Index_2021_The-Effect-of-Long-Term-Thermal-Exposure-on-Plastics-and-Elastome

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333
Index
A
Absolute real operating (ARO), 8
Acetal polymers, 261
Acid dianhydride, 123
Acid scavenger, 7, 83, 179
Acrylic resins, 192
Acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, 307
types of, 307
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) 
copolymer, 27, 65
advantage of, 65
component of, 67f
grades available, 66
polymerization of, 66f
stabilization, 67
thermal oxidation, 66
Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), 76
Adipic acid, 152
American Society for Testing and Materials 
(ASTM), 41
Amide-imide polymers, polymer unit of, 
118t, 119t
Amino acids, chemical structures of, 138f
Amorphous fluoropolymer, 225
structure of, 226f
Amorphous nylon, 140
Amorphous polyamide, 139
Antiblock additives, 29 See also Plastic 
compositions
Antioxidants
phenolic, 3, 3f
secondary, 4
Antistats, 30 See also Plastic compositions
Arrhenius Equation, 10
ASTM E1641-18 Standard Test Method, 11
B
Benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer, 190, 191f
Benzoxazolines, 6
Biochemicals, 313
Biocides, 31 See also Plastic compositions
Biodegradable plastics, 313
Biphenyl-stilbenes, 6
Bis-benzoxazolyl-stilbene, 6
chemical structure of, 6f
curves for, 6f
4,4’-bisphenol a dianhydride (BPADA), 123, 
123f, 124f
Block copolymers, 186
Block techniques, 277
Brighteners, types of, 6
Bromobutyl rubber, 297
Bruceton Staircase method, 51
Butadiene, 65
C
Carboxylated nitrile (XNBR), 308
Catalysts, 29 See also Plastic compositions
Celanese Celanex PBT products, 87
Celanese Hostaform C 9021, 265f
Celanese Riteflex thermoplastic copolyester 
elastomers, molecular structure, 286f
Celcon acetal copolymer, 264f
Cellulose acetate, 315
Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), 315, 317f
Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP), 316, 318f
Cellulose-based materials, 313
Cellulose-based plastics, 314
Chain breaking antioxidants, 3
Chlorobutyl rubber, 297
CIE (International Commission on 
Illumination), 35
Cold NBR, 307
Color, of plastic materials/elastomers, 35
Combustion modifiers, 29
Composites, 28
Compostable plastics, 313
Continuous use temperature (CUT), 8
Copolyesters, 112
Copolymer
heterophasic, 186
homophasic, 185
Coumarins, 6
Creep, 1
accelerating, 18
apparent, 23
illustration of, 17f
measures of, 19
modulus, 22
primary, 18
steady state, 18
strength and rupture strength, 24
stress, strain, and time, 19
tertiary, 18
transient, 18
variation of, 23f
Creep-aging under stress, 16
categories and stages, 18
measures of creep, 19
creep modulus, 22
creep strength and rupture strength, 24
stress, strain, and time, 19
Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), 187, 188f
1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM), 112
Cytop amorphous fluoropolymer, 227f
D
Desiccants, 31 See also Plastic compositions
Diacid, 83, 137, 138f
Dialcohol, 83
Diamine, 137, 138f
1,4-Diaminobutane, 152
Diazoles, 6
Didodecyl-3,3’-thiodipropionate, chemical 
structure of, 5f
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 
14, 16
heat-flux, 14, 14f
and lifetime prediction, 14
OIT curve in, 16f
polyethylene terephthalate, 15f
power-compensated, 14, 14f
Dimensional shrinkage versus aging time, 
272f
1,12-dodecanedioic acid, 163
Drop dart impact test, 51
DuPont, 128
Durometer
handheld and stand-mounted, 40f
hardness, 39
test, 40f, 40t
Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis 
(DMTA), 59
E
Elastic recovery, 17
Elmendorf tear strength, 53, 54f
Energy to puncture, 50
Epitaxial co-crystalline perfluoropolymer 
(ECC), 227
Ethylene glycol (EG), 112
Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), 282
Ethylene-TFE copolymer (ETFE), 220
grades of fluon, 222t
Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, 
199, 200f, 310
EVA polymers, structure of, 311f
Expanded PS (EPS), 67
Extruded polystyrene (XPS), 67
ExxonMobil Chemical Santoprene 64 Shore 
A, 283t
ExxonMobil Chemical Santoprene 87 Shore 
A, 284t
ExxonMobil Chemical Santoprene 55 Shore 
A grades, 282t
F
Flexural properties, of plastics, 49
Flexure creep, 17
Fluorescent activity, 6
Fluorine, 216
Fluoroelastomers (FKM), 298f, 303t
types of, 303
Page numbers followed by “f ” and “t” indicate, figures and tables respectively.
