.”
We often say I think I’l l . . . / 1 don’t think I’ll . . . w hen we decide to do something.
■ I’m tired. I think I’ll go to bed early tonight.
■ I t’s a nice day. I think I’ll sit outside.
■ It’s raining. I don’t think I’ll go out.
Do not use the simple present (I go / 1 call, etc.) in sentences like these:
■ I’ll call you tom orrow , OK? (not I call you)
■ I think I’ll go to bed early, (not I go to bed)
Do not use I’ll . . . for som ething you decided before (see Units 26 -27).
■ I’m working tom orrow , (not I’ll work)
■ T here’s a good program on TV tonight. I’m going to watch it. (not I’ll watch)
■ W hat are you doing this weekend? (not W hat will you do)
Shall I/w e . . . ?
Shall I answer th e phone? No, that’s OK. I’ll answer it.
Shall I/we . . . ? = Do you think this is a good thing to do? Do you think this is a good idea? 
“Shall I call you tonight?” “ O K .”
It’s a nice day. Shall we go for a walk?
We use should in the same way.
■ “Should I call you tonight?” “ O K .”
■ It’s a nice day. Should we go for a walk?
What are yo u doing tom orrow ? Unit 26 I'm going to . . . Unit 27 Will Unit 28 Sh o u ld Unit 33
tomorrow, OK? 
P
Exercises
29.1 Complete the sentences. Use I'll (/ will) + one of these verbs:
-carry do eat send show sit stay
1. M y suitcase is very heavy. l IL c a r r y it for you.
2. Enjoy your vacation. T hank you. you a postcard.
3. I don ’t w ant this banana. Well, I’m hungry. it.
4. Do you w ant a chair? N o, th a t’s OK. on the floor.
5. Did you call Jenny? Oh no, I forgot. it now.
6. Are you coming w ith me? N o, I don’t think so. here.
7. H ow do you use this camera? Give it to me and you.
Complete the sentences. Use 1 th ink I ’l l . . . or 1 d o n 't th ink I ' l l . . . + one of these verbs:
buy have play
1. I t’s cold today. / don't think I'll qo
2. I’m hungry. I _______________
3. I feel tired.
out.
something to eat.
tennis.
4. This cam era is too expensive. it.
29.3 Which is right?
1. I call-/ I’ll call you tom orrow , OK? (I ’ll call is right.)
I haven’t done the shopping yet. I do / I’ll do it later.
1 like sports. I w atch / I’ll w atch a lot of sports on TV.
I need some exercise. I think I go / I’ll go for a walk.
Jim is going to buy / will buv a new car. He told me last week.
“This letter is for A licia.” “OK. I give / I ’ll give / I ’m going to give it to her.”
A: Are you doing / Will you do anything this evening?
B: Yes, I’m going / I’ll go out w ith some friends.
“ Can you tell Ted I’ll be late tonight?” “Sure, I tell / I’m going to tell / I’ll tell h im .” 
“W hy are you going ou t?” “I do / I’ll do / I’m going to do the shopping.”
I can’t go out with you tom orrow night. I w ork / I’m w orking / I’ll w o rk .
I like this hat. I think I buy / I’ll buv it.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6 . 
7.
9.
10.
11.
29.4 What does B say to A? Find the right answers.
A B
1. It’s very w arm in this room . d a) If you want. Where should we go?
2. This TV program is boring. b) Yes, w ho shall we invite?
3. Should we have a party? c) N o, shall I go and get some?
4. It’s dark in this room . d) Shall I open the window?
5. Should I go to the store? e) Should I turn on the light?
6. Shall we go out? f) OK, how many shall we buy?
7. Shall I w ait here? g) Should I turn it off?
8. Have we got any bread? h) N o, come with me.
9. Should we get some lottery tickets? v 7 i) N o, it’s OK. I’ll go.
Additional Exercises 28-29 (pages 254-256)
U N I T
30
Might
Where are you going for vacation?
I’m not sure. 
I might go to
New York.
He might go to N ew York.
(= it is possible tha t he will go to N ew York)
might + base form (might go / might be / might rain, etc.)
be
I/we/you/they
he/she/it might (not)
go
play
come, etc.
I might = it is possible tha t I will
i I might go to the movies tonight. (= it is possible that I will go)
A: W hen is Kanya going to call you?
B: I don ’t know. She might call this afternoon.
Take an um brella w ith you. It might rain.
Buy a lottery ticket. You might be lucky. (= perhaps you will be lucky) 
“Are you going out tonight?” “I m ight.” (= I m ight go out)
Study the difference:
I’m playing tennis tom orrow , (sure)
I might play tennis tom orrow , (possible)
Kanya is going to call later, (sure)
Kanya might call later, (possible)
The negative is might not.
I might not go to w ork tom orrow . (= it is possible tha t I will not go)
Sonia might not come to the party. (= it is possible that she will no t come)
may
You can use may in the same way. I may = I might.
I may go to the movies tonight. (= I m ight go)
Sonia may not come to the party. (= Sonia might no t come)
M ay I . . . ? = Is it OK to . . . ? / Can I . . . ?
May I ask a question? (= Can I ask?)
“May I sit here?” “Sure.”
Will Units 28-29 Can Unit 31
It might rain.
(= it is possible that it will rain)
30.1 Write sentences with might.
1. (it’s possible tha t I’ll go to the movies) J m L g h t go to the movies.
2. (it’s possible that I’ll see you tom orrow ) I
3. (it’s possible that Sarah will forget to call)
4. (it’s possible that it will snow today)
5. (it’s possible tha t I’ll be late t o n i g h t ) _______________________
Write sentences with m ight not.
6. (it’s possible tha t M ark w o n ’t be here)
7. (it’s possible that I w o n ’t have time to go out tonight)
30.2 Somebody is asking you about your plans. You have some ideas, but you are not 
sure. Choose from the list and write sentences with I might.
Exercises
Europe fish M onday new car take a trip take a taxi
1. W here are you going for vacation?
2. W hat are you doing this weekend?
Y’m not sure. / m ight go to ffurope. 
I don ’t know. I
3. W hen will you see Amy again? I’m not sure.
4. W hat are you going to have for dinner? I d o n ’t know.
5. H ow are you going to get home tonight? I’m not sure.
6. I hear you w on some money. W hat are
you going to buy?
I haven’t decided yet.
V-------------------------------------------------------- J
30.3 You ask Adam about his plans. Sometimes he
Are you playing tennis tom orrow 
Are you going out tonight 
Are you going to get up early 
Are you w orking tom orrow 
Will you be hom e tom orrow night 
Are you going to w atch television 
Are you going out this afternoon 
Are you going shopping
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 . 
7.
1
YOU
s sure, but usually he is not sure.
Yes, in the afternoon.
Possibly.
M aybe.
N o, I’m not.
M aybe.
I might.
Yes, I am.
M aybe, I’m not sure.
Now write about Adam. Use m ight where necessary.
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Hshp^piayiagJ&jims. tom orrow afternoon.
He m igh t ao o u t tonight.__
H e ______________________________
30.4 Write three things that you might do tomorrow.
1.
2. ___
3.
U N I
30
ADAM
61
Can and could
can + base form (can do / can play / can come, etc.)
do do?
I/we/you/they can play I/we/you/they 
can i / i /• he/she/it
play?
he/she/it can’t /cannot see
come, etc.
see?
come?, etc.
I can do something = I kn o w how to do it or it is possible for me to do it 
I can play the piano. M y brother can play the piano too.
Sarah can speak Italian, but she can’t speak Spanish.
“Can you swim?” “Yes, but I’m not a very good swimmer.”
“Can you change a ten-dollar bill?” “I’m sorry, I can’t.”
I’m having a party next week, but Scott and Angela can’t come.
For the past (yesterday / last week, etc.), we use could /couldn’t.
W hen I was young, I could run very fast.
Before Shu Ling came to C anada, she couldn’t understand m uch English. N ow she 
can understand everything.
I was tired last night, but I couldn’t sleep.
I had a party last week, but Scott and Angela couldn’t come.
Can you . . . ? Could you . . . ? Can I . . . ? Could I . . . ?
We use Can you . . . ? or Could you. . . ? when we ask people to do things.
Can you open the door, please? or Could you open the door, please? 
Can you tell me the time, please? or Could you tell . . . ?
We use Can I have . . . ? or Could I have . . . ? to ask for something.
(in a store) Can I have change for a dollar, please? or Could I have . . . ?
Can I . . . ? or Could I . . . ? = is it OK to do something?
Tom, can I borrow your pen? or Tom, could I borrow your pen?
(on the phone) Hello, can I speak to Jerry, please? or . . . could I speak .
Could you open the door, please?
62 May I . . . ? Unit 30
31.1 Ask Steve if he can do these things:
Exercises
STEVE
Can you do these things? Write sentences about yourself. Use I can or I can't.
7. I . 10.
9.
1 1 .
12.
31.2 Complete these sentences. Use can or can't + one of these verbs:
come find hear see speak
1. I’m sorry but we can > come
2. I like this hotel room . You
3. You are speaking very quietly. I
4. Have you seen my suitcase? I
5. Catherine got the job because she
to your party next Saturday.
the m ountains from the window.
you.
it.
five languages.
31.3 Complete these sentences. Use can't or couldn't + one of these verbs:
decide eat find go go sleep
1. I was tired, but I couldn't slcejz____________ •
2. I w asn’t hungry yesterday. I ________________________ my dinner.
3. Angela doesn’t know w hat to do. She
4. I w anted to speak to M ark yesterday, but I him.
5. J im to the concert next Saturday. He has to work.
6. Yoko _______ to the meeting last week. She was sick.
31.4 What do you say in these situations? Use can or could. Use the words in parentheses ( ).
U N I
31
63
U N I T
32
B
64
Must
She m ust be sick = [ am sure she is sick, 
it is clear tha t she is sick
M ust + base form 
(must be / m ust know, etc.)
be
I/w e/you /they 
he/she/it
. know 
m ust (not) ^ ave
live, etc.
We use m ust when we believe tha t som ething is true.
You w orked ten hours today. You m ust be tired.
M y brother has w orked at your com pany for years. You m ust know him.
. M y friends have the same zip code as you. They m ust live close to you.
(ion the telephone) This isn’t the Smiths’? I’m sorry. I must have the wrong number.
We use m ust no t w hen we believe tha t som ething is no t true.
The phone rang eight times and Karen d idn’t answer. She m ust no t be a t home. 
Carlos takes the bus everywhere. He m ust not have a car.
The Silvas are always hom e on Friday. They m ust not w ork then.
must be sick.
M ust also has another meaning. You m ust do som ething = it is necessary to do it
■ You m ust be careful w ith this knife.
I t’s very sharp.
W orkers m ust w ear safety glasses 
at this machine.
■ In the U.S., you m ust be 18 to vote.
For the past (yesterday, last week, etc.), we use 
had to . . . (no t must).
■ They were in a dangerous situation. They 
had to be careful, (not They m ust be careful.)
We had to w ear safety glasses when we visited 
the factory last week. (n o t we m ust wear)
You m ust no t do som ething = it is necessary 
n o t to do it, it is the w rong thing to do
Bicyclists m ust no t ride on the sidewalk.
(= they m ust ride in the street)
You m ust no t be late for school again!
S h o u ld Unit 33 I h a ve to . . . Unit 34
32.1 Complete the sentences. Use must be + one of these:
for you good hungry in the kitchen tired very happy
1. Silvia w orked ten hours today. She m u st be tire d
Exercises
2. It’s evening and you haven’t eaten anything all day. You
3. It’s the m ost popular restaurant in tow n, so the food _
4. “I got the job!” “You did? T h a t’s great. You
5. The phone’s ringing. I know it’s not for me. It
6. M y keys aren’t in the living room , so they
32.2 Complete the sentences. Use must + one of these:
drink have know like w ork
1. M y brother has w orked at your com pany for years. You m us t know him.
2. M arilyn wears something blue every day. S h e the color blue.
3. The Hills have six children and three dogs. T h e y ____________________ a big house.
4. M rs. Lee bought three gallons of milk at the store. H er ch ild ren___________________
a lot of milk.
5. I know M rs. Rom o has a job, but she’s always home during the day. She
nights.
32.3 Write must or must not.
1. (on the telephone) This isn’t the Smiths’? I’m sorry. I m ust have the wrong number.
2. Carlos takes the bus everywhere. H e m ust n o t ___ have a car.
3. B randon is very thin. He ______________eat very much.
4. I never see my neighbor in the m orning. H e _____________leave for w ork very early.
5. I always have to repeat things when I talk to Kelly. S h e______________ hear very well.
6. Jim wears the same clothes every day. He ____ have m any clothes.
7. You have a cold and a fever? Poor thing! Y o u ______________ feel awful.
32.4 Complete the sentences. Use must + one of these:
fee be get know take w ear
1. In m ost of the U.S., you m ust be ___ at least 16 to get a driver’s license.
2. For this job, y o u ________________________both English and Spanish.
3. People in the front seat of a c a r ________________________a seat belt.
4. High school students w ho w ant to go to college good grades.
5. This highway is closed. Drivers another road.
6. A tennis p lay e r_______________________ very good to play professionally.
32.5 Write must, mustn't, or had to.
1. We m ustn 't . forget to send Sam a birthday card.
2. We h a d to_______ w ear safety glasses when we visited the factory.
3. I _______________hurry or I’ll be late.
4. “W hy were you so late?” “I : w ait half an hour for the bus.”
5. Keep these papers in a safe place. Y o u ______________ lose them.
6. Bicyclists_______________follow the same traffic rules as drivers.
7. W e . forget to turn off the lights when we leave.
8. I don’t usually w ork on Saturdays, but last Saturday I _____________ work.
U N I
32
65
U N I T
33
Should
Should + base form
(should do / should watch, etc.)
do
I/w e/you/they should stop
he/she/it shouldn’t go
watch, etc.
You should do som ething = it is a good thing to do, it is the right thing to do
Tom should go to bed earlier. He goes to bed very late, and he’s always tired. 
I t’s a good movie. You should go and see it.
W hen you play tennis, you should always watch the ball.
Should I do something? = is it a good thing to do?
Should I invite Karen to dinner?
Should we buy something special for dinner?
You shouldn’t do something = it is no t a good thing to do (shouldn’t = should not)
■ Tom shouldn’t go to bed so late.
■ You w atch TV all the time. You shouldn’t watch TV so much.
We often use think with should.
I think . . . should . . .
I think Gary should buy some new clothes. (= I 
It’s late. I think I should go home now.
I don’t think . . . should . . .
I don’t think you should work so hard.
(= I don ’t think it is a good idea.)
I don’t think we should go yet. I t’s too early.
Do you think . . . should . . . ?
D o you think I should buy this coat?
W hat time do you think we should go home?
Should is different from have to.
I should study tonight, but I think I’ll go to the movies. 
I have to study tonight. I can’t go to the movies.
A nother way to say should is ought to.
I ought to study tonight, but I think I’ll go to the movies. (= I should study) 
I think Gary ought to buy some new clothes. (= Gary should buy)
Shall/should Unit 29 Can Unit 31 M ust Unit 32 Have to Unit 34
think it is a good idea.)
Do you think I should buy this coat?
Exercises
33.1
33.2
Complete the sentences. Use you should + one of these verbs: 
brush go read visit watch wear
1. W hen you play tennis, you should. w a tch the ball.
2. It’s late and you’re very tired. _____________________________ _ to bed.
3 . __________________________________ your teeth twice a day.
4. If you have tim e ,_________________________ the Science M useum. It’s very interesting.
5. W hen you’re d riv in g ,__________________________________ a seat belt.
6. I t’s a very good book. __________________________________it.
Write about the people in the pictures. Use He/She sh o u ld n 't . . . so . . . .
1 You watch TV “ I eat too much. ^ You work
too much. _ too hard.
1- ^he^chou ldud w a tc h T V saunuch. 3. hard.
2. He . . 4. _____
33.3 You ask a friend for advice. Write questions with Do you think I sh o u ld . . . ?
1. You are in a store. You are trying on a jacket. You ask your friend:
(buy) Vo you think / should buy this j acket?
2. You can’t drive. You ask your friend:
(learn) Do you think
3. You don ’t like your job. You ask your friend: 
(get another job) __
4. You are going to have a party. You ask your friend: 
(invite Scott)
33.4 Write sentences with I think . . . should or I don't think . . . should.
1. We have to get up early tom orrow . / think w e should go. hom e nous, (go home now)
2. T hat coat is too big for you. l A o u t think you s h ould buy i t (buy it)
3. You don’t need your c a r . , (sell it)
4. Diane needs a c h a n g e ._____________________________________________ (take a trip)
5. Karen and D on are too y o u n g . ___________________________________ (get married)
6. You’re still s i c k . __________________________________________________ (go to work)
7. James isn’t feeling well t o d a y ._________________________________ (go to the doctor)
8. This hotel is too expensive for u s . ____________________________________(stay here)
33.5 What do you think? Write sentences with should.
1. I think e v erybody should learrLunother languag e _
2. I think everybody
3. I think
4. I don’t think
5. I think I should
U N I
33
67
Ihave
v ^ This is my medicine. I have 
to take it four times a day.
I have to do something = it is necessary 
for me to do it, I am obliged to do it
I/w e/you /they have to do to w ork
he/she/it has
to go
to wear, etc.
I’m going to be late for w ork tom orrow . I have to go to the dentist. 
Kim starts w ork at 7 o ’clock, so she has to get up at 6:00.
You have to pass a test before you can get a driver’s license.
The past (yesterday / last week, etc.) is had to . . . .
■ I was late for w ork yesterday. I had to go to the dentist.
■ We had to w alk home last night. There were no buses.
In questions and negatives we use do/does (present) and did (past). 
Present
do I/w e/you/they 
does he/she/it
have to . . . ?
I/w e/you/they don t
have to . . .
he/she/it doesn’t
Past
did I/w e/you/theyhe/she/it
have to . . . ? I/w e/you/they .. , , ,, ' , .. didn t have to . . . 
he/she/it
W hat time do you have to go to the dentist tom orrow ?
Does Kim have to w ork on Saturdays?
W hy did they have to leave the party early?
I don’t have to do som ething = it is not necessary to do it
I’m no t w orking tom orrow , so I don ’t have to get up early.
D a M ing doesn’t have to w ork very hard. H e’s got an easy job. 
We d idn’t have to w ait very long for the bus.
m ust
You can also use m ust to say it is necessary to do something.
You m ust pass a test before you can get a driver’s license.
In m any countries, men m ust do military service.
We use have to more often than m ust, especially in spoken English.
M ust Unit 32
34.1 Complete the sentences. Use have to or has to + one of these verbs: 
hit read speak take travel w e a r
1. M y eyes are not very good. I h a ve to w e a r__________glasses.
2. At the end of the course, all the s tu d en ts a test.
3. M arta is studying literature. S h e _____________ a lot of books.
4. A lberto doesn’t understand m uch English. Y o u _______________ to him
very slowly.
5. Kate is not at home much. S h e a lot for her job.
6. In tennis y o u ________________________ the ball over the net.
Exercises
34.2 Complete the sentences. Use have to or had to + one of these verbs: 
buy change go take w ake w alk
home last night. There were no buses.
answer
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
We h a d to w a lk
I t’s late. I
I went to the store after w ork yesterday. I 
This bus doesn’t go all the way dow ntow n. You 
Avenue.
We took an exam yesterday. W e ______________
I’m going to bed early. I .
now. I’ll see you tom orrow .
some food.
at First
six questions out of ten.
up early tom orrow .
Amy and her cousin can’t go out w ith us tonight. They 
care of Am y’s little brother.
34.3 Complete the questions. Some are present and some are past.
1. I have to get up early tom orrow .
2. Eric had to w ait a long time.
3. Liz has to go somewhere.
4. We had to pay a lot of money.
5. I have to do some work.
6. They had to leave early.
W hat time 
H ow long 
W here
_do you h a v e to g e t up
H ow much 
W hat exactly 
W hy
34.4 Write sentences with don't/doesn't/didn't have to . . . .
1. W hy do you w ant to pay the bill now? You d o n 't h a ve to p a y _____________it now.
2. W hy is H annah waiting? S h e__________________________________ .
3. W hy did you get up early? Y o u __________________________________ .
4. W hy is Joel w orking so hard? H e __________________________________ .
5. W hy do you w ant to leave now? W e _____________________________ _ .
34.5 Write some things that you (or your friends or family) have to do or had to do.
1. (every day) / h a v e to d r iv e f i f t y m iles to w o rk e v e r y d a y .
2. (every day)
3. (tom orrow)
4. (yesterday)
5. (last week)
6. (when I was younger)
U N 1
34
69
U N I T
35
Would you like . . . ? I'd like . . .
W ould you like . . . ? = Do you w a n t . . . ?
We use W ould you like . . . ? to offer things.
A: W ould you like some coffee?
B: N o, thank you.
A: W ould you like a piece of candy?
B: Yes, thanks.
A: W hat w ould you like, tea or coffee?
B: Tea, please.
We use W ould you like to . . . ? to invite somebody.
W ould you like to go for a walk?
A: W ould you like to have dinner w ith us on Sunday?
B: Yes, I ’d love to. (= I would love to have dinner with you. 
W hat would you like to do tonight?
Would you like a piece of candy?
Yes, thanks.
I’d like . . . is a polite way to say “I w a n t.” (I’d like = I would like)
■ I’m thirsty. I’d like a drink.
U (in a tourist office) I’d like a road m ap, please.
■ I’d like to w atch the news on television tonight.
W ould you like . . . ? and Do you like 
W ould you like . . . ? / I’d like . . .
Would you like
some coffee? Yes, thanks.
W ould you like some coffee? = Do you
w ant some coffee?
■ A: W ould you like to go to the movies 
tonight? (= Do you w ant to go tonight?) 
B: Yes, I’d love to.
■ I’d like an orange, please. (= Can I have 
an orange?)
■ W hat w ould you like to do next 
weekend?
Like to do and like -ing Unit 53 A and some Units 68-69 I w o u ld . . . som ething i f . . . Unit 114
Do you like coffee? = Do you think coffee 
is good?
■ A: D o you like to go to the movies?
(in general)
B: Yes, I go to the movies a lot.
I like oranges, (in general)
■ W hat do you like to do on weekends?
Do you like . . . ? / 1 like . . .
Do you like coffee? 
Yes, I do.
Would you like
some now?
No, thank 
you. Not 
now.
Exercises
35.1 What are the people in the pictures saying? Use Would you like . . . ?
35.2 What do you say to Sue in these situations? Use Would you like to . . . ? and the 
words in parentheses ( ).
1. You w ant to go to the movies tonight. You hope Sue will go too.
You say: (go) _Wou!d y o u tike to ao to the m ovies J o night?
2. You w ant to play tennis tom orrow . You hope Sue will play w ith you.
You say: (play) ___ _
3. You’ve got some vacation pictures. Sue hasn’t seen them yet.
You say: (see) _
4. You have an extra ticket for a concert next week. You hope Sue will go with you. 
You say: (go) ___
5. It’s raining and Sue is going out. She doesn’t have an um brella, but you have one. 
You say: (borrow) _ __
35.3 Which is right?
1. “D o vou -hke-/ W ould vou like a piece of candy?” “Yes, thanks.” (W ould you like 
is right.)
2. “Do you like / W ould you like bananas?” “Yes, I love them .”
3. “Do you like / W ould vou like some ice cream ?” “N o, thank you .”
4. “W hat do you like/ w ould you like to d rink?” “A glass of water, please.”
5. “Do you like / W ould vou like to go out for a w alk?” “N o t now. M aybe later.”
6. I like / I’d like tom atoes, but I don’t eat them very often.
7. W hat time do you like / would you like to have dinner tonight?
8. “Do you like / W ould vou like something to eat?” “N o, thanks. I’m not hungry.”
9. “Do you like / W ould vou like vour new job?” “Yes, I’m enjoying it.”
10. I’m tired. I like / I’d like to go to sleep now.
U N I
35
71
A
U N I T
36
B
I'd rather. . .
rather sit on the floor.
Angela likes to sit on the floor. She doesn’t 
w ant to sit on a chair. So she says:
I’d rather sit on the floor.
(= I would prefer to sit on the floor.)
I’d rather . . . = I would rather . . .
I would rather do som ething = I w ould prefer to do something 
Positive Negative Q uestion
do
I’d rather stay
(I would rather) have
be
do
I’d rather not stay
(I would rather not) have
be
do?
Would you rather stay?
have?
be?
I don ’t really w ant to go out. I’d rather stay home. (= I’d prefer to stay home.)
“Should we go now ?” “N o, I’d rather wait until later.”
I w ant to go now, but Tom would rather wait until later.
I don ’t like to be late. I ’d rather be early.
I’m feeling tired. I’d rather not go out tonight. (= I’d prefer no t to go out.) 
Beth is feeling tired. She’d rather not go out tonight.
We’re not hungry. We’d rather not eat yet.
“Do you w ant to go out ton ight?” “I’d rather not.” (= I’d rather no t go out.)
“Would you rather have milk or juice?” “Juice, p lease.”
W hich would you rather do - go to the movies or w atch a video at home?
We say “I’d rather do som ething.” (no t to do something)
I’d rather sit on the floor. (no t I’d rather to sit)
Beth w ould rather no t go out. (no t would rather not to go)
But we say “I’d prefer to do som ething.”
I’d prefer to sit on the floor.
Beth w ould prefer not to go out.
You can say “I’d rather . . . than . . .
I’d rather go out than stay home.
I’d rather have a dog than a cat.
We’d rather go to the movies than w atch a video at home. 
I’d rather be at home right now than here.
Would you like to sit here? No, thanks. I’d
72 Prefer Unit S3
36.1 Look at the pictures and
1. W ould you like 
to sit here?
Exercises
2. Do you w ant 
to watch TV?
3. W ould you like 
some tea?
4. Should we go 
out now?
36.2 Complete these questions. Use w ould you ra th er___
1. D o you w ant to go out, or w ould y ou ra th e r s ta y home?
2. Should we have dinner now, o r ___________________________________________ later?
3. W ould you like a glass of iced tea, o r _____________________________________water?
4. Do you w ant to go to the movies, or __________________ TV?
36.3 Complete the sentences with a verb. Sometimes you need fo.
1. I’d rather s ta y home tonight. I’d prefer not to go _ out.
2. Should we walk hom e, or would you rather .______________ a taxi?
3. Do you w ant me to go w ith you, or w ould you prefer _ __. alone?
4. Vera doesn’t w ant to go to college. She’d ra th e r a job.
5. “Can I help you with your suitcase?” “N o, thanks. I’d rather it myself.”
6. I’d rather n o t _______________him. I’d p re fe r______________ him a letter.
36.4 Write sentences about yourself with I'd ra th er. . . than.
1. W hich would you prefer to be - a bus driver or an airline pilot?
I'd ra th e r be an airplane p ilo t than a bus d river
2. W hich would you prefer to be - a journalist or a teacher? 
I’d rather
3. W here would you prefer to live - in a big city or a small town?
4. W hich would you prefer to have - a cat or a dog?
5. W hat w ould you prefer to study - electronics or philosophy?
r \
until it stops raining. J
Well,
coffee if you have some.
complete B’s sentences. Use I'd ra th er . . . .
J N o, thanks. I'd ra th e r s i t 
on the floor.
N o, I 
my book.
U N I
36
73
A
U N I T
37
B
Do this! Don't do that! Let's do this!
Come in.
We use the base form (com e/go/do/w ait/be, etc.) when we tell someone to do something. 
“ Come here and look at th is!” “W hat is it?”
I don ’t w ant to talk to you. Go away!
Please w ait for me.
Please be quiet. Pm working.
Goodbye. H ave a nice time.
The negative is don’t . . . (don’t com e/go/do/w ait/be, etc.). (don’t = do not)
Stay here. Please don ’t go.
D on’t be silly!
Be careful! D on’t fall.
You can say Let’s . . . w hen you w ant people 
It’s a nice day. Let’s go out.
(= you and I can go out)
We use let’s + base form 
(let’s go/do/have, etc.).
Come on! Let’s dance.
Are you ready? Let’s go.
Let’s have fish for dinner tonight. 
“ Should we go out ton ight?”
“N o, I’m tired. Let’s stay hom e.”
to do things w ith you. (let’s = let us)
The negative is let’s no t . . . .
I t’s cold. Let’s no t go out. Let’s stay home.
Let’s no t have fish for dinner. Let’s have chicken.
74
37.1 Look at the pictures. What are the people saying? Sometimes the sentence is
positive (go/eat, etc.) and sometimes it is negative (don't go / don't eat, etc.). Use 
these verbs:
buy come drink sit sleep smile talk turn
Exercises
It’s too expensive.
the water!
I’m going to bed.Please
37.2 Complete the sentences. Use No, let's . . . + one of these: 
go for a swim go to a restaurant take the bus wait watch TV
1. W ould you like to play tennis?
2. Do you w ant to drive dow ntow n?
3. Shall we go to the movies?
4. Should we have dinner at home?
5. W ould you like to begin now?
No, let's go fo r a sw[m_
N o,
37.3 Answer with No, d o n 't . . . or No, let's n o t . . . .
1. Shall I w ait for you?
2. Should we go home now?
3. Shall we go out?
4. Should I close the door?
5. Should I call you tonight?
6. Should we w ait for Dave?
7. Shall I tu rn on the light?
8. Should we take a taxi?
N o. don't w a it fox.: m e 
No, let's n o t qo hom e now.
U N I
37
75
U N I T
38
A
B
I
There is/are
There’s a m an on the roof. There’s a train at 10:30. There are seven days in a week.
There’s a big tree in the yard.
There’s a good movie on TV tonight.
A: Do you have any money?
B: Yes, there’s some in my wallet.
A: Excuse me, is there a hotel near here?
B: Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.
We can’t go skiing. There isn’t any snow.
There are some big trees in the yard.
There are a lot of accidents on this road.
A: Are there any m istakes in my letter?
B: Yes, there are. / N o, there aren’t.
This restaurant is very quiet. There aren’t many 
people here.
H ow m any players are there on a soccer team? 
There are 11 players on a soccer team.
it is
I like
Compare:
“W hat’s that noise?” “I t’s a tra in .” (it = that noise)
There’s a train at 10:30. I t’s a fast train, (it = the 10:30 train) 
There’s a lot of salt in this soup.
I don ’t like this soup. I t’s too salty, (it = this soup)
there is and it is 
there is
There’s a book on the table.
(no t I t’s a book on the table.)
Singular
there is . . . (there’s)
is there . . . ?
there is not . . . (there isn’t
or there’s not)
Plural
there are . . .
are there . . . ?
there are not . . . (there aren’t)
1 1
this book . It’s funny, (it = this book)
76 There was I were I has been, etc. Unit 39 It and there Unit 40 Some and any Unit 77
Exercises U N I
38.1 Springfield is a small town. Write sentences about Springfield with There is/are or 
There isn't/aren't. Use the information in the box.
1. A golf course? N o 1 .
2. Any restaurants? Yes (a lot) 2.
3. A hospital? Yes 3.
4. A swimming pool? N o 4.
5. Any movie theaters? Yes (two) 5.
6. A university? N o 6.
7. Any big hotels? N o 7.
_ Z ~ h & ĵ h s n le r.g Q lf..e < 2.u c s& ...............
There are a lot o f re s ta uran ts
38.2 Write about your town (or a town that you know). Use There is/are/isn’t/aren't.
1. There are a fe w re staurants. 4. .
2. T h e r e 's a hlg^park. 5.
3. 6 .
38.3 Write there is/th ere isn 't/ is there/ there a re/there aren't/are there.
1. Springfield isn’t an old tow n. There aren 't any old buildings.
2. Look! . . a picture of your brother in the newspaper!
3.“Excuse me, . a bank near here?” “ Yes, at the end of the block.”
4.
5. “H ow many students
6. “ Can we take a picture?” “No,
7. “
five people in my family: my parents, my two sisters, and me.
in the class?” “Twenty.”
. any film in the cam era.” 
a bus dow ntow n from the airport?” “Yes. Every 20 m inutes.”
9.
any problem s?” “N o, everything is O K .” 
nowhere to sit down. any chairs.
38.4 Write sentences with There are . . . . Choose from the boxes.
seven twenty-six
nine thirty
eleven fifty
days planets
days players
letters states
a hockey team the English alphabet
-a-week- the solar system
September the USA
1. . There are seven days jn a w eek
2 .
3. .
4.
5.
6 . ________________________________
38.5 Write there's / is there / it's / is it.
1. “ T heres a flight at 10:30.” “ Is i t
too expensive.
something in my eye.”
2. I’m not going to buy this shirt.
3. “W hat’s w rong?”
4. a red car outside the h o u se .__
5. “ anything good on TV tonight?” “Yes,
6. “W hat’s that building?” “ a school.”
7. “_______________a restaurant in this hotel?” “N o, I’m sorry.”
a non-stop flight?”
yours ?
a movie at 8:00.”
77
A
U N I T
39
B
There was/were there has been / have been 
there will be
there was/were (past)
There is a train every hour.
It’s 11:15 now.
There was a train at 11 o ’clock.
Com pare:
there is/are (present)
■ There is a good movie on TV tonight.
M We are staying at a big hotel. There 
are 1,250 rooms.
■ Are there any phone messages for me 
today?
■ I’m hungry, but there isn’t anything to 
eat.
there was/were (past)
■ There was a good movie on TV last 
night.
■ We stayed at a very big hotel. There 
were 1,250 rooms.
■ Were there any phone messages for me 
yesterday?
■ W hen I got hom e, I was hungry, but 
there wasn’t anything to eat.
there will be
Do you think there will be a lot of people 
at the party on Saturday?
The m anager of the com pany is leaving, 
so there will be a new m anager soon.
I’m going away tom orrow . I’m packing my 
things today because there w on’t be time 
tom orrow, (there w on’t be = there will no t be)
there has been / have been (present perfect)
Look! There’s been an accident.There’s been an accident. (there’s been = there has been)
This road is very dangerous. There have been 
a lot of accidents here.
Com pare there was (past):
There was an accident last night.
(not There has been an accident last night.)
For present perfect and simple past, see Unit 19.
There will be rain 
tomorrow afternoon.
78
W aslw ere U n it 10 Has I h a ve b e e n U nits 16, 19-21 W ill U nit 28 There isla re U nit 38 
There and it U n its 38, 40 S o m e la n y U nit 77
39.1 Look at the two pictures. The room is empty now. What was in the room last 
week? Write sentences with There w a s . . . or There were . . . + one of these:
Exercises
a clock an arm chair a sofa some flowers
a coffee table a rug some books three pictures
D 1 1 -1
1. There w as a d o c k on the wall near the window.
2. on the floor.
3. on the wall near the door.
4. ____________________ _ _ i n the middle of the room.
5. on the table.
6. on the shelves.
7. in the corner near the door.
8. opposite the armchair.
39.2 Write there was / there wasn't / was there / there were / there weren't / were there.
1. I was hungry but th ere w asn 't _ anything to eat.
2. W ere there______ __ any phone messages for me yesterday?
3. ________________________a soccer game on TV last night. Did you see it?
4. “We stayed at a very nice hotel.” “Really? a swimming pool?”
5. “Did you buy any cherries?” “N o , any at the sto re .”
6. m any people a t the m eeting?” “N o, very few.”
7. We d idn’t visit the museum. enough time.
8. I’m sorry I’m l a t e . a lot of traffic.
9. Twenty years a g o _______________________ many tourists here. N ow there are a lot.
39.3 Write there + is / are / was / were / has been / have been / will be.
1. There w as _ a good movie on TV last night.
2. ________________________tw enty-four hours in a day.
3. a party a t w ork last Friday, but I d idn’t go.
4. “W here can I buy a new spaper?” “ a newsstand at the
end of the b lock.”
5. “W hy are those police officers outside the bank?” “ _________________ a robbery.”
6. W hen we got to the th ea te r,_________________________a long line outside.
7. W hen you arrive tom orrow ,_________________________ somebody at the a irport to
meet you.
8. Ten years ago _ _____ ____ _ _ five hundred children at the school. N ow
_______________________ m ore than a thousand.
9. Last week I went back to the tow n where I was born. It’s very different now. 
____________________a lot of changes.
10. I think everything will be OK. I don’t th in k ________________________ any problems.
U N I
39
79
U N I T
40
It. .
We use it for tim e/day/distance/w eather.
W eather
m W hat time is it?
It’s half past ten.
■ It’s late.
■ It’s time to go home.
■ W hat day is it?
■ It’s Thursday.
■ I t’s M arch 16t^.
■ It was my birthday yesterday.
■ It’s three kilom eters from our house to the mall.
■ H ow far is it from N ew York to Los Angeles?
■ I t’s a long way from here to the airport.
N We can w alk home. It isn’t far.
We use far in questions (is it far?) and negatives (it isn’t far). 
We use a long way in positive sentences (it’s a long way).
■ It’s raining. ■ It rains a lot here.
It isn’t raining. It d idn’t rain yesterday.
Is it snowing? Does it snow very often?
■ I t’s w arm /hot/cold/nice/cloudy/clear/dry/hum id/w indy/ 
sunny/foggy/dark, etc.
■ I t’s a nice day today.
Com pare it and there:
It rains a lot in the winter.
It’s very rainy in the winter.
There is a lot of rain in the winter.
It was very windy yesterday.
There was a strong wind yesterday.
It’s nice to etc.
It’s easy/difficult/im possible/dangerous/safe/ expensive/interesting/nice/w onderful/terrible, etc. to
I t ’s nice to see you again . (it = to see you again)
It’s impossible to understand her. (it = to understand her) 
It wasn’t easy to find your house, (it = to find your house)
D on’t forget to use it.
I t’s raining again, (not Is raining again)
Is it true tha t you are moving to Australia? (n o t Is true that . .
