Index_1989_The-Earth-s-Ionosphere

Prévia do material em texto

Index 
A 
Acceleration in the aurora, 3, 21 , 262 
ACF, 4 2 9 - 4 3 0 
Acoustic speed increase due to heating, 412 
Adiabatic invariants, 4 9 - 5 5 , 271 
Advective derivative, 25 
AE index, 4 6 8 - 4 6 9 
AL index, 4 6 8 - 4 6 9 
Alfvén layer 
and equatorial perturbations, 99 
and ring current, 271-272 
Altair Radar, 426 
Altitude dependence of Ε-region wave ampli-
tude, 401 
Ambipolar electric field 
parallel, 189, 313 
perpendicular, 382 -386 
Anisotropy in ESF, 143 
Anomalous diffusion, 141-142, 1 4 7 - 1 5 3 , 4 1 6 
Anomalous heating of electrons by electrojet 
waves, 404, 4 1 1 - 4 1 3 
Anomaly image, 194 
Antisunward flow in the polar cap, 267, 2 7 5 -
281 
Arecibo Radar Observatory, 426 
Aspect angle, 432 
for ion cyclotron waves, 416 
Atmospheric structure, 5 
Atmospheric tides, theory of, 8 4 - 8 5 
AU index, 96, 4 6 8 - 4 6 9 
Aurora 
acceleration, 262 
airglow, 354 
average electric field in oval, 275 -276 
diffuse, 11, 2 1 , 267, 354 -355 
discrete, 1 1 , 2 1 , 2 6 7 , 4 1 4 
equatorial effect of substorms, 9 6 - 1 0 3 
oval, 20, 2 1 , 275 - 276 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 
polar cap, 2 6 3 - 2 6 7 , 282, 293 
precipitation of electrons, 9, 21 , 267, 354, 
358-361 
theta, 365 
views of, 9, 11, 355, 365, 368 
visible, 9 
Auroral arcs, 9, 11, 355, 365, 368, 414 
sun-aligned, 364-367 
Auroral Ε region 
experimental data, 396 -404 
laboratory experiments, 4 0 5 - 4 0 6 
radar data, 397 -400 , 4 0 3 - 4 0 4 , 414 
rocket data, 4 0 0 - 4 0 4 , 409 
Auroral electrojet, 397 
Auroral oval, 20, 21 , 2 7 5 - 2 7 6 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 
dayside, 359-361 
poleward edge as source of blobs, 361 
undulations of edge, 354, 358 
Autocorrelation function, 4 2 9 - 4 3 0 
Β 
Barium clouds 
active experiments, 241 
drifts, 203 
E x B instability of, 245 
equatorial data, 82 
and ESF, 246 
images of striations, 243 
474 Index 
Barium clouds (continued) 
striations, 242-245 
technique, 4 5 4 - 4 5 5 
Bennett tube, 4 4 5 - 4 4 6 
Birkeland current, 296 -304 
IMF effects, 298 -304 
magnetic perturbation due to, 268 -270 , 
297-298 
seasonal effects, 299-301 
Boltzmann distribution, 150, 152 
Booms for electric field measurements, 451 
Bottomside sinusoidal structure (BSS) 
in ESF, 120 
simulation of, 145 
Bounce motion, 55 
Boundary condition on polar wind, 316-319 
Boundary layer, 19, 20 
equatorial magnetospheric, 271 
Bragg condition, 114, 428 
Brunt-Väisälä frequency, 229 
C 
Cascade 
process in ESF, 147 
wave number, 141-143 , 147, 391 
Chapman layer, 190, 348, 382 
Charge exchange reaction, 190, 313 
Chatanika Radar Observatory, 426 
Circuit 
barium cloud equivalent, 243 -245 
equatorial equivalent, 80 
Closed field lines, 262, 2 6 5 - 2 6 7 , 285-287 
Coherent scatter 
radar, 431 -434 
radars and nonthermal fluctuations, 114, 431 
Collisional electrostatic ion cyclotron in-
stability, 4 1 5 - 4 1 9 
Collisionless plasma, 37, 55, 313 
Collisions 
anomalous electron, 416 
Coulomb, frequency of, 34, 463 
electron-ion, 3 4 - 3 5 , 463 
electron-neutral, 3 4 - 3 5 , 462 
frequencies, 34, 4 5 9 - 4 6 3 
ion-neutral frequency, 3 4 - 3 5 , 460 
Complete equation sets, 3 1 - 3 4 
Complex cross spectrum, 434 
Composition change due to large electric fields, 
332 -333 
Conductivity 
over Arecibo, 204 
Cowling, 88 
Ε-region, height-integrated, 79 
end plate, 77 
F-region, height-integrated, 79 
Hall, 3 9 - 4 0 
Hall, height-integrated, 4 6 - 4 7 
height-integrated tensor, 4 6 - 4 7 
parallel, 3 9 - 4 0 
Pedersen, 3 9 - 4 0 
Pedersen, height-integrated, 4 6 - 4 7 
Conservation of mass, 2 4 - 2 6 
Conservation of momentum, 2 6 - 3 1 
Continuity equation, 24 
Convection 
analytic models for, 291-295 
average patterns, 270, 292 
crescent-shaped cells, 280-281 
effect on the ionosphere, 347-351 