334 Index 
G
Glass transition temperature, 59
mechanical methods, 59
thermal mechanical analysis, 59
thermal methods, 60
Gloss measurement, of plastic materials/
elastomers, 37
Glossmeter, 38
Grilamid TR55, 139, 139f
H
Hardness, of plastic materials/elastomers, 39
durometer, 39
Rockwell, 41
Haze measurement, 38
Heat deflection temperature (HDT), 56, 58f
1,6-hexamethylenediamine, 163
High-density PE (HDPE), 178
High impact PS (HIPS), 69
High-speed puncture test, of plastics, 49
Hot NBR, 307
HunterLab color measurement instrument, 38
Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber 
(HNBR), 308
Hydroperoxides, 4, 5f
Hydrotalcite, 7
4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 83
I
Imidazolines, 6
Immiscible blends, 27
Instron Universal materials testing machine, 
41, 45f
International Organization for 
Standardization (ISO), 41
Inversions, 214
Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer, 297
Isochronous creep plot, 19
Isometric curves, 21
Isophthalic acid (IPA), 166
Isothermal test temperature, 16
Isothermal thermogravimetric analysis 
(TGA), 263f, 266f
K
Kevlar, 172
L
Linear low-density PE (LLDPE), 177
Liquid crystalline polymers (LCP), 83, 85f, 
86f
Low-density PE (LDPE), 177
M
Medium-density PE (MDPE), 178
Melt flow index, 56, 56f
Melting point, of plastics, 58
Melt volume rate (MVR), 56
Metal deactivators, 4
4-methylpentene-1-based polyolefin, 189
Monomer, chemical structures of, 117f
N
Natural rubber, 303t
Nomex, 172, 173
Nylon, 137
Nylon 6, 140, 142
Nylon 11, 146
Nylon 12, 149
Nylon 46, 152, 152f
Nylon 66, 155, 155f
Nylon 612, 163
Nylon 666 or 66/6, 164
O
Odor absorbers, 31 See also Plastic 
compositions
Olefin, 177
Olefinic TPEs (TPO), 282
Optical brighteners, 6, 83, 139
Oven aging tests, 8
Oxidative-induction time (OIT), 16
P
PACM 12 semicrystalline polyamide, 
chemical structure of, 140f
PAMXD6 polyarylamide, chemical structure 
of, 165f
Parylene (poly(p-xylylene), 257
Peroxide method, 178
Phenolic antioxidants, 3, 3f, 67, 70, 83, 139
Phosphite, 4, 67, 83
Phosphonites antioxidant, 4
Plastic compositions, 26
additives, 26
antiblock additives, 29
antistats, 30
biocides, 31
catalysts, 29
combustion modifiers, fire, flame 
retardants, 29
coupling agents, 30
desiccants, 31
fillers, reinforcement, composites, 27
impact modifiers and tougheners, 29
nucleating agents, 30
odor absorbers, 31
oxygen scavengers, 31
pigments, extenders, dyes, mica, 30
plastic composition, 31
plasticizers, 30
radiation stabilizers, 29
release agents, 29
slip additives, 29
thermal stabilizers, 30
Plasticizers, 30 See also Plastic compositions
Plastics
materials, heating on, 1
mechanical testing of, 41, 42t, 43t
Charpy impact strength, 51, 52f, 53t
drop dart impact test, 51
flexural properties, 49
gardner impact strength, 53
Izod impact strength, 51, 52f, 53t
puncture and impact properties, 49
rigidity of, 47
shear properties, 48
tear properties, 53
tensile properties, 41
toughness, 55
thermal property testing of, 56
glass transition temperature, 59
heat deflection temperature, 56
melt flow index, 56
melting point, 58
vicat softening temperature, 58
Plastics Design Library (PDL), 1
Polyacrylics, 192
Polyamide 6, 140
Polyamide 11, 146
Polyamide 12, 149, 149f
Polyamide 46, 152
Polyamide 66, 155
Polyamide 612, 163
Polyamide 666, 164
Polyamide alloys, 167
