<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4116e82e-a71d-4125-bcda-71ee27b7620e/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5"> Rev Bras Reprod Anim, Belo Hori<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ws6">zonte, v.33, n.2, p.66-70, abr<span class="blank _0"></span>./jun.<span class="ls1"> 2009. Disponível em www.cbra.org.br<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2 ls1b ws7"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7">_________________________________________ </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws8">Recebido: 18 de <span class="blank _0"></span>julho de 2008 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5">Aceito: 22 de fevereiro<span class="blank _0"></span> de 2010</div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y6 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y7 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1c ws9">Sexagem molecular em aves silvestres </div><div class="t m0 x5 h5 y8 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1d wsa">Molecular sexing in wild birds </div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y9 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 ya ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 wsb">J.N. Vieira<span class="fs3 ls1b ws0 v1">1,3</span><span class="ls4 wsc v0">, E.G.A. Coelh<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="fs3 ls1b ws0 v1">2</span><span class="ls5 wsd">, D.A.A. Oliveira<span class="fs3 ls1b ws0 v1">2</span><span class="ls6 ws7"> <span class="fs3 ls1b v1"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 yb ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 yc ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws1">1<span class="fs0 ls7 wse v2">Curso de Pós-Graduação, Departamento <span class="ls1e wsf">de Zootecnia<span class="blank _1"> </span>, Escola<span class="blank _1"> </span> de Veteri<span class="blank _1"> </span>nária <span class="ls8 ws10">da UFMG, Belo Horizonte<span class="blank _0"></span>, MG, Brasil </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 yd ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws1">2<span class="fs0 ls9 ws11 v2">Escola de Veteriná<span class="lsa ws12">ri<span class="blank _0"></span>a da UFMG, Belo Ho<span class="blank _0"></span>rizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG<span class="blank _0"></span>, Brasil </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h9 ye ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws1">3<span class="fs0 lsb ws13 v2">Correspondência: nobrevieira.j@gmail.com </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yf ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y10 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xb ha y11 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsc ws7">Resumo </div><div class="t m0 x2 ha y12 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y13 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws14">A identificação do sexo em aves s<span class="lsd ws15">ilvestres é im<span class="blank _0"></span>prescindível para a produção e com<span class="blank _0"></span>ercialização destas </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y14 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1f ws16">em criadouros conservacionistas ou comerciais. Estima-se <span class="lse ws17">que cerca <span class="blank _0"></span>da metade <span class="blank _0"></span>das espécies existe<span class="blank _0"></span>ntes no m<span class="blank _0"></span>undo </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y15 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls20 ws18">não possui dimorfismo sexual e, quando existe, é geralmente sutil, p<span class="blank _1"> </span>odendo ocorrer somente a partir do período </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y16 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls21 ws19">de maturidade <span class="blank _0"></span>sexual. Por meio da técnica da PCR, é possí<span class="blank _0"></span>vel realizar a sexagem pela detecção <span class="blank _0"></span>dos genes CHD-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y17 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsf ws1a">Z e CHD-W, que e<span class="blank _0"></span>stão localizados <span class="blank _0"></span>nos cromossom<span class="blank _0"></span>os sexuais de todas as aves<span class="blank _0"></span>. O CHD-W, localiz<span class="blank _0"></span>a-se no </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y18 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws1b">cromossom<span class="blank _0"></span>o W, somente nas fêm<span class="blank _0"></span>eas, e o gene CHD-Z é enco<span class="blank _0"></span>ntrado no crom<span class="blank _0"></span>ossomo Z, ocorrend<span class="blank _0"></span>o em ambos os<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y19 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws1c">sexos. A técnica é simples, conveniente, barata, rápi<span class="blank _0"></span>da<span class="ls10 ws1d"> e segura, po<span class="blank _0"></span>dendo apresentar vári<span class="blank _0"></span>as vantagens, com<span class="blank _0"></span>o: </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y1a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws1e">reduz custos de manutenção de aves jovens, evita <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls21 ws1f">a formação de casais do mesm<span class="ls5 ws20">o sexo, ou entre pare<span class="blank _0"></span>ntes </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y1b ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls21 ws21">próximos ou casais ao acaso, facilita o m<span class="blank _0"></span>anejo genético <span class="lsd ws22">em criações c<span class="blank _0"></span>om sistema de produção de aves <span class="blank _0"></span>por </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y1c ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws23">separação por sexo. </div><div class="t m0 x2 ha y1d ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y1e ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws7">Palavras-c<span class="blank _0"></span>have: <span class="ff1 ls1d wsa">identificação <span class="blank _0"></span>do sexo em aves, PCR, CHD-W e CHD-Z<span class="blank _0"></span>. </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hb y1f ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xd hb y20 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws7">Summary </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y21 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y22 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls22 ws24">Sex identification in wild birds is essen<span class="blank _1"> </span>tial for the production and marketing o<span class="blank _1"> </span>f these in conservation or </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y23 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws25">breeding busi<span class="blank _0"></span>ness. It is esti<span class="blank _0"></span>mated that a<span class="blank _0"></span>pproximately half<span class="blank _0"></span> of the species in the<span class="blank _0"></span> world has no sex<span class="blank _0"></span>ual dimorp<span class="blank _0"></span>hism, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y24 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws26">and where there i<span class="blank _0"></span>s usually subtle and m<span class="blank _0"></span>ay only occur from the perio<span class="blank _0"></span>d of sexual maturity. Thro<span class="blank _0"></span>ugh the technique<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y25 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls23 ws27">of PCR is possible to de<span class="blank _1"> </span>tect the genes CHD-Z and CHD-W, located<span class="blank _1"> </span> in the sexual chromosomes of a<span class="blank _1"> </span>ll the birds. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y26 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls24 ws28">The gene CHD-W is located on<span class="blank _1"> </span> the W chromosome, only in females and<span class="blank _1"> </span> the gene CHD-Z is found on the Z </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y27 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws29">chromosome occurring in <span class="blank _0"></span>both sexes. The technique<span class="blank _0"></span> is simp<span class="lsd ws2a">le, convenient, che<span class="blank _0"></span>ap, fast and safe and may <span class="blank _0"></span>provide </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y28 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsc ws2b">several advantages, such as<span class="blank _0"></span> reduction<span class="ff5 ls12 ws7"> </span><span class="ls19 ws2c">costs <span class="blank _0"></span>of maintenanc<span class="blank _0"></span>e of young bir<span class="blank _0"></span>ds to prevent t<span class="blank _0"></span>he formation <span class="blank _0"></span>of same-sex </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y29 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls23 ws2d">couples, or between close relatives o<span class="blank _1"> </span>r couples at random<span class="blank _1"> </span>, to facilitate management in g<span class="blank _1"> </span>enetic creations with </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y2a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls21 ws2e">poultry production system for separation f<span class="blank _0"></span>or sex. </div><div class="t m0 x2 hb y2b ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y2c ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Keywords: <span class="ff2 ws2">avi<span class="blank _0"></span>an<span class="ff5 ls14 ws7"> </span><span class="ls1f ws2f">sex identification, PCR, CHD-W and CHD-Z. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 ha y2d ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xe ha y2e ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws7">Introdução </div><div class="t m0 x2 ha y2f ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y30 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls24 ws30">Segundo o Comitê Brasileiro de<span class="blank _1"> </span> Registros Orn<span class="ls25 ws31">itológicos (CBRO), o Brasil possui cerca de 1.801 </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y31 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws32">espécies de aves, que re<span class="blank _0"></span>presentam 20% das 9.<span class="blank _0"></span>000 espécies <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls16 ws33">existentes n<span class="blank _0"></span>o mundo. É o t<span class="blank _0"></span>erceiro país em<span class="blank _0"></span> diversidade </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y32 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws34">de aves (atrás apenas da Col<span class="blank _0"></span>ômbia e do Peru). No entant<span class="ls4">o, é o prim<span class="blank _0"></span>eiro em número de espécies em extinção. Das<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hc y33 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls26 ws35">1.212 aves ameaçadas no m<span class="blank _0"></span>undo, 120 estão no país (<span class="ls17 ws3 v0">Espécies<span class="ls11 ws36"> ..., <span class="blank _0"></span>2009). Também é considerado com<span class="blank _0"></span>o um dos </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y34 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws37">países com maior porce<span class="blank _0"></span>ntagem de espécies endêm<span class="blank _0"></span>icas (10%<span class="ls18 ws38">), o que o torna <span class="blank _0"></span>um dos mais im<span class="blank _0"></span>portantes em<span class="blank _0"></span> relação </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y35 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws39">a investim<span class="blank _0"></span>entos em preservaçã<span class="blank _0"></span>o de aves (All<span class="blank _0"></span>gayer e Cziulik<span class="blank _0"></span>, 2007). </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y36 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws3a">A crescente degra<span class="blank _0"></span>dação do meio am<span class="blank _0"></span>biente provoca<span class="blank _0"></span>da por desmatam<span class="blank _0"></span>entos, construçõe<span class="blank _0"></span>s de barragens, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y37 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws3b">poluição quím<span class="blank _0"></span>ica produzida p<span class="blank _0"></span>or indústrias e po<span class="blank _0"></span>r acidentes com derram<span class="blank _0"></span>amentos de óleo, <span class="blank _0"></span>assim como o própri<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y38 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws3c">desenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento de centros<span class="blank _0"></span> urbanos oc<span class="blank _0"></span>upando áreas progre<span class="blank _0"></span>ssivamente m<span class="blank _0"></span>aiores, vêm causan<span class="blank _0"></span>do redução e </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y39 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws3d">fragmentação de inúm<span class="blank _0"></span>eros ecossistemas. Como conseq<span class="blank _0"></span>uênc<span class="ls1b ws3e">ia direta desses fatos, muitas espécies de aves </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y3a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws3f">caminham para a extinçã<span class="blank _0"></span>o (Almeida, 2003), com<span class="blank _0"></span>o é o caso <span class="ws40">das duas es<span class="blank _0"></span>pécies já extinta<span class="ls27 ws41">s no Brasil, o Mutum do </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 hd y3b ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws7">nordeste <span class="ff2 ls28 ws42">(Mitu mitu)</span><span class="ls5 wsd"> e a Ararinha<span class="blank _0"></span> azul <span class="ff2 ls23 ws43">(Cyanopsitta spixii)</span><span class="ls29 ws7"> (<span class="ls2a ws4 v0">Espécies<span class="ls15 ws44"> ..., 2009). </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y3c ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2b ws45">O Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e d<span class="blank _1"> </span>os Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), por meio das </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y3d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws46">Portarias 117 <span class="blank _0"></span>e 118, de 15 de outubro de 1<span class="blank _0"></span>997, que normatiz<span class="blank _0"></span>am a criação em cativeiro de espéci<span class="blank _0"></span>es nativas e a </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y3e ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls26 ws47">comercialização de animais vivos e abatidos, além<span class="blank _0"></span> de pa<span class="ls1d ws48">rtes e produtos da fauna na<span class="ls21 ws49">tiva, propiciou que, nos </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y3f ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls21 ws4a">últimos anos, houvesse um <span class="ls2a ws4b">incremento na criação legal desses anim<span class="blank _0"></span>ai<span class="ls1b ws4c">s. Essas portarias visam colaborar com<span class="blank _0"></span> a </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y40 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsd ws4d">conservação da fauna brasileira e c<span class="blank _0"></span>ombater o comércio <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls1b ws4e">clandestino de animais silvestres. Acre<span class="blank _0"></span>dita-se que o </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y41 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls27 ws4f">comércio ilegal deverá reduzir progressivamen<span class="blank _1"> </span>te à medida que exista a possibilid<span class="blank _1"> </span>ade de aquisição de animais de<span class="blank _1"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y42 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls24 ws50">maneira lícita e confiável, com docu<span class="blank _1"> </span>mentação correta, sa<span class="lsf ws51">úde, origem cont<span class="blank _0"></span>rolada e <span class="ls2a ws52">nascim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento em cativeiro. A </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y43 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws53">regulament<span class="blank _0"></span>ação de criadouros con<span class="blank _0"></span>servacionistas pel<span class="blank _0"></span>o IBAMA trouxe um<span class="blank _0"></span>a nova visão do concei<span class="blank _0"></span>to de reproduçã<span class="blank _0"></span>o</div><a class="l"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:303.960000px;bottom:244.864000px;width:35.007000px;height:13.166000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:325.800000px;bottom:152.884000px;width:35.035000px;height:13.166000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y44 w1 he" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4116e82e-a71d-4125-bcda-71ee27b7620e/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2c ws5b"> Vieira et al<span class="blank _0"></span>. Sexagem molecu<span class="blank _0"></span>lar em aves s<span class="blank _0"></span>ilvestres.