in fluid dynamics, 288 
four-cell pattern, 282 -284 
high-latitude, empirical representations, 
291-295 
IMF Y component, 278-281 
ionospheric, observations of, 270, 279 -280 , 
292 
models, 285-291 
multiple cells, 282 -284 
patterns, 267, 2 8 1 - 2 8 2 , 284, 327, 329 
sunward, 19, 2 6 5 - 2 6 7 , 282 
Convergence zone for layers, 231 -233 
Coriolis force, 2 9 - 3 0 , 217, 225 
Corotation 
electric field, 1 9 5 - 1 9 7 , 2 7 3 
of Jupiter, 195 
and the plasmasphere, 272 
and the trough, 325-327 
velocity, 195 
Coulomb collision frequency, 34 
Cowling conductivity, 88 
CSR radar, 4 3 1 - 4 3 4 
Current 
Birkeland, 296 -304 
IMF effects, 298 -304 
magnetic perturbation due to, 297 -298 
seasonal effects, 299-301 
cross-field, in the magnetosphere, 5 8 - 5 9 , 
262, 265 
cusp, 299 
Index 475 
displacement, 32, 50 
divergence of, 33 , 264 
field-aligned, 20, 265, 266 
observations of, 2 9 6 - 3 0 0 
NBZ, 301 
patterns for a northward IMF, 300 
patterns for a southward IMF, 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 
region 1, 298 
region 2, 298 
ring, 20, 275 
sheet, 297 
at the magnetopause, 1 4 - 1 5 , 265 
Sq system, 86 
Current convective instability, 373-377 
compared to E x B, 376 
finite k\\, 373 
growth rate, 376 
nonlocal effects, 377 
physical picture, 373 
Cusp, 20, 2 1 , 299, 359-361 
current system, 299 
dayside, 299 
CW radar, 413 
Cyclotron waves 
current-driven oxygen, 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 4 1 5 - 4 1 9 
hydrogen ion, 393 
Cylindrical Langmuir probe, 4 3 8 - 4 3 9 
D 
D region, 4, 5 
Density spectrum for drift waves, 150-153 
Detection of parallel electric fields, 21 , 262 
Diamagnetic drift 
electron, 150-151 
frequency for, 150-151 
velocity, 151 
Diffracting screen, 4 3 4 - 4 3 6 
Diffuse aurora, 11, 2 1 , 67, 354 
trough boundary, 353 -355 
undulations of boundary, 355 
Diffusion, 189, 380 -384 
and image formation, 3 8 0 - 3 8 9 
of large plasma structures, 438 
magnetic, 60 
Diffusion coefficient, 36 
electron, 189 
ion, 189 
role in ESF, 147-153 
Diffusive equilibrium, 189, 313 
Digisondes, 425 
Direct interaction approximation, 177-178 
Dispersion relation 
for drift waves, 150 
for electrojet waves, 168 
for ESF, 125 
for gravity waves, 225 
nonlinear two-stream, 416 
for Rayleigh-Taylor, 125 
for sound waves, 226 
for two-stream waves, 168 
Dissociative recombination, 7, 332 
Divergence of current, 33, 41 
Doppler spectra 
at 3 m in equatorial electrojet, 156, 161 
types in auroral electrojet, 397 -400 
Double probe electric field detectors, 4 4 9 -
452 
Drift 
curvature, 5 1 - 5 5 
diamagnetic velocity, 151 
gradient, 5 1 - 5 5 
meter, 4 4 1 - 4 4 4 
spaced receiver measurements, 4 3 6 - 4 3 7 
Drift waves (universal) 
collisional, 148-151 
collisionless, calculation for, 151 
density spectrum for, 153 
destabilizing influence of collisions, 151 
dispersion relation for, 150 
electric field power spectra for, 153 
in ESF, 147-154 
kinetic theory for, 154 
linear theory for, 148-151 
propagation mechanism for, 149 
DST, 468 
Dynamic resistance for a floating probe, 451 
Dynamo, 42, 208 
Ε 
Ε region, 5, 10 
instabilities at mid-latitudes, 252-257 
plasma instabilities, equatorial data base, 
154-166 
waves at high latitude, 396 -419 
Ε-region dynamo 
slab model, 87 
theory of, 8 3 - 9 2 , 217 -219 
Ecliptic plane, 16, 17 
476 Index 
Eddy growth rate 
in electrojet theory, 179 
in ESF, 141-143 
mixing at high latitudes, 377 
EIC 
excited by critical electron drift velocity, 3 9 4 -
395 ,415 
simulation, 4 1 8 - 4 1 9 
waves, 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 4 1 3 - 4 1 6 , 4 1 8 - 4 1 9 
Electric field 
ambipolar 
effect on images, 387 -389 
parallel, 189, 313 
perpendicular, 382 -386 
and auroral electrojet waves, 400 -401 
average pattern in the auroral oval, 275 -276 , 
292 
from barium cloud drifts, 82, 203, 454 -455 