There is Unit 38
T im e
D istance
c
80
Exercises
40.1 Write about the weather in the pictures. Use It's
1- It's raining.
2 . ____________________________________
3.
40.2 Write it's (it is) or is it.
1. W hat time _is i f _ ?
2. We m ust go now. _______ very late.
3. . true that Bill can fly a helicopter?
4. “W hat d a y today? Tuesday?”
“N o ,. W ednesday.”
5. ______ OK to call you at the office?
4.
5.
6 .
6. . twelve kilometers from
dow ntow n to the airport.
7. “Do you want to walk to the restaurant?” 
“I don ’t know. H ow far _______ ?”
8. L inda’s birthday today. She’s 27.
9. I don ’t believe it! . impossible.
40.3 Write questions with How fa r . . . ?
1. (here / the station) H ow fa r is i t from here ia^.ths_ station?
2. (the hotel / the beach) H ow
3. (New York / W ashington)
4. (your house / the airport)
40.4 Write it or there.
1. J f rains a lot in the winter.
2. There was a strong wind yesterday.
3. was a nice day yesterday.
4. We can’t go skiing. isn’t any snow.
5 . ’s hot in this room. Open a window.
6. I was afraid because_ _ was very dark,
7. was a storm last night. Did 
you hear it?
8. _______’s a long way from here to the
nearest gas station.
40.5 Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes.
it’s
easy dangerous
difficult nice
impossible interesting
to
w ork in this office 
visit different places 
see you again
get up early 
go out alone 
m ake friends
1. If you go to bed late, it's difficu lt to g e t uo ea rly in the m orning.
2. Hello, J i l l . _______________________________________________________ H ow are you?
3 . _____________________________________ There is too m uch noise.
4. Everybody is very nice at work.
5. I like traveling.
6. Some cities are no t safe. . at night.
U N I
40
81
A
U N I T
41
B
I am, I don't, etc.You can use these verbs in the same way.
I haven’t seen the movie, but my sister has. (= She has seen the movie.) 
I A: Please help me.
B: I’m sorry. I can’t. (= I can’t help you.)
A: Are you tired?
B: I was, but I’m not now. (= I was tired, but I’m not tired now.)
A: Do you think M arta will call tonight?
B: She might. (= she m ight call)
U A: Are you going to study tonight?
B: I should, but I probably w on’t.
(= I should study, but I probably w on’t study.)
You cannot use ’m /’s /’ve, etc. (short form s) in this way. You m ust use am/is/have, etc.
She isn’t tired, but he is. (n o t . . . but he’s)
But you can use isn’t/haven’t/w on’t, etc. (negative short forms).
■ M y sister has seen the movie, but I haven’t.
■ “Are you and Jim w orking tom orrow ?” “I am, but Jim isn’t .”
You can use I am / I’m not, etc., after Yes and N o.
“Are you tired?” “Yes, I am. / N o, I’m not.”
“Will Alan be here tom orrow ?” “Yes, he will. / N o, he w on’t.” 
“ Is there a bus to the a irpo rt?” “Yes, there is. / N o, there isn’t .”
We use do/does for the simple present (see Units 6 -7 ).
I don ’t like hot weather, but M egan does. (= M egan likes hot weather.) 
■ M egan works hard, but I don’t. (= I don’t w ork hard.)
“Do you enjoy your w ork?” “Yes, I d o .”
We use did for the simple past (see Unit 12).
A: Did you and John like the movie?
B: I did, but John didn’t. (= I liked it, but John d idn’t like it.)
“I had a good tim e.” “I did to o .” (= I had a good time too.)
“Did it rain yesterday?” “N o, it didn’t.”
am/is/are
was/were
have/has
do/does/did
can
will
might
should
She isn’t tired, but he is. He likes tea, but she doesn’t.
(= he is tired) (= she doesn’t like tea)
In these examples, it is not necessary to repeat some words (he is tired, she doesn’t like tea).
82 You have? I have you?, etc. Unit 42 So am I / neither do I, etc. Unit 43
41.1 Complete these sentences. Use only one verb {is/have/can, etc.) each time.
1. Kate w asn’t hungry, but we w e re 4. I haven’t read the book, but Ed
2. I’m not married, but my s is te r______ . 5. Ken w on’t be here, but Sue
3. Bill can’t help you, but I . . 6 . You w eren’t late, but I
41.2 Complete these sentences with a negative verb {isn't/haven't/can't, etc.).
1. Sam can play the piano, but I c a n ’t . 4. Bob has been to China, but I
2. M arta is w orking today, but I _______. 5. I’m ready to go, but Tom
3. I was working, but my f r ie n d s . 6. I’ve seen the movie, but Kim
41.3 Complete these sentences with do/does/did or don't/doesn't/didn't.
1. I don’t like ho t weather, bu t M egan does__________ .
2. M egan likes hot weather, but I d o n ’t .
3. My m other w ears glasses, but my fa th e r_______________.
4. You don ’t know Paul very well, but I ______________ .
5. I d idn’t enjoy the party, but my frie n d s_______________.
6. I don ’t w atch TV m uch, but P e te r_______________ .
7. Kate lives in Canada, but her p a re n ts______________ .
8. You had breakfast this m orning, but I . .
41.4 Complete the sentences. Write about yourself and other people.
1. I d idn’t _go o u t la st night, b u t m_y friends d id
2. I l ik e , but
3. I don’t , but
4. I’m ____
5. I haven’t _________________
Exercises
41.5 Write a verb - positive or negative.
1. “Are you tired?” “I w a s__________earlier, but I’m not now .”
2. Fu Chen is happy today, but h e _______________yesterday.
3. The stores aren’t open yet, but the post o ffice _______________.
4. I don’t have a video cam era, but I know somebody w h o _______________.
5. I would like to help you, but I’m sorry, I _______________.
6. I don ’t usually go to w ork by car, but I ______________ yesterday.
7. A: Have you ever been to Alaska?
B: N o, but S a n d ra _______________. She w ent there on vacation last year.
8. “Do you and Luke w atch TV a lo t?” “I ______________ , but Luke doesn’t .”
“Do you think Diane will pass her driving test?” “Yes, I’m sure she
10. “Are you going out ton ight?” “I ______________. I don ’t know for su re .”
41.6 Answer these questions about yourself. Use Yes, I have. / No, I'm n o t, etc.
1. Are you Canadian? No. I ’m not. 6. Do you like classical music?
2. Do you have a c a r? ___________ 7. Will you be in Rome tom orrow ?
3. Is it snowing? 8. Have you ever been to Oslo?
4. Do you feel OK? . 9. Did you go out last night?
5. Are you hungry? 10. Were you asleep at 1:00 A.M.?
U N I
41
83
A
U N I T
42
You have? / have you? 
you are?/are you?, etc.
on’t like Eric.
You don’t? Why not?
I’ve decided to buy a new car.
Oh, you have?
You can say you have? / you are? / you don’t?, etc., to show that you are interested or 
surprised.
“You’re la te .” “I am? I’m sorry.”
“I was sick last w eek.” “You were? I didn’t know th a t.”
“It’s raining again .” “It is? It was sunny ten m inutes ago .”
“There’s a letter for you .” “There is? W here is it?”
“Bill can’t drive.” “He can’t? I didn’t know th a t.”
“I’m not hungry.” “You aren’t? I am .”
“Sue isn’t at w ork today.” “She isn’t? Is she sick?”
Use do/does for the simple present and did for the simple past.
“I speak four languages.” “You do? W hich ones?”
“Tom doesn’t eat m eat.” “He doesn’t? Does he eat fish?”
“Nicole got m arried last w eek.” “She did? Really?”
Tag questions
You can use have you? / is it? / can’t 
she?, etc., at the end of a sentence.
These “m ini-questions” are called 
tag questions.
A positive sentence -» a negative tag question
Yes, it’s perfect.
Yes, th a t’s right.
Yes, I did.
Yes, very nice.
Yes, probably.
A negative s e n t e n c e a positive tag question
N o, my car is white. 
N o, I haven’t.
N o, she doesn’t.
N o, I’m never late.
That isn’t your car, is it?
You haven’t m et my mother, have you ?
Lucia doesn’t have a car, does she?
You w on’t be late, will you?
It’s a nice day, 
Karen lives in Seattle, 
You closed the window, 
Those shoes are nice, 
Tom will be here soon,
isn’t it? 
doesn’t she? 
didn’t you? 
aren’t they? 
w on’t he?
It’s a nice 
day, isn’t it?
84 I am, I don't, etc. Unit 41
Exercises
42.1 Answer with You do? / She doesn't?/ They did?, etc.
1. I speak four languages.
2. I w ork in a bank.
3. I d idn’t go to w ork yesterday.
4. Paula doesn’t like me.
5. You look tired.
6. Julia called me last night.
You do? W hich ones?
I w ork in a bank too. 
Were you sick?
W hy not?
I feel fine.
W hat did she say?
42.2 Answer with You have?/Yo u haven't?/ She d id ?/Sh e didn’t?, etc.
1. I’ve decided to buy a new car. You have? W hat kind?
2. Tim doesn’t eat meat. He doesn t? Does he eat fish?
3. I’ve already had dinner. W hen did you have it last?
4. Sue can’t drive. She should learn.
5. I was born in Italy. I d idn’t know that.
6. I d idn’t sleep well last night. Was the bed uncomfortable?
7. T here’s a good movie on TV. Are you going to w atch it?
8. I’m no t happy. W hy not?
9. I saw Amy last week. H ow is she?
10. Anne w orks in a factory. W hat kind of factory?
11. I w on’t be here next week. W here will you be?
12. The clock isn’t working. It was w orking yesterday.
42.3 Complete these sentences with a tag question ( isn't it? / haven't you?, etc.).
1. V
Y / A
It’s a nice day, isn 'f i t ? Yes, it’s beautiful.
2. V These flowers are nice. ? Yes, w hat kind are they?
3. \ Anne was at the party, ? Yes, but I d idn’t speak to her.
4. You’ve been to Chile, ? Yes, m any times.
5. You speak Thai, ? Yes, but no t very well.
6. Bill looks tired, ? Yes, he works very hard.
7. You’ll help me, ? Yes, of course I will.
42.4 Complete these sentences. Use a positive tag question (is it? / do you? etc.) or a 
negative tag question (isn ’t it? / don't you?, etc.).
1. V You haven’t eaten yet, have you
s
N o, I’m not hungry.
2. V You aren’t tired, p N o, I feel fine.
3. \ M ary is a very nice person, p Yes, everybody likes her.
4. You can play the piano, ? Yes, but I’m not very good.
5. You don’t know M ike’s sister, 5 N o, I’ve never met her.
6. John w ent to college, ? Yes, she studied economics.
7. The movie w asn’t very good, p N o, it was terrible.8. Anne lives near you, p Yes, just a few blocks a way.
9. v You w on’t tell her w hat I said, ?' 7 N o, of course not.
U N I
42
85
U N I T
43
I
B
86
Too/either and so am I/neither do I, etc.
too and either
I’m not happy.
I’m not happy either.
We use too and either at the end of a sentence.
We use too after a positive verb. We use either after a negative verb.
a A: I’m happy. B A: I’m no t happy.
B: I’m happy too. (or I am too.) B: I’m not happy either.
a A: I liked the movie. (or I’m not either.)
B: I liked it too. (or I did too.) a A: I can’t cook.
a Mei Lan is a doctor. H er husband is a B: I can’t either.
doctor too. (or H er husband is too.) B Bill doesn’t w atch TV. He doesn’t read
newspapers either.
so am I / neither do I, etc.
am/is/are . . . 
was/were . . . 
do/does . . . 
so did . . . 
neither have/has . . . 
can . . . 
will . . . 
would . . .
so am 1 = 1 am too 
so do I = I do too (etc.)
■ A: I’m working.
B: So am I. (= I’m w orking too.)
■ A: I was late for w ork today.
B: So was John. (= John was late too.) 
a A: I have a key.
B: So do I.
■ A: We went to the movies last night. 
B: You did? So did we.
■ A: I’d like to go to Australia.
B: So would I.
neither am I = I’m not either 
neither can 1 = 1 can’t either (etc.)
■ A: I haven’t been to China.
B: Neither have I. (= I haven’t either.)
■ A: Anne can’t cook.
B: Neither can Tom.
(= Tom can’t either.)
■ A: I w on’t (= will not) be here
tom orrow .
B: Neither will I. 
a A: I never go to the movies.
B: Neither do I.
Remember: so am I (no t so I am), neither have I (not neither I have)
/ am, I don't, etc. Unit 41
43.1 Write too or either.
1. I’m happy.
2. I’m not hungry.
3. I’m going out.
4. It rained on Saturday.
5. Gloria can’t ride a bicycle.
6. I don ’t like to go shopping.
7. Tracy’s m other is a teacher.
Exercises
I’m happy too
I’m not hungry 
I’m going out
It rained on Sunday 
She can’t drive a car 
I don ’t like to go shopping 
H er father is a teacher
43.2 Answer with So . . . / (So am I / So do I / So can I, etc.).
1. I w ent to bed late last night.
2. I’m thirsty.
3. I’ve already read this book.
4. I need a vacation.
5. I’ll be late tom orrow .
6. I was very tired this m orning.
Answer with N either. . . I.
7. I can’t go to the party.
8. I d idn’t call Alex last night.
9. I haven’t eaten lunch yet.
10. I’m not going out tonight.
11. I don ’t have m uch time.
So d id L
43.3 You are talking to Maria. Write true sentences about yourself. Where possible, use 
So . . . I or N eith er. . . /. Look at these examples carefully:
MARIA
I’m tired today.
I d o n ’t w o rk 
very h ard .
You can say: So am I. or I’m no t.
You can say: N eith e r do I. or I do. I
YOU
1. I’m studying English.
2. I can ride a bicycle.
3. I’m not American.
4. I like to cook.
5. I don ’t like cold weather.
6. I slept well last night.
7. I’ve never been to India.
8. I don ’t write letters very often.
9. I’m going out tom orrow night.
10. I w asn’t sick last week.
11. I d idn’t w atch TV last night.
12. I go to the movies a lot.
U N I
43
87
Isn't. . . , haven't. . . , don't. . . , etc. 
(Negatives)
We use not (n’t) in negative sentences. 
Positive —» Negative
am am not (’m not) ■ I’m not tired.
is is not (isn’t o r ’s not) N It isn’t (or It’s not) raining.
are are not (aren’t or ’re not) ■ They aren’t (or They’re not) here.
was was not (wasn’t) ■ Brian wasn’t hungry.
were were not (weren’t) ■ The stores weren’t open.
have have not (haven’t) ■ I haven’t finished my work.
has has not (hasn’t) ■ Sue hasn’t been to M exico.
will will not (won’t) ■ We w on’t be here tom orrow .
can cannot (can’t) ■ Eric can’t drive.
could could not (couldn’t) ■ I couldn’t sleep last night.
should should not (shouldn’t) ■ You shouldn’t w ork so hard.
would would not (wouldn’t) ■ I wouldn’t like to be an actor.
m ust must not ■ They must not have a car.
don’t/doesn’t/didn’t
Simple present negative 
Simple past negative
Positive -*■ Negative
I want to go out. -* I don’t want to go out.
They work hard. —» They don’t work hard.
Liz has a car. -* Liz doesn’t have a car.
M y father likes his job. -> M y father doesn’t like his job.
I got up early this m orning. -» I didn’t get up early this m orning. 
They worked hard yesterday. -* They didn’t work hard yesterday. 
We played tennis. —» We didn’t play tennis.
Diane had dinner with us. -» Diane didn’t have dinner w ith us.
I/w e/you/they do not (don’t)
he/she/it does nor (doesn’t) work/live/have, etc.
I/they/he/she, etc. did not (didn’t)
don’t . . .
Look! 
Wait for me.
D on’t look!
D on’t wait for me.
Sometimes do is the main verb.
D o something! 
Sue does a lot on weekends. 
I did w hat you said.
D on’t do anything!
Sue doesn’t do much ori weekends. 
I didn’t do w hat you said.
S im p le Present N e g a tive U nit 6 S im p le Past N e ga tive U nit 12 
D o n 't! U n it 37 W hy isn 't/d o n ’t . . . ? U nit 45
Exercises
44.1
44.2
44.4
Make these sentences negative.
1. H e’s gone out. He hasn t gone out
2. They’re m arried.
3. I ’ve had dinner.
U N I •
44
4. It’s cold today.
5. We’ll be late.
6. You should go.
Make these sentences negative. Use don't/doesn't/didn't.
1. She saw me. She didn t see me. _ 4. He lives here.
2. I like ch eese .___________________________5. Go away!
3. They u n d e rs to o d .___________________ 6. I did the dishes.
44.3 Make these sentences negative.
1. She can swim. She r a n t swim. 6. H e’ll be pleased.
2. They’ve arrived. 7. Call me tonight.
3. I w ent to the bank. 8. It rained yesterday.
4. He speaks Japanese. 9. I could hear them.
5. We were angry. 10. I have a camera.
Complete these sentences with a negative verb [isn't/haven't/don’t, etc.).
1. They aren’t rich. They d o n ’t have m uch money.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. 
9.
10.
11 .
12.
“W ould you like som ething to ea t?” “N o, thank you. I ______________ hungry.”
I find my glasses. Have you seen them?
E ric _______________write letters very often. He prefers to use the phone.
We can walk to the station from here. I t ______________ very far.
“W here’s Kim ?” “I know. I _______________ seen her today.”
Be careful! fall!
I ______________ have a ticket, so I couldn’t go to the concert.
I ’ve been to Japan m any times, but I ______________ been to Korea.
J u l ia _______________be here tom orrow . She’s going away.
“W ho broke that w indow ?” “N o t me. I d o i t .”
We d idn’t see w hat happened. We
44.5 £
X
You ask Gary some questions. He 
answers "Yes" or "No." Write sentences 
about Gary, positive or negative.
Are you married? No. 1.
Do you live in Los Angeles? Yes. 2.
Were you born in Los Angeles? No. 3.
Do you like Los Angeles? No. 4.
W ould you like to live someplace else? Yes. 5.
Can you drive? Yes. 6.
Have you traveled abroad? No. 7.
Do you read newspapers? No. 8.
Are you interested in politics? N o. 9.
Do you w atch TV at night? Yes. 10.
Did you w atch TV last night? No. 11.
Did you go out last night? Yes. 12.
looking at the time.
m \
'T | GARY 
He isn t m a rried
He lives in Los Hnaeles.
89
A
U N I T
45
B
Is i t . . . ?, Have y o u . . . ? , Do they. . . ?, etc.
Positive you are You are eating.
X
Q uestion are you Are you eating? W hat are you eating?
Positive Q uestion
subject + verb verb + subject
I am late. Am I late?
That seat is free. -» Is that seat free?
She was angry. — W hy was she angry?
David has gone out. W here has David gone?
You have been to Japan. Have you been to Japan?
They will be here soon. -* W hen will they be here?
Paula can swim. Can Paula swim?
Be careful with w ord order - the subject is after the first verb.
W here has David gone? (not W here has gone David?)
Are those people waiting for something? (no t Are w aiting . . . ?) 
W hen was the telephone invented? (n o t W hen was invented . . . ?)
do . . . ? / does . . . ? / did
Simple present questions 
Simple past questions 
Positive
They work hard. -» D o they work hard?
You watch television. -»H ow often do you watch television ?
Chris has a car. -* Does Chris have a car?
She gets up early. W hat time does she get up?
They worked hard. —» Did they work hard?
You had dinner. -» W hat did you have for dinner?
She got up early. -»■ W hat time did she get up?
Sometimes do is the main verb (do you do / did he do, etc.). 
W hat do you usually do on weekends?
“W hat does your brother do?” “He works in a bank .” 
“I broke my finger last w eek .” “H ow did you do th a t?”
Why isn’t . . . ? / Why don’t . . . ?, etc. (Why + negative)
W here’s Pedro? Why isn’t he here? (not W hy he isn’t here?)
Why can’t Ratana come to the meeting tom orrow ? (not W hy R atana can’t . . . ?) 
Why didn’t you call me last night?
p
do I/w e/you/they 
does he/she/it work/live/have (etc.) . . . ?
did you/she/they (etc.)
Question
90
S im p le Present Q u estio n s Unit 7 S im p le Past Q uestio n s U nit 12 
Q u estio n s U nits 4 6 -4 7 W hat I w h ich ! h o w . . . ? Units 4 8 -4 9
Exercises
45.1 Write questions.
1. I can swim, (and you?) Can you sw im r
45.2
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8 . 
9.
10 .
Y O l
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
I w ork hard, (and Jim?) D oes J im w ork hard?
I was late this m orning, (and you?)
I’ve had lunch, (and A n n e? )_____
I’ll be here tom orrow , (and you?) 
I’m going out tonight, (and Paul?)
I like my job. (and you?)
I live near here, (and N ico le?)__
I enjoyed the movie, (and you?) . 
I had a nice vacation, (and you?)
You are talking to a friend about driving. Write the questions.
(have / a car?) Do you have a car? 
(use / a lot?) i t .
(use / yesterday?)
(enjoy driving?)
(a good d riv e r? )__________
(ever / have / an accident?)
Yes, I do.
Yes, alm ost every day. 
Yes, to go to work. 
N o t very much.
I think I am.
N o, never.
45.3 Put the words in the right order. All the sentences are questions.
1. (has / gone / where / David?) W here has D a v id gone?_______
2. (working / Rachel / is / today?) A 'Rachel w orking today?
3. (the children / w hat / are / doing?) W hat
4. (made / is / how / cheese?)
5. (to the party / coming / is / your sister?)
6. (you / the tru th / tell / don ’t / why?)
7. (your guests / have / yet / arrived?)
8. (leave / w hat time / your plane / does?) .
9. (your car / in the accident / was / d am aged?)________________
10. (to w ork / Anne / why / go / d idn’t ? ) __________________
45.4 Complete the questions.
1. I w ant to go out.
2. A1 and Joe aren’t going to the party.
3. I’m reading.
4. Sue w ent to bed early.
5. My parents are going on vacation.
6. I saw Tom a few days ago.
7. I can’t come to the party.
8. I need some money.
9. Angela doesn’t like me.
10. It sometimes rains.
11. I did the shopping.
W here do vou w a n t to go
W hv aren 't th ev aoina
W hat
W hat time
W hen
W here
W hy
H ow much
Why
H ow often
W hen J
U N I
45
91
A
U N I T
46
B
C
Who saw you? Who did you see?
Sylvia saw Paul .
Somebody saw Paul.
I
Who saw Paul?
Sylvia. (Sylvia saw him .
W h o is the subject.
Paul is the object.
ob ject 
I
Sylvia saw somebody
Who did Sylvia see?
Paul. (She saw Paul.)
Who is the object. 
Sylvia is the subject.
Sylvia saw Paul.
W ho saw Paul?
Sylvia. (Sylvia saw him.)
W ho did Sylvia see? 
Paul. (She saw Paul.)
In these questions, who/what is the subject:
Who lives in this house? (= som ebody lives in it - who?) (no t W ho does live) 
What happened? (= som ething happened - what?) (no t W hat did happen?) 
What’s happening? (What’s = W hat is)
W ho’s got my car keys? (Who’s = W ho has)
In these questions, who/what is the object:
Who did you meet yesterday? (= you m et som ebody - who?)
What did Paul say? (= Paul said som ething - what?)
Who are you calling?
What was Sylvia wearing?
Com pare:
Justin likes chocolate. -» W ho likes chocolate? - Justin.
What does Justin like? - Chocolate.
Lucas w on some money. -> Who won some money? - Lucas.
What did Lucas win? - Some money.
Use who for people (somebody). Use what for things, ideas, etc. (something). 
W ho is your favorite singer?
What is your favorite song?
Questions Units 45. 47 W h at. . . ?, Which . . . ?, H o w . . . ? Unit 48
46.1 Write questions with who or what. In these questions, who/what is the subject.
1. Somebody broke the window.
2. Something fell off the shelf.
3. Somebody w ants to see you.
4. Somebody took my umbrella.
5. Something m ade me sick.
6. Somebody is coming.
Exercises
r \
Who bro_ke th e w indow?
W hat . ?
me?
46.2 Write questions with who or what (subject or object).
1. I bought something.
2. Somebody lives in this house.
3. I called somebody.
4. Something happened last night.
5. Somebody knows the answer.
6. Somebody did the dishes.
7. Jane did something.
8. Something woke me up.
9. Somebody saw the accident.
10. I saw somebody.
11. Somebody has my pen.
12. This w ord means something.
W hat d id you buy?
Who lives in this house?
46.3 You want the missing information (XXXXX). Write questions with who or what.
1. 1 lost XX X X X yesterday, but 
fortunately XX X X X found it and 
gave it back to me.
2. XX XX X called me last night.
She w anted XXXXX.
3. I needed some advice, so I asked 
XX XXX. He said XX XX X.
4. I hear that X X X X X got m arried 
last week. XX XX X told me.
5. I met XX XX X on my way home 
tonight. She told me XXXXX.
6. Steve and I played tennis yesterday. 
XXXXX won. After the game,
we XXXXX.
7. It was my birthday last week, 
and I got some presents. XXXX X 
gave me a book, and Catherine 
gave me XXXXX.
W h a t .d id you b ee? 
Who found it?
U N I
46
93
U N I T
47
Who is she talking to? What is it like?
Julia is talking to somebody.
W ho is she talking to ?
I . . 
preposition
In questions beginning W ho . . . ? / W hat 
W here . . . ? / W hich . . . ?, prepositions 
(to /from /w ith , etc.) usually go at the end.
. . ? /
JULIA
“W here are you from ?” “I’m from T hailand .”
“John was afra id .” “W hat was he afraid of?”
“W ho do these books belong to?” “They’re m ine.”
“Tom ’s father is in the hosp ita l.” “W hich hospital is he in?” 
“Kate is going on vacation.” “W ho is she going w ith?” 
“ Can we ta lk?” “Sure. W hat do you w ant to talk abou t?”
W h a t’s y o u r 
new house like?
W hat’s it like? / W hat are they like?, etc.
I t’s big.
W hat’s it like? = W hat is it like?
W hat’s it like? = tell me 
something about it (is it good 
or bad?, big or small?, old or 
new?, etc.)
W hen we say, “W hat is it like?,” like is a preposition. 
It is not the verb like. (Do you like your new house?)
A: There’s a new restaurant near my 
house.
B: W hat’s it like? Is it good?
A: I don ’t know. I haven’t eaten there yet. 
A: W hat’s your new teacher like?
B: She’s really good. We learn a lot.
A: I met N icole’s parents yesterday.
B: You did? W hat are they like?
A: They’re very nice.
A: Did you have a good vacation?
W hat was the w eather like?
B: It was great. It was sunny every day.
B
94 Questions Units 4 5 -4 6 W hat. . . ?, Which . ?, H o w . ? Unit 48 Prepositions Units 101-108
47.1 You want the missing information (XXXXX). Write questions with Who or What.
1. The letter is from XXXXX.
2. I’m looking for a XXXXX.
3. I w ent to the movies with XXXXX.
4. The movie was about XXXXX.
5. I gave the money to XXXXX.
6. The book was w ritten by XXXXX.
Exercises
47.2 Complete the questions about the pictures. Use one of these verbs + a preposition:
listen look taHe talk w ait write
f'
Who is the le t te r fro m ?
W h a t_______ you
It was very 
good.
i^ Yes, very 
So interesting,
1. W ho /s sile talking to
2. W hat
3. W ho ______
? 4. W h a t .
? 5. W hat _
? 6. W hich bus
47.3 Write questions with Which.
1. Tom ’s father is in the hospital.
2. We stayed at a hotel.
3. Jack belongs to a tennis club.
4. I w ent to high school in this town.
W hich hosp ita l is he in?
you
47.4 You want some information about another country. You ask somebody who has 
been there. Ask questions with What is/are . . . like?
1. (the roads) W hatare the roads like? 3. (the people) ___
2. (the f o o d ) _____________________________ 4. (the weather)
47.5 Ask questions with What was/were . . . like?
1. Your friend has just come back from a trip. Ask about the weather.
W hat w as the w e a th e r l i k e ? ________
2. Your friend has just come back from the movies. Ask about the movie.
3. Your friend has just finished a com puter course. Ask about the classes.
4. Your friend has just come back from a business trip. Ask about the hotel.
U N I
47
95
A
U N I T
48
B
C
what + noun (What color . . . ? / What kind . . . ?, etc.)
What color is your car? What color are your eyes?
What size is this shirt? What nationality is she?
What day is it today? What time is it?
What kind of job do you want? (or What type of job . . . ?)
what w ithout a noun
W hat’s your favorite color? What do you w ant to do tonight?
which + noun (things or people)
Which train did you catch - the 9:50 or the 10:30?
Which doctor did you see - D octor Vega, D octor Gray, or D octor Hill?
We use which w ithout a noun for things, not people.
Which is bigger - C anada or Australia?
We use who for people (w ithout a noun).
Who is taller - Bill or Sam? (not W hich is taller?)
'CDor / j or or
What or which?
We use which when we are thinking about a small 
num ber of possibilities (perhaps tw o, three, or four). Which f
■ We can go this way or tha t way. Which way should we go?
There are four um brellas here. Which is yours?
What is more general.
What is the capital of Argentina? (of all the cities in Argentina)
What kind of music do you like? (of all kinds of music)
Com pare:
What color are his eyes? (n o t W hich color . . . ?)
Which color do you prefer, pink or yellow?
What is the longest river in the world?
Which is the longest river - the Mississippi, the Amazon, or the Nile? 
H ow . . . ?
“H ow was the party last night?” “It was g reat.”
“H ow do you usually get to w ork?” “By bus.”
You can use how + adjective/adverb (how tall / how old / how often, etc.).
tall are you?” “I’m five feet 10.’’(five feet 10 inches or one meter 70) 
big is the house?” “N ot very big.” 
old is your mother?” “She’s 4 5 .”
“H ow far is it from here to the airport?” “Ten miles.” (about 17 kilometers) 
often do you use your car?” “Every day.” 
long have they been married?” “Ten years.” 
much was the taxi?” “Ten dollars.”
96 Questions Units 4 5 -4 7 How long does it take . . . ? Unit 49 Which one(s)? Unit 76
48.1 Write questions with Wh a t . . . ?
Exercises
1. This shirt is nice.
2. I w ant a job.
3. I’ve got a new sweater.
4. I got up early this m orning.
5. I like music.
6. I w ant to buy a car.
(size) W hat s ize is it?
(kind) W h et k ind o f jo b da you wan t?_
(color) W h a t______________________________ ?
(tim e)_______________________________get up?
(type)
(kind)
48.2 Complete the questions. Use Which . . . ?
w a n t to see?)
is yours?)
48.3 Write What, Which, or Who.
1. W h a t is tha t m an’s name?
2. _W hich _ way is it? Left or right?
3. Tea or coffee? _________do you prefer?
4. “ day is it today?” “Friday.”
5. This is a nice office.
_________desk is yours?
is your favorite sport? 
is cheaper, m eat or fish?
. is older, Anne or Justin?
. kind of camera do you have!
6.
7. ____
8.
9.
10. A: M ary has three cameras.
B: camera does she use most?
48.4 Complete the questions with How + adjective or adverb (How high, How long, etc).
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
nous hi ah . is M ount Everest? 
is it to the station?
is Sarah?
do the buses run? 
is the w ater in the pool? 
. have you lived here?
Almost 9,000 meters. 
A bout two miles. 
She’s 26.
Every ten minutes. 
Two meters.
Almost three years.
48.5 Write questions with H o w . . . ?
1. Are you five feet nine? Five feet ten? Five feet eleven? H ow ta ll are you?
2. Is this box one kilogram? Two? Three?
3. Are you 20 years old? 21? 22?
4. Did you spend $10? $15? $20?
5. Do you w atch TV every day? Once a week? Never?
Is it 2 ,000 miles from N ew York to Los Angeles? 2,500? 3,000?
U N I
48
97
A
U N I T
49
B
How long does it take . . . ?
H ow long does it take to get from . . . to . . . ?
“H ow long does it take to get from 
W ashington to N ew York by p lane?” 
“It takes one hour.”
“H ow long does it take to get from 
your house to the station by car?”
“It takes ten m inutes to get from my 
house to the sta tion .”
H ow long does it take (to do something)?
does
H ow long did it take to . . . ?
will
T f
takes 
took 
will take
a week 
a long time 
three hours
to . . .11
doesn’t
d idn’t
w on’t
take long
H ow long does it take to cross the Atlantic by ship? 
H ow long did it take to get to the airport?
It takes a long time to learn a language.
It took about an hour to get to the airport.
It doesn’t take long to cook an omelet.
It w on’t take long to fix the com puter.
H ow long does it take you (to do something)?
does you
H ow long did it take Anne to . . . ? 
will them
takes me a week
It took Anne a long time to . . .
will take them three hours
I started reading the book on M onday.
I finished it on W ednesday night.
It took me three days to read it.
H ow long will it take me to learn to drive?
It takes me 20 m inutes to get to w ork in the m orning.
It took Tom an hour to do the shopping.
Did it take you a long time to find a job?
It will take us an hour to cook dinner.
98
Exercises
49.1 Look at the pictures and write questions with How long . . . ?
1 J - 3
a AucKLAhitye 
/
^ l̂ ^HOUSTUN
L̂~ŝ a a a y 2 /7 r ^ 
' Y ?
J )
KONNEVY \AyPORT
1.
S ) LT J I
H ow tona does i t fake to an t from b u ck /a n d to T vdney hv plane?
4
2.
J O - 7 / 7 /
3.
4.
49.2 How long does it take to do these things? Write full sentences.
1. fly from your city/country to N ew York
J t takes a day to flyJrsom Tokyo to No. o/ York. _____ ______
2. fly from your city/country to Australia
3. become a doctor in your country
4. walk from your house to the nearest school
5. get from your house to the nearest a irport
49.3 Write questions with How long did it take . . . ?
1. She found a place to live. H m v brig d id . its take h e r to fin d a p lace to live? _
2. I walked to the station. ________________________ you ?
3. He washed the windows.
4. I learned to ski. _ _ ___
5. They repaired the car.
49.4 Read the situations and write sentences with It took . . . .
1. I read a book last week. I started reading it on M onday. I finished it three days later.
I t took m e th re e days to re a d the hook
2. We walked hom e last night. We left at 10 o ’clock, and we got home at 10:20.
3. I learned to fly last year. I had my first flying lesson in January. I got my p ilo t’s 
license nine m onths later.
4. M ark drove to H ouston yesterday. He left home at eight o ’clock and got to 
H ouston at 10:00.
5. N icole began looking for a job a long time ago. She found a job last week.
6. (Now w rite a true sentence about yourself.)
U N I
49
99
A
U N I T
50
B
C
100
Do you know where . . . ? , 
I don't know what. . . , etc.
Do you know where Paula is? We say: W here is Paula?
! 1
but: Do you know where Paula is ?
(n o t Do you know where is Paula?)
In the same way we say:
I know where Paula is.
I don’t know where Paula is.
Can you tell me where Paula is?
Com pare:
W ho are those people? but 
H ow old is Nicole?
W hat time is it?
W here can I go?
H ow m uch is this camera?
W hen are you leaving town? 
W here have they gone?
W hat was Dawn wearing?
D o you know 
Can you tell me
I know 
I don’t know 
I don’t remember
who those people are 
how old Nicole is 
what time it is 
where I can go 
how much this camera is 
when you’re leaving town 
where they’ve gone 
what Dawn was wearing
>
Q uestions w ith do/does/did (simple present and simple past)
W here does he live ?
I,
Do you know where he lives ? (not Do you know where does he live?) 
Com pare:
H ow do airplanesfly? but 
W hat does Jessica want?
W hy did she go home?
W here did I p u t the key?
D o you know how rplanes fly )
I don’t know 
I don’t remember 
I know
what Jessica wants 
why she went home 
where I put the key
Questions beginning Is . . . ? / D o . . . ? / Can . . . ?, etc. (yes/no questions)
Com pare:
Is Jack at home? but
Have they left yet?
Can Brian swim?
Do they live near here?
Did anybody see you?
You can use if or whether in these sentences:
Do you know if they’ve got a car? or Do you know whether they’ve got a car? 
I don ’t know if he’s m arried, or I don ’t know whether he’s m arried.
Jack is at home 
Do you know if they’ve left yet ?
or Brian can swim 
I don’t know whether they live near here
anybody saw you
Exercises
50.1 Answer these questions with I don't know where/when/why . . . , etc.
1. H ave your friends gone home?
2. Is Kate in her office?
3. Is the building very old?
4. Will Paul be here soon?
5. Was he angry because I was late?
6. Has M ary lived here a long time?
50.2 Complete the sentences.
1. (H ow do airplanes fly?) Do you know /you/ airplanes f ly______
2. (Where does Susan work?) I don ’t know
3. (W hat did Peter say?) Do you rem ember
4. (Why did he go hom e early?) I don’t k n o w _____________
5. (W hat time does the meeting begin?) Do you know
6. (How did the accident happen?) I don ’t rem em ber
50.3 Which is right?
1. Do you know w hat tim e ts - i t / it is? (it is is right)
2. W hy are you / you are leaving?
3. I don ’t know where are they / they are going.
4. Can you tell me where is the m useum / the m useum is?
5. W here do you w ant / you w ant to go for vacation?
6. Do you know w hat do elephants eat / elephants e a t?
50.4 Write questions with Do you know i f . . . ?
1. (Have they got a car?) D o you know i f th e y've got a car?
2. (Are they m arried?) Do you know
3. (Does Sue know Bill?)
4. (Will Justin be here tom orrow ?)
5. (Did he pass his exam?)
