LÍNGUA INGLESA RELAÇÕES DISCURSIVAS

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LÍNGUA INGLESA RELAÇÕES DISCURSIVAS   2
		Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Participles can take part in Perfect and Progressive verb tenses. Another two important uses have to do with characterizing noun phrases and simplifying more complex sentences. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"Fernando Pessoa became universally known as a writer due to his interesting heteronyms".
The participle form in the sentence is used to:
		
	
	reduce an adverbial clause
	
	form a passive voice structure
	 
	characterize a noun phrase
	
	form a perfective verb tense
	
	simplify a restrictive adjective clause
	Respondido em 27/04/2023 16:17:05
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: characterize a noun phrase
Feedback:
The participle form in this example is used to characterize the noun phrase heteronyms. More specifically, the present participle structure indicates that people feel interested in Fernando Pessoa's writings due to his heteronyms. The sentence above is not in the passive voice, the participle, therefore, does not form a passive voice structure. The participle is not being used to simplify any clause either: be it an adjective or an adverbial clause. And finally, the sentence above does not present a perfective verb tense. The correct answer is: "characterize a noun phrase".
	
		2a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerunds are a special class of non-finite forms. They can be used to perform a variety of syntactic functions, after certain verbs to create more complex sentences, are also as part of idiomatic expressions. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"Anna normally goes running at five o'clock am due to her busy lifestyle."
A gerund form in the sentence above was used as:
		
	
	direct object
	
	indirect object
	
	subject complement
	
	subject
	 
	part of an idiomatic expression
	Respondido em 27/04/2023 16:17:59
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: part of an idiomatic expression
Feedback:
Part of an idiomatic expression (ANSWER) - The structure GO + GERUND is a typical idiomatic expression used to refer to someone's (recreational) activity.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb, which is not the case at play.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
	
		3a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Participles are special classes of non-finite forms that present many uses in the English language. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"My friend Anna, dressed in a very formal way, was invited to a meeting at the White House."
The participle form in the sentence is used to:
		
	
	form a passive structure
	
	simplify an adverbial clause
	
	devise a progressive verb tense
	
	refer to a perfect verb tense
	 
	simplify an adjective clause
	Respondido em 27/04/2023 16:18:50
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: simplify an adjective clause
Feedback:
The participle form in this case is used to simplify a non-restrictive adjective clause (i.e. a clause which has extra information on the subject and is placed between commas). In the case above, the simplified non-restrictive adjective clause is: ", who was dressed , ".
	
		4a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerund clauses represent a specific type of subordinate clause whose structure is based on a non-finite form. Moreover, depending on the type of verbal transitivity employed in the main clause, the Gerund Clause will have specific syntactic functions. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
 
"People in general prefer not talking about politics in social occasions."
 
The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	 
	Direct object
	
	Indirect object
	
	Prepositional complement
	
	Subject
	
	Subject complement
	Respondido em 27/04/2023 16:19:27
	
	Explicação:
· Direct object (ANSWER) - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb, which is the case of the verb prefer: it requires a direct object so that its meaning is not jeopardized.
· Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb.
· Prepositional complement - it refers to using gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized.
· Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
· Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
	
		5a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerund clauses possess the common syntactic functions of nouns. It means they can be used as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, and so on. Bearing this piece of information in mind, consider the following sentence:
 
 
'' Running five kilometers at a good pace requires technique and strength.''
 
 
A gerund form in the sentence above was used as:
		
	
	Subject complement
	
	Indirect object
	 
	Subject
	
	Direct object
	
	Part of an idiomatic expression
	Respondido em 27/04/2023 16:19:56
	
	Explicação:
Subject (ANSWER) - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence
Part of an idiomatic expression - The structure GO + GERUND is a typical idiomatic expression used to refer to someone¿s (recreational) activity.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
	
		6a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerunds comprise a special class of non-finite forms present in the English language. They can be used to perform a variety of syntactic functions depending on the type of transitivity a sentence presents. Sometimes, they are required as part of a more complex structures. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
 
 
''My generation and I used to give reading books most of our free-time.''
 
 
The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	
	Prepositional complement
	
	Direct object
	 
	Indirect object
	
	Subject complement
	
	Subject 
	Respondido em 27/04/2023 16:20:30
	
	Explicação:
Indirect object (ANSWER) - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs. In the example above, the verb give is ditransitive, whose indirect and direct objects are, respectively, reading books and most of our free-time.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed after a linking verb, which is not the case in question.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
Prepositional complement - it refers to using gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized
	
		7a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	Non-finite to-infinitive clauses are always dependent, they, therefore, either complete or add information to the main clause. Mark the only option in which the to-infinitive clause is not the object of the main verb:
		
	
	She often tried to provoke Darcy.
	 