corotation, 195, 2 7 2 - 2 7 3 , 327 -329 
corotation velocity, 195 
dawn-to-dusk, across the polar cap, 263, 267 
disturbance dynamo, 103 -104 ,216 
diurnal, 199-201 
due to gravity waves, 101 
generation, 41 
by ion drift technique, 4 4 1 - 4 4 4 
ionospheric weather in,101, 272 
by ISR technique, 4 2 7 - 4 3 0 
large poleward in trough, 350 -354 
in the magnetosphere, 19, 2 6 5 - 2 6 7 , 2 7 0 -
273 
mapping, 4 2 - 4 3 , 196, 263 
measurements on balloons, 275 
in the merging region, 289, 294-295 
mid-latitude ionosphere, 198-203 
parallel, 21 , 262 
penetrating, 
high-latitude, 9 6 - 1 0 1 , 215 
high-pass filter effect, 100-101 
theory of, 97 -101 
by probe technique, 449 -452 
reversal at the polar cap boundary, 267 
semidiurnal, 199-201 
in the solar wind, 18, 263-264 
Sq dynamo, 196 
in the trough, 350 -354 
vertical polarization at the magnetic equator, 
87, 155 
wave mapping, 410-411 
zonal equatorial, postsunset enhancement, 
68, 9 3 - 9 5 
Electrodynamics 
equatorial, summary of, 67 
forcing of the neutral atmosphere, 207, 216, 
333-341 
of tropical and mid-latitude zones, 198-203 
weather, 101, 104 
Electrojet 
auroral 
data set, 396 -402 
nonlinear theory, 4 1 6 - 4 1 7 
CONDOR data, 163-166 
eddy growth rate, 179 
electron density irregularities in, 163 
electrostatic waves in, 163-166 
equatorial, 8 3 - 9 2 
models for, 8 6 - 9 2 
instabilities, 1 6 7 - 1 7 7 , 4 0 6 - 4 1 9 
large-scale waves in, 161, 164- 165, 4 0 2 -
403 
nonlinear gradient drift theories for, 177— 
181 
radar data sets, 156- 161, 252 -257 , 3 9 7 -
400 
rocket data sets, 161-166, 400 -402 
supersonic flow in, 155 
threshold condition for wave growth, 172 
turbulence theory for, 177-181 
two-dimensionally turbulent, 177 
two-stream instability on top of, 166, 175 
type 1 waves in, 156-158 
type 2 waves in, 156- 158 
types 1-4, 398 
Electroject linear theory 
applied to rocket data, 173, 403 
derivation, 167-174 
summary of, 174 
Electron density profiles, 5 , 1 0 , 76, 87, 116, 
161, 163, 173 ,408 -409 
Electron heating due to electrojet waves, 4 1 1 -
413 
Electron temperature in the auroral electrojet, 
404 
Electron-ion collisions, 34 
Electron-neutral collisions, 34 
Electrons 
anomalous collisions, 416 -417 
multipliers of, 444 
precipitating, 8 - 1 3 , 265 -266 , 3 5 9 - 3 6 1 , 
4 4 8 - 4 4 9 
retardation region, 438 
saturation region of the Langmuir probe, 438 
Index 477 
Electrostatic ion cyclotron waves 
linear theory of, 3 9 4 - 3 9 5 , 415 
rocket data, 393 
Electrostatic wave measurements, 4 5 2 - 4 5 4 
Empirical representations of high-latitude con-
vection, 2 9 1 - 2 9 5 
End-plate shorting 
effects on ESF, 128, 138 
effect on Ε Χ Β instability, 247, 372, 377 
Energetic particle fluxes 
in cusp, 359-361 
at mid-latitudes, 233 -238 
Epsilon factor, 470 
Equation of state, 26 
Equatorial anomaly, 192-194 
Equatorial disturbance dynamo, 103-104 
Equatorial equivalent electric circuit, 80 
Equatorial spread F (ESF) 
anisotropy in, 143 
anomalous diffusion in, 141-142, 147 
backscatter calculations for, 153 
and barium clouds, 245 -247 
bottomside sinusoidal structure (BSS), 120 
bubbles in, 115, 122 
cascade process in, 147 
computer simulations, power spectrum pre-
dictions, 135-140 
critical height of, 125-126 
cross-field diffusion, 147 
diffusion coefficient, 141-142 , 147 
dispersion relation, 125 
drift waves in, 147-154 
end-plate shorting, 128, 138 
flute mode, 117 
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, 1 3 3 - 134 
kilometer scale in, 140-141 
linear theory of, 121-128 
linear theory summary, 128 
microphysics of, 141-142, 143-154 
nonlinear theories of, 135-143 
numerical simulations of, 135-139, 143 — 
146 
observations of, 113 - 1 2 0 
plumes, 114-116, 240 
radar maps, 114- 119 
seeding by gravity waves, 128-133 
short-wavelength waves in, 143-154 
simulation equations for, 135-136 