<span class="ff2 ls1b ws7"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y45 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2a ws5c">e manutenção de aves silve<span class="blank _0"></span>stres em ca<span class="ls35 ws5d">tiveiro (Allgayer e Cziulik, 2007). </span></div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y46 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws5e">A sexagem<span class="blank _0"></span> das aves é uma prática <span class="blank _0"></span>de extrema im<span class="blank _0"></span>portância<span class="blank _0"></span>, visto que pelo m<span class="blank _0"></span>enos metade da<span class="blank _0"></span>s aves </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y47 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws5f">existentes no mundo não poss<span class="blank _0"></span>ui dimorfismo sexual e,<span class="ls11 ws60"> quando e<span class="blank _0"></span>xiste, é geralmente sutil, podendo ocorrer </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y48 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws61">somente a parti<span class="blank _0"></span>r do período de m<span class="blank _0"></span>aturidade sexual. O <span class="blank _0"></span>dimorfism<span class="blank _0"></span>o sexual é uma caracterí<span class="blank _0"></span>stica fenotípica </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y49 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws62">observada ent<span class="blank _0"></span>re machos e fêm<span class="blank _0"></span>eas de uma mesm<span class="blank _0"></span>a espécie, difere<span class="blank _0"></span>nciando-os em al<span class="blank _0"></span>guns aspectos com<span class="blank _0"></span>o tamanho </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y4a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls36 ws63">ou coloração das penas e/ou bicos (Pough e H<span class="blank _1"> </span>arvey, 1999). Dentre as aves qu<span class="blank _1"> </span>e não apresentam dimorfismo<span class="blank _1"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y4b ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsd ws64">sexual, estão o Fura-barreira (<span class="ff2 ls24 ws65">Hylocryptus rectirostris</span><span class="ls14">)<span class="ff2 ls2d ws7"> </span><span class="ls37 ws66">(Faria et al., 2007), o Papagaio-v<span class="blank _1"> </span>erdadeiro <span class="ff2 ls38 ws7">(Amazo<span class="blank _1"> </span>na </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y4c ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls32 ws54">aestiva)<span class="ff1 ls20 ws67">, o <span class="blank _0"></span>Periquito/Maritaca <span class="ff2 ls39 ws7">(Aratinga </span><span class="ws68">sp.), <span class="blank _1"> </span>a Arara (<span class="ff2 ls21 ws55">Ara</span><span class="ls4 wsc"> sp.) e o Tucano (<span class="ff2 ls1b ws69">Ramphastos toc<span class="ff1 ws56">)</span><span class="ls2e ws7"> <span class="ff1 ls27">(Miyaki </span><span class="ls1d wsa">et al.</span></span></span><span class="ls28 ws6a"> 1998; </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y4d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3a ws6b">Allgayer e Cziulik, 2007<span class="ls17 ws6c">). Já entre as que <span class="blank _0"></span>apresentam o <span class="ls1a ws6d">dim<span class="blank _0"></span>orfismo, estão o Ta<span class="blank _0"></span>ngarazinho <span class="ff2 ls27 ws6e">(Ilicura militaris),</span><span class="ls1b ws7"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y4e ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws6f">cujos machos <span class="blank _0"></span>adultos são re<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls1b ws70">conhecidos por sua plumagem<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2 ls2f ws7"> <span class="ff1 ls2b ws71">(Anciães e Nassif Del Lama, 2002), e o Galito </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y4f ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls14">(<span class="ff2 ls21 ws1f">Alectrurus tricolor</span><span class="lsd ws72">), cujo macho possui c<span class="blank _0"></span>oloração alvinegra, <span class="lsf ws73">um \u201cV\u201d bra<span class="blank _0"></span>nco no lado superior e um<span class="blank _0"></span>a faixa </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y50 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls21 ws74">peitoral negra incompleta, e a fêm<span class="blank _0"></span>ea é parda, com asas <span class="ls11 ws75">e cauda m<span class="blank _0"></span>ais escuras e garganta branca (Cestari, 2006).<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y51 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2a">Entretanto, na maioria dos ca<span class="blank _0"></span>sos, o <span class="ls3b ws76">sexo é determinado pela <span class="ls1d ws77">identificação dos c<span class="blank _0"></span>romossomo<span class="ls21">s sexuais (Griffiths et<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y52 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls23 ws43">al., 2002). </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y53 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws78">Os vertebrad<span class="blank _0"></span>os apresentam<span class="blank _0"></span> duas categorias de cr<span class="blank _0"></span>omossomos, <span class="blank _0"></span>os autossomos e<span class="blank _0"></span> os sexuais. A m<span class="blank _0"></span>aioria dos </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y54 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws79">cromossom<span class="blank _0"></span>os em um genom<span class="blank _0"></span>a é de autoss<span class="blank _0"></span>omos, que const<span class="blank _0"></span>am de cópias<span class="blank _0"></span> materna e pat<span class="blank _0"></span>erna destes e,<span class="blank _0"></span> portanto, são </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y55 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws7a">idênticos. Os <span class="blank _0"></span>cromossomos sexuais são f<span class="blank _0"></span>ormados por ap<span class="blank _0"></span>enas um par, mas são bem<span class="blank _0"></span> distintos entre<span class="blank _0"></span> si (Ohno, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y56 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3c ws7b">1967, citado por Griff<span class="blank _1"> </span>iths, 2000; Griffiths et al., 2002). </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y57 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws7c">Nas aves, os crom<span class="blank _0"></span>ossomos sexuais Z e W aprese<span class="blank _0"></span>ntam os genes CH<span class="blank _0"></span>D-Z e CHD-W (CHD: <span class="ff2 ws57">chromo-</span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y58 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls29 ws58">helicase-DNA<span class="blank _0"></span>-binding<span class="ff1 ls30 ws7d">). <span class="blank _0"></span>O gene CHD<span class="blank _0"></span>-Z é encontra<span class="blank _0"></span>do no crom<span class="blank _0"></span>ossomo Z, <span class="blank _0"></span>ocorrendo em<span class="blank _0"></span> ambos os<span class="blank _0"></span> sexos, e o ge<span class="blank _0"></span>ne </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y59 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1d ws7e">CHD-W localiza-se no crom<span class="blank _0"></span>ossomo W, pres<span class="ls2a">ente som<span class="blank _0"></span>ente nas fêmeas (Griffiths et al<span class="ff2 ls14">.