50.5 Write questions beginning with Do you k n o w . . . ?
1. (W hat does Tom iko want?) Do y o u know w h a t Tomiko w ants?
2. (Where is Lynn?) Do
3. (Is she w orking today?) ________
4. (W hat time does she start w o rk ? )_____
5. (Are the banks open tom orrow ?) _
6. (Where do Sarah and Tim live?)
7. (Did they go to Ji Yoo’s party?)
50.6 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
1. Do you know why the tra in w as late_________________
2. Do you know w hat time
3. Excuse me, can you tell me where „
4. I don’t know w hat _ _________
5. Do you know if
(where) / don t know w here they 've qone. 
(where) I don ’t know 
(how old)
(when)
(why) __ __
(how long)
U N I
50
101
She said that. . . He told me that
Last week you w ent to a party. A 
lot of your friends were there. Here 
are some things they said to you.
I’m enjoying 
m y n ew job .
My father isn’t
very happy.
PETER
ANNE
STEVE
Present Past
We’re g o ing to 
buy a house.
I have to leave early.
My sister has 
gone to A ustra lia .
I can’t find a job.
I’ll call you.
I don’t like 
m y job.
My son doesn’t 
like school.
You look tired . 
I feel fine.MIKE X
am
is
are
have
has
can
will
was
were
had
could
would
Today you meet Paul. You tell
him about the party. You tell
Paul w hat your friends said.
■ Diane said tha t she was 
enjoying her new job.
■ She said tha t her father 
wasn’t very happy.
■ Sarah and Tim said that 
they were going to buy a 
house.
Peter said tha t he had to 
leave early.
■ He said tha t his sister had 
gone to Australia.
■ Anne said tha t she 
couldn’t find a job.
■ Steve said tha t he would 
call me.
Amy said that she didn’t
do
does —» did ■
like her job.
She said tha t her son
didn’t like school.
look looked ■ M ike said that I looked
feel -* felt tired.
(etc.) (etc.) a I said that I felt fine.
say and tell 
say (-* said)
He said th a t he was tired.
(not He said me)
W hat did she say to you? (not say you) 
Do no t say: “he said m e,” “ I said A nne,” 
etc.
tell (-» told)
He told me that he was tired.
(not He told t h a t . . .)
W hat did she tell you? fno t tell to you)
Do not say: “he told to m e,” “I told to 
A nne,” etc.
You can say:
He said that he was tired, or He said he was tired, (w ithout that)
Amy told me that she d idn’t like her job. or Amy told me she d idn’t like her job.
I to ld him to . . . Unit 54
51.1 Read what these people say and write sentences with He/She/They said (that) . . . .
I’ve lost my watch. I don’t feel very well.
Exercises
1. He sai_d_h_e_had lost his watch. _ 6.
2. ^
I’m very busy.
7.
fij We’ll be home late.
3.
I can’t go to the party.
8.
i I’ve just gotten back from vacation.
4.
I have to go out.
9.
a I’m going to buy a new computer.
5.
I’m learning Russian.
10.
ftf We don’t have a key.
51.2 Use the pictures to complete the sentences.
DIANE
I don’t 
to go.
HANNAH
5 You
SHARON
I’m going to 
the movies.
MARY
^ Where’s Robert? 
He’s gone home.
I want to 
watch TV.
NICOLE
1. I saw Diane last week. She said she w as enjoying h e r n e w jo b
2. Emily d idn’t w ant anything to eat. She s a id ____
3. I w anted to borrow D on’s ladder but he said
4. H annah was invited to the party but she said
5. Sharon told me she d idn’t w ant the picture. She said
6. M ark just left on vacation. He said
7. I was looking for Robert. N icole s a id ______________________
8. “W hy did Jiro stay hom e?” “He s a id ___
9. “H as M ary gone ou t?” “I th ink so. She said
51.3 Write say/said or tell/told.
1. He sa id he was tired.
2. W hat did she te ll you?
3. A n n e _______she d idn’t like Peter.
4. Jack me tha t you were sick.
5. Please don ’t _______ Jim w hat
happened.
6. Did P a t _______ she would be late?
7. The w om an ______ she was a reporter.
8. The w om an ______ us she was a
reporter.
9. They asked me a lot of questions, but I 
d idn’t _______ them anything.
10. They asked me a lot of questions, 
but I d idn’t ______ anything.
U N I
51
103
Work/working, go/going, do/doing
work/go/be, etc. (base form )
We use the base form with will/can/must, etc.
will ■ Amy will be here soon.
shall Shall I open the window?
might ■ I might call you later.
may ■ May I sit here?
can ■ I can’t meet you tom orrow .
could Could you pass the salt, please?
must ■ It’s late. You must be tired.
should ■ You shouldn’t work so hard.
w ould ■ Would you like some coffee?
We use the base form with do/does and did.
do/does
(simple present)
did
(simple past)
(see Units 28-29)
(see Unit 30)
(see Unit 31)
(see Unit 32)
(see Unit 33)
(see Unit 35)
D o you work?
They don’t work very hard.
Elena doesn’t know many people. 
H ow much does it cost?
W hat time did the train leave?
We didn’t sleep well.
(see Units 6-7)
(see Unit 12)
To work / to go / to be, etc. (in fin itive)
(I’m) going to . . . I’m going to play tennis tom orrow . (see Unit 27)
■ W hat are you going to do?
(I) have to . . . I have to go now. (see Unit 34)
■ Everybody has to eat.
(I) want to . . . Do you want to go out? (see Unit 51)
■ They don ’t want to come with us.
(I) would like to . . . I’d like to talk to you. (see Unit 35)
■ Would you like to go out?
(I) used to . . . Dave used to work in a factory. (see Unit 25)
Working/going/playing, etc.
am/is/are + -ing
(present continuous)
was/were + -ing 
(past continuous)
Please be quiet. I’m working.
Tom isn’t working today.
W hat time are you going out?
It was raining, so we d idn’t go out. 
W hat were you doing when the 
phone rang?
(see Units 3 -4 , 8, 26)
(see Units 13-14)
Verbs + to . . . and -ing (I w ant to do 11 enjoy doing) Unit 53 Go + -ing Unit 56
Exercises
52.1 Complete the sentences. Write: call Paul or fo call Paul.
1. I ’ll call Paul
2. I’m going
3. You can
4. Shall I _
5. I’d like
to call Paul
6. Do you have
7. You should
8. I w ant
9. I m ight 
10. Could you
52.2 Complete the sentences with a verb from the list. Sometimes you need the base 
form (work, go, etc.) and sometimes you need -ing (working, going,etc.).
do / doing 
eat / eating 
fly / flying
get / getting 
go / going 
listen / listening
stay / staying 
w ait / waiting
watch / watching 
w ear / wearing
1. Please be quiet. I’m w orking
2. I feel tired today. I d idn’t sleep
3. W hat time do you usually
4. “W here are y o u _______________?” “To the bank .”
5. Did y o u television last night?
very well last night, 
up in the morning?
6. Look at that plane! It’s very low.
to it.7. You can turn off the radio. I’m n o t __________
8. They d idn’t _______________anything because they w eren’t hungry.
9. M y friends were
10. “Does Sharon always
11. “W hat are you ____
_ for me when I arrived.
_ glasses?” “N o, only for reading .” 
ton ight?” “I’m ______________ hom e.”
52.3 Put
(to
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8 . 
9.
10 .
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
the verb in the correct form. Choose the base form (work/go, etc.), the infinitive 
work / to go, etc.), or -ing (working/going, etc.).
Shall I open the window? (open)
It’s late. I have to g o now. (go)
Amy isn’t w orking 
I’m tired. I don ’t w ant 
It m ig h t__
this week. She’s on vacation, (work) 
____________ out. (go)
W hat time do you have 
I’m sorry I can’t
. Take an um brella with you. (rain) 
tom orrow morning? (leave)
you. (help)
M y brother is a student. H e’s 
Would you like
physics, (study)
on a trip around the world? (go)
W hen you saw Choi Su, w hat was h e ______________ ? (wear)
W hen you go to London, where are you g o i n g _? (stay)
It’s cold, but Carlos isn’t wearing a jacket. He m ust
“W here’s Eric?” “H e’s _______________a bath .” (take)
I used a car, but I sold it last year, (have)
cold .(be)
He spoke very quietly. I couldn’t him. (hear)
to w ork today, (go)
to him. (listen)
You don ’t look well. I don ’t think you should
I don ’t know w hat he said. I w asn’t ______
I’m sorry I’m late. I had
M edical students m u s t______________ courses in biology and chemistry, (take)
M ay I please = your phone? (use)
a phone call, (make)
U N I
52
105
A
U N I T
53
B
C
To . . . (I want to do) and -ing (I enjoy doing)
Verbs + to . . . (I want to do)
want plan decide try
hope expect offer forget
need promise refuse learn
+ to . . . (to do / to work / to be, etc.)
W hat do you want to do tonight?
It’s not very late. We d o n ’t need to go hom e yet. 
Tina has decided to sell her house.
You forgot to turn off the light when you went out. 
M y brother is learning to drive.
I tried to read my book, but I was too tired.
Verbs + -ing (I enjoy doing)
nhnd finhsh SUS8CSt + -ing (doing / working / being, etc.)
I enjoy dancing. (no t enjoy to dance)
I don’t mind getting up early.
Has it stopped raining?
Sonia suggested going to the movies.
Verbs + -ing or to . . .
i r t e A t i t i n i i n
+ -ing (doing, etc.) or to . . . (to do, etc.)like love start continueprefer hate begin
Do you like getting up early? or Do you like to get up early? 
I prefer traveling by car. or I prefer to travel by car.
Anna loves dancing, or Anna loves to dance.
I hate being late, o r I hate to be late.
It started raining, or It started to rain.
Would like to . . . , etc.
+ to . . . (to do / to work / to be, etc.)would like would lovewould prefer would hate
Julia would like to meet you.
I’d love to go to Australia. (I’d = I would)
“Would you like to stay at the M etro H otel?” “No, I’d prefer to stay at the G rand.” 
I like this city very much. I wouldn’t like to move.
I’d hate to lose my address book.
I enjoy dancing.
106 W ould like Unit 35 / w ant you to . Unit 54 Go + -ing Unit 56 Preposition + -ing Unit 107
Exercises
53.1 Put the verb in the right form - to . . . or -ing.
53.2
53.4
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8 .
I enjoy dancing ■ (dance)
W hat do you w ant to. do . tonight? (do)
Goodbye! I h o p e _____________ you
'see)again soon 
I learned when I was
five years old. (swim) 
Have you finished 
kitchen? (clean)
I’m tired. I w ant 
Do you enjoy
the
to bed.(go) 
other
countries? (visit)
The w eather was nice, so I suggested 
for a w alk by the river, (go)
9.
10 .
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
W here’s Bill? He promised 
here on time, (be)
I’m not in a hurry. I don ’t mind 
. (wait)
W hat have you decided . ? (do)
Eric was very angry and refused 
to me. (speak)
W here’s Anna? I need 
her something, (ask)
They were very upset and started 
■ (cry)
I’m trying . (work)
Please stop . (talk)
Complete the sentences with to .
cook go help lose meet
. or -ing. Use one of these verbs:
rain read see send w ait walk w atch
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8 . 
9.
10.
11.
12.
Julia w ould like to m e e t _ you.
Nicole has a lot of books. She en joys .
I’m surprised that you’re here. I d idn’t expect _ __ ___ you.
D on’t forget ____ _ us a postcard when you’re on vacation.
“Should we take a taxi to the restauran t?” 
m ind .”
This ring was my grandm other’s. I’d h a te _______________ it.
Rita had a lot to do, so I offered
“If you w ant, but it isn’t far. I don ’t
her.
W hat should we do this afternoon? Would you like 
W hen I’m tired in the evening, 1 like 
“Do you w ant to go now ?” “N o, I’d prefer
I’m not going out until it stops _____________ .
D inner is going to be late. I just started
to the beach?
television.
a few m inutes.”
53.3 Read the questions and complete the answers.
1. Do you usually get up early ? Yes, I like aettina up
\
early OR to g e t up e a r ly .
2. Do you ever go to museums? Yes, I love
3. Do you write letters often? N o, I don ’t like
4. Have you ever been to Rome? N o, but I’d love sometime.
5. Do you ever travel by train? Yes, I enjoy
6. Do you w ant to eat at home I don’t mind a restaurant,
or go to a restaurant? but I’d prefer home. y
Complete these sentences. Write about yourself. Use to . . . or -ing.
1. I enjoy
2. I don’t like
3. If it’s a nice day tom orrow , I’d like
4. W hen I’m on vacation, I like
5. I don’t mind
6. I w ouldn’t like
but
U N I -
53
Additional Exercise 30 (pages 256-257) 107
U N I T
54
I want you to . . . and I told you to .
The w om an wants to leave.
The m an doesn’t want the w om an to leave. 
He wants her to stay.
We say:
I want you to be happy. (not I w ant that you are happy) 
They d idn’t want anybody to know their secret.
Do you want me to lend you some money?
We use would like in the same way.
Would you like me to lend you some money?
We also use this structure (verb + som ebody + to . . .) with:
verb + som ebody + to . . .
ask Sue asked a friend to lend her some money.
tell I told you to be careful.
advise What do you advise me to do?
expect I d idn’t expect them to be here.
persuade We persuaded Eric to come with us.
teach I am teaching my brother to swim.
D
■
I told you to . . . / 1 told you not to
Wait for me!
'■?' m ' i j \ N N E ME
Anne told me to wait for her.
■ $ D o n ’t w a i t fo r me.
PAUL SUE
Paul told Sue not to wait for him.
make and let
After make and let, we do not use to.
H e’s very funny. He makes me laugh. (n o t makes me to laugh)
At school our teachers made us work very hard.
Ada let me use her com puter because mine w asn’t working, (not let me to use)
You can say Let’s . . . (= Let us) when you w ant people to do things w ith you.
Come on! Let’s dance.
“Do you w ant to go out tonight?” “N o, I’m tired. Let’s stay hom e.”
He to ld me th a t . . . Unit 51
want you to . . .
54.1 Write sentences beginning / want you . . . I t don't want you ... / Do you want me ... ?
1. (you have to come with me) / w a n t you to som e. With rne.
2. (listen carefully) I w a n t_____________________
3. (please don ’t be angry) I don ’t __________________________________________________ .
4. (shall I w ait for you?) Do you
5. (don’t call me tonight)
6. (you should m eet Sarah)
54.2 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.
Exercises
W here’s Turn left
; . the station? , after the
u j .J ljljjS jjl, | ps bridge.
You should 
see a doctor.
LINDABRIAN
Can I use 
your phone?
Do you play Yes, my
the piano? mother
taughtme.
YOSHl
1. Brian was sick. I advised him to see a doctor
2. I w anted to get to the station. A w om an told _
3. Linda had a lot of luggage. She asked
4. Sue is going to call later. I told „
5. I w anted to make a phone call. Yoshi let
6. Lee’s m other taught
54.3 Complete these sentences with the verbs in the list. Sometimes to is necessary 
(to go / to wait, etc.); sometimes to is not necessary (go/wait, etc.).
arrive borrow get go leave m ake repeat tell th ink wait
1. Please stay! I don’t w ant you to leave yet.
2. I d idn’t hear w hat she said, so I asked her it.
3. “Should we begin?” “N o, let’s a few m inutes.”
4. Are they already here? I expected them much later.
5. Kevin’s parents d idn’t w ant him m arried.
6. I w ant to stay here. You can’t make me with you.
7. “Is that your bicycle?” “N o, it’s Jo h n ’s. He let me it.”
8. M ika can’t come to the party. She told me you.
9. Do you w ant som ething to drink? W ould you like me: some coffee i
10. “Achara doesn’t like m e.” “W hat makes you th a t?”
U N I
54
109
A
U N I T
55
I went to the store to . . .
Kelly wanted a newspaper, 
so she w ent to the store.
W hy did she go to the store? 
To buy a newspaper.
She w ent to the store to buy 
a newspaper.
riewsM^L
To . . . (to buy / to see, etc.) tells us w hy a person does something. 
“W hy are you going o u t?” “To get some bread .”
Amy w ent to the a irport to meet her friend.
Fu Chen turned on the television to watch the news.
I’d like to go to M exico to learn Spanish.
money/time to (do something)
We need some money to buy food.
I don ’t have time to watch television.
B
C
to . . . and for . . .
to + verb
(to buy / to see, etc.)
■ I w ent to the store to buy a newspaper. 
(not for buy)
■ They’re going to Brazil to see their 
friends.
■ We need some m oney to buy food.
for + noun
(for a newspaper / for food, etc.)
■ I w ent to the store for a newspaper.
■ They’re going to Brazil for a holiday.
■ We need some money for food.
wait for . . .
Please wait for me.
Are you waiting for the bus?
wait to (do something)
I’m waiting to talk to the manager.
Are you waiting to see the doctor?
wait for (somebody/something) to . . .
I can’t leave yet. I’m waiting for John to call. 
Are you waiting for the mail to come?
I can’t leave yet. I’m 
waiting for John to call.
110
G o to . . . . g o f o r . . . U nit 56 S o m e th in g to e a t I n o th in g to do, etc. Unit 80 
E n o u g h t o l f o r . . . U nit 92 Too . . . t o l f o r . . . U nit 93
Exercises
55.1 Write sentences beginning I went t o Choose from the boxes.
55.3
U N I
55
the post office 
a coffee shop the superm arket
buy some food get some stam ps 
meet a friend
1. J_ w e n t to the sta tion to ca tch a tra in
2. I went
3.
4.
55.2 Finish the sentences. Choose from the box.
to open this door to w ake him up 
to read the newspaper
to see w ho it was 
to get some fresh air
1. I turned on the television J o watch__the news_
2. Alice sat dow n in an arm chair
3. Do I need a key
4. I w ent for a w alk by the river
5. Dave was sleeping. I knocked on his door
6. The doorbell rang, so I looked out the w indow
Use your own ideas to finish these sentences. Use to . . . .
1. I went to the store to buy a new sp a p er
2. I ’m very busy. I haven’t got time
3. I called Amy _ _
4. I ’m going out
5. I borrow ed some money
55.4 Write to or for.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 
7.
Ampol went to the store 
We w ent to a restaurant
to buy some bread.
have dinner.
Robert w ants to go to co llege_______ study economics.
I’m going to T o ro n to an interview next week.
55.5
I’m going to V ancouver_______visit some friends of mine.
Do you have t i m e . a cup of coffee?
I was late this m orning. I d idn’t have tim e _______ comb my hair.
8. Everybody needs m o n e y live.
9. M y office is very small. T here’s only enough r o o m a desk and a chair.
10. A: Excuse me, are you w a itin g _______ use the phone?
B: N o, I’m w aitin g ________somebody.
Finish these sentences. Choose from the list:
Joh n-/ eall- it / to arrive you / tell me the film / begin
1. I can’t leave yet. I ’m waiting for John to call
2. I sat dow n in the movie theater and waited
3. We called an am bulance and waited
4. “Do you know w hat to do?” “N o, I’m waiting
m
A
U N I T
56
B
C
Goto . . . go on . . . go fo r . . . go -ing
go to . . . (go to work / go to San Francisco / go to a concert, etc.)
W hat time do you usually go to work?
I’m going to China next week.
Tom didn’t w ant to go to the concert. go to
W hat time did you go to bed last night?
I went to the dentist last week.
go home (w ithout to)
I’m going home now. (not going to home)
go on
■
a trip 
a tour
an excursion
■
go on
a cruise ■
vacation ■
strike ■
Children often go on school trips.
W hen we were in Egypt, we went on a tour of the 
Pyramids.
We’re going on vacation next week.
Last year I went to Costa Rica on vacation.
The w orkers have gone on strike. (= they are refusing to 
work)
go for . . .
a walk
go (somewhere) for a run a swim
lunch, dinner, etc.
“W here’s John?” “He went for a walk.” 
Did you go for a run this morning?
The w ater looks nice. Let’s go for a swim. 
Should we go out for dinner? I know a 
good restaurant.
go + -ing
We use go + -ing for m any sports (swimming/skiing, etc.) 
and also for shopping:
shopping
I go swimming
he is going fishing
we went sailing
they have gone skiing
she w ants to go jogging 
running, etc.
Are you going shopping this afternoon?
It’s a nice day. Let’s go swimming, (or Let’s go for a swim.) 
R ichard has a small boat, and he often goes sailing.
I went jogging before breakfast this m orning.
112
Exercises
1. I’m go ing , to China next week.
2. Richard often goes — _ sailing.
3. Sue w e n t_______ M exico last year.
4. W ould you like to go . the movies tonight?
5. Brian g o e s jogging every m orning.
6. I’m going o u t . a walk. Do you w ant to come?
7. I’m tired because_I w e n t________ bed very late.
8. M ark is going a t r i p _ _ Turkey next week.
9. The w eather was w arm and the lake was clean, so we went
10. The taxi drivers w ent strike when I was in N ew York.
11. I need some stam ps, so I’m going the post office.
12. It’s late. I have to g o home now.
13. W ould you like to g o _______ a tour of the city?
14. Do you w ant to go o u t________lunch today?
15. M y parents are going . _ a cruise this summer.
56.1 Write to/on/for where necessary.
a swim.
56.2 Use the pictures to complete the sentences. Use go/goes/going/went + -ing.
1 often
RICHARD
2 last Saturday 3 every day
1. Richard has a boat. He often goes sailing
2. Last Saturday Diane w e n t . .
3. John every day.
4. Nicole is going to C olorado next m onth. She’s
5. Peter is going out later. He has to
6. Sally after w ork yesterday.
56.3 Complete these sentences. Use the words in the box. Use to/on/for if necessary.
a swim bed hom e shopping the bank
a walk H aw aii riding skiing vacation
1. The w ater looks great! Let’s go for_ g sw im
2. “Is John at hom e?” “N o, he went
3. I’m going . now. I have to buy some presents.
to get some money.
4. I was very tired last night. I w ent
5. I w asn’t enjoying the party, so I went
6. We live near the m ountains. In w inter we go
7. Richard has a horse. He goes a lot.
early.
early.
alm ost every weekend.
It’s a beautiful day! W ould you like to go
9. A: Are you going
in the park?
soont
B: Yes, next m onth. We’re going
U N I
56
113
U N I T
57
Get
get a letter / get a job, etc. (get + n o u n ) = receive/buy/find
you don’t have som eth ing you get it
“Did you get my post card?” “Yes, I got it yesterday.” (= receive)
I like your sweater. W here did you get it? (= buy)
(on the phone) “Hello, can I speak to Amy, please?”
“Sure. I’ll get her.” (= find and bring back)
Is it difficult to get a job in your country? (= find)
get hungry / get cold / get tired, etc. (get + adjective) = become
y o u ’re not hungry you get hungry
If you don’t eat, you get hungry.
D rink your coffee. It’s getting cold.
I’m sorry your m other is sick. I hope she gets better soon.
We got wet because we d idn’t take an umbrella.
Also: get married Nicole and Frank are getting married soon,
get dressed = put your clothes on I got up and got dressed quickly,
get lost = lose your way We d idn’t have a m ap, so we got lost.
get to a place = arrive
I usually get to work before 8:30. (= arrive at work) 
We left Boston at 10:15 and got to Ottawa at 11:30.
get here/there (w ithout to)
H ow did you get here? By bus?
get home (w ithout to)
W hat time did you get home last night?
get in / get out / get on / get off
get in (a car) get out (of a car) get on get off
(a bus / a train / a plane)
Kate got in the car and drove away. (You can also say: Kate got into the car . . .) 
A car stopped and a m an got out. {but a m an got out of the car)
We got on the bus outside the hotel and got off at Church Street.
Get to Unit 103 In lo u tlo n lo ff Units 105,109 Get up Unit 109
Exercises
57.1 Complete these sentences. Use get/gets and choose from the box.
my letter a lot of snow a room the manager
your jacket a new computer a ticket the job
1. I w rote to you last week. Did you g e t m y le t te r ?
2. W here did y o u ? It’s really nice.
3. We couldn’t . All the hotels were full.
4. I had an interview with the manager, but I d idn’t _____
5. Chicago has terrible weather. T h e y __________________________________ in winter.
6. “Are you going to the concert?” “Yes, if I can
7. I’m going t o . The one I have is too slow.
8. I have a problem . Could y o u , please?
57.2 Complete these sentences. Use getting + one of these words:
cold dark late m arried ready
1. D rink your coffee. It’s getting c o l d _________ . .
2. Turn on the light. It’s __________________________________ .
3. “ I’m ______________________ next w eek.” “O h, really? C ongratulations!”
4. “W here’s K aren?” “She’s __________________________________to go o u t.”
5. I t’s __________________________________ . I t’s time to go home.
57.3 Complete the sentences. Use get/got + one of these words:
angry better hungry lost m arried nervous old wet
1. If you don’t eat, you’ll g e t hungry
2. D on’t go out in the rain. You’l l ________________________ .
3. M y b ro th e r________________________ last year. His wife’s name is Julia.
4. M y b o s s ________________________ and shouted at us yesterday.
5. We tried to find the hotel, but w e ________________________ .
6. Everybody w ants to stay young, but we a l l ________________________ .
7. The beginning of the film w asn’t very good, but it
8. M ost people before exams.
57.4 Write sentences with I le ft . . . and got to . . . .
1. (home / 7:30 —» w ork / 8:15) J_ le f t hom e a t 730 and g o t to w ork a t 835
2. (Toronto / 10:15 -» N ew York / 11:45)
I left Toronto at 10:15 a n d ____________________________________________
3. (the party / 11:15 -* home / midnight)
Write a true sentence about yourself.
4. I left
57.5 Write got in /g o t out o f/ g o t on / got off.
1. Mei Lan _got i n the car and drove away.
2. I the bus and walked to my house from the bus stop.
3. Isabel _____________ the car, locked the doors, and w ent into a store.
4. I made a stupid m istake. I ______________the w rong train.
U N I57
115
A
U N I T
58
B
C
Do and make
Do is a general w ord for actions.
W hat are you doing tonight? (not W hat are you making) 
“ Shall I open the w indow ?” “N o, it’s OK. I’ll do i t .”
Ju lia’s job is very boring. She does the same thing every day. 
I did a lot of things yesterday.
What do you do? = W hat’s your job?
“W hat do you do?” “I w ork in a bank .”
Make = produce/create. For example:
She’s making coffee. He made a cake. They make toys. It was made in China.
Com pare do and make:
I did a lot yesterday. I cleaned my room , I wrote some letters, and I made a cake. 
A: W hat do you do in your free time? Read? Play sports?
B: I make clothes. I make all of my dresses. I also make toys for my children.
Expressions w ith do
hom ew ork ■ Have the children done their homework?
(somebody) a favor ■ Erin, could you do me a favor?
an exercise ■ I have to do four exercises for hom ew ork tonight.
do (your) best ■ I did my best, but I didn’t win the race.
housework ■ I hate doing housework, especially cleaning.
the laundry ■ Tim usually does the laundry on Saturdays.
the dishes ■ I cooked, so you should do the dishes.
Expressions w ith make
a mistake ■ I’m sorry, I made a mistake.
an appointment ■ I need to make an appointment to see the doctor.
a phone call ■ Excuse me, I have to make a phone call.
a list ■ H ave you made a shopping list?
a bed ■ Sometimes I forget to make my bed in the m orning
(a) noise ■ It’s late. Please don’t make any noise.
We say make a film/movie but take a photograph/picture.
W hen was this movie made? but W hen was this photograph taken?
116 D o ldo esld id (Negatives and Questions) Units 4 4 -4 5 Make som ebody do som ething Unit 54
58.1 Write make/making/made or do/doing/did/done.
1. “Shall I open the w indow ?” “N o, it’s OK. I’ll d o ____________it.”
2. W hat did you . last weekend? Did you leave town?
3. Do you know how t o ______________ bread?
4. Paper is from wood.
5. Fernando d idn’t help me. He sat in an arm chair and _ nothing.
6. “W hat do you _ ?” “ I’m a doctor.”
7. I asked you to clean the bathroom . H ave y o u ______________ it?
8. “W hat do th e y ______________in tha t factory?” “Shoes.”
9. I’m some coffee. W ould you like some?
10. W hy are you m ad at me? I d idn’t ______________ anything wrong.
11. “W hat are y o u _______________tom orrow afternoon?” “I’m w orking .”
58.2 What are these people doing?
Exercises
1 ■ H e s m aking a ca ke 6.
2. T h e y ______________________________ . 7.
3. S h e ____________________________ . . 8.
4. _ 9.
5. 10.
58.3 Write make or do in the correct form.
1. I hate doinc/_ housew ork, especially cleaning.
2. W hy do you always the same mistake?
3. “ Can you me a favor?” “It depends on w hat it is.”
4. “Have y o u _____________ your hom ew ork?” “N o t yet.”
5. I need to see the dentist, but I haven’t ____________an appointm ent yet.
6. Chayan his best, but he d idn’t pass his driver’s test.
7. I painted the door, but I d idn’t it very well.
8. W hen you’ve finished Exercise 1, you c a n __________ Exercise 2.
9. T here’s something w rong with the car. The engine is . _ a strange noise.
10. It was a bad mistake. It was the w orst m istake I’ve ever
11. Let’s __________ a list of all the things we have t o _______________ today.
U N I
58
117
A
U N I T
59
B
Have
have and have got (see Unit 9)
I have (something) or I’ve got (something) = it is mine 
I have a new car. or I’ve got a new car.
She has long hair, or She’s got long hair. (= She has got)
■ D o Amy and Ed have any children? or Have Amy and Ed got any children? 
Tim doesn’t have a job. or Tim hasn’t got a job.
H ow much time do you have? or H ow much time have you got?
Also:
I have a headache / a toothache / a stom achache / a pain (in my leg, etc.) 
I’ve got a cold / a cough / a sore th ro a t / a fever / the flu, etc.
I have a headache, or I’ve got a headache.
D o you have a cold? or Have you got a cold?
The past is I had (w ithout got) / 1 didn’t have / Did you have?, etc. 
W hen I first met Li Jing, she had short hair.
He didn’t have any money because he didn’t have a job.
Did you have a cold last week?
use “have g o t.”
“W here’s Amy?” “She’s having lunch.” 
“Have a cookie!” “O h, thank you .”
I had three cups of coffee this morning. 
Can I have something to eat?
We also use have (n o t have got) in these expressions:
W e’re having a party next Friday. Can you come?
Fu Chen had an accident on the way to work.
Sandra just had a baby. It’s a boy.
Jack and I never agree. We have an argum ent every 
time we meet.
a vacation / a party 
a dream 
have an accident 
a baby 
an argum ent
We alsosay:
have breakfast / have a good time, etc.
In these expressions have = eat or drink. You can’t
a sandwich / a pizza / a snack, etc. 
have a cup of coffee / a glass of milk, etc. 
som ething to eat/drink
fun / a (good) time 
have a (nice) day / a (nice) weekend / a (great) vacation 
a (good) flight / a (great) trip , etc.
“M y vacation starts tom orrow .” “Have a great tim e!”
“H ow was your trip?” “We had a terrible flight, but after that I had fun.” 
“Did you have a nice w eekend?” “Yes, thanks. Very nice!”
I’m having a bad day. Everything is going wrong.
I have I I've got Unit 9 I've (done) (Present Perfect) Units 16, 19-20 I have to . . . Unit 34
59.1 Write the correct form of have or have got.
1- / d /d n 't h a ve ______ __ time to do the shopping yesterday. (I / no t / have)
2. 11 Has L isa go t OR D oes L isa have a car?” “N o, she can’t drive.” (Lisa / have?)
3. He can’t open the d o o r . _________________________________ a key. (he / no t / have)
4. ______ _ a cold last week. H e’s better now. (Eric / have)
5. W hat’s w r o n g ? __________________________________ a headache? (you / have?)
6. We wanted to go by taxi, but w e enough money, (we / no t / have)
7. Liz is very b u s y .________________________________m uch free time, (she / not / have)
8. _____________________ any problem s when you were on vacation? (you /have?)
59.2 What are these people doing? Choose from the list.
an argument breakfast a cup of tea a terrible flight fun a party
Exercises
1. They're having a party:________________ 4. T h e y _________________________
2. S h e . 5.
3. H e . 6.
59.3 What do you say in these situations? Use have.
1. M ariko is going on vacation. W hat do you say to her before she goes?
Have a n ice vacation! ______ _______ _ ________
2. You m eet Claire a t the airport. She has just arrived. Ask her about her flight.
D id you have a good flight? ______________
3. Jiro is going on a long trip. W hat do you say to him before he leaves?
4. It’s M onday m orning. You are at w ork. Ask Paula about her weekend.
5. Paul has just come back from vacation. Ask him about his vacation.
6. Rachel is going out tonight. W hat do you say to her before she leaves?
59.4 Complete the sentences. Use have/had and choose from the list.
an accident a glass of water a baby -a party a bad dream something to eat
1. We h a d a p a r ty a few weeks ago. We invited fifty people.
2. “Should w e _________________________________ ?” “N o, I’m not hungry.”
3. I was thirsty, so I __________________________________ .
4. I __________________________________ last night. It w oke me up.
5. Soo M i is a very good driver. She has n e v e r__________________________________ .
6. Rachel is going t o . It will be her first child.
U N I '
59
119
A
U N I T
60
B
I/me, he/him, they/them, etc.
People
subject:
object:
Subject
I I know Lynn.
we We know Lynn.
you You know Lynn.
he He knows Lynn.
she She knows Lynn.
they They know Lynn.
Lynn knows me. me
Lynn knows us. us
Lynn knows you. you
Lynn knows him. him
Lynn knows her. her
Lynn knows them. them
Things
they
them
Object
subject: it
object: it
I don ’t w ant this book. You can have it.
I don ’t w ant these books. You can have them. 
Diane never drinks milk. She doesn’t like it.
I never go to parties. I don’t like them.
We use me/her/them, etc. (object) after a preposition (for/to/with, etc.). 
l_ This letter isn’t for me. It’s for you.
W ho is that wom an? W hy are you looking at her?
We’re going to the movies. Do you w ant to come with us?
Sue and Kevin are going to the movies. Do you w ant to go with them? 
“W here’s the new spaper?” “ You’re sitting on it.”
give it/them to . . .
I need tha t book. Please give it to me.
R obert needs these books. Can you give them to him, please?
120 M ylhisltheir, etc. Unit 61 Give me that book I Give it to me Unit 97
60.1 Complete the sentences with him/her/them.
1. I don’t know those girls. Do you know them _________ ?
2. I d o n ’t know that man. Do you k n o w ______________ ?
3. I don ’t know those people. Do you know __ ?
4. I don ’t know D ave’s wife. Do you k n o w _____________ ?
5. I don ’t know Mr. Kwang. Do you k n o w _____________ ?
6. I d o n ’t know Sarah’s parents. Do you k n o w ______________?
7. I don ’t know the w om an in the black coat. Do you k n o w _______________ ?
60.2 Complete the sentences. Use l/me/you/she/her, etc.
1. I w ant to see her, but she doesn’t w ant to see m e___________ .
I ' — 2_________________________________ I
2. They w ant to see me, but . don’t w ant to see ____________ .
3. She w ants to see him, b u t doesn’t w ant to see _______ _______ .
4. We w ant to see them, b u t _______________don’t w ant to see_______________.
5. He w ants to see us, b u t ______________ don’t w ant to s e e ________________.
6. They w ant to see her, but __________doesn’t w ant to se e _______________ .
7. I w ant to see them , b u t d o n ’t w ant to s e e _______________ .
8. You w ant to see her, b u t_______________doesn’t w ant to see_______________ .
60.3 Write sentences with I l ik e . . . . I don't l i k e o r Do you lik e . . . ?
1. I don ’t eat tom atoes. / don t like them.
2. Eric is a very nice m an. I l ik e __________________________________ .
3. This jacket isn’t very nice. I don’t ________________________ .
4. This is my new car. D o __________________________________ ?
5. M rs. C lark is no t very friendly. I __________________________________ .
6. These are my new sh o es.________________________________ ?
60.4 Complete the sentences. Use l/me/he/him, etc.
1. W ho is that wom an? W hy are you looking at h er__________ ?
2. “Do you know that m an?” “Yes, I w ork w i th ______________ .”
3. W here are the tickets? I can’t f in d .
4. I can’t find my keys. W here a r e _______________ ?
5. We’re going out. You can come w i th _______________.
6. M ary likes music. _______________plays the piano.
7. I don ’t like dogs. I’m afraid o f _______________.
8. I’m talking to you. Please listen to _ _ _ _ ______ .
9. W here is Anne? I w ant to talk t o _______________.
10. My brother has a new job. doesn’t l ik e ______________. very much.
60.5 Complete the sentences.
1. I need that book. Can you g ive i t to m e_____________________?
2. He w ants the key. Can you g ive ?
3. She w ants the keys. Can y o u ?
4. I need that letter. Can y o u __________________________________ ?
5. They w ant the money. Can y o u __________________________________ ?
6. We need the photographs. Can y o u ?
Exercises U N I
60
121
U N I T
61
My I his/their, etc.
A
My hat. Their hats.
I - my
we -» our
you -* your
he —> his
she her
they — their
it -*• its
I like my job.
We like our jobs.
You like your job.
He likes his job.
She likes her job.
They like their jobs.
H aw aii (= it) is fam ous for its beaches.
We use my/your/his, etc. + a noun
B
C
122
my hands his m other 
our house your best friend
her new car 
their room
his/her/their
/#
AMY
her car 
(= Amy’s car)
her husband 
(= Amy’s 
husband)
her children 
(= Amy’s 
children)
NICK
his bicycle
his sister
his parents
M R. and 
MRS. LEE
their son
their daughter
their children
its H aw aii is famous for its beaches.
it’s (= it is) I like H aw aii. It’s a beautiful place. (= It is a beautiful place.
its and it’s
M inelyours, etc. Unit 62 llm elm ylm ine Unit 63
Her hat.