spatial resonance theory for, 129-132 
summary of, 154 
titled ionosphere, 132, 240 
turbulence theory, 141-143 
two-dimensional computer simulations of, 
135-140 
velocity shear, 133-134 
VHF scintillation, 119 
wave number power spectrum, 118 
Equatorial winds 
models for, 106-109 
observations of, 72, 109 
Equilibrium 
diffusive in the gravitational field, 188 - 190, 
313 
Perkins', 249 
Ε Χ Β instability, 239-247 
effect of Ε region, 247, 372, 377, 387 
effect of field-aligned currents, 373-377 
F 
F layer, 6 
dynamo, 7 1 - 8 3 , 2 0 3 - 2 1 3 , 216 -217 
valley, 221, 235 
F p e a k , 6 
F region, 5 
F-region dynamo, 7 1 - 8 3 , 2 0 8 - 2 1 3 
slab model, 76 
two-layer model, 78 
F-region plasma drift measurements, 6 5 - 6 9 , 
199-203 , 4 2 7 - 4 3 0 , 4 4 1 - 4 4 4 
F-region plasma dynamics during nighttime, 
203, 213 
Fabry-Perot data 
equatorial zone, 72, 109 
mid-latitude, 2 0 8 - 2 1 3 , 218 
Faraday ring ammeter, 449 
Farley-Buneman instability, 167, 405 
Field lines 
closed, 262, 263, 271, 287 -289 
equipotential, 4 1 , 263 
open, 2 6 2 - 2 6 3 , 285 -287 
Floating probe, 449 
Flow vorticity 
and auroral arcs, 366 -367 
and field-aligned currents, 366-367 
Fluxgate magnetometer, 304, 4 4 6 - 4 4 8 
Flywheel effect, 217, 295, 339 -340 
Formulas 
for Alfvén speed, 467 
for Debye length, 467 
for dipole field, 466 
for gyro frequencies, 466 
478 Index 
Formulas (continued) 
for gyro radii, 467 
for lower hybrid frequencies, 466 
for plasma beta, 467 
for thermal velocities, 467 
Fossil plume, 117-118 
Fountain effect, 192-193 
Four-cell convection pattern, 283 -284 
Frequency 
Brunt-Väisälä, 229 
electron-ion collision, 34, 463 
electron-neutral collision, 34, 462 
ion-neutral collision, 34, 460 
Fresnell filtering factor, 435 
Frictional force, 3 1 , 334 
Frozen-in condition, 60 
Frozen-in flux, 60, 285 
G 
Garden hose angle, 17 
Generalized E x B instability, 370-377 
Geocentric solar ecliptic (GSE) coordinates, 
16-17 
Geocorona, 190 
Gradient and tension forces, 5 8 - 5 9 , 265 
Gradient drift instability 
at high latitudes, 407-411 
linear theory for, 167-174 
waves in the equatorial electrojet, 161-165 
Gradient, pressure, 27 
Gravity waves, 223 -233 
dispersion relation for, 225 -226 
dissipation due to viscosity, 229 
electric field due to, 130 
equations of, 225 
growth, 226 -228 
role in layer formation, 230 -233 
seeding of ESF, 128-133 
Grids in plasma sensors, 440, 442 
Guiding center approximation, 4 9 - 5 5 
Gyrofrequencies, 466 
H 
Hall conductivity, 3 9 - 4 0 
height-integrated, 4 6 - 4 7 
Heat conduction 
and red arcs, 354-358 
to trough, 354 -358 
H F radar 
use at high latitudes, 3 9 0 - 3 9 1 , 433 
use at low latitudes, 155, 4 3 1 - 4 3 2 
Horizontal transport at high latitudes, 345-369 
Hough functions, 84 
Hydrodynamic equations for polar wind, 3 1 3 -
316 
Hydrogen ion cyclotron waves, 393 
Image 
of the anomaly, 194 
of auroral oval, 9, 11, 194, 365, 368 
of auroral substorm, 368 
of polar cap, 365 
of theta aurora, 365 
o fTMA trail, 227 
of turbulent aurora, 9 
Image formation, 3 8 0 - 3 9 0 
effect of electric field mapping, 382-385 
effect on F-region growth rate, 247 
example at low latitudes, 387 -389 
schematic diagram, 383 
IMF 
away, 1 6 - 1 7 , 274 
effect on equatorial Ε field, 9 5 - 1 0 2 
northward, 274 
convection models for, 290 
convection observations, 281 -284 
southward, 263, 274 
convection models for, 285 -290 
convection observations, 275-281 
toward, 1 6 - 1 7 , 274 
y component, 274, 278 
effect on convection, 278-281 
In situ tides, 84, 224 
Incoherent scatter 
drifts, limitations and interpretation of, 66 
radar, 4 2 5 - 4 2 6 
radar locations, 426 
radar technique, 2, 4 2 5 - 4 3 0 
Incompressible flow, 25, 123-124 , 233 
Incompressible fluid, 25 
Instability 
collisional ion cyclotron, 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 4 1 4 - 4 1 9 