</span><span class="ls28 ws7f">, 1998). O crom<span class="blank _0"></span>ossomo Z </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y5a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws80">tem o tam<span class="blank _0"></span>anho muito uniform<span class="blank _0"></span>e para todas as espécies, m<span class="blank _0"></span>as o crom<span class="blank _0"></span>ossomo W varia de tam<span class="blank _0"></span>anho na maiori<span class="blank _0"></span>a delas </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y5b ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls21 ws81">(Fridolfsson e Ellegren 2000; Ezaz et<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls2a ws82"> al., 2006). Apenas na<span class="ls27 ws83">s aves ratitas (Ordem <span class="ls3d ws84">Struthioniphorme), os </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y5c ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws85">cromossomos <span class="blank _0"></span>sexuais Z e W são morfol<span class="ls13 ws86">ogi<span class="blank _0"></span>camente sim<span class="blank _0"></span>ilares aos autosso<span class="blank _0"></span>mos, mostrando <span class="blank _0"></span>pequena diferença <span class="blank _0"></span>no </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y5d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws87">tamanho (Tag<span class="blank _0"></span>aki et al., 1972, citados p<span class="blank _0"></span>or Griffiths et al.,<span class="blank _0"></span> 1998; Ansari et al<span class="blank _0"></span>.,<span class="ff2 ls31 ws7"> </span><span class="ls17 ws6c">1988). Nessas espécies, a única </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y5e ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsf ws88">diferença existe<span class="blank _0"></span>nte entre os cromossom<span class="blank _0"></span>os sexuais está na ausência do gene DM<span class="blank _0"></span>RT1 (<span class="ff2 ls3c ws89">Doublesex and Mab-3 </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y5f ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3c ws8a">Related Transcriptio<span class="blank _1"> </span>n Factor <span class="ff1 ls32 ws8b">1) no cromossom<span class="blank _0"></span>o W, pois am<span class="blank _0"></span>bos os crom<span class="blank _0"></span>ossomos têm<span class="blank _0"></span> o gene IREBP (<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2 ls3e ws59">Iron-</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y60 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8c">responsive elemente<span class="blank _0"></span>-binding port<span class="blank _0"></span>ein<span class="ff1 ls15 ws8d">). Já nas outras espéci<span class="blank _0"></span>es de aves, além da di<span class="blank _0"></span>ferença do tam<span class="blank _0"></span>anho dos </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y61 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws8e">cromossomos, o <span class="blank _0"></span>W tem somente o gene CHD-W, enquan<span class="lsf ws8f">to o Z tem o DMRT1, o IR<span class="lsd ws90">E<span class="blank _0"></span>BP e o CHD-Z (Ezaz et al.,<span class="ff2 ls1b ws7"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y62 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws91">2006; Fig. 1)<span class="blank _0"></span>. O gene DMRT<span class="blank _0"></span>1 foi mapeado na re<span class="blank _0"></span>gião do br<span class="blank _0"></span>aço curto do crom<span class="blank _0"></span>ossomo Z e codifica <span class="blank _0"></span>proteínas que </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y63 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lse ws92">controlam<span class="blank _0"></span> o desenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento sexual bem com<span class="blank _0"></span>o o fenó<span class="ls15 ws93">tipo <span class="blank _0"></span>dos machos. Já o gene I<span class="blank _0"></span>REBP, que possui um<span class="blank _0"></span>a </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y64 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws94">proteína resp<span class="blank _0"></span>onsável pela regulaçã<span class="blank _0"></span>o do ferro no m<span class="blank _0"></span>RNA, está locali<span class="blank _0"></span>zado na região do <span class="blank _0"></span>braço longo dos </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y65 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3b ws95">cromossomos Z em todas as espécies e tam<span class="blank _0"></span>bém no W em ratitas (Ellegren, 2002). </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y66 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xf ha y67 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h6 y68 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls39 ws96">Figura 1. Morfologia dos cromossomos sexuais d<span class="blank _1"> </span>e aves (ratitas </div><div class="t m0 x10 h6 y69 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws8e">e outras espécies de aves<span class="blank _0"></span>). </div><div class="t m0 x10 h6 y6a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3a ws5a">Fonte:<span class="ff4 ls14 ws7"> </span><span class="ls3f ws97">Ezaz et al.<span class="ff2 ls14 ws7"> <span class="ff1 ls40">(2006). </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y6b ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x11 ha y6c ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws98">Evolução e determinaç<span class="blank _0"></span>ão dos cromossomos sexuais </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y6d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y6e ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws99">As espécies de aves e mamíferos apresenta<span class="blank _0"></span>m os <span class="ls19 ws9a">cromossom<span class="blank _0"></span>os sexuais bem diferenci<span class="blank _0"></span>ados na sua base<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y6f ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws9b">filogenética (<span class="blank _0"></span>Artoni et al., 20<span class="blank _0"></span>00). A hipótese da ev<span class="blank _0"></span>olução dos crom<span class="blank _0"></span>ossomos sexuais de ve<span class="blank _0"></span>rtebrados é que o </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y70 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3a ws9c">sistema XY de mamíferos pode ter sido originado dire<span class="ls27 ws9d">tamente do sistema ZW<span class="blank _1"> </span> do ancestral réptil e não do </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5">Rev Bras Reprod Anim, Belo Horiz<span class="blank _0"></span>onte, v.33, n.2, p.66-70, abr<span class="blank _0"></span>./jun. <span class="ls33 ws9e">2009. Disponível em www.cbra.org.br<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2 ls34 ws7"> <span class="ff1 ls1b v0">67</span></span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y71 w1 hf" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4116e82e-a71d-4125-bcda-71ee27b7620e/bg3.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2c ws5b"> Vieira et al<span class="blank _0"></span>. Sexagem molecu<span class="blank _0"></span>lar em aves s<span class="blank _0"></span>ilvestres.