	To imitate his politeness,she admired the beauty of the place.
	 
	He meant to make enquiries at Clapham.
	
	She wanted to persuade herself.
	
	He has pledged to assist Mr. Wickham with money.
	Respondido em 27/04/2023 16:22:42
	
	Explicação:
The to-infinitive clause in To imitate his politeness, she admired the beauty of the place plays the role of circumstantial adjunct, affirming the purpose of the action described by the main verb. . In He has pledged to assist Mr. Wickham with money,  She wanted to persuade herself, He meant to make enquiries at Clapham and She often tried to provoke Darcy they complete the main verb, playing the role of objects.
	
		8a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	In the next statements, all the options, except for one, depict to-infinitive clauses occupying the subject position. Choose the only alternative in which the to-infinitive clause functions as a circumstantial adjunct:
		
	
	To persuade him against returning into Hertfordshire was scarcely the work of a moment.
	
	To know that her daughter would be married was enough.
	 
	To have his errors made public might ruin him forever.
	
	To work in his garden was one of his most respectable pleasures.
	 
	To assure us of his concern, he was coming.
	Respondido em 27/04/2023 16:27:17
	
	Explicação:
All the options above were adapted from the novel Pride and Prejudice.
AUSTEN, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Available at: The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen. Accessed Oct 12th, 2021
"To assure us of his concern" is a circumstantial adjunct that provides us with the reason why he was coming. At the onset of the sentence, it declares the purpose of the action from the very beginning, it announces why he is coming. The other options "To know that her daughter would be married", "To have his errors made public"; "To work in his garden"; "To persuade him against returning into Hertfordshire" occupy the subject position as they provide the answers to the following questions: "what was enough?"; "what might ruin him forever?"; "what was one of his most respectable pleasures?" and “what was the work of a moment?".
	
		9a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	RPCs are shortened versions of full subordinate clauses. They vary according to the type of participle used to replace the verb tense of the unreduced clause. Regarding the different types of RPCs, read the statements below:
I - Reduced present participle clauses have participle forms ending in -ing, that convey an active meaning in the clause.
II - Reduced past participle clauses can have three types of structure: basic, progressive and perfective.
III - Reduced present participle clauses in their perfective form are introduced by the auxiliary have.
What is the option that presents the correct judgement about the statements above?
		
	
	I - false, II - true, III - true.
	
	I - false, II - false, III - true.
	
	I - true, II - true, III - false.
	 
	I - true, II - true, III - true.
	
	I - true, II - false, III - true.
	Respondido em 27/04/2023 16:26:26
	
	Explicação:
Answer: I - true, II - true, III - true.
Feedback: It is true that reduced present participle clauses convey an active meaning and are formed using a participle form that ends in -ing as well as it is true that, in their perfective form, they are preceded by an auxiliary verb: have. Finally, it is also true that reduced past participle clauses have three types of form: basic, progressive and perfective.
	
		10a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	The process of transforming full adverbial clauses into RPCs includes the exchange of the main verb for a participle form, the deletion of the subject and the be verb and, sometimes, even the omission of the subordinator. Look at the sentences below and choose the option that shows a clause that was correctly reduced to a participle form.
		
	
	If she wanted to be taken seriously, she should be behaving like a serious person.
	
	Although tries to convince everyone about the solidity of the project, nobody was actually buying it.
	
	Studying while a lot, my son was not able to pass in the selection to the university he applied to.
	 
	Whispering some words to himself, he left the building to never come back.
	
	While my neighbors were partying, I was struggling with the loud noise they were making.
	Respondido em 27/04/2023 16:26:46
	
	Explicação:
Answer: Whispering some words to himself, he left the building to never come back.
Feedback: Options "While my neighbors were partying, I was struggling with the loud noise they were making" and  "If she wanted to be taken seriously, she should be behaving like a serious person" present unreduced adverbial clauses while "Studying while a lot, my son was not able to pass in the selection to the university he applied to" and "Although tries to convince everyone about the solidity of the project, nobody was actually buying it" present reduced but ungrammatical clauses. Therefore, the correct answer is "Whispering some words to himself, he left the building to never come back".