current convective, 373-377 
physical picture, 373 
drift wave, physical picture, 148-151 
Ε-region, at mid-latitudes, 252 -257 
Index 479 
of Ε-region plasma, 167-174 
Ε-region plasma, data base, 154-166 
electrojet 
linear theories of, 167-174 
nonlinear theory of, 174-181 
Ε x Β 
at high latitudes, 370-377 
at mid-latitudes, 2 41 - 2 4 7 
physical picture, 122 
gradient drift 
linear theory for, 167-174 
physical picture, 169-171 
Kelvin-Helmholtz 
in ESF, 133-134 
at high latitudes, 3 9 5 - 3 9 6 
in trough, 358 
lower hybrid drift, 151-153 
Perkins', 247-252 
Rayleigh-Taylor 
gravitational, 121-127 
growth rate, 125 
hydrodynamic, 122 
physical picture, 122 
two-stream 
linear theory for, 167-174 
physical picture, 169-171 
on top of the electrojet, 173-175 
Insulating end plates, 77, 247 
Interferometer technique, 434 
Intermediate layer, 2 2 1 -2 22 
Intermediate-scale structure 
at high latitudes, 369 -380 
at low latitudes, 121-128 , 140-143 
Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), 1 6 - 1 9 , 
263, 274, 286, 289, 290 
Inviscid atmosphere, 224 
Ion 
acoustic speed, 156 
acoustic velocity saturation, 156-157 
composition, 6, 3 1 1 - 3 1 3 , 352 
cyclotron waves, 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 4 1 4 - 4 1 9 
drag, 29, 333 
drift meter technique, 4 4 1 - 4 4 4 
drift velocity, 66, 278-281 
high-altitude observations of flux, 319 
horizontal motion at mid-latitudes, 2 0 5 -
213 
light minor, 190, 311-312 
negative, 26 
nonthermal, in polar wind, 318 -319 
saturation region of the Langmuir probe, 
4 3 7 - 4 3 8 
Ion drag 
effect on thermospheric winds, 104-106, 
333 
superrotation role, 107 - 1 1 0 
Ionization profile, 5 
Ionosonde, 2 
Ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling, 2 6 8 -
270, 345 -369 
Ionospheric composition 
change at plasmapause, 3 1 1 - 3 1 3 , 352 
as a function of altitude, 6 - 7 
as a function of latitude, 311 -313 
at 1000 km, 312 
Ionospheric weather, 101, 104, 197 
Irregularities in the mid-latitude ionosphere, 
219 -257 
ISR 
capabilities, 4 2 5 - 4 3 0 
ion line, 4 2 7 - 4 2 9 
plasma line, 429 
spectrum, 427 
technique, 4 2 5 - 4 3 0 
J 
Jicamarca, Peru, 67, 426 
Jicarmarca average drift data, 6 7 - 6 9 
Jicarmarca drift technique, 6 6 - 6 7 
Joule dissipation, 6 1 , 270 
Joule heating 
due to Pedersen current, 270, 328 -329 
effect of neutral winds, 331 
J x B force, 5 6 - 5 9 , 216, 333-341 
Julian day, 274 
Κ 
Kadomtsev's strong turbulence—weak coupling 
equations 
applied to gradient drift turbulence, 177-181 
and electrojet waves, 177 
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability 
in ESF, 133-134 
high latitudes, 395, 396 
trough structure, 358 
Kilometer scale 
in Ε region, 1 5 9 - 1 6 1 , 163-165 
in ESF, 140-141 
480 Index 
Kinetic theory 
for collisional EIC waves, 4 1 4 - 4 1 9 
for drift waves, 151-152 
for two-stream waves, 173-175 
Kolmogorov spectrum, 141 
L 
L value, 274, 466 
Laboratory experiments, Farley-Buneman in-
stability, 4 0 5 - 4 0 6 
Landau damping, 428 
Langmuir probes, 4 3 7 - 4 3 9 
Large-scale structures in the high-latitude F re-
gion, 345-369 
Layer formation, 2 3 0 - 2 3 3 
Light ion acceleration, 190, 314 
Light ion trough, 312-313 
Light minor ions, 190, 312 
Limiting phase velocity, 156- 157 
Linear theory 
for auroral electrojet, 4 0 6 - 4 1 6 
for drift waves, 148 - 151 
of electrostatic ion cyclotron waves, 3 9 3 -
395 
of equatorial electrojet, 167-174 
Rayleigh-Taylor, 125 
Lower hybrid drift instability, 151-153 
M 
M values for various processes, 372 
Mach number, 316 
Magnetic activity indices, 4 6 8 - 4 6 9 
Magnetic analyzer, 4 4 4 - 4 4 6 
Magnetic dipole, 12, 286, 304 
Magnetic field 
diffusion, 60 
Earth's, 12, 286, 304 
frozen-in, 60, 285 
interplanetary (IMF), 1 6 - 1 9 , 263, 274 
spiral, 17 
surface measurements, 304 
Magnetic local time (MLT), 274 