<span class="ff2 ls1b ws7"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y45 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls32 ws9f">ambiente. Po<span class="blank _0"></span>rtanto, faz-se necessári<span class="blank _0"></span>o um importa<span class="blank _0"></span>nte e re<span class="ls15 wsa0">levant<span class="blank _0"></span>e estudo de cromossom<span class="blank _0"></span>os sexuais de vertebra<span class="blank _0"></span>dos </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y72 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws29">dos sistemas XY de m<span class="blank _0"></span>amíferos e ZW de serpentes e <span class="blank _0"></span>de av<span class="ls19 wsa1">es, bem com<span class="blank _0"></span>o de algum<span class="blank _0"></span>as espécies de peixes, <span class="blank _0"></span>anfíbios </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y73 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2a ws5c">e répteis a ambos os sistem<span class="blank _0"></span>as (Modi e Crews, 2005; Ezaz et al., <span class="blank _0"></span>2006). </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y74 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls29 ws7">A maioria dos <span class="blank _0"></span>vertebrados te<span class="blank _0"></span>m os indivíduo<span class="blank _0"></span>s separados sexualm<span class="blank _0"></span>ente, mas o sexo é dete<span class="blank _0"></span>rminado por d<span class="blank _0"></span>ois </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y75 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsd wsa2">diferentes caminhos, pelo am<span class="blank _0"></span>biente <span class="ls4 wsa3">e pelo genótipo (Ezaz et al., 2006). Mu<span class="ls21 wsa4">itas espécies de peixes e répteis </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y76 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1d wsa5">utilizam a temperatura/ambiente para <span class="ls1b wsa6">a determ<span class="blank _0"></span>inação do sexo (Ezaz et al., 2006<span class="ls11 wsa7">; Uller et al., 2007). No entanto, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y77 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws75">em outras espé<span class="blank _0"></span>cies dessas mesmas cla<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls15 wsa8">sses de vertebrados bem<span class="blank _0"></span> como em todos <span class="blank _0"></span>os anfíbios,<span class="blank _0"></span> aves e mamí<span class="blank _0"></span>feros, o </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y78 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b wsa9">sexo é determinado ge<span class="blank _0"></span>neticamente (Ezaz et al., 2006). A <span class="ls21 wsaa">transiçã<span class="blank _0"></span>o entre a determinação genética <span class="blank _0"></span>do sexo e a </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y79 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b wsab">determinação pela temperatura/am<span class="blank _0"></span>biente<span class="lsf wsac"> pode ocorrer rapidam<span class="blank _0"></span>ente <span class="lsd wsad">e durante o estágio interm<span class="blank _0"></span>ediário/transitório, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y7a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1a wsae">sendo que tant<span class="blank _0"></span>o os fatores g<span class="blank _0"></span>enéticos quant<span class="blank _0"></span>o os ambient<span class="blank _0"></span>ais influenciam<span class="blank _0"></span> na determi<span class="blank _0"></span>nação de sexo (Ulle<span class="blank _0"></span>r et al., </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y7b ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls39 wsaf">2007). </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y7c ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2a wsb0">A árvore filogenética de determin<span class="ls3 wsb1">ação do <span class="blank _0"></span>sexo, Fig. 2, mostra que <span class="ls1d wsb2">espécies de peixes, quelônios <span class="blank _0"></span>e </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y7d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1a wsb3">lagartos têm<span class="blank _0"></span> o sexo determ<span class="blank _0"></span>inado tanto<span class="blank _0"></span> de form<span class="blank _0"></span>a genética quanto tem<span class="blank _0"></span>peratura-depe<span class="blank _0"></span>ndente, pode<span class="blank _0"></span>ndo ser pel<span class="blank _0"></span>os </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y7e ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 wsb4">sistemas XY <span class="blank _0"></span>ou ZW, enquant<span class="blank _0"></span>o os anfíbi<span class="blank _0"></span>os possuem o sexo <span class="blank _0"></span>determinado a<span class="blank _0"></span>penas geneticam<span class="blank _0"></span>ente e também </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y7f ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls21 wsb5">apresentam ambos os sistem<span class="blank _0"></span>as. Os cr<span class="ls1b wsb6">ocodilianos têm a determ<span class="blank _0"></span>inação do sexo<span class="lsc wsb7"> temperatura-de<span class="blank _0"></span>pendente, enquanto </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y80 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1a wsb8">serpentes e aves (sist<span class="blank _0"></span>ema ZW) e mamí<span class="blank _0"></span>feros (sistema XY) t<span class="blank _0"></span>êm o sexo defini<span class="blank _0"></span>do genetic<span class="blank _0"></span>amente (Modi e C<span class="blank _0"></span>rews, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y81 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls21 wsb9">2005). Entre as espécies que usam<span class="blank _0"></span> a genética como dete<span class="ls30 ws7d">rm<span class="blank _0"></span>inante do sexo<span class="blank _0"></span>, os machos po<span class="blank _0"></span>dem ser hetero<span class="blank _0"></span>gamétic<span class="blank _0"></span>os </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y82 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1a wsba">(XY) ou h<span class="blank _0"></span>omogaméticos (Z<span class="blank _0"></span>Z), enquanto<span class="blank _0"></span> as fêmeas po<span class="blank _0"></span>dem ser hom<span class="blank _0"></span>ogaméticas (XX) <span class="blank _0"></span>e heterogam<span class="blank _0"></span>éticas (XY) </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y83 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2a wsbb">(Griffiths et al., 1998; Modi e Crews, 2005; Ezaz et<span class="ls17 wsbc"> al., 2006). As espécies<span class="lsc wsbd"> com cromossom<span class="blank _0"></span>os sexuais </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y84 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls14 wsbe">heterogam<span class="blank _0"></span>éticos têm ní<span class="blank _0"></span>veis iguais da <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="lse wsbf">expressão de ca<span class="blank _0"></span>da gene, p<span class="blank _0"></span>ois um sexo tem<span class="blank _0"></span> somente um<span class="blank _0"></span>a cópia, ZW ou X<span class="blank _0"></span>Y, </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y85 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lse wsc0">e o outro se<span class="blank _0"></span>xo tem duas c<span class="blank _0"></span>ópias de um<span class="blank _0"></span> cromossom<span class="blank _0"></span>o em particul<span class="blank _0"></span>ar, ZZ ou XX (<span class="blank _0"></span>Modi e Crews<span class="blank _0"></span>, 2005). Os </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y86 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 wsc1">cromossom<span class="blank _0"></span>os sexuais Y e W, determ<span class="blank _0"></span>inantes do sexo m<span class="blank _0"></span>asculino e femi<span class="blank _0"></span>nino, respectivam<span class="blank _0"></span>ente (Schartl, 2004), s<span class="blank _0"></span>ão </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y87 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws53">altamente het<span class="blank _0"></span>erocromátic<span class="blank _0"></span>os e, consequentement<span class="blank _0"></span>e, menores que os <span class="blank _0"></span>X e Z, respectivamente (El<span class="blank _0"></span>legren, 2000; Dua<span class="blank _0"></span>n </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y88 