Exercises
61.1 Complete these sentences.
1. I’m going to wash m y hands
61.2
2. She’s going to wash
3. W e’re going to wash
Complete these sentences.
1. He lives w ith his p a rerr'-s
4. H e’s going to wash
5. They’re going to wash
6. Are you going to wash
5. I
2. They live w ith
3. We
4. M ary lives
parents.
parents.
6. John
7. Do you live
parents.
M ost children
61.3 Look at the family tree, and complete the sentences with his/her/their.
1. I saw Kay with _her husband, Tom.
2. I saw Joy and A1 w ith _______ children.3. I saw A1 with _ _ wife, Joy.
4. I saw Eric w ith brother, Bill.
5. I saw Joy w ith brother Bill.
6. I saw Kay and Tom with _ son Bill.
7. I saw Joy w ith parents.
8. I saw Beth and R obert w ith parents.
61.4 Write my/our/your/his/her/their/its.
1. Do you like jygy_r_ Jo b ?
2. I know Mr. Chu, but I don ’t k n o w ______ wife.
3. Mr. and M rs. Rom o live in San F ra n c is c o . son lives in Canada.
4. We’re going to have a party. W e’re going to invite a l l friends.
5. Amy is going out w ith friends tonight.
6. I like tennis. It’s . favorite sport.
7. “Is that _ car?” “N o, I don ’t have a car.”
8. I w ant to call Amy. Do you k n o w _______ phone number?
9. Do you think m ost people are happy w i th _______ jobs?
10. I ’m going to wash . hair before I go out.
11. T h a t’s a beautiful tree. leaves are a beautiful color.
12. John has a brother and a sister. _ brother is 25, and sister is 21.
61.5 Complete the sentences. Use my/his/their, etc., with one of these words:
coat hom ew ork house husband Job- key name
1. Jim doesn’t enjoy his jo b _ . It’s no t very interesting.
2. I can’t open the door. I don ’t have „ _ .
3. Amy is m arried. works in a bank.
4. It’s very cold today. Put o n _________________________________when you go out.
5. “W hat are the children doing?” “They’re d o in g ________________________________.”
6. “Do you know that m an?” “Yes, but I don’t know .”
7. We live on M ain S t r e e t . is on the corner of M ain and First.
U N I
61
123
Whose is this? It's mine/yours/hers, etc.
M ine. Ours. Yours. His. Hers. Theirs.
I -* my -» mine I t’s my money. It’s mine.
we -* our ours It’s our money. It’s ours.
you -* your -» yours It’s your money. I t’s yours.
he -» his -» his It’s his money. It’s his.
she -» her -> hers I t’s her money. It’s hers.
they -*• their theirs It’s their money. It’s theirs.
We use my/your, etc. + a noun (my hands / your book, etc.)
M y hands are cold. M ary gave me her umbrella.
Is this your book? It’s their problem, not our problem.
We use mine/yours, etc., w ithout a noun.
Is this book mine or yours? (= my book or your book)
I didn’t have an um brella, so M ary gave me hers. (= her umbrella)
It’s their problem , not ours. (= not our problem)
We w ent in our car, and they went in theirs. (= their car)
You can use his w ith or w ithout a noun.
“Is this his camera or hers?” “It’s his.”
a friend of mine / a friend of his / some friends of yours, etc.
I went to the movies with a friend of mine. (no t a friend of me)
Tom was w ith a friend of his. (not a friend of him)
Are those people friends of yours? (n o t friends of you)
W h o s e
notebook
is this?
W hose . . . ?
Whose book is this? (= Is it your book? 
his book? my book?, etc.)
You can use whose with or w ithout a noun.
Whose money is this? 1 T ,
.v„ I ■ , 1 It s mine.Whose is this? J
Whose shoes are these?] , T . ,
Whose are these? 1 They re John s.
M ylhisltheir, etc. Unit 61 /, me, my, and m ine Unit 53 Kate's camera / m y brother's car Unit 65
62
Exercises
62.1 Complete the sentences with mine/yours, etc.
1. It’s your money. I t’s .yours . 5. It’s their house. It’s
2. It’s my bag. It’s . 6. They’re your books. They’re
3. It’s our car. It’s . 7. They’re my glasses. They’re
4. T hey’re her shoes. T hey’re . 8. I t’s his coat. It’s
62.2 Choose the right word.
1. It’s th e ir/th e irrproblem , not o ttr/ours. (their and ours are right)
2. This is a nice camera. Is it vour/vours?
3. T h a t’s not mv/mine umbrella. M v/M ine is black.
4. W hose books are these? Your/Yours or m v/m ine?
5. Catherine is going out w ith her/hers friends tonight.
6. M v/M ine room is bigger than her/hers.
7. They’ve got tw o children but I don’t know their/theirs names.
8. Can we use your telephone? O ur/O urs isn’t working.
62.3 Complete these sentences. Use friend(s) o f mine/yours, etc.
1. I w ent to the movies w ith a fr ie n d o f m i n e ___________
2. They w ent on vacation w ith some friends o f theirs
3. She’s going out with a
4. We had dinner w ith some
5. I played tennis with a
6. Tom is going to meet a
7. Do you know those people? Are they
62.4 Look at the pictures. What are the people saying?
r A
^— these? }
A/
v A
 is this?
1 ( W hose car
JFJE7
theirs .
125
I, me, my, and mine
You give me your address, 
and I’ll give you mine.
I, etc. 
(Unit 60)
me, etc. 
(Unit 60)
my, etc. 
(Unit 61)
mine, etc. 
(Unit 62)
w I know Tom. Tom knows me. It’s my car. I t’s mine.
We know Tom. Tom knows us. I t’s our car. It’s ours.
*Sn
You know Tom. Tom knows you. I t’s your car. It’s yours.
He knows Tom. Tom knows him. It’s his car. I t’s his.
H i>
She know s Tom. Tom know s her. It’s her car. It’s hers.
They know Tom. Tom knows them . It’s their car. It’s theirs.
//
“ Do you know that m an?” “Yes, I know him, but I can’t rem em ber his nam e.” 
She was very happy because we invited her to stay with us at our house.
A: W here are the children? Have you seen them?
B: Yes, they’re playing w ith their friends in the park.
T h a t’s my pen. Can you give it to me, please?
“Is this your um brella?” “N o, it’s yours.”
H e d idn’t have an umbrella, so she gave him hers. (= she gave her um brella to him) 
I’m going out w ith a friend of mine tonight. (no t a friend of me)
M yselflyourself, etc. Unit 64 Give me that book / Give it to me Unit 97
Exercises
63.1
Do you know that man?
Answer the questions in the same way.
Do you know
1. Yes, I kn o w him. b u t / can t rem em ber 2. Yes, I know
his nam e__________________ . but I can’t rem ember
that woman?
Do you know me?know those people?
3. Yes, I _________________________, but I
names.
63.2 Complete the sentences in the same way.
1. We invited her _to s ta y w ith us a t our house
2. He invited us to stay w ith ________________________________________ house.
3. They invited me to stay w ith house.
4. I invited them _
5. She invited u s __
Did you invite him
63.3 Complete the sentences in the same way.
1. I gave him m y address, a n d he gave m e his
2. I gave h e r ______________ address, and she gave me
3. He gave me address, and I gave
4. We gave th e m ______________ address, and they gave
5. She gave h im _______________address, a n d ___
6. You gave us _ _ _ __________ address, a n d ________
7. They gave you _____ address, a n d _________
63.4 Write him/her/yours, etc.
1. W here’s Amy? Have you seen h e r
2. W here are my keys? W here did I p u t_____________
3. This letter is for Bill. Can you give it to
4. We w rote to John but he d idn’t a n sw e r letter.
5. “I can’t find my pen. Can I u s e _______________?” “Sure.”
6. We’re going to the movies. W hy don ’t you come with
7. Did your sister p a s s _______________driver’s test?
8. Some people talk a b o u t______________ jobs all the time.
9. Last night I w ent out for dinner w ith a friend of
U N I
63
i n
Myself/yourself/ themselves, etc.
Help yoursd f!
H e’s looking at himself.
I me -> myself ■ I looked at myself in the mirror.
he — him him self ■ He cut himself with a knife.
she her -> herself ■ She fell off her bike, but she d idn’t hurt herself.
you you ( yourself
■ Please help yourself, (one person)
(yourselves ■ Please help yourselves, (two or m ore people)
we us —> ourselves ■ We had a good vacation. We enjoyed ourselves.
they — them —> themselves ■ They had a nice time. They enjoyed themselves.
Com pare: 
me/him/them, etc.
She is looking at him 
—̂ different people —'
You never talk to me. 
i I didn’t pay for them.
■ Did I hurt you?
myself/himself/themselves, etc.
He is looking at himself .
T3 the same person
Sometimes I talk to myself. 
They paid for themselves.
Be careful! D on’t hurt yourself.
by myself / by yourself, etc. = alone
I w ent on vacation by myself. (= I w ent alone)
“Was she w ith friends?” “N o, she was by herself.”
each other
Kim and Amy are good friends. They know each other well.
(= Kim know s Amy / Amy knows Kim)
Paul andI live near each other. (= he lives near me / 1 live near him) 
Com pare each other and -selves:
They’re enjoying themselves.
Ed and Sue looked at each other.
(= Ed looked at Sue / Sue looked at Ed)
Ed and Sue looked at themselves.
(= Ed looked at Ed / Sue looked at Sue)
128 Mel him Ithem, etc. Unit 60 llm elm ylm ine Unit 63
64.1 Complete the sentences with myself/yourself, etc.
1. He looked at him s e l f in the mirror.
2. I ’m not angry w ith you. I’m angry w ith
Exercises
3. Jennifer had a good time in M exico. She en joyed .
4. M y friends had a good time in M exico. They enjoyed _______________________ .
5. He never thinks about other people. He only thinks a b o u t_______________________ .
6. I w ant to know m ore about you. Tell me about . (one person)
7. Goodbye! Have a good trip and take care o f ! (two people)
64.2 Write sentences with b y m yself / by yourself, etc.
1. I w ent to South America alone. / w e n t to South A m erica b y m yse lf.
2. W hen I saw him, he was alone. W hen I saw him, he
3. D on’t go out alone. D on’t
4. I w ent to the movies alone. I
5. M y sister lives alone. My sister
6. M any people live alone. M any people
64.3 Write sentences with each other.
3. They
I like her. I like him.
1 • They_ like each other. 2. They can’t
can’t 
see him.
I often write 
to her.
I often write 
to him.
I don’t know him.
Jt
I don’t know him.
4. _
I’m sitting next to her.
I’m sitting next to him.
5. .
I just gave her I just gave her
a present. a present.
64.4 Complete the sentences. Use:
each other ourselves/yourselves/themselves us/you/them
1. Paul and I live near each o ther .
2. W ho are those people? Do you know th e m _________ ?
3. You can help Taro, and Taro can help you. So you and Taro can help
4. There’s food in the kitchen. If you and Bob are hungry, you can help
5. We d idn’t go to M egan’s party. She d idn’t invite
6. W hen we go on vacation, we always en jo y .
7. Diane and I are very good friends. W e’ve k n o w n ______________ for a long time.
8. “Did you see Sam and Sue at the party?” “Yes, but I didn’t speak t o ___
9. M any people talk t o _____________ when they’re alone.
U N I
64
129
A
' ■ 1
l
U N I T
65
-'s (Kate's camera / my brother's car, etc.)
the m anager’s office 
(his or her office)
K ate’s cam era my b ro ther’s car
(her camera) (his car)
KATE BROTHER
We norm ally use -’s for people.
I stayed at my sister’s house. (no t the house of my sister)
Have you m et Mr. Suzuki’s wife? (n o t the wife of Mr. Suzuki)
Are you going to Jam es’s party?
Paul is a m an’s name. Paula is a w om an’s name.
You can use -’s w ithout a noun after it.
Mi Ja ’s hair is longer than M egan’s. (= M egan’s hair)
“W hose um brella is th is?” “ It’s my m other’s .” (= my m other’s umbrella) 
“W here were you last night?” “I was a t Paul’s .” (= Paul’s house)
friend’s and friends’
my friend’s house = one friend 
(= his house or her house)
We write -’s after friend/student/m other, 
etc. (singular):
my m other’s car (one m other) 
my father’s car (one father)
MY FRIENDS
my friends’ house = tw o or more friends 
(= their house)
We write -’ after friends/students/parents, 
etc. (plural):
my parents’ car (two parents)
We use of . . . for things, places, etc.
Look at the roof of that building. (not that building’s roof)
We d idn’t see the beginning of the film. (no t the film’s beginning) 
W hat’s the name of this town?
D o you know the cause of the problem?
We had to sit in the back of the theater.
M adrid is the capital of Spain.
130 Mine! yours, etc. Unit 62 W h o s e . . . ? Unit 62 -'s (h e ’s/Alice's, etc.) Appendix 4
Exercises U N 1
65.1 Look at the fam ily tree. Write sentences about the people in the family. 65
Blanca an d P edro are m arried . 
T hey have a son , A lberto , and 
a daugh ter, Ju lia .
Ju lia is m arried to Paul. Ju lia 
and P aul have a so n , D aniel.
1.
2 .
3.
4.
8 .
9.
10 .
1 1 .
(Pedro / husband) Pedro is B lanca 's husband 
(Julia / m other) Julia is P aniel's m other.
(Blanca / wife) Blanca is wife.
(Alberto / brother) Alberto
5. (Alberto / uncle)
6. (Julia / wife) Julia
7. (Blanca / grandm other)
uncle.
(Julia / sister)
(Paul / husband) 
(Paul / father) ,__
(Daniel / nephew)
65.2 Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Use only one word.
DAVE
5. And this?
6. And these?
65.3 Are these sentences right? Correct the sentences that are wrong.
1. I stayed at the house of mv sister. m y sister's house
2. W hat is the name of this to w n ? OK______________
3. Do vou like the color of this co a t? _________________
4. Do you know the phone num ber of Bill? _________________
5. The job of mv brother is very interesting. _________________
6. W rite your name at the top of the page. _________________
7. For me, m orning is the best part of the day._________ _________________
8. The favorite color of Paula is blue.__________________ _________________
9. W hen is the birthday of your m other? _________________
10. The house of my parents isn’t very big. _________________
11. The walls of this house are very thin. _________________
12. The car stopped at the end of the street. _________________
13. Are you going to the party of Silvia next week? _________________
14. The m anager of the hotel is in a meeting right now. _________________
131
A
U N I T
66
B
C
A la n . . .
TAXIS
She’s waiting for a taxi.
a . . . = one thing or person
Alice w orks in a bank. (no t in bank)
Can I ask a question? (no t ask question)
I don ’t have a car.
T here’s a w om an at the bus stop.
an (not a) before a/e/i/o/u
D o you w ant an apple or a banana?
I’m going to buy a hat and an um brella.
There was an interesting program on TV last night.
Also: an hour (“h ” is no t pronounced: an){our)
But: a university (pronounced yuniversity)
a European country (pronounced yuropean)
A nother (= an + other) is one word.
Can I have another cup of coffee?
He has a camera. It’s a beautiful day.
We use a/an . . . w hen we say w hat a thing or a person is. For example: 
The sun is a star.
Football is a game.
Dallas is a city in Texas.
A mouse is an anim al. It’s a small animal.
Joe is a very nice person.
We use a /an . . . for jobs.
A: W hat do you do?
B: I’m a dentist, (not I’m dentist.)
“W hat does M ark do?” “H e’s an engineer.”
W ould you like to be a teacher?
Beethoven was a composer.
Picasso was a fam ous painter.
Are you a student?
I’m a dentist.
A car / som e m onev (Countable/Uncountable) Units 6 8 -6 9 A lan and the Unit 70
66.1 Write a or an.
1. an old book 4. a irport 7. university
2. ._______w indow 5. new airport 8. hour
3. _ horse 6. . organization 9. economic problem
66.2 What are these things? Choose from the list.
Exercises
airplane flower insect planet sport
hird- fruit m ountain river vegetable
1. A duck is a b ird 6. Saturn is
2. A carro t is 7. A banana is
3. Tennis is 8. The Amazon is
4. A 747 is 9. A rose is
5. Everest is . 10. A fly is
66.3 What are their jobs? Choose from the list and complete the sentences.
arch itec t au to m echanic den tist electrician p h o to g rap h er sales clerk taxi driver
1- She's a d en tis t______________________ 5.
2. H e’s ________________________________. 6.
3. H e _________________________________ . 7.
4. ____________________________________ 8. And you? I’m
66.4 Write sentences. Choose from each box. Use a/an.
I w ant to ask you I can’t ride old house office
Lucia w orks in Jim lives in + artist
foreign language
Tom never wears M y brother is party hat
Amy w ants to learn Tonight I’m going to question bicycle
1. ./ w a n t to ask you a question
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7 . ____________________________
8.
U N I '
66
133
Flower(s) and bus(es) (Singular and Plural)
The plural of a noun is usually -s. 
singular = one plural = tw o or more
a flower ~* some flowers
a week -» tw o weeks
a nice place m any nice places
this ha t -» these hats
Spelling (see Appendixes 5 .1 -5 .2 )-s / -sh / -ch / -x -es
but -a y /-ey /-o y 
-f / -fe
also
-ies
-ys
-ves
bus -* buses dish -» dishes church -* churches 
box -* boxes
potato -» potatoes tomato —* tomatoes
baby -» babies dictionary -» dictionaries party - 
day -* days monkey -» monkeys boy —* boys
shelf -» shelves leaf -* leaves wife -> wives
parties
These things are plural in English:
glasses pants pajamas
Do you wear glasses?
■ W here are the scissors? I need them.
You can also say a pair of scissors / a pair of pants / a pair of pajamas, etc.
■ I need a new pair of jeans, or I need some new jeans. (no t a new jeans)
Some plurals do n o t end in -s.
this man -» these men 
a woman -» some women 
a child -» m any children
one foot -* tw o feet 
a tooth -» all my teeth 
a mouse -» some mice
th a t sheep -* those sheep 
a fish -> a lot of fish
Also: a person —» two people / some people / a lot of people, etc. 
She’s a nice person.
They are nice people. (no t nice persons)
People is plural (= they), so we say people are / people have, etc. 
A lot of people speak English. (no t speaks)
I like the people here. They are very friendly.
Police is plural.
■ “The police are here.” “Why? W hat do they w ant?”
ire.*!
some flowers
67.1 Write the plural.
1. flower {lowscs. 5. um brella 9. family .
2. boat 6. a d d re s s_________________ 10. foot
3. w o m a n _________________7. knife 11. holiday
4. c i t y 8. sandwich 12. po tato
67.2 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.
Exercises
1. There are a lot of _sheep in the field. 4.
2. Eric is brushing his __________________ . 5.
3. There are th r e e _______ at the bus stop. 6.
Kim has two
in the river.There are a lot of 
The are falling from the tree.
67.3 Are these sentences right? Correct the sentences that are wrong.
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
I’m going to buy some flowers. OK
I need a new jeans, a n e w p a ir o f je a n s o r som e n e w icons 
I t’s a lovely park with a lot of beautiful tree.
There was a w om an in the car w ith tw o mens.
Sheep eat g r a s s . ________________________________
Fernando is m arried and has three childs.
M ost of my friend are student.
He put on his pajam a and w ent to b e d . ___________
We w ent fishing, but we d idn’t catch many fish.
Do you know m any persons in this t o w n ? __________
I like your pant. W here did you get it?
M ontreal is usually full of t o u r i s t .___
I don ’t like mice. I’m afraid of them. _ _ _____________
This scissor isn’t very sharp.
67.4 Which is right? Complete the sentences.
1. It’s a nice place. M any people nn
2. Some people always late.
3. Their president is not popular. The people _
4. A lot of people ; television every day.
5. Three p e o p le _______________injured in the accident.
6. H ow many p e o p le ______________ in that house?
7. the police carry guns in your country?
there on vacation, (go or goes?)
(is or are?) 
like him. (don’t or doesn’t?)
(watch or watches?)
The police looking for the stolen car.
9. I need my glasses, but I can’t f in d _______________.
10. I’m going to b u y _______________new jeans today.
(was or were?) 
(live or lives?) 
(Do or Does?) 
(is or are?)
(it or them?)
(a or some?)
U N 1
67
U N I T
68
A car, some money 
(Countable and Uncountable 1)
A noun can be countable or uncountable.
Countable nouns
For exam ple: (a) car (a) man (a) key (a) house (a) flower (an) idea (an) accident 
You can use one/two/three (etc.) + countable nouns (you can count them)
tw o cars three men four houses
C ountable nouns can be singular (= one) or plural (= tw o or more).
singular a car, the car, my car, etc. 
plural cars, the cars, his cars, two cars, some cars, many cars, etc.
■ I’ve got a car.
■ N ew cars are very expensive.
■ There aren’t many cars in the parking lot.
You can’t use the singular (car/house/key, etc.) alone. You need a/an (Unit 66). 
We can’t get in w ithout a key. (not w ithout key)
U ncountable nouns
For example: water air rice salt plastic money music tennis
water salt ' I *** musicmoney
You can’t say one/two/three (etc.) + uncountable nouns (you can’t count them) 
22®:w3£er twEFmssics
U ncountable nouns have only one form.
money the money my money some money much money, etc.
■ I’ve got some money.
■ Money isn’t everything.
■ There isn’t much money in the box.
You can’t use a/an + uncountable nouns: X m oney X mus ĉ
But you can use a piece of . . . / a glass of . . . , etc. + uncountable nouns.
a glass of w ater a carton of milk a bowl of rice a piece of candy
a cup of coffee a bottle of perfum e a can of fruit a game of tennis
Alan Unit 66 Countable and Uncountable 2 Unit 69
68.1 What are these things? Some are countable and some are uncountable. Write a/an 
if necessary. The names of these things are:
Exercises
bucket envelope aak ap een teapot toothpaste
egg money sand tea toothbrush wallet
1. I t’s sa /t
2. It’s a spoon
3. I t’s
4. I t’s
5. It’s
6. It’s
7. I t’s
8. I t’s
9. It’s
10. It’s
11. It’s
12. I t’s
68.2 Some of these sentences are right, but some need a/an. Write a/an if necessary.
1. I haven’t got w atch. _a w a tch
2. Do you like cheese? OK
3. Beth never wears hat.
4. Are you looking for job?
5. Eve doesn’t eat meat.
6. Eve eats apple every day.
7. I’m going to concert tonight.
8. It was beautiful day. .
9. Jam aica is island.
10. I don ’t need key.
11. Everybody needs food.
12. I’ve got good idea.
13. Can you drive car?
14. Do you w ant cup of tea?
15. I don’t like tea w ithout milk.
16. D on’t go out w ithout coat. _
68.3 What are these things? Write a . . . o f ..
1 2 3 4
M r M
Im p
ah, $rv
for each picture. Choose from each box.
bottle a a rten jar beans juice soup
bowl cup piece + coffee m ilk w ater
can glass piece honey paper wood
1. a carton o f m ilk 4 . _________________________ 7.
2 . ______________________ 5 . _______________________ _ 8.
3. 6. . 9.
[HONEY
U N I
68
137
A car, some money 
(Countable and Uncountable 2)
a/an and some
A/an + singular countable nouns (car/apple/shoe, etc.):
■ I need a new car.
■ W ould you like an apple?
Some + plural countable nouns (cars/apples/shoes, etc. 
I need some new shoes.
■ W ould you like some apples?
Some + uncountable nouns (water/m oney/m usic, etc.): 
I need some money.
■ W ould you like some cheese? or
■ W ould you like a piece of cheese?
some cheese or 
a piece of cheese
Com pare a and some:
■ Nicole bought a hat, some shoes, and some perfume.
■ I read a newspaper, w rote some letters, and listened to some music.
M any nouns are sometimes countable and sometimes uncountable. For example:
p ljr
.'.C IT E
some cakes
chickens
some cake or 
a piece of cake
some chicken or 
a piece of chicken
■ I’m going to make a cake tonight.
■ Look! The bakery has some nice cakes today.
■ W ould you like a piece of chicken? (or . . . some chicken?)
Be careful w ith these nouns - they are usually uncountable:
advice inform ation w eather news bread hair furniture paper w ork
■ Can I talk to you? I need some advice.
■ I need some inform ation about hotels in M exico City. (not inform ations)
■ W e’re having nice w eather this year.
■ Listen! I just got some good news. (not a good news)
I’m going to buy some bread. (no t a bread)
■ Sue has very long hair. (no t hairs)
■ They’ve got some very nice furniture in their house. (not furnitures)
■ I need some paper / a piece of paper. I w ant to make a list.
“Do you like your job?” “Yes, but it’s hard w ork .” (no t a hard work)
We say a job, no t “ a w o rk .”
■ I’ve got a new job. (no t a new work)
an apple
some apples
Countable and Uncountable 1 Unit 68 Som elany Unit 77
Exercises
69.1 What did you buy? Use the pictures and write sentences (/ b o u g h t. . . ) .
1. J bought a hat, som e shoes, and som e p e r fu m e.
2. I bought
3. ________ ____
4.
69.2 Write sentences with Would you like a . . . ? or Would you like some . . . ? .
1. Would you like som e ch eese?
2. Would you like
3. W ould
4.? 5.
? 6 .
bread.
beautiful trees.
69.3 Write a/an or some.
1. I read a book and listened to som e music.
2. I need ______ money. I w ant to buy food.
3. We met . _ interesting people at the party.
4. I’m going to o p e n _______ w indow to get _ . fresh air.
5. Ratana d idn’t eat much for lunch - o n ly apple and
6. We live in big house. T here’s nice yard with
7. I’m going to m ake a table. First I n e e d wood.
8. Listen to me. I’m going to give y o u advice.
9. I w ant to write a letter. I need paper and pen.
69.4 Which is right?
1. I’m going to buy some new-shee/shoes. {shoes is right)
2. M ark has brow n eve/eves.
3. Shu Ling has short black hair/hairs.
4. The guidebook had some inform ation/inform ations about the city.
5. We’re going to buy some new chair/chairs.
6. We’re going to buy some new furn iture/furn itures.
7. It’s hard to find a w ork /iob right now.
8. We had w onderful w eather / a w onderful w eather when we were on vacation.
U N I T
69
139
A
U N I T
70
A/an and the
Can you open a window?
There are three w indows here, 
a w indow = w indow 1 or 2 or 3
the
Can you open the window?
There is only one w indow here - 
the window.
I have a car. (There are m any cars and 
I have one.)
Can I ask a question? (There are m any 
questions - can I ask one?)
Is there a hotel near here? (There are 
m any hotels - is there one near here?) 
Paris is an interesting city. (There are 
many interesting cities and Paris is one.) 
Lisa is a student. (There are many 
students and Lisa is one.)
I’m going to wash the car tom orrow .
(= my car)
Can you repeat the question, please?
(= the question tha t you asked)
We enjoyed our vacation. The hotel 
was very nice. (= our hotel)
Paris is the capital of France. (There is 
only one capital of France.)
Lisa is the youngest student in her class. 
(There is only one youngest student.)
Com pare a and the: ____________________________________
I — \ I
I bought a jacket and a sh irt. The jacket was cheap, but the shirt was expensive.
(= the jacket and the shirt tha t I bought)
We say the . . . when it is clear which thing or person we mean. For example:
the door / the ceiling / the floor / the light, etc. (o f a room)
the roo f / the backyard / the kitchen / the bathroom , etc. (o f a house)
the a irport / the police station / the train station / the m ayor’s office, etc. (o f a city)
“Where’s Tom ?” “In the kitchen.”
(= the kitchen of this house or apartm ent) 
Turn off the light and close the door.
(= the light and the door of the room)
D o you live far from the airport?
(= the a irport of your town)
I’d like to speak to the manager, please.
(= the m anager of this store, etc.)
140 A lan Unit 56 The Units 71-74
70.1 Write a/an or the.
1. We enjoyed our trip. _ The, hotel was very nice.
2. “ Can I ask _a question?” “Sure. W hat do you w ant to know ?”
3. You look very tired. You n e e d _______ vacation.
4. “W here’s Tom ?” “H e’s i n k itchen .”
5. Tracy i s _______ interesting person. You should meet her.
6. Excuse me, can you tell me how to get to _ _ post office?
7. A: Let’s go and see________movie tonight.
B: OK, th a t’s good idea. W hat do you w ant to see?
8. It’s nice m orning. Let’s go for walk.
9. Am anda is „ student. W hen she finishes school, she w ants to be
journalist. She lives i n _______apartm ent n e a r_______ college where she is
studying. apartm ent is small, but she likes it.
10. Peter and M ary have tw o c h ild ren ,_______ boy a n d g i r l . _______boy is
seven years old, and girl is three. Peter w orks in _ . factory. M ary
doesn’t h a v e _______job right now.
70.2 Complete the sentences. Use a or the + one of these words:
a irport cup <loor floor picture radio
Exercises
C an you tu rn off W hy are you sitting on. nice 
I like it.
70.3 Write a/an or the where necessary.
1. D on’t forget to tu rn off light when you go out. . turn o f f the light
2. Enjoy your trip, and don ’t forget to send me postcard.
3. W hat is nam e of this town?
4. Canada is very big country.
5. W hat is largest city in Canada? ____________
6. I like this room , but I d o n ’t like color of ceiling.
7. “Are you O K ?” “N o, I’ve got headache.”
8. We live in old house near station._____________________ _______
9. W hat is nam e of director of movie we saw last night?
U N I
70
i d i
U N I T
71
The . . .
We use the when it is clear which thing or person we mean.
W hat is the name of this street? (This street has only one name.)
W ho is the best player on your team?
Can you tell me the time, please? (= the time now)
M y office is on the first floor. (= the first floor of the building)
D on’t forget to use the.
Do you live near the airport? (no t near airport)
Excuse me, where is the nearest bank? (no t where is n e a re s t. . .)
the same . . .
We live on the same street. (no t on same street)
“ Are these tw o books different?” “N o , they’re the same.” (not they’re same)
We say:
the sun / the moon / the world / the sky / the ocean / the country
The sky is blue and the sun is shining.
Do you live in a city or in the country?
the police
After the robbery, the police asked us a lot of questions.
the top / the end / the middle / the left, etc.
W rite your name at the top of the page.
M y house is at the end of this block.
The table is in the middle of the room .
Do you drive on the right or on the left in your country?
play the piano / the guitar / the trumpet, etc. (musical instruments) 
Paula is learning to play the piano.
the top
the le ft the right
the b o tto m
the radio
I listen to the radio a lot. C l
W hat’s on television tonight?
We do no t use the with:
television/TV
1 w atch television/TV a lot. 
but Can you turn off the TV? (= the TV set)
breakfast/lunch/dinner
W hat did you have for breakfast? (not the breakfast)
Dinner is ready!
next/last + week/month/year/summer/Monday, etc.
I’m not w orking next week. (n o t the next week)
Did you take a vacation last summer? (no t the last summer)
142 Alan and the Unit 70 The Units 72-74 The o ldest I the m ost expensive, etc. Unit 91
Exercises
71.1 Write the where necessary. Write O K if the sentence is correct.
71.2
U N I
71
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 . 
7.
W hat is name of this street?
W hat’s on television tonight?
O ur apartm ent is on second floor.
Would you like to go to m oon?
W hat’s best hotel in this town?
W hat time is lunch?
H ow far is it to football stadium?
W e’re taking a trip at end of May.
W hat are you doing next weekend?
I d idn’t like her first time I met her.
I’m going out after dinner.
12. W h at’s biggest city in world?
13. My sister got m arried last m onth.
M y dictionary is on top shelf on right.
We live in country about five miles from nearest town.
the nam e
OK
9.
10.
1 1 .
14.
15.
Complete the sentences. Use the same + one of these words: 
age color problem street time
1. I live on W ater Street and you live on W ater Street. We live on the sam e streej_
2. I arrived at 8:30 and you arrived at 8:30. We arrived at
3. Jim is 25 and Sue is 25. Jim and Sue are _
4. M y shirt is dark blue and so is my jacket. M y shirt and jacket are
5. I have no money and you have no money. We have
71.3 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use the if necessary.
' ( ......•• . 24
/ / i b
1. 1 he sun
2. She’s playing
is shining. 4. H e’s listening to
5. They’re watching
3. T hey’re having 6. They’re swimming in
71.4 Complete these sentences. Choose from the list. Use the if necessary, 
capital dinner police lunch middle nam e sky television
1. We had dinner at a restaurant last night.
2. We stayed at a very nice hotel, but I don’t rem ember
3 . ________________________is very clear tonight. You can see all the stars.
4. I w atched three movies on
5.
last night.
6. Tokyo is
7. “W hat did you have for
8. I woke up in
stopped me because I was driving too fast, 
of Japan.
?” “A salad .”
of the night.
143
N I T
72
Go to work go home go to the movies
vt*fcf^==J YTV#*She’s at w ork.
We say:
(go) to w ork , (be) at w ork, start w ork, finish w ork
Goodbye! I’m going to w ork now. (no t to the work)
I finish w ork at 5 o ’clock every day.
(go) to school, (be) at school, start school, finish school, etc.
W hat did you learn a t school today? (n o t a t the school)
Some children don ’t like school.
(go) to college, (be) in college
Helen w ants to go to college when she finishes high school.
W hat did you study in college?
(go) to prison/jail, (be) in prison/jail
W hy is he in prison? W hat did he do?
(go) to church, (be) in/at church
Dave usually goes to church on Sundays.
(go) to bed, (be) in bed
I’m tired. I’m going to bed (n o t to the bed)
“W here’s Kim ?” “She’s in bed .”
(go) hom e, (be) (at) hom e, etc.
I’m tired. I’m going home. (no t to home)
Are you going out tonight, or are you staying home? (or staying at home) 
We say:
(go to) the bank / the post office / the hospital / the station / the a irport
“Are you going to the ban k ?” “N o, the post office.”
Brian was in an accident. He had to go to the hospital.
Does this bus go to the airport?
(go to) the theater / the movies
I never go to the theater, but I go to the movies a lot.
(go to) the doctor, the dentist
You’re sick. W hy don’t you go to the doctor?
I’m going to the dentist tom orrow .
[the
They’re going to school. H e’s in bed.
144 The . . . Units 70-71, 73-74 In i at Units 101-102 Tolinlat Unit 103 (At) hom e Unit 103
Exercises u N 1
7272.1 Where are these people? Complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the.
1. H e’s in b e d . 3. She’s in _ . 5. T hey’re a t __
2. They’re a t 4. She’s a t ______________. 6. H e’s in
72.2 Complete the sentences. Choose from the list. Use the if necessary.
baak bed church home post office school station
1. I need some money. I have to go to the bank __
2. Dave usually goes to church on Sundays.
3. In the U.S., children s t a r t _______________________ _ at the age of five.
4. There were a lot of people a t ________________________ waiting for the train.
5. I called you last night, but you w eren’t a t ________________________ .
6. I’m going t o now. Good night!
7. I’m going t o ________________________to get some stamps.
72.3 Complete the sentences. Use go. Sometimes you need the.
1. If you w ant to catch a plane, you qo to the airport_
2. If you w ant to see a movie, you go to
3. If you are tired and you w ant to sleep, you _
4. If you rob a bank and the police catch you, you
5. If you have a problem w ith your teeth, you ________
6. If you w ant to study after you finish high school, you
7. If you are injured in an accident, you
72.4 Write the where necessary. Write OK if the sentence is correct.
1. We w ent to movies last night. to the m ovies
2. I finish w ork at 5 o ’clock every day. O K _________
3. Yuki w asn’t feeling well yesterday, so she went to doctor.
4. I w asn’t feeling well this m orning, so I stayed in bed.
5. W hy is Angela always late for work?
6. “W here are your children?” “They’re at school.”
7. We have no m oney in bank.
8. W hen I was younger, I w ent to church every Sunday.
9. W hat time do you usually get home from w o r k ? ______________
10. “W here shall we m eet?” “At s ta tion .”
11. Jim is sick. H e’s in hospital.
12. M akoto takes his children to school every day.
13. W ould you like to go to college?
14. Would you like to go to theater tonight?______________________________
145
A
U N I T
73
I like music. I hate exams.
Do not use the for general ideas.
I like music, especially classical music.
(no t the music . . . the classical music)
■ We don ’t eat m eat very often, (not the meat)
■ Life is no t possible w ithout water.
(not The life . . . the water)
■ I hate exams. (no t the exams)
■ Do you know where they sell foreign newspapers?
■ I’m no t very good at writing letters.
Do not use the for games and sports.
a M y favorite sports are tennis and skiing, (not the tennis . . . the skiing)
Do not use the for languages or academic subjects (history/geography/physics/biology, etc.). 
a Do you think English is difficult? (no t the English) 
a Tom ’s brother is studying physics and chemistry.
Flowers or the flowers?
Com pare:
a Flowers are beautiful.
(= flowers in general)
a I don ’t like cold weather. 
(= cold w eather in 
general)
a We don’t eat fish very 
often. (= fish in general)
Are you interested in 
history? (= history in 
general)
I love your garden!
The flowers are beautiful.
(= the flowers in this garden)
The w eather isn’t very good 
today. (= the w eather today)
We had a great meal last 
night. The fish was excellent. 
(= the fish we ate last night)
Are you interested in the 
history of your country?
The flowers
iW'ef&s are beautiful.
I don’t like cold weather.
146 The Units 70-72. 74
Exercises
73.1 What do you think about these things?
dogs big cities fishing TV quiz shows exams parties
museums tea basketball com puter games loud music hard w ork
Choose seven things from the box. Write sentences beginning:
I like I don ’t like I love I hate I don’t mind (= it’s OK)
1. / h a te exam s.
2 .
3. .
4. .