Magnetic moment, 4 9 - 5 2 
Magnetic perturbation due to current sheet, 297 
Magnetic pressure, 5 9 - 6 0 , 265 
Magnetic storms, 13 
and trough formation, 353-355 
Magnetic substorm, 367 -369 , 470-471 
Magnetic tension, 59, 265 
Magnetohydrodynamic generator 
in the magnetosheath, 267 
in the solar wind, 264 
Magnetohydrodynamics, 5 5 - 6 1 
Magnetopause, 18 -20 
Magnetosheath, 20, 21 , 267 
plasma, 359-367 
Magnetosphere, 18 -20 
closed, 1 4 - 1 5 , 6 1 , 271, 288 
corotation in, 272 -273 
open, 19, 262, 286, 289 
Magnetotail, 19 -20 , 265, 285 
Mapping 
electric field, 4 2 - 4 7 , 263, 267 
of wave electric fields, 410 -411 
Mass spectrometer, 4 4 4 - 4 4 6 
Maxwell's equations, 32 
Mésosphère, 5 
Merging, 271, 2 8 5 - 2 8 7 , 294 
Metallic ions, 233 
MHD, 5 5 - 6 1 
generator, 18, 264, 267 
Mid-latitude trough 
due to large electric fields, 350 -354 
due to stagnation of flow, 323 -326 
Millstone Hill Observatory, 426 
Minor light ion outflow, 190, 316 
Miscellaneous formulas, 465 -467 
Mixing 
as an alternative to plasma instabilities, 3 7 7 -
380 
growth rate, 378 
turbulent, 377 -380 
MLT, 274 
Mobility, 36 
Models at high latitude 
analytic, for convection, 291-295 
of Birkeland current using two concentric 
rings, 298 
for northward IMF, 290 
for southward IMF, 285 -290 
of thermospheric wind, 106-109, 337-341 
Momentum, conservation of, 2 6 - 3 1 
Motor effect, 2 0 7 - 2 0 8 , 334 
Ν 
NBZ current system, 300-301 
Negative ions, 26 
Index 481 
Neutral atmosphere waves, 2 2 3 - 2 3 3 
Neutral parameters, tables, 4 5 9 - 4 6 2 
Neutral wind 
analytic solution for, 74 
model calculations, 106-109, 218, 3 3 7 -
341 
Nighttime layers over Arecibo, 220 -223 
Nonlinear dispersion relation, 416 
Nonlinear theories 
for auroral electrojet waves, 4 1 6 - 4 1 8 
for electrojet instabilities, 174-181 
for ESF, 135-143 
for type 3 waves, 4 1 8 - 4 1 9 
Ο 
One-dimensional spectrum 
simulation of, 1 4 3 , 4 1 8 - 4 1 9 
wave number power spectrum, 453 
Oscillations of the neutral atmosphere, 2 2 3 -
233 
Ρ 
Parallel conductivity, 39 
Parallel dynamics, 2 0 5 - 2 1 3 , 313-317 
Partially ionized gas, 2 5 - 2 6 
Particle precipitation 
at high latitudes, 8 - 1 3 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 3 5 4 - 3 6 2 , 
364-369 
at mid-latitudes, 233-238 
Pedersen conductivity, 39 
height-integrated, 4 6 - 4 7 , 265 
Penetration of high latitude electric fields, 9 6 -
101 
Perkins' instability, 247 -252 
Perpendicular diffusion coefficient, 380-387 
Phase spectrum, 436 
Photodissociation, 6, 26 
Photoionization, 6 
Plasma 
composition change at trough, 312, 352 
content enhancements due to heating, 3 6 3 -
364 
convection paths in sun-fixed coordinates, 
2 7 2 - 2 7 3 , 3 2 7 - 3 2 9 
density profile, typical, 5 
depletions, mid-latitude effect, 238-242 
expansion into a vacuum, 321 -322 
frequency, 466 
horizontal variations in high-latitude density, 
345 -369 
instabilities in the equatorial anomaly region, 
238 -242 
instabilities at mid-latitudes, 238 - 252 
patches in the polar cap, 348 -350 
perpendicular dynamics effect at high lati-
tudes, 3 2 2 - 3 3 3 , 3 4 5 - 3 6 9 
physics, 2 
rapid production in the dayside auroral oval, 
358-361 
reservoir, 197, 313 
scale height, 189, 313 
solar-produced, 5, 322 
transport and loss, effects on horizontal 
structure, 3 2 2 - 3 3 3 , 345 -369 
vorticity in, 366-367 
wedges, 238-242 
horizontal gradients due to, 239 
instability of, 2 3 9 - 2 4 2 
Plasma shear 
equatorial measurements of, 82 
equatorial, theories for, 83 
instability of, 133-134, 358, 395 -396 
Plasma sheet, 2 0 - 2 1 , 265 
inner edge, 350 -354 
Plasma structuring at high latitudes 
by electric fields, 350 -358 
by a flow field, 351 
by heating, 363-364 
by mixing, 377 -380 
by precipitation, 358-362 
by recombination, 323-328 
Plasmapause, 196-197 , 272 