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsc">e Fuerst, 2001; Charles<span class="blank _0"></span>wor<span class="ls26 wsc2">th e Charlesworth, 2005; Ezaz et<span class="blank _0"></span> al., 2006). </span></div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y89 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y8a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5">Rev Bras Reprod Anim, Belo Horiz<span class="blank _0"></span>onte, v.33, n.2, p.66-70, abr<span class="blank _0"></span>./jun. <span class="ls33 ws9e">2009. Disponível em www.cbra.org.br<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2 ls34 ws7"> <span class="ff1 ls1b v0">68</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y8b ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y8c ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y8d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y8e ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y8f ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y90 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y91 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y66 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y92 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y93 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x12 ha y94 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y95 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y96 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y97 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"><span class="fc1 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y98 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls41 wsc3">Figura 2.<span class="ff4 ls42 ws7"> </span><span class="ls19 wsc4">A filogeni<span class="blank _0"></span>a dos vertebrados que ilust<span class="blank _0"></span>ra as </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y99 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsc5">formas da determinação de sexo. \u201cFêm<span class="blank _0"></span>ea\u201d e \u201cmacho\u201d </div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y9a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1d ws77">têm a determinação genética do sexo <span class="blank _0"></span>(GSD) com fêmeas </div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y9b ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc6">e machos heterogam<span class="blank _0"></span>éticos, respectivam<span class="blank _0"></span>ente. O </div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y9c ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc7">ESD/STD represe<span class="blank _0"></span>nta a determinação de sex<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y9d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc8">temperatura-de<span class="blank _0"></span>pendente. </div><div class="t m0 x13 h6 y9e ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls43 wsc9">Fonte: Modi e Crews (2005). </div><div class="t m0 x12 h6 y9f ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x12 h6 ya0 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha ya1 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls28 ws6a">Importância da sexagem </div><div class="t m0 x2 ha ya2 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 ya3 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls17 wsca">A identificação do se<span class="blank _0"></span>xo em aves <span class="ls26 ws35">monom<span class="blank _0"></span>órficas é fundamental para o <span class="ls1b ws14">sucesso reprodut<span class="blank _0"></span>ivo de espécies </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ya4 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls15 wscb">silvestres mant<span class="blank _0"></span>idas em cativeiro (R<span class="blank _0"></span>aso e Werther<span class="blank _0"></span>, 2004), sendo t<span class="blank _0"></span>ambém um<span class="blank _0"></span>a ferramenta vali<span class="blank _0"></span>osa para os est<span class="blank _0"></span>udos </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ya5 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls17 wscc">comportame<span class="blank _0"></span>ntais e populacionais em <span class="lsd wscd">espécies sem<span class="blank _0"></span> dimorfismo sexual apar<span class="ls26 wsce">ente, ass<span class="blank _0"></span>im como em criatórios </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ya6 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls26 ws5c">conservacionistas e comerciais (Faria <span class="ls17 ws98">et al., 2007). A sexagem apresenta vári<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls15 ws44">as vantagens, com<span class="blank _0"></span>o: reduz custos de </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ya7 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsd wscf">manutenção de aves jove<span class="blank _0"></span>ns, uma vez qu<span class="ls1b wsd0">e a identificação do sexo pouc<span class="blank _0"></span>os di<span class="ls26 wsd1">as após o nascimento fa<span class="blank _0"></span>cilita sua </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ya8 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b wsd0">comercialização; evita a formação de casais do mesmo se<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="lsc wsd2">xo, ou entre parentes próxim<span class="blank _0"></span>os ou casais ao acaso; </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ya9 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls25 wsd3">facilita o manejo em criações com sistema produção <span class="ls23 ws43">de aves por separação por sexo (Grando, 2002). </span></div><div class="t m0 xc h6 yaa ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 wsd4">O manejo da<span class="blank _0"></span>s aves signifi<span class="blank _0"></span>ca não apenas a c<span class="blank _0"></span>onduç<span class="ls1d wsd5">ão da<span class="blank _0"></span> criação em si (acasalamento, postura, </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yab ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsd6">alimentação), mas tam<span class="blank _0"></span>bém o manejo genético (seleção <span class="blank _0"></span>de<span class="ls1d wsd7"> casais visando a m<span class="blank _0"></span>elhores resultados) (Silva, 2005). </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yac ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls18 wsd8">Para tanto, há necessidade de se tom<span class="blank _0"></span>ar o cuidado <span class="ls17 wsd9">com<span class="blank _0"></span> a formação de futuros casais, pois a endogam<span class="blank _0"></span>ia pode </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 yad w1 h10" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4116e82e-a71d-4125-bcda-71ee27b7620e/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2c ws5b"> Vieira et al<span class="blank _0"></span>. Sexagem molecu<span class="blank _0"></span>lar em aves s<span class="blank _0"></span>ilvestres.<span class="ff2 ls1b ws7"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y45 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lse ws17">provocar a<span class="blank _0"></span> diminuição <span class="blank _0"></span>da heterozigose<span class="blank _0"></span> e, consequent<span class="blank _0"></span>emente, aum<span class="blank _0"></span>ento da hom<span class="blank _0"></span>ozigose, que<span class="blank _0"></span> pode ocorrer <span class="blank _0"></span>tanto em </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y72 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls5 wsdd">genes dominantes qua<span class="blank _0"></span>nto em recessivos,<span class="wsde"> sendo necessário que ha<span class="blank _0"></span>ja a seleção <span class="ls1d wsdf">se estes são preferidos em relação </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y73 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1d wse0">aos heterozigotos. Ao reduzir a hetero<span class="ls2a wse1">zigose, pode-se favorecer a<span class="blank _0"></span> ocorrência <span class="ls11 wse2">de genes re<span class="blank _0"></span>cessivos indesejáveis ou </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yae ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls25 wse3">de efeitos