5. _ ________ ____
6 . .
7 . ____________
8 . .
73.2 Are you interested in these things? Write sentences with:
I’m (very) interested in . . . I know a lot a b o u t . . . 
I’m not interested in . . . I know a little a b o u t ..
I don ’t know m uch a b o u t . . .
. I don’t know anything a b o u t . . .
1. (history) I'm v e ry in te re s te d in history.
2. (politics) I
3. (sports)
4. (art)
5. (astronomy)
6. (economics)
73.3 Which is right?
1. M y favorite sport is tennis / the tennis. (tennis is right)
2. I like this hotel. R o o ms / The room s are very nice. (The room s is right)
3. Everybody needs friends / the friends.
4. Tracy doesn’t go to parties / the parties very often.
5. I w ent shopping this m orning. Stores / The stores were very crowded.
6. “W here’s milk / the m ilk?” “I t’s in the fridge.”
7. I don ’t like milk / the m ilk. I never drink it.
8. “Do you play any sports?” “Yes, I play football / the football.”
9. These days a lot of people use com puters / the com puters.
10. We w ent for a swim. W ater / The w ater was very cold.
11. I don ’t like swimming in cold w ater / the cold w ater.
12. Excuse me, can you pass salt / the salt, please?
13. I like this town. I like people / the people here.
14. Vegetables / The vegetables are good for you.
15. I can’t sing this song. I don ’t know words / the w ords.
16. I enjoy taking pictures / the pictures. It’s my hobby.
17. Look at pictures / the pictures that I took when I was on vacation.
18. English / The English is used a lot in international business / the international business.
19. M oney / The monev doesn’t always bring happiness / the happiness.
U N I
73
147
A
U N I T
74
B
C
D
E
F
148
The . . . (Names of Places)
Places (continents, countries, states, islands, cities, etc.)
In general we do not use the + names of places.
B angkok is the capital of T hailand.
Easter Island is in the Pacific.
Peru is in South America.
Quebec is a province of Canada.
But we use the in names w ith republic/states/kingdom .
the Dom inican Republic the United States of America (the USA)
the Czech Republic the United Kingdom (the UK)
0
the -s (plural names)
We use the + plural names of countries/islands/m ountains, 
the N etherlands the Canary Islands
the Philippines the Andes
Oceans, rivers, etc.
We use the + names of oceans/seas/rivers/canals, 
the Pacific (Ocean) the Am azon (River)
the M editerranean (Sea) the Panam a Canal
Places in tow ns (streets, buildings, etc.)
In general we do not use the + names of streets, squares, etc.
■ Kevin lives on Central Avenue. ■ Times Square is in N ew York.
■ W here is M ain Street, please?
We do not use the + names + airports/stations/universities/parks, etc.
Kennedy A irport M cGill University
Pennsylvania Station Yosemite (N ational Park)
But we use the + names of universities w ith of (see Section E).
Wegenerally use the with names of hotels, restaurants, theaters, museums, m onum ents, 
the M ilton (Hotel) the N ew Broadway (Theater)
the M illhouse (Restaurant) the M etropolitan (Museum)
the Springfield Cineplex (movie theater) the Lincoln M em orial
the . . . o f . . .
We use the + names w ith of . . . .
the University of California the Great Wall of China
the Bank of N ova Scotia the Tower of London
the no rth / the south / the east / the west
“W hich part of C anada did you go to?” “To the w est/no rth .”
The Units 70-73
Exercises
74.1 Answer these geography questions. Choose from the box. Use The if necessary.
74.2
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8 . 
9.
1 0 .
1 1 .
12.
13.
14.
15.
T5oqofa_
The A tla n tic
is the capital of Colom bia.
is between Africa and the Americas.
is a country in northern Europe.
is a river in South America.
is the largest continent in the world.
is the largest ocean.
is a river in Europe.
is a country in East Africa.
is between C anada and M exico.
are m ountains in South America.
is the capital of Thailand.
are m ountains in Asia.
is between Europe and Africa.
is an island in the Caribbean.
are a group of islands near Florida.
Am azon
Andes
Asia
Bahamas
Bangkok
Bogota
Elimalayas
Jamaica
Kenya
M editerranean 
Pacific 
Rhine 
Sweden 
United States
a t the N ational Theater
Have you ever been to Philippines?
Can you tell me where Westside Cineplex is? 
Can you tell me where Fifth Street is?
Write the where necessary. If the sentence is correct, write OK.
1. Kevin lives on Central Avenue. OK_____________________
2. We w ent to see a play at N ational Theater.
3. Have you ever been to China? __________
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8 .
9.
10 .
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Can you tell me where M useum of M odern A rt is? 
Ell m eet you in front of W ashington M onum ent. 
The sun rises in east and sets in west.
Europe is bigger than Australia.
W hich river is longer - M ississippi or Nile?
We stayed at Park Hotel near Central Park.
H ow far is it from Times Square to Penn Station? 
Rocky M ountains are in N orth America.
Texas is fam ous for oil and cowboys.
Panam a Canal joins Atlantic O cean and Pacific Ocean. 
I hope to go to United States next year.
Alan w ent to University of M ichigan.
U N I
74
Additional Exercises 31-32 (pages 257-258) 149
A
U N I T
75
B
C
This/these and that/those
this
these
Q this picture
(= this picture here) 
these flowers 
(= these flowers here)
that
those
Q that picture
> (= that picture ther
those people 
(= those people the]
We use this/these/that/those with a noun (this picture / these girls, etc.) or w ithout a noun.
■ This hotel is expensive, but it’s very nice.
■ Do you like these shoes? I bought them last week.
■ “W ho’s that girl?” “I don ’t know .”
■ Those apples look good. Can I have one?
■ This is a nice hotel, but it’s very expensive.
■ “Excuse me, is this your bag?” “O h yes, thank you .”
■ W ho’s that? (= W ho is tha t person?)
■ W hich shoes do you like better - these or those?
with a noun
w ithou t a noun
That = som ething tha t has happened
■ “I’m sorry, I forgot to call you .” “That’s all righ t.”
■ That was a really nice meal. T hank you very much.
That = w hat som ebody has ju st said
m “You’re a teacher, aren’t you?” “Yes, that’s righ t.”
■ “M ark has a new job .” “He does? I d idn’t know that.” 
“ I’m going on vacation next w eek.” “ Oh, that’s nice.”
We use this is . . . and is this . . . ? 
on the telephone.
■ Hello, this is Dave. (= the speaker)
■ Is this Sarah? (= the other person)
We use this is . . . to introduce people.
■ Am y: Brian, this is Chris.
Brian: H i, Chris. Nice to meet you. 
Chris: H i, Brian.
H ello , S arah. 
T h is is Dave.
DAVE
Brian, this is Chris.
AMY
this (singular) these (plural) 
These flowers
those (plural)that (singular) 
Do
150 This one I that one Unit 76
75.1 Complete the sentences. Use this!these!that!those + one of these words:
birds dishes house postcards chair -shoes
Exercises
c
v—------- are dirty.
u like these
75.2 Write questions: Is this!that y o u r . . . ? or Are these/those y o u r . . . ?
1. A: I’m sorry I’m late.
B: That's ______ all right.
2. A: I can’t come to the party tom orrow . 
B: Oh, too bad. W hy not?
3. (on the telephone)
Sue: Hello, Kim. Sue.
Kim: Oh, hi, Sue. H ow are you?
4. A: You’re lazy!
B: . no t true!
A: Beth plays the piano very well.
B: Really? I d idn’t know 
(Mark meets Paul’s sister Amy.)
Paul: M ark, _ my sister Amy.
M ark: H i, Amy.
7. A: I’m sorry I was angry yesterday.
B : ______________OK. Forget it!
8. A: You’re a friend of John ’s, aren’t you? 
B: Yes, _ right.
75.3 Complete the sentences with this is or that's or that.
5.
6 .
U N !
75
151
U N I T
76
One/ones
one (= a . . .)
These cookies are 
delicious. Would 
you like one?
W ould you like one ?
I
= W ould you like a cookie ? 
one = a cookie / an apple, etc.
I need a pen. Do you have one? (one = a pen)
A: Is there a bank near here?
B: Yes, there’s one on the corner, (one = a bank)
one and ones
one (singularj
Which one d o 1
v?
AN A
you want?
W hich one? = W hich hat?
one = hat/car/girl, etc.
this one / that one
■ W hich car is yours? This one or that 
one? (= this car or that car)
the one . . .
N A: W hich hotel did you stay at?
B: The one near the airport.
■ I found this key. Is it the one (that) 
you lost?
the . . . one
■ I don’t like the black coat, but I like 
the red one.
M D on’t buy that camera. Buy the other 
one.
a/an . . . one
■ This cup is dirty. Can I have a clean 
one?
■ T hat cookie was good. I’m going to 
have another one.
ones = flowers/cars/girls, etc.
these/those (w ithou t ones)
■ W hich flowers do you want? These or 
those? (usually no t these ones or those 
ones)
the ones . . .
■ A: W hich books are yours?
B: The ones on the table.
■ I found these keys. Are they the ones 
(that) you lost?
the . . . ones
■ I don ’t like the black shoes, but I like 
the brown ones.
■ D on’t buy those apples. Buy the other 
ones.
some . . . ones
■ These cups are dirty. Can we have 
some clean ones?
■ M y shoes are old. I’m going to buy 
some new ones.
ones (plural) Which ones 
do you want?
The white ones. 
W hich ones? = W hich flowers?
152 Which . . .7 Unit 48 A n o th er Unit 66 Thislthat, etc. Unit 75
Exercises
76.1 A asks B some questions. Use the information in the box to write B's answers. Use 
one (not a/an . . . ) in the answers.
B doesn’t need a car.
T here’s a drugstore on First Avenue. 
B doesn’t have a pen.
B just had a cup of coffee. 
B is going to buy a bicycle. 
B doesn’t have an umbrella
1. A: Can you lend me a pen? B I’m sorry, / don't have one.
2. A: W ould you like to have a car? B N o, I don ’t
3. A: Do you have a bicycle? B N o, but
4. A: Can you lend me an umbrella? B I ’m sorry, but
5. A: W ould you like a cup of coffee? B N o, thank you.
6. A: Is there a drugstore near here? B Yes,
76.2 Complete the sentences. Use a/an . . . one. Use the words in the list.
better big clean different new old
1. This cup is dirty. Can I have a clean o n e __________________________________
2. I’m going to sell my old car and b u y _____________________
3. T h a t’s no t a very good photograph. This is
4. I w ant today’s newspaper. This i s ________________________________
5. This box is too small. I n e e d _________
6. W hy do we always go to the same restaurant? Let’s go to .
76.3 Use the information in the box to complete these conversations. Use one/ones.
The coat is black.
The girl is tall w ith long hair. 
-T he ho tel ism ea-r the-a irpo rt. 
The house has a red door. 
The flowers are yellow.
I took the photos a t the beach last week. 
The shoes are brown.
The picture is on the wall.
The books are on the top shelf.
The m an has a m ustache and glasses.
1. A 
B 
A
2. A 
B 
A
3. A 
B 
A
4. A 
B
A
5. A 
B
A
We stayed at a hotel.
W hich one
The one near the airpo r t ___
Those shoes are nice.
W h ic h _________________________ ?
The
T ha t’s a nice house.
I like tha t coat.
w ith
ones.
6. A 
B 
A
7. A 
B 
A
8. A 
B 
A
9. A
Are those your books?
Do you know that girl?
Those flowers are beautiful.
W ho’s that man?
Have you seen my photos yet?
A
U N I T77
B
C
Some and any
Use some in positive sentences.
■ I’m going to buy some clothes.
■ T here’s some milk in the fridge.
■ We made some mistakes.
Use any in negative sentences.
■ I’m not going to buy any clothes.
■ There isn’t any orange juice in the fridge.
■ W e d idn’t m ake any mistakes.
some I’ve g o t 
som e m oney.
I h av en ’t g o t 
any m oney.
any and some in questions
In m ost questions (but no t all) we use any 
(n o t some).
Is there any milk in the fridge?
Does he have any friends?
Do you need any help?
We norm ally use some (not any) when we 
offer things (Would you like . . . ?)
A: W ould you like some coffee?
B: Yes, please, 
or when we ask for things (Can I have . . . 
A: Can I have some soup, please?
B: Yes. Help yourself.
A; Can you lend me some money? 
B: Sure. H ow m uch do you need?
some and any w ithout a noun
I d idn’t take any pictures, but Amy took some. (- some pictures)
You can have some coffee, but I don ’t w ant any. (= any coffee)
I just m ade some coffee. W ould you like some? (= some coffee)
“W here’s your luggage?” “I don ’t have any.” (= any luggage)
“Are there any cookies?” “Yes, there are some in the kitchen.” (= some cookies)
som ething/som ebody (or someone)
■ She said something.
■ I saw somebody (or someone).
■ W ould you like something to eat?
■ Som ebody’s at the door.
anything/anybody (or anyone)
■ She d idn’t say anything.
; I d idn’t see anybody (or anyone).
■ Are you doing anything tonight?
■ W here’s Amy? Has anybody seen her?
Would vou like
154 A lsom e Unit 69 Som ebody!anything, etc. Unit 60
77.1 Write some or any.
1. I bought s o m e ________ cheese, but I d idn’t buy a n y _ _ bread.
2. I’m going to the post office. I need stamps.
3. There aren’t gas stations in this part of town.
4. Eric and Alice don ’t h a v e ______________ children.
5. Have you got brothers or sisters?
6. There are beautiful flowers in the park.
7. Do you know good hotels in M iami?
8. “W ould you l i k e _____________ coffee?” “Yes, please.”
9. W hen we were on vacation, we visited . very interesting places.
10. D on’t buy rice. We don ’t need
11. I w ent out to buy . _ . oranges, but they d idn’t have at the store.
12. I’m thirsty. Can I h a v e _______________water, please?
77.2 Complete the sentences. Use some or any + one of these words:
Exercises
air friends help letters pictures
batteries fruit languages milk
1. I w ant to wash my hair. Is there any sham poo
2. This evening I’m going to write
3. I don ’t have my cam era, so I can’t t a k e ________________________________________.
4. Do you s p e a k foreign _ ?
5. Last night I w ent to a restaurant w i t h __________________________________ of mine.
6. Can I h a v e in my coffee, please?
7. T h a t clock isn’t working. There aren’t _____________________________________ in it.
8. It’s ho t in this office. I’m going out f o r ________________ f re s h ___________________.
9. “W ould you l ik e _______________ ?” “N o, thank you. I’m not hungry right now .”
10. I can do this job alone. I don’t n e e d ___________________________________________ .
77.3 Complete the sentences. Use some or any.
1. M in Fang d idn’t take any pictures, but / took som e . (I / take)
2. “W here’s your luggage?” “ / don 't have a n y _________________ .” (I / no t / have)
3. “Do you need any m oney?” “N o, thank y o u ._________________________ .” (I/h av e)
4. “ Can I borrow some m oney?” “S o rry , .” (I / not / have)
5. The tom atoes w eren’t very good, s o . (I / no t / buy)
6. There were some nice oranges at the store, s o ___________________________ . (I / buy)
77.4 Write something/somebody/anything/anybody.
1. Luis said som ething _ to me, but I d idn’t understand it.
2. “W hat’s w rong?” “T here’s ________________________ in my eye.”
3. D o you k n o w ________________________ about politics?
4. I w ent to the store, but I d idn’t buy ........ ..
5. ________________________ broke the window. I don’t know who.
6. There isn’t _______________________ in the bag. It’s empty.
7. I’m looking for my keys. Has ___________ seen them?
8. W ould you lik e to drink?
9. I d idn’t e a t________________________ because I w asn’t hungry.
10. This is a secret. Please don ’t tell
U N I
77
155
A
U N I T
78
B
Not + any, no, and none
M i a PARKING I ; ■
= * \ v = =
w_________
The parking lot is empty.
There aren’t any cars 1 . . , . .l in the parking lot.1 here are no cars J
H ow m any cars are there in the parking lot? 
None.
not (-n’t) + any
There aren’t any cars in the parking lot.
Karen and Steve don’t have any children.
You can have some coffee, but I don’t w ant any.
no + noun (no cars / no garage, etc.)
no . . . = not + any or not + a
There are no cars in the parking lot. (= there aren’t any cars) 
We have no coffee. (= we don’t have any coffee)
It’s a nice house, bu t there’s no garage. (= there isn’t a garage)
We use no . . . especially after have/has and there is/are.
negative verb + any = positive verb + no
They don’t have any children, or They have no children.
(not They don ’t have no children)
There isn’t any sugar in your coffee, or There’s no sugar in your coffee.
Com pare no and none:
Use no + noun (no money / no children, etc.).
We have no money.
Everything was OK. There were no problems.
Use none alone (w ithou t a noun).
“H ow m uch m oney do you have?” “N on e.” (= no money) 
■ “Were there any problem s?” “N o , none.” (= no problems)
none and no one
none = 0 (zero) 
no one = nobody
None is an answer for H ow much? / H ow many? (things or people). 
“H ow much money do you have?” “N on e.” (= no money) 
“H ow many people did you m eet?” “N on e.” (= no people) 
N o one is an answer for Who?.
“W ho did you m eet?” “N o one.” or “Nobody.”
156 Negatives Unit 44 Som elan y Unit 77 A n ybo dy!n obo dy/nothing, etc. Units 79-80
78.1 Write these sentences again with no.
1. We don ’t have any money. . We have no m oney
2. There aren’t any stores near here. There a r e ________________________________
3. Carol doesn’t have any free time.
4. There isn’t a light in this room .
Write these sentences again with any.
5. We have no money. . We don 't have any m oney■
6. T here’s no gas in the car.
7. There are no buses t o d a y . __________________________________________
8. M arcos has no brothers or sisters.
78.2 Write no or any.
1. T here’s n o __________ sugar in your coffee.
2. M y brother is m arried, but he doesn’t have children.
3. Sue doesn’t speak foreign languages.
4. I ’m afraid there’s ________. coffee. W ould you like some tea?
5. “Look at those b irds!” “Birds? W here? I can’t s e e _ b irds.”
6. “Do you know where Jessica is?” “N o, I h a v e _______________idea.”
Write no, any, or none.
7. There aren’t pictures on the wall.
8. The w eather was cold, but there was_____________ wind.
9. I w anted to buy some oranges, bu t they didn’t have a t the store.
10. Everything was correct. There were _ mistakes.
11. “H ow much luggage have you got?” “______________ .”
12. “H ow m uch luggage have you go t?” “I haven’t g o t__________ _.”
78.3 Complete the sentences. Use any or no + one of these words:
Exercises
air conditioning difference friends m oney problem s
answer film furniture photographs questions
1. Everything was OK. There were no p roblem s _
2. They w ant to take a vacation, but they h a v e ____________ .
3. I’m not going to answer
4. H e’s always alone. He h a s ________________________ .
5. There i s between these two machines. They’re exactly the same.
6. There w asn’t _ . in the room . It was completely empty.
7. I tried to call you yesterday, but there w a s ________________________ .
8. The house is hot because there isn’t ________________________ .
9.I can’t t a k e ______________________ . There’s _______________________ in the camera.
78.4 Write short answers (one or two words) to these questions. Use None where necessary.
1. H ow many letters did you write yesterday? Two. OR A lot OR None.
2. H ow m any sisters do you h a v e ? _________________ ,
3. H ow much coffee did you drink y e s te rd a y ? _____________
4. H ow m any pictures have you taken today?
5. H ow m any legs does a snake h a v e ? _________________
U N I
78
157
A
U N I T
79
B
C
D
158
Not + anybody/anyone/anything and 
nobody/no one/nothing
not + anybody/anyone not + anything
■ I don’t know anybody (or anyone) here. ■ I can’t remember anything.
nobody = not + anybody
no one = not + anyone nothing = not + anything
■ I’m lonely. I have nobody to talk to. ■ She said nothing.
(= I don ’t have anybody.) (= She d idn’t say anything.)
■ The house is empty. There is no one in it. ■ T here’s nothing to eat.
(= There isn’t anyone in it.) (= There isn’t anything to eat.)
You can use nobody / no one / nothing at the beginning of a sentence or alone (to answer 
a question).
The house is empty. N obody lives there. 
(not Anybody lives there)
“W ho did you speak to?” “N o one.”
N othing happened.
(not Anything happened)
■ “W hat did you say?” “N oth ing .’
Remember: negative verb + anybody/anyone/anything 
positive verb + nobody/no one/nothing
He doesn’t know anything, (not he doesn’t know nothing)
D on’t tell anybody. (n o t don ’t tell nobody)
There is nothing to do in this tow n, (not there isn’t nothing)
Som elany Unit 77 A n y and no Unit 78 Som ebody/anything!now here, etc. Unit 80
-body and -one are the same: 
anybody = anyone nobody = no one
not + anybody / anyone 
nobody / no one
(for people)
There isn’t
a n y b o d y . . ,
) m the room .anyone
There is | n °b °d y I -n ^ r00m 
[no one J
A: W ho is in the room?
B: Nobody. / N o one.
There isn’t anything in the bag.
There is nothing in the bag.
A: W hat’s in the bag?
B: Nothing.
not + anything 
nothing
(for things)
Exercises
79
1. There isn’t anything in the bag. . There's nothing in the bag.
2. There isn’t anybody in the office. T here’s
3. I d o n ’t have anything to do. I
4. There isn’t anything on TV.
5. There w asn’t anyone at h o m e . ___________
6. We d idn’t find anything.
79.1 Write these sentences again with nobody / no one or nothing.
79.2 Write these sentences again with anybody/anyone or anything.
1. T here’s nothing in the bag. T.here_isn't anything, in the bag.
2. There was nobody on the bus. There w asn’t
3. I have nothing to read.
4. I have no one to help me.
5. Sarai heard nothing.____________ __________________
6. We have nothing for dinner.
79.3 Answer these questions with nobody / no one or nothing.
la . W hat did you say? Nothing. 5a. W ho know s the answer?
2a. W ho saw you? Nobody. 6a. W hat did you buy?
3a. W hat do you want? 7a. W hat happened?
4a. W ho did you m e e t ? 8a. W ho was late?
Now answer the same questions with full sentences. Use nobody / no one / nothing 
or anybody / anyone / anything.
lb . / didn t sa y a n y thing. 5b. . the answer.
2b. N obody sau/ me. 6 b . _____ _________________________
3b. I d o n ’t . . 7b. _
4b. I . 8 b .
79.4 Complete the sentences. Use nobody / no one / nothing / anybody / anyone / 
anything.
1. T hat house is empty. Nobody lives there.
2. Brian has a bad memory. He can’t rem em ber anything __ .
3. Be quiet! D on’t s a y _______________.
4. I d idn’t know about the m e e t in g ._____________ told me.
5. “W hat did you have to eat?” _ . I w asn’t hungry.”
6. I d idn’t e a t_____________ . I w asn’t hungry.
7. Jenny was sitting alone. She w asn’t w i t h ____________ .
8. I’m sorry I can’t help you. T here’s _____________ I can do.
9. I don’t know about car engines.
10. The m useum is free. It doesn’t c o s t_____________ to go in.
11. I heard a knock on the door, but when I opened it, there was , there.
12. A ntonio spoke very fast. I d idn’t u n d e rs ta n d ______________.
13. “W hat are you doing ton ight?” “_____________ .W h y ? ”
14. Helen is out of t o w n .______________ knows where she is. She d idn’t tell
_______________where she was going.
159
A
U N I T
80
B
C
Somebody, anything, nowhere, etc.
U S ,
She has something in her 
m outh.
something = a thing, but 
we don ’t know w hat
People (-body or -one)
There is somebody (or someone) at the door. 
Is there anybody (or anyone) at the door? 
There isn’t anybody (or anyone) at the door. 
There is nobody (or no one) at the door.
-body and -one are the same: somebody = someone, nobody = no one, etc.
Holly said something, but I didn’t understand her.
Are you doing anything this weekend?
I was angry, but I didn’t say anything.
“W hat did you say?” “N othing.”
R uth ’s parents live somewhere in Southern California. 
Did you go anywhere interesting on vacation?
I’m staying here. I’m not going anywhere.
I d o n ’t like this town. There is nowhere to go.
something/anybody, etc. + adjective (big/cheap/interesting, etc.) 
Did you meet anybody interesting at the party?
■ We always go to the same place. Let’s go somewhere new. 
“W hat’s in that letter?” “It’s nothing important.”
something/anybody, etc. + to . . .
I’m hungry. I w ant something to eat. (= something that I can eat)
Tony doesn’t have anybody to talk to. (= anybody tha t he can talk to) 
There is nowhere to go in this tow n. (= no place where people can go)
Things (-thing)
something
anything
nothing
Places (-where)
somewhere
anywhere
nowhere
somebody or someone 
anybody or anyone 
nobody or no one
%
Somebody (or someone) 
has broken the window.
somebody/someone =
a person, but we don’t 
know who
Tom lives somewhere 
near Toronto.
somewhere = in /to a place, 
but we don ’t know where
160 Som elany Unit 77 A n y and no Unit 78 Anybody!nothing, etc. Unit 79 Everything!-body!-w here Unit 8’
Exercises
80.1 Write som ebody (or som eone) / som ething / somewhere.
I lost
Holly said som ething
this m orning.
Sue and Tom have gone 
I’m going to call
W hat did she say?
W hat did you lose?
W here have they gone? 
W ho are you going to call?
80.2 Write nobody (or no one) / nothing / nowhere.
.Nothing.la . W hat did you say?
2a. W here are you going?
3a. W hat do you want?
4a. W ho are you looking f o r ? _________ ______________
Answer the same questions with full sentences. Use not + anybody/anything/anywhere.
lb . / didn t sa y a n y thing. 3 b . _____________________________________
2b. I’m not 4b.
80.3 Write somebody/anything/nowhere, etc.
1. It’s dark. I can ’t see anything
near Toronto.
about computers?
2. Jay lives som e w h e re
3. Do you know
4. “ Listen!” “W hat? I can’t h e a r ______
5. “W hat are you doing here?” “I’m waiting for .
6. We need to talk. There’s ___________________
Did
I w ant to tell you.
7. see the accident?” “No,
8. We w eren’t hungry, so we d idn’t e a t .
9. “W hat’s going to happen?” “I don ’t know. know s.”
10. “Do you know
11. “W hat’s in that suitcase?” “ ______________
12. I’m looking for my glasses. I can’t find them
13. I don ’t like cold weather. I w ant to live
14. Is there
in Tokyo?” “Yes, a few people.’ 
 . It’s em pty.”
warm.
15. Have you ever met
interesting on TV tonight? 
famous?
80.4 Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes.
You can use these words more than once: Use these words once:
something
somewhere
anything
anywhere
nothing
nowhere
do eat play sit
drink -ge read stay
1. We don ’t go out very much because there’s now here to. go
2. There isn’t any food in the house. We don’t have
3. I’m bored. I h a v e _________________________
4.
5.
‘W hy are you standing?’ 
‘W ould you like
‘Because there isn’t
6. All the hotels were full. There was
7. I w ant
“Yes, please - a glass of w ater.”
. I’m going to buy a magazine.
8. W e’re going to buy a house w ith a yard. O ur boys need
U N I "
80
U N I T
81
Every and all
A every
Every house onthe street is the same.
every house on the street = 
all the houses on the street
We use every + singular noun (every house / every country, etc.). 
Alice has been to every country in Europe.
Every summer we take a vacation at the beach.
She looks different every time I see her.
Use a singular verb after every.
Every house on the street is the same. (not are the same)
C om pare every and all:
■ Every student in the class passed the i All the students in the class passed the
exam. exam.
■ Every country has a national flag. ■ All countries have a national flag.
every day and all day
every day = on all days
how often?
I SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT]
every day
■ It rained every day last week.
■ Bill watches TV for about two hours 
every evening. (= on all evenings)
Also: every morning/night/summer, etc.
all day = the complete day 
how long?
beginning 
o f the day
end 
o f the day
all day
■ Yesterday it rained all day.
■ O n M onday, I watched TV all 
evening. (= the complete evening)
Also: all morning/night/summer, etc.
everybody (or everyone) / everything / everywhere
everybody or everyone
(people)
everything
(things)
everywhere
(places)
Everybody (or Everyone) needs friends.
(= all people need friends)
Have you got everything you need?
(= all the things you need)
I lost my watch. I’ve looked everywhere for it. 
(= I ’ve looked in all places)
Use a singular verb after everybody/everyone/everything. 
Everybody has problem s. (not everybody have)
A ll Unit 82
81.1 Complete the sentences. Use every + one of these words:
day room student time word
1- E ve r y s tu d en t in the class passed the exam.
2. M y job is very b o r in g . is the same.
3. Kate is a very good tennis player. W hen we play, she wins
4 . _______________________ in the hotel has a color TV.
5. “Did you understand w hat she said?” “M ost of it but not
Exercises
81.2 Complete the sentences with every day or all day.
1. Yesterday it rained all day
2. I buy a new spaper , but sometimes I don ’t read it.
3. I’m no t going out tom orrow . I’ll be a t h o m e ________________________ .
4. I drink about four cups of co ffee .
5. Paula was sick yesterday, so she stayed in b e d ________________________.
6. Last year we w ent to the beach for a week, and it rained
7. I’m tired because I’ve been w orking h a r d ________________________ .
81.3 Write every or all.
1. Bill watches TV for about two hours jzvery, _ evening.
2. Barbara gets up at 6 :3 0 ______________morning.
3. The w eather was nice yesterday, so we sat o u ts id e afternoon.
4. I ’m leaving tow n on M onday. I’ll be a w a y _______________week.
5. “H ow often do you go skiing?” “ . year. Usually in M arch .”
6. A: Were you at hom e at 10 A.M. yesterday?
B: Yes, I was h o m e _ m orning. I w ent out after lunch.
7. M y sister likes new cars. She buys o n e ______________ year.
8. I saw Brian at the party, but he d idn’t speak to m e _ _ evening.
9. We take a vacation for tw o or three w eek s_______________summer.
81.4 Write everybody/everything/everywhere.
1. E verybody m eeds friends.
2. Chris k n o w s________________________ about computers.
3. I like the people h e r e .________________________is very friendly.
4. This is a nice hotel. It’s com fortable a n d ________________________ is very clean.
5. Kevin never uses his car. He g o e s________________________ on his motorcycle.
6. Let’s have dinner. . is hungry.
7. Sue’s house is full of books. There are books
8. You’re r i g h t .________________________ you say is true.
81.5 Write a verb (one word).
1. Everybody has___________problem s.
2. Are you ready yet? Everybody ____________ waiting for you.
3. Eric is very popular. E v e r y o n e _____________him.
4. This tow n is completely different. E very th ing_______________changed.
5. I got hom e very late. I came in quietly because everyone_______________asleep.
6. E v ery b o d y ______________ mistakes!
U N 1
81
All, most, some, any, and no/none
Com pare:
children/money/books, etc. (in general) 
Children like to play.
(= children in general)
■ M oney isn’t everything.
(= money in general)
■ I enjoy reading books.
■ Everybody needs friends.
the children / the money / these books, etc. 
W here are the children?
(= our children)
■ I w ant to buy a car, but I haven’t got 
the money. (= the m oney for a car)
■ Have you read these books?
■ I often go out w ith my friends.
most / most of / some / some of, etc.
all most
most/some, etc. + noun
some any no / none / not + any
most of / some of, etc. + the/this/my, etc.
all cities
most children
some booksany money
no
■ M ost children like to play.
(= children in general)
■ 1 don ’t w ant any money.
■ Some books are better than others.
He has no friends.
■ All cities have the same problem s.
(= cities in general)
Do not use of in these sentences:
■ M ost people drive too fast.
(no t m ost of people)
■ Some birds can’t fly. (not some of birds)
all (of) themost
of this/thatsome
these/thoseany
none
my/your, etc.
Most of the children in this school are 
under 11 years old.
■ I don ’t w ant any of this money.
■ Some of these books are very old. 
u None of my friends can ski.
But we say all the . . . / all my . . . , etc. 
(with or w ithout of).
■ All the students in our class passed the 
exam, (or All of the students . . .)
■ Silvia has lived in M iam i all her life. 
(or . . . all of her life.)
all of it / most of them / none of us, etc.
We can have some of this cake but not all of it.
A: Do you know those people?
B: M ost of them, but not all of them.
Some of us are going out tonight. W hy don ’t you come with us? 
I have a lot of history books, but I haven’t read any of them. 
“H ow m any of these books have you read?” “None of them.”
all it
■
■most
of themsome us ■
any you ■none ■
The [children I the children, etc.) Unit 73 Som elanv Unit 77 N oln on elan v Unit 78 E ve rv and a ll Unit81
82.1 Complete the sentences. Use the word in parentheses (some/most, etc.). Sometimes 
you need o f (some o f / most of, etc.).
1. /H ost_________________ children like to play, (most)
2. Som e o f ______________ this m oney is yours, (some)
3 . ________________________ people never stop talking, (some)
4 . _______________________ the stores dow ntow n close a t 6:00. (most)
5. You can change your money i n ________________________banks, (some)
6. I don ’t like the pictures in the living room , (any)
7. H e’s lost his money, (all)
8. my friends are m arried, (none)
9. Do you know the people in this photograph? (any)
10. . birds can fly. (most)
11. I en joyed_______________________ the film, but I d idn’t like the ending, (most)
12 . ________________________ sports are very dangerous, (some)
13. We can’t find anywhere to s ta y .________________________ the hotels are full, (all)
14. T r y ________________________this cheese. It’s delicious, (some)
15. The weather was bad when we were on vacation. It ra in ed the time, (most)
82.2 Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Use all/most/some/none + o f them /
of ft
Exercises
1. H ow m any of the people are women? / Hos t o f them.
2. H ow m any of the boxes are on the table?
3. H ow m any of the men are wearing h a t s ? _________________
4. H ow many of the w indow s are open?
5. H ow many of the people are s t a n d i n g ? _____________________________
6. H ow much of the money is Ben’s?
82.3 Right or wrong? Correct the sentences that are wrong. Write OK if the sentence is 
correct.
1. M ost of children like to play. /Ho st children________
2. All the students failed the exam. OK
3. Some of people w ork too hard.
4. Some of questions on the exam were very easy._________ ___________________
5. I haven’t seen any of those people before.
6. All of insects have six legs.
7. Have you read all these books? ___
8. M ost of students in our class are very nice.
9. M ost of my friends are going to the p a r t y . ______________________
10. I’m very tired this morning- I was awake most of night.
U N I
82
U N I T
83
A
B
C
Both, either, and neither
We use both/either/neither to talk about tw o things or people.
? or ?
■ *
both either neither (not + either)
Rosem ary has tw o children. Both are m arried, (both = the tw o children) 
W ould you like tea or coffee? You can have either, (either = tea or coffee) 
A: Do you w ant to go to the movies or the theater?
B: Neither. I w ant to stay home, (neither = not the movies or the theater)
C om pare either and neither:
■ “W ould you like tea or coffee?’
“Either. It doesn’t m atter.” (= tea or coffee)
“I don’t w ant either.” (not I don ’t w ant neither) 
“Neither.” (= not tea or coffee)
Both/either/neither + noun
both + plural both windows/books/children, etc.
either ] 
neither J> + singular
either
neither window/book/child, etc.
Last year I w ent to M iam i and Seattle. I liked both cities very much.
First I w orked in an office, and then in a store. Neither job was very interesting. 
There are tw o ways to get to the airport. You can go either way.
both of them / neither of us, etc.
both them
either of us
neither you
Tiffany has two sisters. Both of them are m arried.
Tom and I d idn’t eat anything. Neither of us was hungry. 
W ho are those tw o people? I don ’t know either of them.
both the
either of these/those
neither my/your/Amy’s, etc.
both of . . . / either of . . . / neither of . . .
Neither of my parents is Canadian. 
I haven’t read either of these books.
I like both of those pictures
You can say both (of) the . . . / both (of) those . . . /
both (of) my . . . , etc. (with or w ithout of).
I like both of those pictures, or I like both those pictures.
Both of Amy’s sisters are m arried, or Both Amy’s sisters are married.
166 I can't e ith er I neither can I Unit 43
83.1 Write both/either/neither. Use o f where necessary.
1. Last year I w ent to M iam i and Seattle. I liked hoth______________ cities very much.
2. There were tw o pictures on the wall. I d idn’t like e ith er o f_______________ them.
3. It was a good football g a m e .________________________team s played well.
4. It w asn’t a good football game. team played well.
5. “Is your friend C anadian or A m erican?” “__________________ . She’s A ustralian .”
6. We went away for two days, but the weather was bad. It ra in ed ______________ days.
7. A: I bought tw o newspapers. W hich one do you want?
B : . It doesn’t m atter which one.
8. I invited D iana and M ike to the party, b u t _______________________ them came.
9. “Do you go to w ork by car or by bus?” “ . I always w alk .”
10. “W hich hat do you like, this one or that one?” “I don’t l ik e _______________ them .”
11. “Do you work, or are you a student?” “ _ ___ . I work and I’m a student, too .”
12. Paula and I d idn’t know the time b ecau se_______________________ us had a watch.
13. Lee has tw o sisters and a b r o th e r . sisters are m arried.
14. Lee has tw o sisters and a brother. I know her brother, but I haven’t met 
________________________her sisters.
83.2 Complete the sentences for the pictures. Use Both . . . or N eith er. . . .
Exercises
83.3 A man and a woman answered some questions. Their answers were the same. 
Write sentences with Both o f them / Neither o f them . . . .
Are you married?
H ow old are you?
Are you a student?
Do you have a car?
W here do you live?
Do you like to cook?
Can you play the piano?
Do you read the newspaper? 
Are you interested in sports?