Plasmasphere, 196-197, 272 -273 
Plumes 
in ESF, 114-119 
fossil, 118-119 
growth on the tilted ionosphere, 126-127 
Polar cap 
antisunward flow in, 263 
aurora, 364-367 
image of, 365, 368 
potential drop, as a function of IMF, 295, 296 
potential drop across, 276, 295, 296 
sunward flow in, 2 8 2 - 2 8 3 
Polar hole, 3 2 6 - 3 2 9 
Polar rain, 348 
Polar wind 
boundary conditions, 318 
482 Index 
Polar wind (continued) 
fluid approach, 313-317 
hydrodynamic equations, 315 
kinetic approach, 319-322 
and nonthermal ions, 318 
Postsunsetequatorial electric field enhancement 
observations, 6 8 - 6 9 
theory, 9 2 - 9 5 
Potential drop 
across the polar cap, 2 9 5 - 2 9 6 
across the trough, 351 
Poynting flux, 6 1 , 270 
Pressure gradient, 27, 59, 265 
Probe techniques, 4 3 7 - 4 4 1 , 4 4 9 - 4 5 4 
Project CONDOR, 141, 163-166 
Pulse transmission, 395 -396 
Pure two-stream 
in the auroral electrojet, 400, 411 
in the equatorial electrojet, 164- 166 
Q 
Quadropole radio frequency spectrometer, 
444 
R 
Radar aurora, 397 
Radar maps, 114-119, 356 -357 , 362, 366 
Radar observatories, 426 
Radio wave propagation, 1-2, 4 2 5 - 4 3 7 
Radiowave techniques in ionospheric physics, 
2, 425 -437 
Range gate, 427 
Rayleigh-Taylor instability 
generalized, 126-128 
gravitational, 121-125 
growth rate, 125 
hydrodynamic, 121-122 
physical picture, 122 
Recombination, 6 - 7 , 25, 233 
damping, 172, 406 
dissociative, 6 - 7 , 332 
enhancement due to large electric fields, 332, 
353-354 
radiative, 7 
rate of metallic ions, 7, 233 
Reconnection, 18 -19 
Reference frame 
corotating, 195-197 
rotating, 2 9 - 3 0 
sun-fixed, 2 7 2 - 2 7 3 , 326-329 
transformations, 3 5 - 3 6 
Reference ionospheres, 5, 76, 460 
Reflected signal from ionosonde, 425 
Refraction and HF radars, 431 , 433 
Region 1/region 2 currents, 265, 298 -304 
Reservoir for plasma, 197 
Retarding potential analyzers, 439-441 
Richardson number, 135 
Ring current, 20, 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 350-353 
shielding theory, 271 -273 
R P A , 4 3 9 - 4 4 1 
S 
Satellite neutral wind measurements, 72 
Scattering 
theory, 4 2 6 - 4 2 9 
from thermal fluctuations, 425 -430 
Scintillation 
at the equator, 119 
at mid-latitudes, 240 - 242 
Scintillation technique, 4 3 4 - 4 3 7 
Semidiurnal electric field, 199-201 
Semidiurnal tides, 200, 2 1 7 - 2 1 9 
Sheared flow 
at the equator, 96, 133-134 
at high latitudes, 358, 395 - 396 , 414 
and ion cyclotron waves, 414 
Sheath, 4 3 7 , 4 4 9 - 4 5 1 
Simulation 
of BSS, 143-146 
of EIC, 4 1 8 - 4 1 9 
numerical, of gradient drift waves, 177 
of Rayleigh-Taylor, 135-139, 143-146 
Singularity in polar wind equations, 3 1 5 - 3 
Small-scale waves 
in the equatorial F region, 143-154 
in the high-latitude F region, 390 -396 
Solar maximum plasma blobs, 361 
Solar wind, 1 7 - 1 8 , 263 -264 , 285 -291 
as a current or voltage source, 269 -270 
Space plasma physics, 2 
Spacecraft potential, 437, 449-451 
Spatial resonance theory for ESF, 128-133 
Spatial variations in high-latitude flow, 347 
354 
Sporadic Ε layer, 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 , 2 3 0 - 2 3 7 , 253 
255 
Index 483 
Sq current system, 8 4 - 8 6 
St. Santin Radar Observatory, 426 
Stabilization due to velocity shear, 134, 247 
Stagnation 
in the polar hole region, 3 2 6 - 3 2 9 
in the trough region, 3 2 3 - 3 2 6 
Stratosphere, 5 
Striations 
barium cloud, 2 4 1 - 2 4 7 
image, in background ionoshere, 247, 382 
Substorm recovery effect on electric field, 9 6 -
102 
Sudden commencement, 470 -471 
Sun-fixed reference frame, 2 7 2 - 2 7 3 
Sunward flow 
in the auroral oval, 2 6 5 - 2 6 7 , 2 7 2 - 2 7 3 
in the polar cap, 282 
Superrotation of upper atmosphere, 107 - 1 1 0 
Supersonic transition, 3 1 5 - 3 1 7 
Τ 
Tables of neutral parameters, 461 - 4 6 2 
Temperature profile, 5 
Tensor 
conductivity, 39, 40 