Polyamide copolymers, 139
Polyamide-imide (PAI), 117
Polyamides (PA), 137
monomers and, 137t
thermooxidation of, 139
stabilization, 139
Polyanhydrides, 330
Polyaramid, 172
Polyarylamide (PAA), 165
Polyaryl ether ketone (PAEK), 231, 233
Polyaryl ether ketone polymers, 232t
Polybenzimidazole (PBI), 255
structure of, 255
Polybutadiene, 65, 27
Polybutylene naphthalate (PBN), 111
Polybutylene succinate (PBS), 330
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), 85, 89f
Polycarbonate (PC), 81, 97
chemical structure of, 97f
copolymer, 97
properties of, 97
stabilization, 98
thermal oxidative properties, 98
Polychloroprene, 298
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)
attributes of, 218
structure, 216, 216f
Poly (4,4´-isopropylidenediphenylene 
terephthalate/isophthalate) 
copolymer, 115,115f
Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate 
(PCT), 114, 114f
Polyester-based TPUs, 279
Polyesters, 83
chemical structure of, 84f
thermal decomposition of, 84f
thermal degradation of, 83
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), 231
Polyetherimide (PEI), 120
Polyether ketone (PEK), 236
Polyethersulfone (PES), 251, 252f
Polyethylene (PE), 177
crystal structure, 179f
stabilization, 179
thermooxidative degradation, 178
Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), 111, 111f
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 101
amorphous, 101
chemical structure of, 101f
semicrystalline, 101
stabilization, 102
 Index 335
Polyethylene, thermal decomposition of, 12f
Polyflon M-111, 205
Polyimide (PI), 126, 127f
Polymer, 1
blends, multiphase, 27
nomenclature, 33
thermal and oxidative degradation cycle, 2f
Polymerization of chloroprene, 298f
Polymetaphenylene isopthalamide, 173
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 192, 192f
Poly-4-methyl-1-pentene (PMP), 189, 190f
Polyolefin, 177
polyethylene, 177
stabilization, 179
thermooxidative degradation, 178
polypropylene, 185
stabilization, 186
thermooxidative degradation, 186
resins, 16
Polyolefin TPE (TPO) material, 282
Polyoxymethylene (POM), 261
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO), 59, 269
Polyphenylene (PPE) plastics, 269
Polyphenylene rigid rod polymer, 274f
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 242
data for, 243
high molecular weight, 242
structure of, 242f
Polyphthalamide/high-performance 
polyamide (PPA), 166
Polypropylene (PP), 177, 185
homopolymers, 185
impact copolymers, 186
properties of, 186
random copolymers, 185
stabilization, 186
thermooxidative degradation, 186
Polysiloxanes, 296f
Polysiloxane/silicone rubber, 296
Polystyrene (PS), 27, 67
applications and uses, 71
chemical structure of, 73f
forms of, 68
stabilization, 70
thermal degradation, 69
thermooxidation pathways of, 74f
Polysulfone (PSU), 248
structure of, 249f, 250f
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 203, 205f
ball and stick three-dimensional 
representation of, 205f
chemical structure of, 204f
crystalline region, 203
degradation rates of, 205t
Dyneon TFM, 203
thermogravimetric analysis, 206f
three-dimensional representation of, 205f
Polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), 293
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 195
radical generation in, 196f
stabilization, 196
thermal degradation of, 195, 195f
thermogravimetric analysis of, 196f
Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 214
applications, 215
description, 215
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 218
Puncture strength, 50
R
Radiation or electron-beam method, 178
Radiation stabilizers, 29 See also Plastic 
compositions
Recycling, 31
Relative temperature index (RTI), 8
Rigidity, of plastics materials, 47
Rilsan PA 11, 146
Rockwell, 39, 41f
S
SABIC Innovative Plastics, 125
Screeners, 70
Self-reinforced polymers (SRP), 274
Shear properties, of plastics, 48
Silane method, 178
Silicones, 296
Solvay AvaSpire PAEK product line, 236f
Solvay KetaSpire KT-820 NT, 233t
Spherulites, 30
Styrene, 65, 66f
Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), 65, 72, 78f
Styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBC), 295
schematic of, 295f
Styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR), 309
stress-strain diagram of, 310f
structure of, 309f
Styrenic blends/alloys, 81
Styrenic block copolymer, 295
Styrofoam, 67
T
6-3-T amorphous nylon, chemical structure 
of, 140f
Tear properties, of plastics, 53
elmendorf tear strength, 53, 54f
trouser tear resistance, 54, 54f
Teflon NXT Resins, 203
Tensile creep, 17
Tensile properties, of plastics, 41
Tensile strength versus aging time, 272f
Terephthalic acid (TPA), 166
Thermal analysis, 10
DSC and lifetime prediction, 14
oxidative-induction time, 16
TGA and lifetime prediction, 10
thermogravimetric analysis, 10
Thermal decomposition, 10
Thermal degradation
chemistry, 1, 2t
of polyesters, 83
Thermal/heat aging testing, 7
oven aging tests, 8
thermal analysis, 10
DSC and lifetime prediction, 14
oxidative-induction time, 16
TGA and lifetime prediction, 10
thermogravimetric analysis, 10
Thermal index, 119
Thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), 59
Thermal oxidation, 1, 66
Thermal stabilization, mechanisms of, 2
acid scavengers, 7
metal deactivators, 4
optical brighteners, 6
phenolic antioxidants, 3, 3f
secondary antioxidants, 4
Thermal stabilizers, 30 See also Plastic 
compositions
Thermobalance, 10
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 
10, 314
Thermooxidation, of polyamides, 139
Thermoplastic amorphous polymers, 117
Thermoplastic copolyester elastomers 
(TPE-E), 286
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), 277
advantages, 277
categories, 278
category of, 277
Thermoplastic PI (TPI), 128
Thermoplastic polyether block polyamide 
elastomers (TPA-ET), 293
Thermoplastic polyetherimides, 120
Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers 
(TPU), 278, 278f
Thermoplastic starch (TPS), 318
Thioethers, 4
2,2’-(2,5-thiophenediyl)bis(5-tert-
butylbenzoxazole), 7f
Thiosynergists, 4, 70
TORLON polymers, 119
Toughness, of plastics, 55
Triazine-stilbenes7, 6
Triazoles, 6
Trinonylphenol phosphite, chemical 
structure of, 4f
Tristimulus coefficients, 39t
Trouser tear resistance, 54, 54f
U
Ube Industries Upilex (UIP), 127f
Ultra-high molecular weight PE 
(UHMWPE), 178
Ultra-low-density PE (ULDPE), 177
U Polymer, 115
V
Very low-density PE (VLDPE), 177
Vicat softening temperature, 58, 58f
Vinyl benzene. See Styrene
Vinyl chloride, 177
Viton GF fluorocarbons, 303
Vulcanizates, 298
Y
Yellowness index (YI), 38, 316f
Yellowness index of Solvay Solexis 
Halar, 225f
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 226f
	Index