N o
21
Yes
N o
Boston
Yes
N o
Yes
N o
N o
21
Yes
N o
Boston
Yes
N o
Yes
N o
1. N eith er o f them is married.
2. B o th o f them are- 21
3 . _____________________ students.
4. a car.
5.
6.
7 . _____________________________
8.
9.
6 answ er 
\
7*8 = /3 
7 * 8 - - lb
1. B o th cups are _ _ empty. 4. .___________________________ cameras.
2 . ____________________________ are open. 5. . to the airport.
3. wearing a hat. 6 . _________________________________ right.
U N I
83
167
U N I T
84
A lot, much, and many
a lot of books
We use much + uncountable noun 
(much food / much money, etc.).
Did you buy much food?
■ We don ’t have much luggage.
■ H ow much money do you want?
■ A: Have you got any money?
B: I’ve got some but no t much.
We use many + plural noun 
(many books / many people, etc.).
■ Did you buy many books?
■ We don’t know many people.
■ H ow many pictures did you take?
■ A: Did you take any pictures?
B: I took some but not many.
We use a lot of + both kinds of noun.
■ We bought a lot of food.
■ Paula doesn’t have a lot of free time.
N ote tha t we say:
■ There is a lot of food/money/water.
(singular verb)
We bought a lot of books.
Did they ask you a lot of questions?
There are a lot of trees/stores/people. 
(plural verb)
A lot of people like soccer. (no t likes)
We use much in questions and negative sentences.
D o you drink much coffee?
I don’t drink much coffee.
But we do not often use much in positive sentences.
I drink a lot of coffee. (no t I drink much coffee)
“Do you drink m uch coffee?” “Yes, a lo t.” (not Yes, much)
We use many and a lot of in all kinds of sentences (question/positive/negative). 
D o you have many friends / a lot of friends?
We have many friends / a lot of friends.
We don’t have many friends / a lot of friends.
much and a lot w ithout a noun
Diane spoke to me, but she d idn’t say much.
“Do you w atch TV much?” “N o, not much.” (= not often)
We like films, so we go to the movies a lot. (not much - see section B)
I don’t like him very much.
ilh:f Countable/Uncountable Units 68-69
a lot of money not much money not many books
8 4 .1 W rite much or many.
1. Did you buy much _ _ food? 5. D id students fail the exam?
2. There aren’t hotels in this town. 6. Paula doesn’t h a v e _____________money.
3. We don ’t h a v e _____________ _ gas. 7. I w asn’t hungry, so I didn’t e a t________
4. Were th e re _______ people on the train? 8. I haven’t seen Eric f o r _________ years.
W rite How much or How many.
9 . ________________________people are coming to the party?
10. _ _ _ _____ milk should I get a t the store?
11. _ _ bread did you buy?
12 . ________________________players are there on a football team?
84 .2 C om plete th e sen ten ces . Use much or many w ith o n e o f th e se w ords:
b o o ks- countries luggage people time times
1. I don’t read very much. I don’t have m a n y books _ _ _ _ .
2. H urry up! We don ’t h a v e ________________ .
3. Do you travel a lot? Have you been t o ?
4. Tina hasn’t lived here very long, so she doesn’t k n o w ____________________________ .
5. “Do you h a v e _________________________ _ _ . ?” “N o, only this suitcase.”
6. I know Tokyo very well. I’ve been th e re __________________________________ .
84.3 C om plete th e sen ten ces w ith a lot o f + o n e o f th ese:
accidents -be o ks- fun interesting things traffic
1. I like to read. I have a lo t o f books _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Exercises
2. We enjoyed our visit to the museum. We saw ___________________________________
3. This road is very dangerous. There a r e _____________________________________ here
4. We enjoyed our vacation. We h a d ________________________________________ __
5. It took me a long time to drive here. There was
84.4 In some of these sentences, much is not natural. Change the sentences or write OK.
1. Do you drink m uch coffee? O K _________________________
2. I drink much tea . a lot o f tea_
3. It was a cold winter. We had much snow .
4. There w asn’t m uch snow last winter. _ _
5. It costs m uch money to travel around the world.
6. This pen was cheap. It d idn’t cost m uch.
7. Do you know m uch about com puters?_______________________ _
8. “Do you have any luggage?” “Yes, m uch.”
84.5 Write sentences about these people. Use much and a lot.
1. Jim loves movies, (go to the movies) H e g o e s to the m ouies a lo t
2. Nicole thinks TV is boring, (watch TV) S h e d o e sn 't w a tch T V m uch.
3. Tina is a goodtennis player, (play tennis) She __
4. M ark doesn’t like to drive, (use his car) H e _________________________ _
5. Paul spends m ost of his time at home, (go out)
6. Sue has been all over the world, ( trav e l)____________________________
U N I
84
A
U N I T
85
B
C
A little / a few and little/few
â; iiiue
(a) little water 
(a) little money 
(a) little time 
(a) little soup
(a) few books 
(a) few questions 
(a) few people 
(a) few days
a little water
a little = some but no t much
■ She d idn’t eat anything, but she drank 
a little water.
■ I speak a little Spanish.
(= some Spanish but no t much)
■ A: Can you speak Spanish?
B: A little.
a few = some but not many
■ Last night I w rote a few letters.
■ We’re going away for a few days.
■ I speak a few words of Spanish.
■ A: Do you have any stamps?
B: A few. D o you w ant one?
X little (w ithout a) = alm ost no or alm ost 
nothing
■ There was little food in the fridge.
It was alm ost empty.
You can say very little.
■ D an is very thin because he eats very 
little. (= alm ost nothing)
X few (w ithout a) = alm ost no
■ There were few people in the theater. 
It was alm ost empty.
You can say very few.
■ Your English is very good. You make 
very few mistakes.
little and a little
A little is a positive idea.
■ They have a little money, but they’re 
not rich. (= they have some money)
Little (or very little) is a negative idea.
■ They are very poor. They have (very) 
little money. (= alm ost no money)
few and a few
A few is a positive idea.
■ I have a few friends, so I ’m n o t lonely. 
(= I have some friends)
Few (or very few) is a negative idea.s
■ I’m sad and I’m lonely. I have (very) 
few friends. (= alm ost no friends)
I have a little money. I have little money. 
® ©
I have a few friends. I have few friends. 
© ©
a few books
85.1 Answer the questions with a little or a few.
1. “Do you have any m oney?” “Yes, a little
Exercises
2. “Do you have any envelopes?” “Y es,________________________
3. “Do you w ant sugar in your coffee?” “Y es, , p lease.”
4. “Did you take any pictures when you were on vacation?” “Yes, _
5. “Does your friend speak English?” “Y e s , _
6. “Are there any good restaurants in this tow n?” “Y es,_
85.2 Write a little or a few + one of these words:
chairs days fresh air friends letters milk Russian times
1. Last night I w rote a fe w le tte rs____________________ to my family and friends.
2. Can I h a v e __________________________________ in my coffee, please?
3. “W hen did Julia leave?” “ __________________________________ ago .”
4. “Do you speak any foreign languages?” “I can sp eak_
5. “Are you going to the movies alone?” “N o, I’m going w ith _
6. “H ave you ever been to M exico?” “Y es, . ”
7. There w asn’t much furniture in the room - just a table a n d __
S. I’m going out for a walk. I n e e d .
85.3 Complete the sentences. Use very little or very few + one of these words: 
coffee hotels mistakes people rain time work
1. Your English is very good. You m ake v e ry fe w m istakes
2. I drink _________ . I don’t like it much.
3. The w eather here is very dry in the summer. There is
4. I t’s difficult to find a place to stay in this town. There a r e ___
5. H urry up. There’s before the movie starts.
6. The tow n is very quiet at n i g h t . go out.
7. Some people in my office are very lazy. They d o ____________________________
85.4 Write very little / a little / very few / a few.
1. There was v e ry little ___ food in the fridge. It was alm ost empty.
2. “W hen did Sarah go o u t?” “ m inutes ago .”
3. I can’t decide now. I n e e d _______________________ time to think about it.
4. There w a s ________________________traffic, so we got there early.
5. Let’s take a taxi. There a r e ________________________ buses after 9 o ’clock at night.
6. “W ould you like more soup?” “Y es,,_______________________ , please.”
7. They sent us a m ap, so we h a d trouble finding their house.
85.5 Right or w rong? Correct the sentences that are wrong. Write OK if the sentence is 
correct.
1. W e’re going away for few days next week. fo r a fe w days
2. Everybody needs little luck. _____________________
3. I can’t talk to you now - I’ve got few things to do.
4. I eat very little m eat - 1 don’t like it very much.
5. Excuse me, can I ask you few questions?
6. There were little people on the bus - it was alm ost empty. _
U N 1
85
171
Old, nice, interesting, etc. (Adjectives)
Adjective + noun (nice day / blue eyes, etc.)
adjective + noun
It’s a nice day today.
Laura has brown eyes.
There’s a very old church in this tow n.
Do you like Italian food?
I don ’t speak any foreign languages.
There are some beautiful yellow flowers in the garden.
The adjective is before the noun.
They live in a modern house. (n o t a house m odern) 
Have you m et any famous people? (no t people famous)
The ending of an adjective is always the same.
a different place different places (no t differents)
be (am/is/was, etc.) + adjective
The w eather is nice today.
These flowers are very beautiful.
Are you cold? Should I close the window? 
I’m hungry. Can I have something to eat? 
The movie wasn’t very good. It was boring. 
■ Please be quiet. I’m studying.
It smells good.
- m —
“You look tired.” “Yes, I feel tired.”
Eric told me about his new job. It sounds very interesting. 
I’m not going to eat this fish. It doesn’t smell good.
Compare:
is are is
He feels tired. They look happy. It smells good.
looks sound tastes
Get + Adjective (get h ungry Hired, etc.) Unit 57 Som ething/anybody + Adjective Unit 80
look/feel/smell/taste/sound + adjective
86.1 Put the words in the right order.
1. (new / live in / house / they / a) They hue in renew house.
2. (like / jacket / 1 / th a t / green) I _________________________________________________
3. (music / like / do / classical / you?) Do _ __
4. (had / w onderful / a / 1 / trip) _____ ___
5. (went to / restaurant / a / Chinese / we) ____________________________
86.2 The words in the box are adjectives (dark, foreign, etc.) or nouns (air, job, etc.). Use 
an adjective and a noun to complete each sentence.
Exercises
air dangerous f o reign hot knife long vacation
clouds dark fresh job danguages sharp w ater
1. D o you speak any fo reign languages .
2. Look at those ___
3. Sue w orks very hard , and she’s very tired. She needs a
4. You need
5. Can you open the window? We need some
6. I need a ________________________________
7. Fire fighting is a
. I t’s going to rain
to make tea
to cut these onions
86.3 Write sentences for the pictures. Choose from the boxes.
feel(s) look(s) -sotmdfs) ha^py nice surprised
look(s) smell(s) taste(s) new sick terrible
und hg_[2/3y
86.4 A and B don't agree. Complete B's sentences. Use the word in parentheses ( ).
A
1. You look tired. I do? I don 'f fe e l t ir e d
2. This is a new coat. Really? It
3. I’m American. You are? You
4. You look cold. Really? I
5. These bags are heavy. They are? They
6. The soup looks good. Really? It
(feel)
(look)
(sound)
(feel)
(look)
(taste)
U N I
86
U N I T
87
Quickly, badly, suddenly, etc. (Adverbs)
He ate his dinner very quickly. 
Quickly and suddenly are adverbs.
Suddenly, the shelf fell down.
Adjective + -ly -» adverb
adjective
adverb
quick
quickly
bad
badly
sudden
suddenly
careful
carefully
heavy
heavily
Spelling (see A ppendix 5.2): easy -» easily heavy -*■ heavily
etc.
etc.
Adverbs tell you how something happens 
or how som ebody does something.
The train stopped suddenly.
I opened the door slowly.
Please listen carefully.
I understand you perfectly.
Com pare: It’s raining heavily.
adjective (see Unit 86) adverb
■ Sue is very quiet. Sue speaks very quietly. (not speaks very quiet)
■ Be careful! N Listen carefully! (not listen careful)
■ It was a bad game. O ur team played badly. (not played bad)
I felt nervous. (= I was nervous) ■ I waited nervously.
These w ords are adjectives and adverbs: hard fast lateearly
■ Sue’s job is very hard.
■ Ben is a fast runner.
* The bus was late/early.
N Sue works very hard. (n o t hardly)
■ Ben can run fast.
■ I went to bed late/early.
good (adjective) —> well (adverb)
Your English is very good.
■ It was a good game.
You speak English very well. (no t very good) 
O ur team played well.
But well is also an adjective (= not sick, in good health).
“H ow are you?” “Pm very well, thank you. And you?”
Adjectives Unit 86
87.1 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with one of these adverbs:
angrily badly early fast heavily quietly
Exercises
1. It’s raining heavily . 4. She shouted at me
2. He sings v e ry _______________________ . 5. She can run very
3. They came i n _______________________ . 6. He got to w ork
87.2 Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes.
come know sleep win carefully clearly hard well
explain listen think w ork + carefully easily quickly well
1. I’m going to tell you som ething very im portant, so please listen ca re fully
2. Amy! r ! Run!
3. T h e y ________________________________. At the end of the day, they’re always tired.
4. I ’m tired this m orning. I d idn’t last night.
5. You play tennis much better than me. W hen we play, you always _________________
6. before you answer this question.
7. I’ve met Alice a few times, but I don’t _________________her very
8. O ur teacher doesn’t __________________ things v e r y _________________. We never
understand him.
87.3 Which is right?
1. D on’t eat so rpnck/quicklv. It’s no t good for you. (quickly is right)
2. W hy are you angrv/angrilv? I haven’t done anything.
3. Can you speak slow/slowlv. please?
4. Come on, Dave! W hy are you always so slow /slowlv?
5. Bill is a very careful/carefullv driver.
6. Tracy is studying hard/hardlv for her exams.
7. “W here’s D iane?” “She was here, but she left sudden/suddenly.”
8. Please be quiet/quietlv. I’m studying.
9. Some companies pay their workers very bad/badly.
10. T hat jacket looks nice/nicely. Are you going to buy it?
87.4 Write good or well.
1. Your English is really £p_od_ __ . You speak it very w ell _____.
2. Jackie did v e ry _____________ . on her exams.
3. The food was v e ry . I enjoyed it a lot.
4. M ark has a difficult job, but he does i t _______________.
5. H ow are your parents? Are th e y _______________?
6. Did you have a ______________ vacation? Was the w e a th e r _ _ ?
U N 1
87
175
U N I T
88
B
.
Old/older and expensive / more expensive
old older heavy heavier expensive m ore expensive
O lder / heavier / m ore expensive are comparative forms.
The com parative is -er (older) or m ore . . . (more expensive).
-er (older, heavier, etc.)
Short w ords (1 syllable) -» -er
old -> older slow -»• slower cheap -» cheaper
nice -» nicer late -> later big -» bigger
Spelling (see Appendix 5): big -» bigger hot -> hotter thin -» thinner
W ords ending in -y -» -ier
easy -» easier heavy —> heavier early -» earlier
Rom e is old, but Athens is older, (not m ore old)
Is it cheaper to go by car or by train? (no t m ore cheap)
H elen w ants a bigger car.
This coat is OK, but I th ink the other one is nicer.
D on’t write a letter. I t’s easier to call, (not m ore easy)
far -» farther
“H ow far is it to the station? A mile?” “N o, it’s farther. A bout tw o m iles.”
m ore
Long w ords (2/3/4 syllables) 
careful -»■ m ore careful
expensive
m ore . . .
polite -» m ore polite 
m ore expensive interesting -> m ore interesting
You should be m ore careful.
I don’t like my job. I w ant to do som ething m ore interesting. 
Is it m ore expensive to go by car or by train?
good /well -> better bad -> worse
The w eather w asn’t very good yesterday, bu t it’s better today. 
“Do you feel better today?” “N o, I feel w orse.”
W hich is worse - a headache or a toothache?
nirtor than I mnro o»npmi'i/e than Unit 89 The o ldest I the m ost expensive Unit 91
( D C
Exercises
88.1 Look at the pictures and write the comparative (older / more interesting, etc.). ( 3 C 3
1. heavy hea v ier 3. slow
4. expensive 5. high 6. dangerous
88.2 Write the comparative.
1. old older 6. good
2. s tro n g ______________________________ 7. l a r g e ___
3. h a p p y 8. serious _
4. m o d e rn . 9. pretty
5. im portan t _ _ _ _______________________ 10. crowded
88.3 Write the opposite.
1. younger older______________________ 4. better
2. colder _ _ 5. nearer
3. c h e a p e r_____________________________6. easier
88.4 Complete the sentences. Use a comparative.
1. H elen’s car isn’t very big. She w ants a biaaer_________________ one.
2. M y job isn’t very interesting. I w ant to do som ething m ore in teresting
3. You’re not very tall. Your brother i s ________________________ .
4. David doesn’t w ork very hard. I w o rk , .
5. M y chair isn’t very com fortable. Yours is
6. Your idea isn’t very good. M y idea i s __
7. This house isn’t very nice. O ur house is _
8. M y suitcase isn’t very heavy. Your suitcase i s ___________________ _ _ _
9. I’m not very interested in art. I’m in history.
10. It isn’t very w arm today. It w a s ________________________yesterday.
11. These tom atoes don ’t taste very good. The other ones tasted
12. Britain isn’t very big. France i s .
13. Los Angeles isn’t very beautiful. San Francisco is
14. This knife isn’t very sharp. Do you have a one?
15. People today aren’t very polite. In the past, they were
1 7 7
U N I T
89
Older than . . . and more expensive than .
than you.
The the Grand.
We use than after com paratives (older than . . . / more expensive than . . . , etc.). 
Athens is older than Rome.
Are oranges more expensive than bananas?
I t’s easier to call than to w rite a letter.
“H ow are you today?” “N o t bad. Better than yesterday.”
The restaurant is more crowded than usual.
We usually say: than me / than him / than her / than us / than them. You can say: 
I can run faster than him. or I can run faster than he can.
You are a better singer than me. or You are a better singer than I am.
I got up earlier than her. or I got up earlier than she did.
more/less than . . .
A: H ow m uch are those shoes? Fifty dollars? 
B: N o, more than that. (= more than $50) 
The film was very short - less than an hour. 
They’ve got more money than they need.
You go out more than me.
less than 50 more than 30
25 30 35
a little older / much older, etc.
Box A is a little bigger than Box B.
a little 
much
bigger
older
better
m ore difficult 
m ore expensive
~—
Box C is much bigger than Box D.
C anada is much bigger than France.
Emma is a little older than Gary - she’s 26 
and he’s 24.
The hotel was much more expensive than I 
expected.
You go out much more than me.
O ldlolder, e x p e n s iv e I m ore e x p e n s iv e Unit 88 N o t as o ld as Unit 90
taller
She’s taller than him. Capitol Hotel is m ore expensive than
Exercises
89.1 Write sentences about Liz and Ben. Use than.
,'-v %SJ.I I
LIZ
1. I’m 26.
2. I’m not a good swimmer.
3. I’m 5 feet, 10 inches tall.
4. I start w ork at 8 o ’clock.
5. I don ’t w ork very hard.
6. I don ’t have m uch money.
7. I’m a very good driver.
8. I’m not very patient.
9. I’m not a very good dancer.
10. I’m very intelligent.
11. I speak French very well.
12. I don’t go to the movies much.
1. I ’m 24.
2. I’m a very good swimmer.
3. I’m 5 feet, 8 inches tall.
4. I start w ork at 8:30.
5. I w ork very hard.
6. I have a lot of money.
7. I’m not a very good driver.
8. I’m very patient.
9. I’m a good dancer.
10. I’m not very intelligent.
11. I don’t speak French well.
12. I go to the movies a lot.
BEN
1. Liz is older than E>en 7. Liz is a
2. Ben is a b e tte r su /im m er than L iz . 8. Ben
3. Liz is 9. Ben
4. Liz starts Ben. 10. Liz
5. Ben 11. Liz
6. Ben has 12. Ben
89.2 Complete the sentences. Use than.
1. He isn’t very tall. You r e ta ller than him OR 're ta ller than he is____________
2. She isn’t very old. You’r e __________________________________________________
3. I don’t w ork veryhard. You w ork _ __ __
4. He doesn’t w atch TV very much. You _
5. I’m not a very good cook. You
6. We d o n ’t know m any people. Y o u __________________________________________
7. They d o n ’t have m uch money. Y o u __________________________________________
8. I can’t run very fast. You c a n _______________________________________________
9. She hasn’t been here very long. Y o u _________________________________________
10. They d idn’t get up very early. You __________________________________________
11. He w asn’t very surprised. Y o u ______________________________________________
89.3 Complete the sentences with a little or much + a comparative (older/better, etc.).
1. Emma is 26. Gary is 24.
Emma is a little older than (dar y _
2. Brian’s m other is 52. His father is 69.
Brian’s m other
3. M y cam era cost $100. Yours cost $96.
M y c a m e ra _________________________________________________________________
4. Yesterday I felt terrible. Today I feel great.
I fe e l_______________________________________________________________________
5. Today the tem perature is 12 degrees Celsius. Yesterday it was 10 degrees.
It’s _________________________________________________________________________
6. Amy is an excellent tennis player. I’m not very good.
A m y ___________________________________________________________________ __
U N 1
89
U N I T
90
Not as . as
not as . . . as
Box A isn’t as big as Box B. 
Rome is no t as old as Athens. (= Athens is older)
The Grand H otel isn’t as expensive as the W estern. (= the W estern is m ore 
expensive)
I don ’t play tennis as often as you. (= you play m ore often)
The w eather is better than it was yesterday. It isn’t as cold. (= as cold as it was 
yesterday)
not as m uch as . . . / no t as m any as . . .
I haven’t got as m uch m oney as you. (= you’ve got m ore money)
I don ’t know as m any people as you. (= you know m ore people)
I don ’t go out as m uch as you. (= you go out more)
Com pare not as . . . as and than:
Rome is no t as old as Athens.
Athens is older than Rome. (n o t older as Rome)
Tennis isn’t as popu lar as soccer.
Soccer is m ore popular than tennis.
I don ’t go out as m uch as you.
You go out m ore than me.
We usually say: as me / as him / as her, etc. You can say:
She’s not as old as him. or She’s no t as old as he is.
You don’t w ork as hard as me. or You don’t w ork as hard as I do.
We say the same as . . . .
The w eather today is the same as yesterday.
Your son’s hair is the same color as yours.
I arrived at the same time as Tim.
Much/many Unit 84 O lder than I more expensive than Unit 89
She’s old, but she’s no t as old as he is.
Exercises
90.1 Look at the pictures and write sentences about A, B, and C.
1. A is bigge r than C bu t n o t as_
2. A is _ __ __
3. C i s _________________________ _
4. A i s _________________________
5. B has _______
6. C w o r k s _____________________
B but no t 
A but 
but
C.
90.2 Write sentences with as . . . a s ___
1. Athens is older than Rome. Rome i^n't r?<? o/rJ ns A thens
2. M y room is bigger than yours. Your room isn’t
3. You got up earlier than me. I d idn’t _
4. We played better than them . They _ _ _ __
5. I’ve been here longer than you. Y o u _____________________
6. She’s m ore nervous than him. H e ________________________
90.3 Write as or than.
1. Athens is older thon __ _ Rome.
2. I don ’t w atch TV as m u c h _______ you.
3. You eat m o re ___________________ me.
4. I feel b e tte r___________ I felt yesterday.
5. Jim isn’t as in te llig en t he thinks.
6. Belgium is sm a lle r Switzerland.
7. Brazil isn’t as b ig ____________ Canada.
8. I can’t w ait m o r e an hour.
U N !
90
90.4 Complete the sentences about Lee, Ed, and Kim. Use the same age / the same street, etc.
U N I T The oldest and the most expensive
\a$ § !§ »
Box A is bigger than Box B.
Box A is bigger than all the o ther boxes. 
Box A is the biggest box.
Motel Prices in Jam estow n
Best West Motel $120 Oak Tree Motel $85
Sleep Inn $105 Cozy Cabins $60
Rainbow Motel $95
The Best West M otel is more expensive 
than the Sleep Inn.
The Best West M otel is m ore expensive 
than all the other motels in town.
The Best West M otel is the m ost expensive 
m otel in town.
Bigger / older / m ore expensive, etc., are comparative forms, (see Unit 88) 
Biggest / oldest / m ost expensive, etc., are superlative forms.
The superlative form is -est (oldest) or m o s t . . . (most expensive).
Short w ords (old/cheap/nice, etc.) -» the -est
old -» the oldest cheap -» the cheapest nice -» the nicest
but good -»• the best bad the w orst
Spelling (see A ppendix 5): big -* the biggest ho t -» the hottest
W ords ending in -y (easy/heavy, etc.) -» the -iest
easy -> the easiest heavy -» the heaviest pretty -» the prettiest
Long w ords (careful/expensive/interesting, etc.) -» the m ost . . .
careful -»■ the m ost careful interesting the m ost interesting
We say: the o ld e s t . . . I the m ost expensive . . . , etc. (with the).
The church is very old. It’s the oldest building in the town.
(= it is older than all the o ther buildings)
W hat is the longest river in the world?
M oney is im portant, but it isn’t the m ost im portan t thing in life.
Excuse me, where is the nearest bank?
You can use the oldest / the best / the m ost expensive, etc., w ithout a noun.
Ken is a good player, bu t he isn’t the best on the team . (= the best player)
Superlative + I’ve ever . . . / you’ve ever . . . , etc.
The movie was very bad. I think it’s the w orst movie I’ve ever seen. 
W hat is the m ost unusual thing you’ve ever done?
182 Present Perfect + ever Unit 16 Older I more expensive Units 88-89
Exercises
91.1 Write sentences with comparatives (older, etc.) and superlatives (the oldest, etc.).
U N
91
i .
2.
3.
4.
5.
Am
B .
Cm
Dm
, 4
i B
,C
i D
I’m 24. I’m 21.
R estaA vrastt A ex, ce llerv t
K estau^rartt B tjooci
R e s ta u r a n t C OK
R je sta n ra n t D terrib le*
(big/small)
( A ID) A is bigger than D.
(A) A is the b iggest
(B)
(long/short)
(C/A) C is _
(D) D is 
(B) B _
(young/old) 
(D/C) D _
(B) _____
(C ) ____
(expensive/cheap) 
(D/A) _
(C)
(A)
(good/bad)
(A/C)
(A)
(D)
91.2 Complete the sentences. Use a superlative + a noun (the oldest building, etc.).
1. This building is verv old. I t’s the o ldest building in town.
2. It was a very happy day. It was of my life.
3. I t’s a very good movie. It’s I’ve ever seen.
4. She’s a very popular singer. She’s in the country.
5. It was a very bad mistake. It was I’ve ever made.
6. I t’s a very pretty city. It’s I’ve ever seen.
7. It was a very cold day. It was of the year.
8. H e’s a very boring person. H e’s I’ve ever met.
91.3 Write sentences with a superlative (the longest, etc.). Choose from the boxes.
Alaska- Jupiter
Brazil the Nile
Everest Sydney
high
large
long
city planet
country river
m ountain state
Africa
Australia
the solar system
South America 
the- USA 
the world
1 ■ A laska is the largest s ta te* in the USA.
2. B ra z il________________________
3. __
4. _
5 . _
6 .
183
A
U N I T
92
B
C
Enough
I’ve
She can’t buy a sandwich. He can’t reach the shelf.
She doesn’t have enough money. He isn’t tall enough.
enough + noun (enough money / enough people, etc.)
“Is there enough salt in the soup?” “Yes, it’s fine.” 
i We w anted to play football, but we d idn’t have enough players.
W hy don’t you buy a car? You have enough money. (no t money enough)
enough w ithout a noun
I’ve got some money, but not enough to buy a car. (= I need more money to buy a car) 
“W ould you like some m ore cake?” “N o, thanks. I’ve had enough.”
You’re always a t home. You don ’t go out enough.
Adjective + enough (good enough / tall enough, etc.)
“Do you w ant to go swim m ing?” “N o, it isn’t warm enough.” (not enough warm) 
Can you hear the radio? Is it loud enough for you?
D on’t buy tha t coat. I t’s nice, but it isn’t long enough. (= it’s too short)Remember:
enough + noun but adjective + enough
enough money tall enough
enough time good enough
enough people old enough
We say:
enough for som ebody/som ething 
enough to do something
enough for som ebody/som ething 
to do something
This sweater isn’t big enough for me.
I don’t have enough money for a car.
- I don ’t have enough money to buy a car. (not 
for buy a car)
Is your English good enough to have a
conversation? (no t for have)
There a ren ’t enough chairs for everybody to sit 
down.
184 To and fo r Unit 55 Too Unit 93
09
92.1 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use enough + one of these words: j r
chairs money paint wind
Exercises u n i t
1. She doesn’t have enough m oney . 3. She doesn’t h a v e ____________________ .
2. There aren’t ______________________ . 4. There isn’t __________________________ .
92.2 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use one of these adjectives + enough: 
big long strong -tall
1. She isn 't ta ll enough _ __ 3. His legs
2. The c a r . 4. He
92.3 Complete the sentences. Use enough with one of these words:
big eat fruit loud old practice -sugar tim e tired
1. “Is there enough salt in the soup?” “Yes, it’s fine.”
2. Can you hear the radio? Is it loud enough ___ for you?
3. He can quit school if he w ants - he’s ________________________ .
4. Did you h a v e ________________________to answer all the questions on the exam?
5. This house isn’t ________________________for a large family.
6. Tina is very thin. She doesn’t _______________________ .
7. Lisa isn’t a very good tennis player because she doesn’t ________________________ .
8. You don’t e a t . You should eat a banana every day.
9. I t’s late, but I don ’t w ant to go to bed. I’m n o t __________________ to sleep.
92.4 Complete the sentences. Use enough with the words in parentheses ( ).
1. We haven’t got enough m oney to b u y . a car. (m oney /buy)
2. This knife isn’t _________________________________________ tom atoes, (sharp / cut)
3. The w ater w asn’t ______________________________________ .sw im m ing, (warm /g o )
4. Do we have ,_______________________________________ sandwiches? (bread / make)
5. We played well but no t the game, (well / win)
6. I don ’t h a v e _______________________________________ the newspaper, (time / read)
185
U N I T
93
Too
f ,n The shoes are 
too big for her.
Uggghhh!
There is too much
sugar in it.
too + adjective!adverb (too big / too hard, etc.) 
Can you tu rn the radio down?
It’s too loud. (= louder than I want)
I can’t w ork. I’m too tired.
I think you w ork too hard.
\ a \ Tl f dy It’s too loud.
too much / too many = m ore than you w ant, more than is good 
Emily studies all the time. I think she studies too much.
I don ’t like the w eather here. There is too much rain. (= m ore rain than is good) 
Let’s go to another restaurant. There are too many people here.
Traffic is a problem here. There are too many cars.
C om pare too and not enough:
too big
not big enough
The hat is too big for him.
The radio is too loud. Can you turn it down, please? 
T here’s too much sugar in my coffee. (= m ore than I want) 
I don ’t feel well. I ate too much.
The hat isn’t big enough for him. (= it’s too small)
The radio isn’t loud enough. Can you turn it up, please? 
There’s not enough sugar in my coffee. (= I w ant more sugar) 
You’re very thin. You don’t eat enough.
We say:
too . . . for somebody/something
too . . . to do something
too . . . for somebody/something 
to do something
These shoes are too big for me.
It’s a small house - too small for a large family.
I’m too tired to go out. (no t for go out)
It’s too cold to sit outside.
She speaks too fast for me to understand.
186 To and fo r Unit 55 Much/many Unit 84 Enough Unit 92
Q l93.1 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use foo + one of these words: S <-*
big crow ded fast heavy loud low
Exercises u N 1
1. The radio is too loud __ __________ . 4. She’s driving
2. The box is ___________________ _ . 5. The ball is
3. The net is . 6. The restaurant is
93.2 Write foo / too much / too m any / enough.
1. You’re always a t home. You don ’t go out enough
2. I d o n ’t like the w eather here. There’s too m uch ____ _ rain.
3. I can’t w ait for them. I don ’t h a v e ________________________ time.
4. There was now here to sit on the beach. There w e re ______________________ people.
5. You’re always tired. I think you w o r k ________________________ hard.
6. “Did you h a v e to eat?” “Yes, thank you .”
7. You d r in k ________________________ coffee. It’s no t good for you.
8. You don ’t e a t_______________________ vegetables. You should eat some every day.
9. I don’t like the w eather here. It’s ________________________ cold.
10. O ur team didn’t play well. We made mistakes.
11. “W ould you like some ice in your tea?” “Yes, but not ______________________ .”
93.3 Complete the sentences. Use too or enough with the words in parentheses ( ).
1. I couldn’t w ork. I tuas ton t i r e d . (tired)
2. Can you turn the radio up, please? It isn I loud e nou g h . (loud)
3. I don ’t w an t to walk home. It’s . (far)
4. D on’t buy anything at tha t store. I t . (expensive)
5. You can’t pu t all your things in tha t bag. I t ________________________________ . (big)
6. I couldn’t do the exercise. It ____________________ . (hard)
7. Your w ork needs to be better. I t . (good)
8. Sorry, I can’t talk now. I ________________________________________________ . (busy)
9. I thought the movie was boring. I t . (long)
93.4 Complete the sentences. Use too + adjective + fo do something.
1. I ’m not going out. It 's too c o ld to go ou t _____ .(cold)
2. I’m not going to bed. I t’s . (early)
3. They’re no t getting m arried. They’re , . (young)
4. N obody swims here. It’s . (dangerous)
5. D on’t call her now. I t’s ___________________________________________________ . (late)
6. I d idn’t say anything. I w a s __________________________________________. (surprised)
187
U N I T
94
He speaks English very well. (Word Order 1)
A
B
i
188
Verb + object
I-------------------1
Sue reads the newspaper every day. 
I I I
subject verb object
The verb and the object are usually together.
We say:
Sue reads the newspaper every day.
{not Sue reads every day the newspaper)
verb + object
He speaks English
I like Italian food
Did you watch television
We invited a lot of people
Paul often wears a black hat.
I opened the door
I always make the same mistake.
I’m going to borrow some money
very well, {not He speaks very well English) 
very much, {not I like very m uch . . . ) 
all evening? 
to the party.
slowly.
from the bank.
Place and time
We went to a party last night .
I I
place time
Place is usually before time. We say:
We w ent to a party last night, {not last night to a party)
place time
(where?) (when? how long? how often?)
Liz walks to work every day. {not every day to work)
Will you be at home tonight? {not tonight at home?)
1 usually go to bed early, (not early to bed)
We arrived at the airport at 7 o ’clock.
They’ve lived in the same house for 20 years.
Jim ’s father has been in the hospital since June.
Word Order in Questions Units 45-4 5 Alw ays! u sually I often, etc. Unit 95
SUE (subject) t h e NEWSPAPER (object)
94.1 Right or wrong? Correct the sentences that are wrong.
1. Did you w atch all evening television? D id you w a tch telev ision all evening?
2. Sue reads a new spaper every day. OK _______________ ___ ___
3. I like very m uch this picture. _____________________________________
4. Tom started last week his new job.
5. I w ant to speak English fluently.___________ ______________________________________
6. April bought for her friend a present. _____________________________________
7. I drink every day three cups of coffee. _____________________________________
8. D on’t eat your dinner too quickly!_________ ______________________________________
9. I borrow ed from my brother fifty dollars. _____________________________________
94.2 Put the words in order.
1. (the door / opened / I / slowly) / opened the door slow ly ___ ___ ________
2. (two letters I I I this m orning / wrote) I ________________________________________ .
3. (entered / quietly / the house / the th ie f )________________________________________
4. (M egan / very well / French / doesn’t sp e ak )______________________ _____________ _
5. (a lot of w ork / did I I I y este rday )__________
6. (M ary / do you know / w e ll? )__________________________________________________
7. (we / enjoyed / very m uch / the p a r ty ) __________________________________________
8. (the problem / carefully I I I e x p la in ed )_________________________________________
9. (we / a t the a irport / some friends / m e t)________________________________________
10. (did you buy / in C anada / tha t jack e t? )________________________________________
11. (every day / do / the same thing / w e )___________________________________________
12. (football / don ’t like / very m uch / 1 ) ___________________________________________
94.3 Put the words in order.
1. (to w ork / every day / walks / Liz) Liz walks to w ork e ve ry da y ___ .
2. (at the hotel I I I early / arrived) I _____________________________________________ .
3. (goes / every year / to Puerto Rico / Julia) Julia .
4. (we / since 1998 / here / have lived) We .
5. (in M ontreal / Sue / in 1980 / was born) Sue .
6. (didn’t go / yesterday / Paul / to work) P a u l___________________________________ .
7. (to the bank / yesterday afternoon / w ent / M egan)
M e g a n ______________________________________________________________________ .
8. (I / in bed / this m orning / had breakfast) I ____________________________________ .
9. (next September / Barbara / to college / is going)
B a rb a ra _____________________________________________________________________ .
10. (I / a beautiful bird / this m orning / in the yard / saw)
I ___________________________________________________________ .
11. (many times / have been / my parents / to Tokyo)
M y __________________________________________________________________________ .
12. (my um brella I I I last night / left / in the restaurant)
I ____________________________________________________________.
13. (to the movies / tom orrow / are you going?)
Are ?
14. (the children I I I took / this m orning / to school)
I ___________________________________________________________________________ ..
Exercises U N 1
94
1QO
U N I T
95
Always /usually/often, etc. (Word Order 2)
We often use these w ords w ith the verb in the middle of a sentence.
always often ever rarely also already all
usually sometimes never seldom just still both
M y brother never speaks to me.
She’s always late.
D o you often go to restaurants?
I sometimes eat too much, (or Sometimes I eat too much.)