height-integrated conductivity, 4 6 - 4 7 
Thermal fluctuations, 4 2 6 - 4 2 8 
Thermite chemical reaction, 454 
Thermosphère, 5 
Theta aurora, 365 
Thin screen approximation, 4 3 5 - 4 3 6 
Thin-shell dynamo equation, 8 8 - 9 1 
Threshold 
for EIC, 3 9 5 - 3 9 6 , 415 
for electrojet, 172 
Tidal theory, 8 4 - 8 5 
Tides 
atmospheric, theory of, 8 4 - 8 5 
in situ, 84, 224 
diurnal, 84, 224 
upward propagating, 8 4 - 8 5 , 200, 2 1 7 - 2 1 9 
Tilted ionosphere 
effect on ESF, 127 
plume growth on, 131 - 1 3 2 
Total electron content (TEC), 240-241 
Tradex radar on Kwajalein, 143 
Transition zone between mid- and high lati-
tudes, 213-217 
Traveling disturbances 
ionospheric, 106 
model calculations of, 108 
Trimethyl aluminum (TMA) trail, 227, 3 3 4 -
336 
Tropical zone, 2 0 3 - 2 1 3 
Troposphere, 5 
Turbopause, 4 
Turbulence 
cascade at high latitudes, 391 
at high latitudes, 377 -380 
inertial subrange, 180 
viscous subrange, 180 
Turbulence theory 
in the electrojet, 177-181 
for ESF, 141 
Turbulent mixing, 377 -380 
Two-cell convection pattern, 267, 2 7 1 - 2 7 2 , 
279 -282 
Two-dimensionally turbulent electrojet, 164 -
166, 177-181 
Two-stream at high latitudes, 3 9 7 - 4 0 4 , 4 0 6 -
4 0 7 , 4 1 1 - 4 1 3 
Two-stream instability theory, 167-171 
Two-stream waves 
determinant of coefficients, 168 
dispersion relation, 168 
ion inertia in, 171 
kinetic theory for, 174-175 
Type 1 and type 2 irregularities, summary, 156-
158, 398 ,411 
Type 3 radar echoes, 398, 4 1 3 - 4 1 6 , 4 1 8 - 4 1 9 
Type 4 radar echoes, 398, 411 - 4 1 3 , 4 1 6 - 4 1 7 
Types 1, 2, 3 , and 4 waves at high latitudes, 398 
U 
Ultraviolet radiation, 4 - 5 
Upward propagating tides, 8 4 - 8 5 
V 
Vapor trail trimethyl aluminum (TMA), 227, 
334 -336 
Velocity 
corotation, 195 
critical electron drift, 172 
ion acoustic, saturation, 1 6 0 - 1 6 1 , 3 9 8 - 3 9 9 , 
405 
ion drift, 66 
limiting phase, 157 ,416 -417 
484 Index 
Velocity shear 
in ESF, 133-135 
at high latitudes, 358, 395 -396 , 414 
as a stabilizing factor, 134 
Viscosity, 2 7 - 2 8 
Viscous interaction, 14 -15 
Visible aurora, 9, 11, 2 6 6 - 2 6 7 , 355, 365, 368 
Vorticity, 366 -367 
W 
Waves 
Alfvén, 3 9 5 - 3 9 6 
auroral electrojet, nonlinear theories, 4 1 6 -
419 
coherent 
in EIC process, 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 4 1 3 - 4 1 6 
in the electrojet, 175, 400 -402 
collisional EIC, kinetic theory of, 415 
drift, 148-151 
EIC, 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 4 1 3 - 4 1 5 , 4 1 8 - 4 1 9 
electric field mapping, 410-411 
electrojet, threshold condition for growth, 
172 
electrostatic 
in the electrojet, 167-177, 3 9 6 - 4 0 3 
measurements of, 4 5 2 - 4 5 3 
electrostatic ion cyclotron, linear theory of, 
3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 4 1 5 
gradient drift 
at the equator, 171 - 174 
at high latitudes, 407-411 
at mid-latitudes, 252 -257 
gravity, 223-229 
ion cyclotron, 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , 4 1 3 - 4 1 6 
aspect angle, 416 
interferometer observations, 414 
large-scale 
in electrojet, 159, 161, 163-165 
at mid-latitudes, 252-257 
long-wavelength, in the auroral electrojet, 
4 0 0 - 4 0 3 , 4 1 0 - 4 1 1 
neutral atmosphere, 2 2 3 - 2 2 9 
radio, propagation of, 2, 425 -437 
secondary gradient drift, 174- 177 
secondary two-stream, 174-177 
short-wavelength in ESF, 143-154 
two-stream, 1 6 9 - 1 7 1 , 397 -404 , 4 0 6 - 4 0 7 , 
4 1 1 - 4 1 3 
type 1, in the equatorial electrojet, 156- 158 
type 2, in the equatorial electrojet, 156- 158 
types 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the auroral electrojet, 
397 -398 
velocity shear driven, 133-134, 358, 3 9 5 -
396, 414 
Weak scattering, thin screen approximation, 
4 3 4 - 4 3 7 
Whistler electric field technique, 44 
Wind shear theory, 2 3 0 - 2 3 3 
Work function and electric field measurements, 
450-451