deletérios. A perda da variabilidade genética em populações pequenas tende a ocorrer aleatoriamente, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yaf ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b wse4">causando mudanças nas <span class="blank _0"></span>frequências alélicas e genotípicas<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="lsd wse5">, fixando alguns alelos e elim<span class="blank _0"></span>inando outros, processo </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yb0 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls20 wse6">este denominado deriva genética. A maioria desses genes está relacionada com redução da fertilidade, aumento </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yb1 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls29 wse7">da mortalidade<span class="blank _0"></span>, aumento de <span class="blank _0"></span>doenças devi<span class="blank _0"></span>do à dimi<span class="blank _0"></span>nuição da resistência<span class="blank _0"></span> e do vigor <span class="blank _0"></span>híbrido e a<span class="blank _0"></span>umento do val<span class="blank _0"></span>or </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yb2 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 wse8">genético adapt<span class="blank _0"></span>ativo (Falcone<span class="blank _0"></span>r, 1970; Pereira, 2<span class="blank _0"></span>004). Portanto, a m<span class="blank _0"></span>anutenção das carac<span class="blank _0"></span>terísticas genét<span class="blank _0"></span>icas é de </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yb3 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3a wse9">suma importância. </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 yb4 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b wsea">Para a realização do teste de sexagem em aves <span class="ls2a wseb">silvestres via técnica da Reação <span class="blank _0"></span>em Cadeia da </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yb5 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls15 wsa8">Polimerase (PCR<span class="blank _0"></span>), faz-se a extração do DNA de <span class="blank _0"></span>penas e/ou de sangue<span class="blank _0"></span>, seguindo os p<span class="blank _0"></span>rotocolos de Sam<span class="blank _0"></span>brook et </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yb6 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls43 wsda">al<span class="ff2 ls29 ws7">. <span class="blank _2"> </span></span><span class="ls24 wsec">(1989) e Rudbek<span class="blank _1"> </span> e Dissing (1998), respectivamente. É <span class="ls15 wsed">importante ressalt<span class="blank _0"></span>ar que a coleta das pen<span class="blank _0"></span>as e/ou do </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yb7 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 wsee">sangue das ave<span class="blank _0"></span>s é minim<span class="blank _0"></span>amente invasiva (G<span class="blank _0"></span>riffiths et al., <span class="blank _0"></span>1998). </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 yb8 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 wsef">Os produtos da PCR<span class="blank _0"></span> dos genes CHD-Z e CHD-<span class="blank _0"></span>W podem ser discrim<span class="blank _0"></span>inados pela prese<span class="blank _0"></span>nça ou ausência </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yb9 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls48 wsf0">de sítios de restrição específico<span class="blank _1"> </span>s por meio da enzima ou pela extens<span class="blank _1"> </span>ão de seus <span class="ff2 ls23 ws7">íntrons <span class="blank _3"> </span></span><span class="ls26 wsf1">(Anciães e Nassif Del<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yba ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lse wsbf">Lama, 2002)<span class="blank _0"></span>. Embora o DN<span class="blank _0"></span>A codificant<span class="blank _0"></span>e seja conser<span class="blank _0"></span>vado, os com<span class="blank _0"></span>primentos dos <span class="blank _0"></span>DNAs não codi<span class="blank _0"></span>ficantes diferem<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ybb ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 wsf2">entre si. Como os ta<span class="blank _0"></span>manhos dos dois pr<span class="blank _0"></span>odutos da PCR do <span class="blank _0"></span>CHD-W e do CHD-Z sã<span class="blank _0"></span>o diferentes, macho<span class="blank _0"></span>s e fêmeas </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ybc ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls22 wsf3">são facilmente identificados<span class="blank _1"> </span>. No caso da extens<span class="blank _1"> </span>ão de seus <span class="ff2 ls20 ws7">íntrons, <span class="blank _3"> </span></span><span class="ls44 wsf4">a fêmea que possui os dois crom<span class="blank _0"></span>ossomos </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ybd ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 wsf5">diferentes, W e Z, m<span class="blank _0"></span>ostrará duas bandas no gel, caracter<span class="blank _0"></span>ística de heterozigot<span class="blank _0"></span>o; enquanto o macho, <span class="blank _0"></span>possuindo </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ybe ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1a wsf6">apenas um t<span class="blank _0"></span>ipo de cromosso<span class="blank _0"></span>mo, o Z, most<span class="blank _0"></span>rará uma única banda<span class="blank _0"></span>, pois é hom<span class="blank _0"></span>ozigoto (Griffi<span class="blank _0"></span>ths et al., 1998;<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ybf ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2a wsf7">Fridolfsson e Ellegren, 2000; Griffith<span class="ls4 wsf8">s, 2000). É importante obser<span class="blank _0"></span>var que o tamanho dos pares<span class="blank _0"></span> de base (pb) em </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yc0 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lsd wsf9">relação aos alelos do sexo pode variar<span class="ls11 wsfa"> de e<span class="blank _0"></span>spécie para espécie, como é mostrado na Fig. <span class="blank _0"></span>3. Quando se usa a </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yc1 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls11 wsa7">enzima de restrição, a fêm<span class="blank _0"></span>ea apresenta três bandas, e o <span class="ls21 wsfb">m<span class="blank _0"></span>acho duas (Griffiths et al<span class="ls2a wsfc">., 1998; Anciães e Nassif Del </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yc2 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls29 ws7">Lama, 2002)<span class="blank _0"></span>. Isso porque<span class="blank _0"></span> a enzima corta o <span class="blank _0"></span>gene<span class="ls21 ws2e"> CHD-Z que está localizado no c<span class="blank _0"></span>romossomo Z. </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y89 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x15 h6 yc3 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 h6 yc4 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls41 wsfd">Figura 3.