I don ’t w ant to go to the movies. I’ve already seen that film.
I’ve got three sisters. They’re all m arried.
always go
often play
never feel
(etc.) (etc.)
Always/never, etc., usually go before the verb. 
verb
I always go to w ork by car. (no t I go always)
M egan often plays tennis. (n o t M egan plays often tennis)
You sometimes look unhappy.
They usually have dinner at 7 o ’clock.
We rarely (or seldom) watch television.
R ichard is a good swimmer. He also plays tennis and volleyball. 
(not He plays also tennis)
I’ve got three sisters. They all live in the same city.
Always/never, etc., go after am/is/are/was/were.
I am never sick, (not I never am sick)
They are usually at hom e in the evening.
It is often very cold here in the winter.
W hen I was a child, I was always late for school.
“Is Nicole still here?” “N o, she w ent hom e.”
I’ve got tw o brothers. They’re both doctors.
am
is always
■
■
often ■
are never ■
was (etc.) ■were
Always/never, etc., go between tw o verbs (have . . . been / can . . . find, etc.). 
verb 2
I will always remember you.
It doesn’t often rain here.
Do you usually drive to work?
I can never find my keys.
Have you ever been to Egypt?
Nicole isn’t here. She just went out.
The children have all finished their hom ew ork.
verb 1
will
can
do always
(etc.) often
never
have (etc.)
has
go
find
remember
(etc.)
gone
been
(etc.)
190
A lw a y s/n e v e r + S im p le Present U nit 5 Ju st/a lre a d y + Present Perfect and S im p le Past U nit 20
A ll U nits 8 1 -8 2 B o th U nit 83 S t il l U nit 96
Exercises
95.1 Look at Paul's answers. Write sentences with often/never, etc.
U N I T
95
M l . PAUL
1. Do you ever play tennis? Yes, often. Tbu! o ften p lays tennis.
2. Do you get up early? Yes, always. He
3. Are you ever late for work? N o, never. He
4. Do you ever get angry? Sometimes.
5. Do you go swimming much? N o, rarely.
6. Are you home in the evening Yes, usually.
much?
95.2 Write these sentences with the words in parentheses ( ).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 
7.
M y brother calls me. (never) M y bro th er n eve r calls me. 
Susan is polite, (always) Susan
Kim started a new job. (just) K im __
I go to bed before m idnight, (rarely)
The bus isn’t late, (usually) __
I don ’t eat fish, (o fte n )____
I will forget w hat you said, (never) 
H ave you lost your passport? (ever)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Do you w ork in the same place? (still) 
They stay at the same hotel, (always) 
Diane doesn’t w ork on Saturday, (usually) 
Is Tina here? (already)
W hat do you have for breakfast? (usually) 
I can rem em ber his name. never
95.3 Write sentences with also. Use the words in parentheses ( ).
1. D o you play football? (tennis) _ Yes, and / also p lay tennis.
2. D o you speak Spanish? (Russian) Yes, and I ___
3. Are you tired? (hungry) Yes, and
4. H ave you been to England? (Ireland) Yes,
5. Did you buy any clothes? (some books)
95.4 Write sentences with both and all.
I live in 
Buenos Aires. 
I play soccer. 
I’m a student. 
I have a car.
I live in 
Buenos Aires. 
I play soccer. 
I’m a student. 
I have a car.
I’m married. I was born in England. 
I live in Toronto.
1 • They both live in 3 u enos Y)ires.
They ________________
They students.
soccer.
2. They 
They
. m arried. 
England.
cars.
191
Still, yet, and already
still = som ething is the same as before
I had a lot to eat but I’m still hungry. (= I was hungry before and I’m hungry now) 
“Did you sell your car?” “N o, I still have it .”
“D o you still live in V ancouver?” “N o, I live in M ontreal now .”
yet
R i l l w i l l R p h p r e s n n n
Twenty m inutes ago they were 
w aiting for Bill.
yet = until now
We use yet in negative sentences (He hasn’t come yet.) and in questions (Has he come 
yet?). Yet is usually a t the end of a sentence.
“W here’s D iane?” “She isn’t here yet.” (= she will come later)
“W hat are you doing ton ight?” “I don’t know yet.” (= I will know later)
“Are you ready to go yet?” “N o t yet. In a m inute.” (= I will be ready, but I’m not 
ready now)
“H ave you decided w hat to do yet?” “N o, I’m still thinking about it.”
Com pare yet and still:
She hasn’t left yet. = She’s still here, (not she’s yet here)
I haven’t finished my hom ew ork yet. (= I’m still doing it)
already = earlier than expected
" “W hat time is John com ing?” “H e’s already here.”
“I w ant to tell you w hat happened .” “T h a t’s OK. I already know .” 
M egan doesn’t w an t to go to the movies. She’s already seen the film.
A lrea d ylye t + Present Perfect / Sim ple Past Unit 20 Word Order (still/already) Unit 95
ago it was raining.
now
is still raining now.
They are still w aiting for Bill. 
Bill hasn’t come yet.
now
96.1 You meet Lisa. The last time you saw her was two years ago. You ask her some 
questions with still.
Exercises
LISA tw o
years ago I play the piano. 1.
I have an old car. 2.
I’m a student. 3.
I’m studying Japanese. 4.
I go to the movies a lot. 5.
I w ant to be a teacher. 6.
D o yo u s t il l pla_y_ the p ia n o ? 
Doyou _ _ .
Are ___ ____ ___
U N I
96
96.2 Write three sentences for each situation. Look at the example carefully.
before n o w
2 . I’m looking for a job.
(before) They w er e w a itin g for the bus 
(still) They ar e s t i l l w a itin g.
(yet) The bus h asn t com e y e t__
(before) He w a s _________________________ .
(still) H e _____________________________ .
( y e t ) ______________________________yet.
(before) S h e _____________________________.
(still)
( y e t ) _________________________________
96.3 Write questions with yet.
1. You and Sue are going out together. You are waiting for her to get ready. M aybe she 
is ready now. You ask Sue: f ir e yo u re a d y y e t? ____ ____ __________ ___
2. You are w aiting for M egan to arrive. She w asn’t here ten m inutes ago. M aybe she is 
here now. You ask som ebody:______________ M e g an ?
3. M ary had a blood test and is waiting for the report. M aybe she has gotten the report 
now. You ask h e r :_____ you ?
4. A few days ago you spoke to Tom. He couldn’t decide where to go on vacation. M aybe 
he has decided now. You ask h im : ?
96.4 Complete the sentences. Use already.
1. W hat time is John coming? ("He Is a lre a d y here.l
2. Do you and Joe w ant to see the movie? N o. we ue a lre a d y se en it.
3. I have to see Julie before she leaves. It’s too late. She
4. Do you need a pen? N o thanks. I one.
5. Should I pay the bill? N o, it’s OK. I
6. Should I tell Paul abou t the meeting? JSIo, he . I told him .,
1 «
A
U N I T
97
B
C
Give me that book! Give it to me!
give/lend/pass/send/show
After these verbs, there are 
tw o possible structures:
(give) something to somebody 
I gave the keys to Liz. 
(give) somebody something 
I gave Liz the keys.
(give) something to somebody
som ething to somebody
T h a t’s my book. Give it to me.
These are Sue’s keys. Can you give them to her?
Can you give these flowers to your m other?
I lent my car to a friend of mine.
Did you send a postcard to Kate?
W e’ve seen these photos. You showed them to us.
(give) somebody something
som ebody something
Give me that book. I t’s mine.
Tom gave his m other some flowers.
I lent John some money.
H ow m uch m oney did you lend him?
I sent you a postcard.
Nicole showed us her vacation photos.
Can you pass me the salt, please?
You can also say: buy/get som ebody something.
I bought my m other some flowers. (= I bought some flowers for my m other) 
Can you get me a newspaper when you go out? (= get a newspaper for me)
Com pare:
I gave the keys to Liz.
I gave Liz the keys, (but n o t I gave to Liz the keys)
T h a t’s my book. Can you give it to me?
Can you give me th a t book? (but n o t give to me tha t book)
We prefer the first structure (give something to somebody) when the thing is it or them. 
I gave it to her. (no t I gave her it)
Here are the keys. Give them to your father. (no t Give your father them)
I the keys LIZ
194 llhim lthem , etc. Unit 60
Exercises
97.1 Mark had some things that he didn't want. He gave them to different
GARY
Write sentences beginning He g a v e . . . .
1. W hat did M ark do with the arm chair? H e g a v e i t to h is b ro th e r
2. W hat did he do with the tennis racket? He g a v e ___
3. W hat happened to the books? He
4. W hat abou t the lamp?
5. W hat did he do w ith the pictures? _____
6. And the ladder?
97.2 You gave some gifts to these people. Write a sentence for each person.
3 ALAN 5 LYNN
97.3 Write questions beginning Can you give me . . . ? / Can you pass m e . . . ?, etc.
1. (vou w ant the salt - pass) H an vou n a ss m e the sa lt?
2. (you need an um brella - lend) Can you >
3. (you w ant my address - give) Can your
4. (you need ten dollars - lend)
.S. (you w ant some inform ation - send)
b. (you w ant to see the letter - show)
7. (you w ant some stam ps - get)
97.4 Which is right?
1. I gave to Liz the keys. / I gave Liz the keys. (I gave L iz the keys is right.)
2. I’ll lend to you some money if you w ant. / I’ll lend vou some m oney if you w ant.
3. Did you send the letter m e? / Did you send the letter to m e?
4. I w ant to buy for vou a present. / 1 w ant to buy you a present.
5. Can you pass to me the sugar, please? / Can you pass me the sugar, please?
6. This is M egan’s bag. Can you give it to he r? / Can you give her i t?
7. I showed to the officer mv driver’s license. / 1 showed the officer mv driver’s license.
1 PAUL 6 CARLOS
U N M
97
IOC
U N I T
98
At 8 o'clock, on Monday, in April, etc.
at
8 o ’clock 
10:30 
at m idnight, etc.
night
the end of . . .
I start w ork at 8 o ’clock.
The banks close at 5:00.
I can’t sleep at night.
I’m taking a trip at the end of October.
on
etc.Sunday(s), M onday(s)
(on) April 25, June 6, etc.
M onday m orning, Tuesday afternoon, Friday night, etc.
You can say:
Goodbye! See you on Friday, or See you Friday, (with or w ithout on)
D o you w ork on Sundays? or Do you w ork Sundays?
The concert is on November 20 th. or The concert is November 20th.
I’m leaving on Friday night, or I’m leaving Friday night.
We say on the weekend / on weekends (always with on).
They like to go to restaurants on the weekend / on weekends.
in
S M T ■ w ! T P 1 s f l
I I L t ,2 ■J 1H ; 5 6 7 ,8 9 \10 'E
It \12 \13
1“
,/6 '1 17 II ■
18 \19 120 \'21 \22 jZ-3 M 1 ■
2 5 26 27 j28 23 30 ' iiM ■
in
April, June, etc.
2005, 1990, etc. 
the spring/sum m er/fall/w inter 
the m orning/afternoon/evening
I’m taking a trip in October.
Emma was born in 1984.
The park is beautiful in the fall.
D o you often go out in the evening?
We do no t use at/on/in before next/last/this/every.
■ I’m going to Chicago next Monday, (not on next M onday)
■ We go on vacation every summer. Last summer we w ent to Europe.
■ W hat are you doing this weekend?
/ in six weeks / in two years, etc.
H urry! The train leaves in five minutes. 
(= it leaves five m inutes from now) 
Goodbye! I’ll see you in a few days.
(= a few days from now)
in five minutes / in a few days
now in five minutes
196 In/at/on (Places) Units 101-102
Exercises
98.1 Write at or in.
1. Emma was born j n 1984.
2. I got u p ______ . 8 o ’clock this m orning.
I like to get up e a rly the m orning.
1 like to look at the stars _ night.
M y brother got m a rr ie d May.
We often go to the beach „_______ the summer.
3.
4.
5.
6. 
7.
9.
10.
Let’s m e e t . 7:30 tom orrow evening.
The com pany s ta r te d _______ 1989.
I’ll send you the m o n ey _______ the end of the m onth.
The cafe is open the evening. It closes m idnight.
98.2 Write at/inlon.
1. in April 6. September 11. Lriday m orning
2. on June 6 7. September 24 th 12. Saturday night
3. half past tw o 8. the weekend 13. night
4. 1987 9. 11:45 14. the end of the day
5. W ednesday 10. _ the m orning 15. the w inter
98.3 Which sentence is correct - A, B, or both of them?
1. I’m taking a trip in October.
2. Do you w ork Sundays?
3. I always feel tired a t the evening.
4. I’m leaving next Saturday.
5. Tim started his new job on M ay 18th.
6. Laura finished high school in 1998.
7. We m eet on every Tuesday.
8. We don’t often go out in night.
9. I can’t m eet you Thursday.
10. Lisa saw Sam M onday night.
11. I’m leaving in the end of this m onth.
12. Tim goes to the gym on Lridays.
B
I’m taking a trip on October.
Do you w ork on Sundays?
I always feel tired in the evening. 
I’m leaving on next Saturday.
Tim started his new job M ay 18th. 
Laura finished high school 1998. 
We m eet every Tuesday.
We don’t often go out a t night.
I can’t meet you on Thursday.
Lisa saw Sam at M onday night. 
I’m leaving at the end of this month. 
Tim goes to the gym Lridays.
both
98.4 Write sentences with in.
1. It’s 5:25 now. The train leaves at 5:30.
The train leaves in five minutes.____
2. It’s M onday today. I’ll call you on Thursday. 
I’ll ______ ___
3. Today is June 14th. M y exam is June 28 th- 
M y
4. It’s 3 o ’clock now. Tom will be here at 3:30. 
Tom ____ ___ ___
UN 1
98
1 9 7
A
U N I T
99
B
C
From . . . to, until, since, and for
from . . . to . . .
We lived in C anada from 1982 to 1990.
I w ork from M onday to Friday.
You can also say from . . . unt i l . . . .
We lived in C anada from 1982 until 1990.
from Monday to Friday :>»
M o n d a y Friday
until + the end of a period of time
They’re going away tom orrow . 
They’ll be away until Friday.
I w ent to bed early, but I w asn’t 
tired. I read a book until 3 A.M. 
W ait here until I come back.
until
Friday 
December 
3 o ’clock 
I come back
You can also say till (= until).
W ait here till I come back.
Com pare:
“Flow long will you be aw ay?” 
“When are you coming back?”
“Until M onday.” 
“On M onday.”
untilil Friday
Friday
since
M onday 
1998 
2:30 
I arrived
since Momi
since + a time in the past (to now)
We use since after the present perfect (have been / have done, etc.).
John is in the hospital. He has been there 
since Monday. (= from M onday to now)
Mr. and M rs. H an have been m arried 
since 1988. (= from 1988 to now)
It’s been raining since I arrived.
Com pare:
We lived in C anada from 1982 to 1990.
We lived in C anada until 1990.
N ow we live in Japan. We came to Japan in 1990.
We’ve lived in Japan since 1990. (= from 1990 until now)
We use for (not since) + a period of time (three days / ten years / a long time, etc.). 
We’ve lived in Japan for a long time. (no t since a long time)
M o n d a y n o w
for + a period of time
for
three days 
ten years 
ten m inutes 
a long time
Ed stayed w ith us for three days. 
She’s been m arried for ten years. 
I’m going away for a few weeks. 
I’m going away for the weekend.
< for three days ►
Sunday Monday Tuesday
198 Present Perfect + forisince Unit 18 Present Perfect (I have done) and Sim ple Past (I d id) Unit 21
Exercises
99.1 Read the information and complete the sentences. Use from
JIN SOOK
I live in Australia 
now.
I lived in Korea 
before.
I came to Australia 
in 2001.
I work in a 
restaurant now.
1 worked in a 
hotel before.
I started work in the 
restaurant in 2000.
to / until / since.
ADAM
I’m a salesman 
now.
I was a teacher 
before.
I started work as a 
salesman in I 999.
1999
1. (Alex / C anada / 1 9 8 2 -1990 ) Alex lived in Canada from 1982 to 1990
2. (Alex / Canada / -» 1990) Alex lived in Canada
3. (Alex / Japan / 1990 -») Alex has lived in J a p a n _________ ____
4. (Jin Sook / Korea / -» 2001) Jin Sook lived in
5. (Jin Sook / A ustralia / 2001 -») Jin Sook has lived i n ________________
6. (Beth / a hotel / 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 ) Beth w o rk e d ____________
7. (Beth / a restaurant / 2000 -») Beth has worked
8. (Adam / a teacher / 1 9 9 5 -1999 ) Adam was a _
9. (Adam / a salesman / 1999 ->) Adam has been
Now write sentences with for.
10. (Alex / Canada) CjJeJL lived in Canada fo r e igh t years.
11. (Alex / Japan) Alex has lived in Japan
12. (Jin Sook / Australia) Jin Sook has
13. (Beth / a hotel) Beth w orked ____________________________
14. (Beth / restaurant) B e th _________________
15. (Adam / a teacher) Adam
16. (Adam / a salesman) A d a m ____________________ ____
1990.
99.2 Write until/since/for.
1. Mr. and M rs. H an have been m arried since
2. I was tired this m orning. I stayed in bed
1988.
10 o ’clock.
3. We waited for S u e_____________ half an hour, but she d idn’t come.
4. “H ow long have you been here?” “ _______________seven-thirty.”
5.
6. 
7.
9.
10.
11 .
12.
13.
14.
“H ow long did you stay at the party last night?” “_ m idnight.”
David and I are good friends. We have know n each other ______________ ten years.
I’m tired. I’m going to lie dow n a few minutes.
(in an airplane th a t’s landing) Please stay in your seats ______________ the plane
stops at the gate.
This is my house. I’ve lived h e re I was seven years old.
Ampol is out of town. H e’ll be away 
N ext week I’m going to Los Angeles 
I usually finish w ork at 5:30, but sometimes I w ork 
“H ow long have you know n Am y?” “
Wednesday, 
three days.
six.
Where have you been? I’ve been waiting for you
we were in high school.” 
twenty minutes.
I live in Japan 
now.
I lived in Canada 
before.
I came to Japan 
in 1990.
U N I
99
1 QO
Before, after, during, and while
before the movie during the movie after the movie
Everybody is nervous before exams.
■ I fell asleep during the movie.
■ We were tired after our visit to the museum.
before, while, and after
before we played while we were playing after we played
D on’t forget to close the w indow before you go out. 
I often fall asleep while I ’m reading.
They w atched TV after they did the dishes.
before, during, and after
during, while, and for
We use during + noun (during the movie). We use while + verb (while I’m watching).
■ We d idn’t speak during the meal, but
m We d idn’t speak while we were eating. (n o t during we were eating)
Use for (not during) + a period o f time (three days / tw o hours / a year, etc.).
■ We played tennis for tw o hours. (no t during tw o hours)
I lived in London for a year, (not during a year)
You can use before/after + -ing (before going / after eating, etc.).
I always have breakfast before going to w ork. (= before I go to work) 
After doing the dishes, they watched TV. (= after they did)
Do not say “before to go ,” “after to d o ,” etc.
Before eating the apple, I washed it carefully, (not before to eat)
I started w ork after reading the newspaper, (not after to read)
I w a s -in g (Past C o n tin u o u s) U nits 1 3 -1 4 F o r U nit 99 P re po sitio n + -in g U nit 107 
B e fo re la fte r lw h ile lw h e n U nit 112
Exercises
100.1 Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes.
after during lunch the end they went to Australia
before while
+ the concert 
the course
the exam 
the night
you’re waiting
1. Everybody was nervous be fo re the exam _ .
2. I usually w ork four hours in the m orning and another three h o u r s ________________ .
3. The movie was really boring. We le f t___________________________________________.
4. Anne w ent to night school to learn Germ an. She learned a l o t .
5. M y aunt and uncle lived in L o n d o n .
6. A: Somebody broke a w indow . Did you hear anything?
B: N o, I was asleep.
7. W ould you like to sit d o w n ?
8. “Are you going home ?” “Yes, we have to get up early tom orrow .”
100.2 Write during/whilelfor.
1. We d idn’t speak while _ _ _ _ we were eating. 
We d idn’t speak during __ . the meal.
 you were out.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8. 
9.
10 .
Eric c a lle d _____
I stayed in Rome
Karen w rote a lot of le tte rs____
The students looked very bored 
I fell out of bed
five days.
she was on vacation, 
the class.
Last night I watched TV 
I don’t usually w atch TV 
Do you ever watch TV _
I was asleep.
 six hours.
_ the day.
you’re having dinner?
100.3 Complete the sentences. Use -ing (doing, etc.).
1. After doing ____ _ the dishes, they w atched TV.
2. I felt sick a f te r________________________ too much chocolate.
3. I’m going to ask you a question. Think carefully before it.
4. I felt terrible when I got up this m orning. I felt better a f te r________________ a shower.
5. After my w ork, I left the office and w ent home.
6. Before to a foreign country, you should learn a little of the language.
100.4 Write sentences with before + -ing and after + -ing.
1. They did the dishes. Then they watched TV.
After doing the, d ish e s th e y u/ntr.hed 7*1/__________________________________
2. John finished high school. Then he worked in a departm ent store for two years. 
John w orked __________________________
3. I read for a few minutes. Then I w ent to sleep.
Before ____________________________________________________________________
4. We walked for three hours. We were very tired.
After ______________________________________________ ________________
5. Let’s have a cup of coffee. Then we’ll go out. 
Let’s
U N Iroc
In, at, and on (Places 1)
in
in a room % in a yard%
in a store .. - in a tow n
in a car 
in the w ater
^ in a park 
in Brazil
“W here’s D avid?” “In the kitchen. / In the back yard. / In Tokyo.” 
W hat’s in that box / in that bag / in that closet?
Angela works in a store / in a bank / in a factory.
I w ent for a swim in the river / in the pool / in the ocean.
M ilan is in northern Italy.
I live in a city, but I’d like to live in the country.
at
at the bus stop at the traffic light
T here’s som ebody at the bus stop / at the door. 
The car is waiting at the traffic light.
Julia is w orking at her desk.
Also: at the top / at the bottom / at the end (of . . . ) 
W rite your name at the top of the page.
M y house is at the end of the block.
on
on a shelf 
on a plate 
on a balcony 
on the floor, etc. ;
on a wall 
on the ceiling
— on a door, etc.
There are some books on the shelf and some pictures on the wall.
■ There are a lot of apples on those trees.
D on’t sit on the grass. It’s wet.
There’s a stam p on the envelope.
Also: on a horse / on a bicycle / on a motorcycle 
W ho’s tha t man on the motorcycle?
In latlo n (Places 2) Unit 102 The top / the bottom , etc. Unit 71 A tlo n lin (Time) Unit 98
stamp
velope
at her desk
at the top (of the page)
at the bottom (of the page)
Exercises
101.1 Answer the questions. Use in/at/on + the words in parentheses ( ).
U N I
101
1. W here is he? In the k itchen .
2. W here are the shoes?
3. W here is the pen?
4. W here is the clock?
5. W here is the bus?
6. W here are the horses?
7. W here are they standing?
8. W here is she swimming?
9. W here is he standing? .
10. W here is the spider? _
11. W here is he sitting?
12. W here is she sitting?
101.2 Write in/at/on.
1. D on’t sit on
2. W hat do you have
3. Look! There’s a m an
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8 .
9.
10.
11 .
12.
13.
14.
15.
the grass. It’s wet.
There are a lot of fish 
O ur house is num ber 45 - the num ber is 
“Is the post office near here?” “Yes, tu rn left _
I have a small vegetable g a rd e n _______ the back yard.
M y sister lives_______ M exico City.
the bag?
. the roof. W hat’s he doing?
_ this river.
the door.
 the traffic light.”
T here’s a small park . the top of the hill.
I think I heard the doorbell. T here’s somebody
M unich is a large c i ty _______ southern Germany.
There’s a gas s ta t io n _______ the end of the block.
the door.
It’s difficult to carry a lot of things __ a bicycle.
I looked at the list of names. M y name w a s _______the bottom of the list.
There’s a m irror the wall _ _ the living room.
1 (the kitchen)
7 (the balcony)
9 (the window) 10 (the ceiling)
U N I T In, at, and on (Places 2)
in
in bed
in prison / jail 
in the hospital 
in the sky 
in the world
in a new spaper / in a book 
in a photograph / in a picture 
in a car / in a taxi 
in the middle ( o f . . . )
“W here’s K ate?” “She’s in bed .”
Karen’s husband is in jail for driving w ithout a license. 
D avid’s father is sick. H e’s in the hospital.
I like to look at the stars in the sky at night.
W hat’s the largest city in the world?
I read about the accident in the newspaper.
You look sad in this photograph.
Did you come here in your car?
T here’s a big tree in the middle of the yard.
at
at w ork
at the station / at the a irport 
a t the post office / a t the superm arket 
a t T racy’s (house) / a t the doctor’s 
(office) / a t the hairdresser’s, etc. 
a t a concert / a t a party / at a football 
game, etc.
“W here’s K ate?” “ She’s at w ork .”
Do you w ant me to meet you at the airport? 
I saw your brother at the post office today. 
“W here were you Friday?” “At my sister’s.” 
I saw Tom at the doctor’s.
There w eren’t m any people at the party.
You can say be/stay a t hom e or be/stay hom e (with or w ithout at).
Is Tom at home? or Is Tom home?
You can often use in or at for hotels and restaurants.
We stayed at a nice hotel, or We stayed in a nice hotel.
You can say in school or at school, but there is a difference.
She’s a t school = she is there now
“W here’s your sister? Is she hom e?” “N o, she’s at school.”
She’s in school = she is a student (in high school / college / medical school, etc.) 
“Does your sister have a job?” “N o, she’s still in school.”
on
on a bus / on a train / on a plane / on a boat 
on the first floor (or ground floor) / on the 
second floor, etc. 
on a street
on the way (to . . . ) / on the way home
Did you come here on the bus? 
The office is on the first floor.
(not in the first floor)
M y brother lives on a nice street.
I met Lee on the way to w ork / on 
my way home.
204 In latlo n (Places 1) Unit 101 Tolinlat Unit 103 On the left/right Unit 104
Exercises
102.1 Answer the questions. Use in/at/on + the words in parentheses ( ).
1. W here is she? In the hospital. _ 7. W here is Brian? ______
2. W here are th e y ? ___________________ 8. W here is the restaurant?
3. W here is h e ? __________________________ 9. W here is s h e ? ________
4. W here are they? ________________ _ 10. W here are they? _
5. W here are the stars? _________________ 11. W here are they?
6. W here are they? 12. W here are they?
1 (the hosp ita l)
5 (the sky)
9 (w ork)
2 (the a irp o rt)
6 (a party)
10 (a plane)
3 (bed) 4 (a boat)
8 (the second floor)
12 (a w edding)
102.2 Write in/at/on.
1. “W here’s your sister? Is she hom e?” “N o. she’s a t school.”
2. There was a big table the middle of the room .
3. W hat is the longest r i v e r the world?
4. Were there m any people ___ the concert last night?
5. Will you b e _______ home tom orrow afternoon?
6. W ho is the m a n _______ this photograph? D o you know him?
7. “ Is your son going to get m arried soon?” “N o, he’s s ti l l_______ college.”
8. Eric is coming by train. I’m going to meet him _______ the station.
9. Charlie i s _______ the hospital. H e had an operation yesterday.
10. H ow m any pages are there ______ that book?
11. “Are you hungry after your trip ?” “N o, I a te .th e p lane.”
12. I’m sorry I’m late. M y car broke d o w n the way.
13. “ Is Tom here?” “N o, he’s his b ro ther’s .”
14. D on’t believe everything you see the newspaper!
15. I walked to w ork, but I came h o m e ______ the bus.
16. A (on the phone): Can I speak to Anne, please?
B: N o, sorry. She’ll b e the university until 5:00 today.
U N I
/ 0 i
205
U N I T To, in, and at (Places 3)
to
go/come/return/walk (etc.) to . . .
to Neiv York •
W e’re going to N ew York next week.
I w ant to go to M exico.
We walked from my house to the mall. 
W hat time do you go to bed?
The bus is going to the airport. 
Karen d idn’t go to work yesterday.
I went to a party last night.
We’d like you to come to our house.
in/at (see Units 101-102) 
be / stay / do something (etc.) in
■ The Statue of Liberty is in N ew York.
■ M y brother lives in M exico.
■ The best stores are in the mall, 
s I like to read in bed.
be/stay/do (etc.) som ething a t . . .
The bus is at the airport.
Amy wasn’t at work yesterday.
I met her at a party.
Amy stayed at her brother’s house.
home
go/com e/walk (etc.) ^ home
■ I’m tired. I’m going home. 
{not to home)
■ Did you walk home?
be/stay (at) home (with or w ithout at)
■ I’m staying home tonight, (or I’m staying at home.
But: do something (work, watch TV, etc.) at home
■ Dan doesn’t go to an office. He works at home. 
(not he w orks home)
arrive and get
arrive in a country o r tow n (arrive in M exico / arrive in Tokyo, etc.) 
They arrived in Brazil last week. (no t arrived to Brazil)
arrive at other places (arrive at the station / arrive at work, etc.)
■ W hat time did you arrive at the hotel? (no t arrive to the hotel)
get to (a place)
W hat time did you get to the hotel?
W hen did you get to Tokyo?
get home / arrive home (no preposition )
I was tired when I got home, (or I was tired when I arrived home.)
Been to Unit 16 Get (to . . . ) Unit 57 In lat Units 101-102
103.1 Write to or in.
1. I like to read in bed. 5. I was tired, so I stayed bed.
2. We’re going Italy next m onth. 6. What time do you go bed?
3. Sue is on vacation Chile right 7. Does this bus go the airport?
now. 8. Would you like to live _ another
4. I have to go the bank today. country?
103.2 Write to or at if necessary. Sometimes no preposition is necessary.
1. Paula d idn’t go to _ w ork yesterday.
2. I’m tired. I’m going — home, (no preposition)
3. Amy is sick. She w e n t the doctor.
4. W ould you like to c o m e a party on Saturday?
5. “Is L iz hom e?” “N o, she w e n t_______ w o rk .”
6. There were 20,000 p e o p le the football game.
7. W hy did you g o _______ home early last night?
8. A boy jum ped into the river and s w a m _______ the other side.
9. There were a lot of people w aiting the bus stop.
10. We had dinner . . a restaurant, and then we w ent b a c k _______ the hotel.
103.3 Write to, at, or in if necessary. Sometimes no preposition is necessary.
1. Joe is coming tom orrow . I’m meeting him a t the airport.
2. W e’re g o in g _______ a concert tom orrow night.
3. I w ent . Chile last year.
4. H ow long did you s ta y Chile?
5. N ext year we hope to go Japan to visit some friends.
6. Do you w ant to g o _______ the movies tonight?
7. Did you park your car „ . the airport?
8. After the accident three people were ta k e n the hospital.
9. H ow often do you g o ______ the dentist?
10. “Is Diane here?” “N o, she’s _______ Amy’s .”
11. M y house i s _______ the end of the block on the left.
12. I w ent M ary’s house, but she w asn’t home.
13. There were no taxis, so we had to walk home.
14. “W ho did you see .th e party?” “I d idn’t go .th e party .”
103.4 Write to, at, or in if necessary. Sometimes no preposition is necessary.
1. W hat time do you g e t_______ work? 4. W hen did you a rriv e________ Dallas?
2. W hat time do you get __ home? 5. The plane got. _ Paris on time.
3. I a rriv ed _______ the party after 9:00. 6. We a rr iv e d _______home very late.
103.5 Complete these sentences about yourself. Use to/in/at.
1. At three o ’clock this m orning I was in b e d ________
2. Yesterday I w e n t____________________________________________________________
3. At 11 o ’clock yesterday m orning I was
4. Someday I’d like to go
5. At 9 o ’clock last night I was
Additional Exercise 33 (page 258) 207
U N I T Next to, between, under, etc.
next to / between / in front of / in back of
C A R LA
ADAM
ELLEN
DON
■ Adam is next to Bob.
■ Bob is between Adam and Carla.
■ Don is in front of Bob.
■ Carla is in back of Don.
Also:
■ Adam is on the left. 
u Ellen is on the right.
<s Don is in the middle (of the group).
across from / in front of
BRUCE A N N E CHRISTA
■ Anne is sitting in front of Bruce.
■ Anne is sitting across from Christa. 
* Christa is sitting across from Anne.
by (= next to)
O ur house is by the ocean.
(= next to the ocean)
W ho is that m an by the window? 
“ Is there a pay phone here?” 
“Yes, by the door.”
under
under the table under a tree
N The cat is under the table.
■ The girl is standing under a tree.
■ I’m w earing a jacket under my coat.
above and below
A
B
A is above the line.
(= higher than the line)
B is below the line.
(= lower than the line)
14 > ■ . u U i
BBfeiMgE
The pictures are 
above the shelves.
The shelves are 
below the pictures.
by the w indow
208 U ploverlthrough, etc. Unit 105 By Unit 106
Exercises
104.1 Where are the people in the picture? Complete the sentences.
A LA N BETH EM ILY FRED
1. D ot is standing b etw e en Alan and Chris.
2. Chris is standing Fred.
3. Beth is sitting Alan.
4. Emily is sitting Beth and Fred.
5. Chris is standing Dot.
6. Alan is standing Beth.
7. Alan is standing left.
8. Fred is sitting right.
9. Emily is sitting middle.
U N I
10
104.2 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.
1. The cat is u n d e r the table. 7. The calendar is the clock.
2. T here’s a big tree the house. 8. The cabinet is the sink.
3. The plane is flying the clouds. 9. There are some shoes the bed.
4. She’s standing the piano. 10. The plant is the piano.
.5. The movie theater is the right. 11. Paul is sitting Anna.
6. H e’s sitting the phone. 12. In Japan people drive the left.
ANNA
PAUL
104.3 Write sentences about the picture. Use the words in parentheses { ).
1. (next to) The b ank is n e x t to the b o o ksto re
2. (in front of) The
3. (across from)
4. (next to)
5. (above) __________________________
6. (between) 
theater
bookstore
fountain
209
U N I T
105
Up, over, through, etc.
to Tracy is going to Haw aii next week.
We walked from the hotel to the restaurant. 
A lot of English w ords come from Latin.
from
■ ■
into in
We jum ped into the water.
A man came out of the house and got into a car. 
Why are you looking out of the window?
I took the old batteries out of the radio.
We say put som ething in . . . (not usually into).
I put new batteries in the radio.
out of
A
on D on’t pu t your feet on the table.
Please take your feet off the table.
I ’m going to hang some pictures on the wall. 
Be careful! D on’t fall off your bicycle.
We got on the bus dow ntow n.
off
We walked up the hill to the house. 
Be careful! D on’t fall down the stairs.
down
over The plane flew over the m ountains.
I climbed over the wall into the yard. 
Some people say it is unlucky to walk 
under a ladder.
* X
under
through
A bird flew into the room through a window. 
The old highway goes through the city.
The new highway goes around the city.
The bus stop is just around the corner.
I walked around the tow n and took some 
pictures.
around
around the town
along
I was walking along the street w ith my dog. 
Let’s go for a walk along the river.
The dog swam across the river.
past They walked past me w ithout speaking.
A: Excuse me, how do I get to the hospital? 
B: Go along this street, past the movie
theater, under the bridge, and the hospital 
is on the left.
hospital
210 Get inlon. etc. Unit 57 Inlon Units 101-102 To Unit 103 Fall o f f I run away, etc. Unit 109
Exercises
105.1 Somebody asks you for directions. 
Look at the pictures and write 
sentences beginning Go . . . .
E xcuse m e, w here is . 
G o . . . a t
I PUBLIC LIPRAW
105.2 Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with a preposition.
EA RTH M OON
1. The dog swam
2. A book fell
3. A plane flew
4. A w om an got
5. A girl ran
the river. 
. the shelf, 
the town.
. the car. 
the street.
6. Suddenly a car came
7. They all drove .
8. They g o t .
the corner, 
the town, 
the train.
9. The m oon tra v e ls _____________ the earth.
10. They got the house _ a window.
105.3 Write a preposition (over / from / out of, etc.).
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 . 
7.
I lo o k e d _______________the w indow and watched the people in the street.
M y house is very near here. It’s just . the corner.
Do you know how to pu t f ilm __________
H ow far is it here ______
We walked ____________the museum for an hour and saw a lot of beautiful pictures.
this camera? 
the airport?
You can put your coat the back of the chair, 
the net.In tennis, you have to hit the ball 
Silvia took a key her bag and opened the door.
U N 1
10t
211
On, at, by, with, and about
on
on vacation 
on television 
on the radio 
on the phone 
on fire
on time (= not late)
Tracy isn’t a t w ork this week. She’s on vacation. 
We w atched the news on television.
We listened to the news on the radio.
I spoke to Carol on the phone last night.
The house is on fire! Call the fire departm ent. 
“Was the train late?” “N o, it was on tim e.”
at (the age of) 21 / at 50 kilom eters an hour / at 100 degrees, etc. 
Lisa got m arried at 21. {or . . . at the age of 21)
A car uses m ore gas a t 70 miles an hour than at 55.
W ater boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
by bus
by car / by bus / by plane {or by air) / by boat / by bicycle, etc. 
Do you like traveling by train?
Can you get there by bike?
But: on foot
You can’t get there by car.
You have to go on foot.
a book by . . . / a painting by . . . / 
a piece of music by . . . , etc.
■ Have you read any booksby Charles Dickens?
W ho is that painting by? Picasso?
by after the passive (see Unit 22)
I was bitten by a dog.
on foot
w ith/w ithout
Did you stay at a hotel or w ith friends?
W ait for me. Please don’t go w ithout me.
■ Do you like your coffee w ith or w ithout milk? 
I cut the paper w ith a pair of scissors.
a m an w ith a beard / a w om an w ith glasses, etc.
Do you know that m an with the beard?
I’d like to have a house w ith a big yard.
a m an with 
a beard
a w om an 
w ith glasses
talk /speak /th ink /hear/know a b o u t . . .
Some people talk about their w ork all the time.
I don ’t know much about cars.
a book / a question / a program (etc.) a b o u t . . .
Did you see the program about com puters on TV last night?
Du ra i i u a t ton Unit* 9ft 101-105 Preoosition + -irta Unit 107
106.1 Complete the sentences. Use on + one of these:
the phone th e radio TV time vacation
1. We listened to the news on the_ra_dio __ .
2. Please don’t be late. Try to be h e re .
3. I w on’t be here next week. I’m going .
4. “Did you see N icole?” “N o, but I talked to h e r ________________________ .”
5. “W hat’s , __ _ ton ight?” “There’s a movie at 9 o ’clock.”
106.2 Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with a preposition (at/by, etc.).
Exercises
su n n y
ra in in g
windy.
1. I cut the paper w ith a pair of scissors.
2. Last year, they took a trip around the 
w o r ld ______________ boat.
3. W ho’s the w om an ________ short hair?
4. They’re t a lk in g the weather.
5. T hat car is _ fire!
6. She’s listening to some music 
M ozart.
7. They’r e _____________ vacation.
8. H e’s reading a b o o k _
g ram m ar__________ Vera P. Bull.
106.3 Complete the sentences with a preposition {at/by/with, etc.).
1. In tennis, you hit the b a l l a racket.
2. I t ’s cold today. D on’t go o u t _______________a coat.
3. Ham let, O thello, and M acbeth are plays ______________ W illiam Shakespeare.
4. Do you know an y th in g _______________computers?
5. M y grandm other d ie d ______________ the age of 98.
6. H ow long does it take to go from N ew York to Los Angeles plane?
7. I d idn’t go to the football game, but I watched i t _______________television.
8. M y house is the one the red door.
9. These trains are very fast. They can tra v e l_______________200 miles an hour.
10. You can’t get th e r e ______________car. There’s no road.
11. Can you give me some in fo rm a tio n _____________ hotels in this town?
12. I was a rre s te d ______________ two policemen and taken to the police station.
13. The buses here are very good. They’re alm ost always time.
14. W hat would you like to d r in k your meal?
15. We traveled from Paris to M osco w _______________train.
16. The m useum has some pa in tin g s_______________Rem brandt.
U N 1
10t
Additional Exercise 33 (oaae 25M I ' l l
107
Afraid of, good at, etc. (Adjective + Preposition) 
At -ing, with -ing, etc. (Preposition + -ing)
afraid of . . . ■ Are you afraid of dogs?
angry/mad at somebody ■ W hy are you mad at me? W hat did I do?
angry/mad about som ething ■ Are you angry about last night?
(= som ething tha t happened last night)
different from . . . / ■ Lynn is very different from her sister.
different than . . . or Lynn is very different than her sister.
full of . . . ■ The room was full of people.
good at . . . ■ Are you good at math?
bad a t . . . ■ Tina is very bad at w riting letters.
interested in . . . ■ I’m not interested in sports.
married to . . . ■ Sue is married to a dentist. (= her husband is a dentist)
nice/kind of som ebody to . . . ■ It was kind of you to help us. Thank you very much.
nice/kind to somebody ■ David is very friendly. H e’s always very nice to me.
sorry about something ■ I’m sorry about your accident. Was anyone hurt?
sorry for somebody ■ I feel sorry for them. They w ork hard, but they
never have enough money.
tired of . . . ■ I’m tired of my job. I need a change.
Preposition + -ing
After a preposition (at/with/for, etc.) , a verb ends in -ing.
I’m not very good at telling stories.
Are you tired of doing the same thing every day?
T hank you for helping me.
M ark is thinking of buying a new car.
Tom left without saying goodbye. (= he d idn’t say goodbye)
After doing the housew ork, they went out.
B e fo re !a fte r-in g Unit 100 Verb + Preposition Unit 108
afraid of / good at, etc. (adjective + preposition) 
Help! He’s afraid of me.
Exercises
107.1 Look at the pictures.Complete the sentences with a preposition (of, in, etc.).
1. H e ’s afraid o f___________ dogs. 4. H e’s very g o o d ____________ languages.
2. She’s in te re s ted ______________ science. 5. “ Can I help you?” “Thanks, th a t’s
3. She’s m arried __ a firefighter. very nice _____________ .y o u .”
107.2 Write the correct preposition (of/for/about, etc.).
1. I ’m no t interested in.____________ sports.
2. I’m not very good sports.
3. I like Sarah. She’s always very n ic e _______________me.
4. I’m s o r r y ______________ your broken window. It was an accident.
5. H e’s very brave. H e isn’t afraid _ anything.
6. It was very n ic e Julia to let us stay in her apartm ent.
7. Life today is very different life 50 years ago.
8. Are you in te rested ______________ politics?
9. I feel s o r ry ______________ her, but I can’t help her.
10. Chris was a n g r y ______________ w hat happened.
11. These boxes are very heavy. They’re f u l l_______________books.
12. W hat’s wrong? Are you m a d ______________ me?
107.3 Complete the sentences.
1. I’m not very g o o d a t fe llin g _
2. I wanted to go to the movies, but Paula w asn’t
3. Sue isn’t very
4. Let’s go! I’m
5. Sorry I’m la te !_____________
107.4 Complete the sentences. Use w ithout -ing.
1. (Tom left / he d idn’t say goodbye) Tom le ft w ith o u t sa y in g goodbye.
2. (Sue walked past me / she d idn’t speak) Sue w a lk e d ________________
3. (don’t do anything / ask me first) D on’t
4. (I w ent ou t / 1 d idn’t lock the door) I
107.5 Write sentences about yourself. Use the words in parentheses ( ).
1. (interested) J 'm in te re ste d in sp o rts. _
2. (afraid) I ’m
3. (not very good) I’m not __
stories, (good / tell)
. (interested / go) 
. up in the m orning, (good / get)
. (tired / wait)
(thank you / wait)
U N Ito:
(tired) _ _ _ _ _
215
Listen to , look at 
(Verb + Preposition)
etc.
ask somebody for 
belong to . . . 
happen to . . . 
listen to . . . 
look a t . . .
look for . . .
speak/talk to somebody 
a b o u t . . .
take care o f . . .
thank somebody for . . .
think a b o u t . . . 
or think o f . . .
w ait for . . .
A m an stopped me and asked me for money.
Does this book belong to you? (= Is this your book?)
I can’t find my pen. W hat happened to it?
Listen to this music. I t’s great!
She’s looking at her watch.
Look at these flowers! They’re beautiful.
W hy are you looking at me like that?
ooOrJ *.-■=
He lost his key.
H e’s looking for it.
I’m looking for Sarah.
Have you seen her?
Did you talk to Paul about the problem?
(on the phone) Can I speak to Chris, please?
W hen Pat is at w ork, a friend of hers takes care of her 
children.
D on’t lose this book. Take care of it.
Thank you very m uch for your help.
He never thinks about (or of) other people.
M ark is thinking of (or about) buying a new car.
Wait for me! I’m alm ost ready.
write and call
write (to) somebody
■ I never get letters. N obody writes 
to me. (or N obody writes me.)
call somebody (no preposition) 
m I have to call my parents. 
(not call to . . . )
depend
We say depend on :
A: Do you like to eat in restaurants?
B: Sometimes. It depends on the restaurant, (not it depends of)
You can say it depends what/where/how, etc., w ith or w ithout on.
A: D o you w ant to go out w ith us?
B: It depends where you’re going, (or It depends on where you’re going.)
216 Wait Unit 55 Preposition + -ing Unit 107
Exercises
108.1 Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with apreposition (to/for etc.).
W here’s Tom?
1. H e’s looking a t __________ his watch. 4. Paul is ta lk in g ___________Tracy.
2. H e’s lis ten ing _______________the radio. 5. They’re lo o k in g _____________a picture.
3. They’re w a itin g _______________a taxi. 6. Sue is l o o k i n g ___________ Tom.
108.2 Complete the sentences with a preposition (to/for!about, etc.) if necessary.
1. T hank you very m uch fo r___________ your help.
2. This isn’t my umbrella. It b e lo n g s ______________ a friend of mine.
3. W ho’s going to take care your dog while you’re out of town?
4. (on the phone) Can I s p e a k ______________ Mr. Davis, please?
5. (on the phone) T hank y o u calling. Goodbye.
6. Excuse me, I’m lo o k in g ______________Hill Street. Can you tell me where it is?
7. W e’re thinking going to Australia next year.
8. We asked the w a ite r________________tea, bu t he brought us coffee.
9. “D o you like to read books?” “It d ep en d s______________the book .”
10. John was talking, but nobody was listen ing______________ w hat he was saying.
11. I w an t to take your picture. Please lo o k the camera and smile.
12. We w a ite d _____________ Karen until 2 o ’clock, but she d idn’t come.
13. W hat happened M ary last night? W hy d idn’t she come to the party?
14. D on’t forget to c a ll________________ your m other tonight.
15. H e’s alone all day. He never ta lk s __________ anybody.
16. “H ow m uch does it cost to stay at this ho tel?” “It d e p e n d s___________the room .”
17. Kathy is th in k in g changing jobs.
18. I lo o k ed _______________the newspaper, but I d idn’t read it carefully.
19. W hen you’re sick, you need som ebody to take c a r e __________ you.
20. Barry is lo o k in g a job. He w ants to w ork in a hotel.
108.3 Answer these questions with It depends . . . .
1. Do you w ant to go out w ith us? I t depen d s w here y o u 're going. _ _________
2. D o you like to eat in restaurants? It depends on the r e stauran t
3. D o you enjoy w atching TV? It depends
4. Can you do som ething for me? I t _
5. Are you leaving tow n this w e e k e n d ? __
6. Can you lend me some m o n e y ? _______
U N 1tot
U N I T
109
Go in, fall off, run away, etc. (Two-Word Verbs 1)
A tw o-w ord verb is a verb (go/look/be, etc.) + in/out/up/down, etc.
The bus came, and I got on.
H e stood up and left the room . ■ W ould you like to sit down?
I usually get up early. (= get ou t of bed) ■ The picture fell down.
We looked up at the stars. ■ Lie down on the floor.
Erin opened the door of the car and got The car stopped and tw o wom en got
in. (= into the car) out. (= out o f the car)
I waited outside the house. I didn’t go in. I w ent to the w indow and looked out.
fall
down
come back
m We w ent out for dinner and then went 
back to our hotel.
■ Go away and don’t come back!
be back
i Erin is away. She’ll be back on M onday.
The thief ran away, (or . . . ran off)
■ Erin got into the car and drove away, 
(or . . . drove off)
be/go away (= in/to another place)
Erin has gone away for a few days.
around
look
around
'->rf otr Unrt 110 List o f Two-Word Verbs: A ppendix 6
down
away or off
turn
around
I’m not sure w hat kind of car I w ant. I w ant to look around first. 
Somebody shouted my nam e, so I turned around.
We w ent for a long walk. After six miles we turned around and w ent back.
stand
up
run
away
Exercises
109.1 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use the verbs + in/out/up, etc.
got got looked loo ked rode sat turned went
1. I w ent to the w indow and looked out .
2. The door was open, so w e ___________.
3. He heard a plane, so h e _____________ .
4. She got on her bike a n d _____________.
5. I said hello, and he
6. The bus stopped, and she
7. The seat was free, so she _
8. A car stopped, and a man
109.2 Complete the sentences. Use out/awaylback, etc.
1. “W hat happened to the picture on the w all?” “It fell dow n
. Listen to me!2. Please don’t w a l k __________
3. She heard a noise in back of her, so she tu rn e d _______
4. I’m going now to do some shopping. I’ll be
5. I’m really tired. I ’m going to lie
 at 5 o ’clock.
on the sofa for a few minutes.
6. The H ans don ’t know the city very well. They need to lo o k before
buying a house.
7. Jim is from Utah. He lives in Boston now, but he wants to go
8. We d o n ’t have a key to the house, so we can’t g e t_______________.
9. I was very tired this m orning. I couldn’t g e t .
10. “W hen are you g o in g ______________ ?” “O n the fifth. I’m coming
on the ten th .”
to Utah.
109.3 Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes. If necessary, put the verb in the 
correct form. All these verbs (wake up, etc.) are in Appendix 6.
break give slow take work along off up
get hurry speak w ake dow n out
1. I w ent to sleep at 10 o’clock and . w oke u/o_ at nine o ’clock the next m orning.
2. The train
3. I tried to find a job, bu t I
and finally stopped.
 . It was impossible.
4. I like flying, but I’m always nervous when the plane
5. It’s difficult to hear you. Can y o u _________________
6. This car isn’t very good. It has _____ __ __
a little?
m any times.
any more.7. Ben has gained weight because he doesn’t ____________________
8 . ________________________ , we have to leave. The movie starts in ten minutes.
9. Tony doesn’t see his sister much. They don ’t ________________________ very well.
U N 1
10\
A
U N I T
110
B
Put on your shoes and put your shoes on 
(Two-Word Verbs 2)
Sometimes a tw o-w ord verb (put on / take off, etc.) has an object. For example:
verb object 
pu t on your coat
on
verb object 
take off your shoes
take o ff
You can say:
put on your coat 
pu t your coat on
But it/them (pronouns) always go before on/off, etc.
pu t it on (no t pu t on it) take them off (no t take off them)
You can say:
take off your shoes 
take your shoes off
It was cold, so I pu t on my coat, 
or . . . I pu t my coat on.
H ere’s your coat. Put it on.
I’m going to take off my shoes. . 
o r . . . take my shoes off.
Your shoes are dirty. Take them off.
M ore tw o-w ord verbs + object
turn on / turn off (lights, machines, faucets, etc.) 
It was dark , so I turned on the light, 
o r . . . I turned the light on.
I don ’t w ant to w atch this program .
You can tu rn it off.
pick up / pu t dow n
_ Those are my keys on the floor.
Can you pick them up for me?
■ I stopped reading and pu t my book 
dow n, or . . . pu t dow n my book.
bring back / take back / give back / pu t back 
You can take my um brella but please 
bring it back.
I took m y new sw eater back to the store. 
It was too small.
I have D iane’s keys. I have to give them 
back to her.
I read the letter and then pu t it back 
in the envelope.
Go in / fa// off, etc. Unit 109 Two-Word Verbs + Object Appendix 7
turn o ff
put
down
Exercises
110.1 Look at the pictures. What did these people do?
1. He tu rn ed on the light _ . 4. He _
2. S h e __________________________________ . 5. He
3. She _ . 6. She
110.2 You can write these sentences
1. I turned on the TV.
2. He pu t on his jacket.
3. I
4. She took off her hat.
S. Put dow n your pens.
6.
/ tu rn ed the T V on. / tu rn ed i t on.
He . He
I gave the keys back. ___
I turned the lights off. ___
110.3 Complete the sentences. Use one of the verbs in the list + it/them. 
bring pick take -turn turn (+ on/off/up/back)
1. I w anted to w atch som ething on television, so I tu rn ed i t on
2. M y new lam p doesn’t w ork. I’m going t o to the store.
3. Your gloves were on the floor, so I _____________________and put them on the table.
4. W hen I finished w orking on the computer, I ________________________ .
5. T hank you for lending me these books. I w on’t forget t o ________________________ .
110.4 Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes. These verbs are in Appendix 7.
your cigarette ten houses 
some shoes a glass
or me them it
+ around dow n out up 
away on over
1. They toreten houses dow n o r dow n ten houses to build the new road.
2. T ha t music is very loud. C an you tu rn i t dow n____________________?
3. I k n o c k e d ______________________ and broke it.
4. If you don ’t know a w ord, you can lo o k in a dictionary.
5. I w an t to keep these magazines. Please don’t th ro w ________________________ .
6. Somebody gave me a form and told me to f il l________________________ .
7. I t r ie d ___________________ at the store, but I d idn’t buy them.
8. I visited the school. One of the teachers sh o w ed ________________________ .
9. M ike loves skiing, but he had to g ive when he hurt his leg.
10. You’re no t allowed to smoke here. Please p u t ________________________.
U N I "
/ / £
And, but, or, so, and because
and bu t or so because
We use these w ords (conjunctions) to join tw o sentences. They m ake one longer 
sentence from two shorter sentences:
sentence A The car stopped. —r- The driver got out. sentence B 
The car stopped, and the driver got out.
and /b u t/o r
sentence A sentence B
We stayed at home and (we)* w atched television.
My sister is m arried and (she)* lives in London.
H e doesn’t like her, and she doesn’t like him.
I bought a newspaper. but I d idn’t read it.
It’s a nice house, but it hasn’t got a garage.
Do you w ant to go out. or arc you too rired?
*W e an d she are 
not necessary here.
In lists, we use comm as (,). We use and between the last tw o things.
I got hom e, had som ething to eat, sat dow n to watch TV, and fell asleep. 
Amy is a t w ork, Sue w ent shopping, and Chris is playing football.
I
so (the result of something)
sentence A
It was very hot, 
They had some free time, 
I don ’t like to travel,
sentence B 
so we opened the window, 
so they went for a drive, 
so 1 haven’t been to many places.
because (the reason for something)
sentence A
We opened the w indow because 
They d idn’t go for a drive because 
Lisa is hungry because
sentence B
it was very hot. 
they d idn’t have time, 
she d idn’t have breakfast.
Because is also possible at the beginning. We use a comma.
• Because they d idn’t have time, they d idn ’t go for a drive.
In these examples there is m ore than one conjunction.
It was late and I was tired, so I w ent to bed.
I I love N ew York, bu t I w ouldn’t like to live there because it’s too big.
When/while/before, etc. Unit 112
Exercises
111.1 Write sentences. Choose from the boxes and use and!but!or.
I-staycd a t home. I d idn’t have your number.
I bought a newspaper. Should I w ait here?
I w ent to the window. I d idn’t read it.
I w anted to call you. I took the bus this m orning.
I jumped into the river. I watched television.
I usually drive to work. I swam to the other side.
D o you w ant me to come with you? I looked out.
1- J s ta y e d a t hom e a n d w a tc h e d television ,
2. / bought a n e w sp aper, b u t / d idn t r e a d i t . __
3. I _____
4.
5.
6 . .
7 . _____
1 1 1 .2 Look at th e pictures and com p lete th e sen ten ces . Use and! b u t! so l because.
1. It was very hot, so he opened the w indow
2. They d idn’t play tennis ___
3. They w ent to the m u se u m ,___________
4. Bill w asn’t hungry, _ ___
5. Amy was l a t e ___
6. Sue s a id , _____ _____ __________ ____ ___
111.3 Write sentences about what you did yesterday. Use the words in parentheses ( ).
1. (and) L a s t n igh t / s ta y e d hom e and studied. ____
2. (because) ]_ w e n t to b e d v e ry ear ly because / w as t i r e d ______
3. (but) _______________________________________________________________________
4. ( a n d )____
5. (so) _____
6. (because) ___________________________________________________________________
U N I ■
/ / a
223
U N I T
112
B
224
When. . .
When I went out, it was raining.
This sentence has tw o parts: 
when I w ent out + it was raining
The when part can be first or second.
When I went out, it was raining.
It was raining when I went out.
We use a com m a (,) if the when p a rt is first.
When you’re tired, don ’t drive.
D on’t drive when you’re tired.
Joy was very happy when she passed the exam.
When Joy passed the exam , she was very happy.
We do the same in sentences w ith before/while/after.
Always look both ways before you cross the street. 
Before you cross the street, always look both ways.
While I was w aiting for the bus, it began to rain.
It began to rain while I was w aiting for the bus.
He never played football again after he broke his leg. 
After he broke his leg, he never played football again.
When I am . . . / When I go . . . , etc.
N ext week Kim is going to N ew York. She 
has a friend, Lily, w ho lives in N ew York, 
but Lily is also going away - to M exico.
So they w on’t see each other in N ew York.
Lily will be in M exico when Kim is in 
N ew York.
The time is fu ture (next week), but we say:
. . . w hen Kim is in N ew York. (no t when
Kim will be) lily k im
We use the present (I am / 1 go, etc.) w ith a fu ture meaning after when.
When I get hom e tonight, I’m going to take a shower, {not W hen I will get home) 
I can’t talk now. I’ll talk to you later when I have m ore time.
We do the same after before/while/after/until.
Please close the w indow s before you go out. (no t before you will go)
■ Julia is going to stay in our apartm ent while we are away. (no t while we will be)
■ I’ll w ait here until you come back. (no t until you will come back)
Until Unit 99 Before lw h ile l a fter Unit 100 I f and w hen Unit 113
I’ll be in Mexico 
when you’re here.
Exercises
112.1 Write sentences beginning with when. Choose from the boxes.
Dwcn-t o a t I turned off the TV
I’m tired I always go to the same place
I called her + there were no room sI go on vacation it was-raining
the program was over there was no answer
I got to the hotel I like to watch TV
1. W hen / w e n t o u t i t w a s ra in in g .__________
2. __________
3 . ___________________________________________
4. _________ ____ _______________ ____
5 . ___________________________________________
6 . __________________________________
1 1 2 .2 C om plete th e sen ten ces. C hoose from th e box.
som ebody broke into the house 
they w ent to live in N ew Zealand
before they came here 
while they were away
when they heard the news 
they d idn’t believe me
1. They looked both wavs befo re th ey c ro ssed the s tr e e t _ .
2. They were very su rp rise d .
3. After they got m a r r ie d ,________________________________________________________ .
4. The letter a r r iv e d ____________________________________________________________ .
5. W here did they liv e ?
6. W hile they were a s le e p , .
7. W hen I told them the n e w s ,___________________________________________________ .
1 12 .3 W hich is right? C hoose th e correct form .
1. I stay / I ’ll stay here until vou co m e /you’ll come back. (I ’ll stay and you come are right.)
2. I’m going to bed when I finish / I’ll finish my work.
3. We should do som ething before it’s / it will be too late.
4. Julia is m oving soon. I’m / I’ll be very sad when she leaves / she’ll leave.
5. D on’t go out yet. W ait until the rain stops / will stop .
6. We come / We’ll come and visit you when w e’re / w e’ll be in Toronto again.
7. W hen I come / I’ll come to see you tom orrow , I bring / I’ll bring your CDs.
8. I’m going to Quebec next week. I hope to see Sam while I’m / I’ll be there.
9. “I need your address.” “ OK. I give / I’ll give it to you before I go / I ’ll go.”
1 1 2 .4 Use your o w n ideas to com p lete th e se sen ten ces.
1. Can vou close the w indow before vou go ou t
2. W hat are you going to do when
3. W hen I have m ore time,
4. I’ll w ait for you while
5. W hen I s tart my new job,
6. Will you be here when ?
U N I '
/ / £
225
N I T
13
If we go , If you see. . . , etc.
If can be a t the beginning of a sentence or in the middle. 
If at the beginning
If we take the bus, 
If you don ’thurry, 
If you’re hungry,
If the phone rings,
it will be cheaper, 
you’ll miss the train, 
have som ething to eat. 
can you answer it, please?
if in the middle
It will be cheaper 
You’ll miss the train 
I’m going to the concert 
Is it OK
if we take the bus. 
if you d o n ’t hurry, 
if I can get a ticket, 
if I use your phone?
In conversation, we often use the if p art of the sentence alone.
“Are you going to the concert?” “Yes, if I can get a ticket.”
if you see Amy tomorrow, etc.
After if, we use the present (no t will). We say if you see . . . (no t if you will see). 
If you see Amy tom orrow , can you ask her to call me?
If I’m late tonight, don ’t w ait for me. (not if I will be)
W hat should we do if it rains? (no t if it will rain)
If I don’t feel well tom orrow , I’ll stay home.
if and when . yOU going
if I go out = it is possible tha t I will go out, but I’m not sure later?
A: Are you going out later?
B: M aybe. If I go out, I’ll close the w indows.
when I go out = I’m going out (for sure)
A: Are you going out later?
B: Yes, I am. When I go out, I’ll close the windows.
When I get home tonight, I’m going to take a shower.
If I’m late tom orrow , don ’t w ait for me. (no t W hen I’m late)
We’re going to play tennis if it doesn’t rain. (no t when it doesn’t rain)
226 When Unit 112 I f I had / i f we w e n t . . . , etc. Unit 114
Exercises
113.1 Write sentences beginning with If. Choose from the boxes.
U N I 
//
if
you pass the driving test 
you fail the driving test 
you don’t w ant this magazine 
you w ant those pictures 
you’re busy now 
you’re hungry 
you need money
1- I f y ou don t hurry, you II be late.
2. If you p a s s _______________
3. If
4.
5. _ _
6 .
7.
we can have lunch now 
you can have them 
I can lend you some 
you’ll get your license 
you’ll be la te 
I’ll throw it away 
we can talk later 
you can take it again
113.2 Which is right?
1. If I’m / H I he late tonight, don ’t w ait for me. (I ’m is right.)
2. Will you write to me if I give / I ’ll give you my address?
3. If there is /will be a fire, the alarm will ring.
4. If I don ’t see you tom orrow m orning, I call / I ’ll call you in the afternoon.
5. I’m / I’ll be surprised if M ark and Julia get / will get m arried.
6. Do you go / Will you go to the party if they invite / they’ll invite you?
113.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
1. I’m going to the concert if . / can g e t a tic k e t__________________________
2. If you don ’t hurry you'll m iss the train
3. I d o n ’t w an t to go swimm ing if
4. If you go to bed early tonight,
5. Turn the television off if
6. Lisa w on’t pass her driving test if
7. If I have tim e to m o rro w ,________
8. We can go to the beach tom orrow if
113.4 Write if or when.
1. Jf_ I’m late tom orrow , don ’t w ait for me.
2. I’m going shopping now. I come back, we can have lunch.
3. I’m thinking of going to see Tim. I go, will you come with me?
4. you don ’t w ant to go out tonight, we can stay home.
_ I close the window?
he finishes, he w ants to go to college.
7. D o you w ant to go on a picnic to m o rro w _the w eather is good?
8. We’re going to Oslo tom orrow . We’re going to look for a h o te l we
5. Do you mind
6. John is still in high school.
get there. I don ’t know w hat w e’ll do we don’t find a room.
227
If I had. . . f if we went. . . , etc.
D an likes fast cars, but he doesn’t have one. 
He doesn’t have enough money.
If he had the money, he w ould buy a fast car.
Usually had is past, but in this sentence had 
is n o t past. If he had the m oney = if he had 
the m oney now (but he doesn’t have it).
I had/knew /w ent (etc.) . . . , I b u y . . .
If you 
it
didn’t have/know /go (etc.) . . • > you w ould(n’t) be . . .
could have/know /go (etc.) . . it could(n’t) have . . .
they, etc. w as/w ere . . . , they, etc. go . . .
I’d / she’d / they’d, etc. = I w ould / she w ould / they w ould, etc.
I don ’t know the answer. If I knew the answer, I’d tell you.
It’s raining, so w e’re not going out. W e’d get w et if we w ent out.
. Ellie lives in a city. She w ouldn’t be happy if she lived in the country.
If you d idn’t have a job, w hat w ould you do? (but you have a job)
I I’m sorry I can’t help you. I’d help you if I could, (but I can’t) 
i If we had a car, we could travel m ore, (but we don’t have a car)
if I were/was . . .
You can say if (I/he/she/it) were or was . . . .
■ It’s cold. If I were you, I’d pu t a coat on.
(or If I was you . . . )
It’s no t a good restaurant. I w ouldn’t eat there 
if I were you. (or . . . if I was you)
« I’d be happier if the w eather were (or was) nicer.
1 wouldn’t go out if I were you.
V'/,
’'k
%
Com pare:
if I have / if it is, etc.
■ I w ant to go and see Judy.
If I have time, I will go today.
(= maybe I’ll have time, so maybe I’ll go)
■ I like tha t jacket.
I’ll buy it if it isn’t too expensive.
(= m aybe it is no t too expensive) 
l I’ll help you if I can. (= maybe I can help)
if I had / if it was, etc.
■ I w ant to go and see Judy.
If I had time, I w ould go today.
(= I don’t have time today, so I w on’t go)
■ I like that jacket, but it’s very expensive. 
I’d buy it if it weren’t so expensive. (= it 
is expensive, so I’m not going to buy it)
I’d help you if I could, but I can’t.
If I had the money . . .
228 I f me go / i f I have / i f I can, etc. Un it 113
114.1 Complete the sentences.
1. I don’t know the answer. If I k n e w the answer, I’d tell you.
2. I have a car. I couldn’t travel m uch if I rJir/n > have ____ a car.
3. I don’t w an t to go out. If I ________________________ to go out, I’d go.
4. We don ’t have a key. If w e ___________________ a key, we could get into the house.
5. I’m not hungry. I w ould have som ething to eat__ if I ______________________ hungry.
6. Sue enjoys her w ork. She w ouldn’t do it if s h e ________________________it.
7. You can’t drive. If y o u ________________________drive, I w ould lend you my car.
8. He speaks too fast. I could understand him better if he more slowly.
9. I have a lot to do today. If I so m uch to do, we could go out.
114.2 Write the verb in the correct form.
1. If he h a d the money, he would buy a fast car. (he / have)
2. If I w anted to learn C h inese, to China. (I / go)
3. I haven’t told Joy w hat happened. She’d be angry if __ _. (she / know)
4. If _____________________________ a m ap, I could show you where I live, (we / have)
5. W hat would you do if , a lot of money? (you / win)
6. It’s no t a very good hotel. _ there if I were you. (I / no t / stay)
7. I f ____________________ closer to M iam i, we w ould go there m ore often, (we / live)
8. I’m sorry you have to g o . _____________________nice if you had m ore time, (it / be)
9. I’m not going to take the job. I’d take it i f _________________better, (the salary / be)
10. I don’t understand cars. If my car broke d o w n ,_________ w hat to do. (I / not / know)
11. If you could change one thing in the w orld, w h a t ? (you / change)
114.3 Complete the sentences. Choose from the box and put the verb in the correct form.
Exercises
we (have) a bigger house it (be) a little cheaper I (watch) it
we (buy) a bigger house every day (be) the same I (be) bored
we (have) some pictures on the wall the air (be) cleaner
1. I’d buy tha t jacket if i t w e re a little cheaper
2. If there was a good film on TV tonight,
3. This room w ould be nicer i f _________________
4. If there w eren’t so m uch traffic, ____
5. Life w ould be boring if_______ ____ ___
6. If I had nothing to do, _____
7. We could invite all our friends to stay if
8. If we had m ore money, __________________
114.4 Complete the sentences. Use your own ideas.
1. I’d go to the dentist if / h a d a toothache
2. If I could go anywhere in the world,
3. I w ouldn’t be very happy i f _________________
4. I’d buy a house i f ___________________________
5. If I saw an accident in the street,
6. The w orld w ould bea better place i f ___
U N I
114
229
A person who . . . and a thing that/which 
(Relative Clauses 1)
I can speak six languages.
I met a w om an. She can speak six languages. 2 sentences
I
I m et a w om an who can speak six languages. 1 sentence
Jim was wearing a hat. It was too big for him. 2 sentences
I
Jim was wearing a hat that was too big for him.
or
Jim was w earing a ha t which was too big for him.
1 sentence
Who is for people (not things).
A thief is a person who steals things.
D o you know anybody who can play the piano?
The man who called d idn’t give his name.
The people who w ork in the office are very friendly.
That is for things or people.
An airplane is a machine 
Amy lives in a house 
The people
that flies.
that is 100 years old. 
that w ork in the office are very friendly.
You can use that for people, but who is more usual.
Which is for things (not people).
An airplane is a machine 
Amy lives in a house
which flies, (not a machine w ho . . . ) 
which is 100 years old.
D o not use which for people.
Do you know the woman who sang at the party? (not the w om an which
Who and w hich in Q uestions Units 46, 48 The people we m et (Relative Clauses 2) Unit 116
115.1 Choose from the boxes and write sentences: A . . . is a person who . . . . Use a 
dictionary if necessary.
Exercises
a thief a dentist
a butcher a fool
a m usician a genius
a patien t a liar
doesn’t tell the tru th 
takes care of your teeth 
is very intelligent 
plays music
is seeing a doctor
does stupid things 
sells m eat
1. A thi e f is a p e r son w ho ste a ls things .
2. A butcher is a p e rs o n _________________
3. A m u sic ia n _________________________ _
4 . __________________________ ___________
5 . _
6 .
7 . _
8 . ____
115.2 Make one sentence from two.
1. (A m an phoned. He d idn’t give his name.)
The m an w ho p h o n e d didn f g iv e h is n a m e .___________________________ ____
2. (A w om an opened the door. She was w earing a yellow dress.)
The w o m a n a yellow dress.
3. (Some students took the exam. M ost of them passed.)
M ost of the s tu d e n ts________________________________________________ .
4. (A police officer stopped our car. He w asn’t very friendly.)
T h e _____________________________ .
115.3 Write who or which.
1. I m et a w om an who__________ can speak six languages.
2. W hat’s the nam e of the w o m a n _______________lives next door?
3. W hat’s the name of the r iv e r______________ flows through the town?
4. W here is the p ic tu re was hanging on the wall?
5. D o you know a n y b o d y _______________w ants to buy a car?
6. You always ask qu estio n s are difficult to answer.
7. I have a f r ie n d _______________is very good at repairing cars.
8. I th ink everybody_______________w ent to the party enjoyed it a lot.
9. W hy does he always w ear c lo th es_______________are too small for him?
115.4 Right or w rong? Correct the mistakes.
1. A thief is a person which steals things. a person who steals
2. An airplane is a m achine tha t flies. OK_________________
3. A coffee m aker is a m achine w ho makes coffee. ____________________
4. H ave you seen the money th a t was on the t a b l e ? ____________________
5. I don ’t like people which never stop talking. ____________________
6. I know som ebody that can help you. ____________________
7. I know som ebody w ho w orks in th a t store. ____________________
8. Correct the sentences w ho are wrong.____________ ____________________
U N I '
115
231
The people we met and the hotel you stayed at 
(Relative Clauses 2)
2 sentences
The m an is carrying a bag.
It’s very heavy.
The bag (that) he is carrying is very heavy. 1 sentence
Kim took some pictures. 
Did you see them?
Did you see the pictures (that) Kim took?
2 sentences 
1 sentence
You can say:
The bag that he is carrying . . . or The bag he is carrying . . . (with or w ithout that) 
■ . . . the pictures that Kim took? or . . . the pictures Kim took?
You do not need that/who/which when it is the object.
subject verb object
the man was carrying a bag -* the bag (that) the man was carrying
Kim took some pictures -» the pictures (that) Kim took
you wanted the book -* the book (that) you wanted
we met some people -* the people (who) w c met
i Did you find the book you wanted? or . . . the book that you wanted? 
. The people we met were very nice, or The people who we m e t . . .
E Everything I said was true, or Everything that I said . . .
N ote tha t we say:
■ The movie we saw was very good, (not The movie we saw it was . . . )
Sometimes there is a preposition (to/in/at, etc.) after the verb.
Erica is talking to a man. 
We stayed at a hotel. 
1 told you about some books.
D o you know the man Erica is talking to? 
T he hotel w e stayed at was near the station. 
These are the books I told you about.
(not the books I told you about them)
You can say (a place) where . . . .
■ The hotel where we stayed was near the station. (= The hotel we stayed at . . . )
You m ust use that/who/which when it is the subject (see Unit 115).
I m et a w om an who can speak six languages, (who is the subject) 
Jim was w earing a ha t that was too big for him. (that is the subject)
232 A p e rso n w h o . , a th in g th at/w hich . (Relative Clauses 1) Unit 115
116.1 Make one sentence from two.
1. (Kim took some picturess. Did you see them?)
'D id y o u se e the p ic tu re s K im took? __ _ . _ _ __
2. (You gave me a pen. I lost it.)
I lost the .
3. (Sue is w earing a jacket. I like it.)
I like th e ______________________________________________________________________ .
4. (I gave you some flowers. W here are they?)
W here are t h e ?
5. (He told us a story. I d idn’t believe it.)
I _.
6. (You bought some oranges. H ow m uch were they?)
H o w ?
116.2 Make one sentence from two.
Exercises
1. (I was carrying a bag. It was very heavy.)
The baa / w a s c a r r y in a w a s v e r y h e a v y
2. (You cooked a meal. It was excellent.) 
The
3. (I’m wearing shoes. They aren’t very com fortable.) 
The shoes
4. (We invited some people to dinner. They d idn’t come.)
The
116.3 Complete the sentences. Use the information in the box.
I looked at a m ap 
they live in a house
I was sitting on a chair 
we were waiting for a bus 
you spoke to some people
you were looking for some keys 
Nicole is dancing w ith a m an
1. W hat’s the name of the h o te l you s ta y e d a t >
2. W ho are the people
3. Did you find the
>
>
4. The is too small for them.
5. The w asn’t very clear.
6. I fell off
7. was very late.
8. W ho is >
116.4 Read the situations and complete the questions. Use where.
1. Tohn staved at a hotel. You ask him: Did vou like the h o te l w h e re you s ta y e d ?
2. Sue had dinner a t a restaurant. You ask her:
W hat’s the name of the restaurant ?
3. Sarah lives in a town. You ask her:
Do you like ?
4. Richard works in a factory. You ask him:
H ow big is ?
U N I
11t
a p p e n d i x 2: List of Irregular Verbs
See Unit 25.
base form sim ple past past participle
be was/were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
do did done
draw drew draw n
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew know n
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
base form simple past past participle
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean m eant m eant
meet met m et
pay paid paid
put put put
quit quit quit
read read * read *
ride rode