<span class="ff4 ls45 ws7"> </span><span class="ls13 wsfe">Gel<span class="blank _0"></span> de poliacrilamida 8%,<span class="blank _0"></span> mostrando o resultado da sexa<span class="blank _0"></span>gem em aves via </span></div><div class="t m0 x16 h11 yc5 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls49 wsff">PCR pela extensão do<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="ff2 ls4a wsdb">íntrons</span><span class="ls10 ws1b">: um alelo representa o m<span class="blank _0"></span>acho/M (nº<span class="fs3 ls1b ws0 v1">s</span><span class="ls13 ws80 v0"> 3, <span class="blank _0"></span>5 e 7), e dois </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 yc6 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1d ws100">alelos a fêmea/F (nº<span class="fs3 ls1b ws0 v1">s</span><span class="ls19 ws101 v0"> 2, 4 e 6)<span class="blank _0"></span>. Na canaleta 1, est<span class="blank _0"></span>á o peso m<span class="blank _0"></span>olecular/PM <span class="ff2 ls46 ws102">pGEM®<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x16 h6 yc7 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls29 ws7">(Promega). </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yc8 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h6 yc9 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws103">A PCR é uma técnica simples, conveniente, barata, rápi<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="lsd wsad">da, sensível e eficaz para identificar o sexo das<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yca ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws104">aves e depende<span class="blank _0"></span>nte de pequena am<span class="blank _0"></span>ostra de DNA (Gri<span class="blank _0"></span>ffiths et<span class="ls2b ws45"> al., 1998; Griffiths, 2000). Após o material chegar </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ycb ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls49 ws105">ao laboratório, o<span class="blank _1"> </span> resultado pod<span class="blank _1"> </span>e ser obtido em apenas<span class="lsd ws106"> dois dias e com um custo que oscila entre R$10,00 e </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ycc ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws107">R$20,00, de<span class="blank _0"></span>pendendo do la<span class="blank _0"></span>boratório de<span class="blank _0"></span> escolha e da qua<span class="blank _0"></span>ntidade de exam<span class="blank _0"></span>es solicitado.<span class="blank _0"></span> Já o preço das aves <span class="blank _0"></span>pode </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ycd ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsc">ser bastante elevado. Para se ter uma <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls1b ws108">ideia sobre o valor comercial das aves <span class="ls20 ws68">silvestres ou exóticas, pode-se citar o </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yce ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws3f">caso das aves canoras, cujo preço pode variar de espécie <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls26 ws109">para espécie e dentro da própria espécie em função da </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 ycf ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls21 ws10a">idade, sexo, tipo de canto e<span class="blank _0"></span> filiação<span class="lsc ws10b">. Por exemplo, um Azulão macho (<span class="ff2 ls3 ws10c">Passeri<span class="blank _0"></span>na brissonii<span class="ff1 ls1f ws10d">) chega a custar </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yd0 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws10e">R$500,00, e a fêm<span class="blank _0"></span>ea R$200,00. O p<span class="blank _0"></span>reço dos Bicudos (<span class="ff2 ls29 ws10f">Oryz<span class="blank _0"></span>oborus c. maxi<span class="blank _0"></span>miliani<span class="ff1 ls3 ws110">) e Curiós (</span><span class="ls47 ws7">Ory<span class="blank _0"></span>zoborus<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yd1 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls49 wsdc">angolensis<span class="ff1 ls4 ws111">) pode variar entre R$80<span class="ls1d ws112">0,00 e R$10.000,00, dependendo do </span><span class="ws113">tipo de<span class="blank _0"></span> canto. A variação de preços<span class="blank _0"></span> de </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h13 yd2 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls29 ws114">Trinca-ferro (<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2 ls37 ws115">Saltator similis<span class="ff1 ls20 ws116">) e Sabiá-laranjeira (</span><span class="ls22 ws117 v0">Turd<span class="blank _1"> </span>us rufiventris)<span class="ff1 ls4b ws118"> é de R$200,0<span class="blank _1"> </span>0 a R$3.000,00. Em d<span class="blank _1"> </span>iversas </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yd3 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1d ws119">espécies da ordem Psittaciphorm<span class="blank _0"></span>e, a oscilação de pr<span class="ls26 ws11a">eços é de R$600,00 <span class="blank _0"></span>a R$15.000,00, podendo alcançar </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yd4 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1d wsa5">valores superiores. Como o valor <span class="blank _0"></span>do teste é baixo, torna-se frequente a<span class="blank _0"></span> identificação <span class="ls17 ws11b">do sexo em<span class="blank _0"></span> 100% das aves </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yd5 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 lse ws11c">de um criador<span class="blank _0"></span> por meio da PCR<span class="blank _0"></span>, pois um erro na se<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls29 ws11d">xagem tradici<span class="blank _0"></span>onal pode comprom<span class="blank _0"></span>eter toda a históri<span class="blank _0"></span>a </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yd6 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 wsc8">individual,<span class="blank _0"></span> bem com<span class="blank _0"></span>o a do casal prédeterm<span class="blank _0"></span>inado. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5">Rev Bras Reprod Anim, Belo Horiz<span class="blank _0"></span>onte, v.33, n.2, p.66-70, abr<span class="blank _0"></span>./jun. <span class="ls33 ws9e">2009. 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Disponível em www.cbra.org.br<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2 ls34 ws7"> <span class="ff1 ls1b v0">70</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x17 ha yd8 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws125">Referências bibliogr<span class="blank _0"></span>áficas </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yd9 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yda ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls37 ws126">Allgayer MC, Cziulik M<span class="ff1 lsf ws127">. Reprodução de <span class="blank _0"></span>psitacídeos em cativeiro<span class="blank _0"></span>. <span class="ff2 ls21 ws128">Rev Bras Reprod Anim,<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff4 ls4c ws7"> <span class="ff1 ls3c ws129">v.31, p.344-<span class="blank _1"> </span>350, </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h15 ydb ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls22 ws12a">2007. 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S<span class="blank _0"></span>exual size dim<span class="blank _0"></span>orphism in he<span class="blank _0"></span>nna-capped <span class="blank _0"></span>folige-gleaner <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2 ls18 ws7">Hylocryptus </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yf3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2b ws7">rectirostris <span class="ff1 ls1b ws14f">(Wied) (Aves, Furnariidae). </span><span class="ls5 ws23">Rev Bras Zool,<span class="ff1 ls1f ws2f"> v.24, 207-212, 2007. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yf4 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls20 ws150">Fridosfsson AK, Ellegren H<span class="ff1 ls37 ws151">. 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The evolution o<span class="blank _0"></span>f sex ratios and sex-de<span class="blank _0"></span>termining </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y10d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3b ws7">systems. <span class="ff2 ls27 ws124">Trends</span><span class="ls14"> <span class="ff2 lsd ws174">Ecol Evol</span><span class="ls24 ws175">, v.22, p.292-297<span class="blank _1"> </span>, 2007. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y10e ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y10f ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y110 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws7"> </div><a class="l"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:173.880000px;bottom:715.204000px;width:149.488000px;height:13.166000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:336.000000px;bottom:508.204000px;width:140.612000px;height:13.166000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div>
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