Contents_2024_Flame-Retardant-Nanocomposites

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Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xi
1. Introduction to flame retardant systems 1
Günter Beyer
1.1 Introduction to flame retardant polymer systems 1
References 21
2. Nanoparticles for flame retardancy in polymer systems 23
Cheng Wang and Siqi Huo
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Flame retardant polymer nanocomposite based on single
nano-additive 24
2.3 Flame retardant polymer nanocomposites via the combination
of different nano-additives 41
2.4 Conclusion 44
References 44
3. Flame retardant testing 51
Franck Poutch
3.1 Fire development 51
3.2 Fire dynamics 53
3.3 Overview of regulation and testing in building 58
3.4 Overview of regulation and testing in transportation 72
3.5 Lithium batteries fires 102
Glossary 111
References 114
4. Flame retardant properties of polymer nanocomposites based
on new layered structure nanoparticles 117
Hafezeh Nabipour and Sohrab Rohani
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 Flame retardant mechanism of polymer materials 120
4.3 2D layered nanomaterial-based flame retardant nanocomposites 123
4.4 Conclusion 147
References 148
vi Contents
5. Flame retardant properties of polymer/graphene nanocomposites 159
Cheng-Fei Cao, Guo-Tao Zhu and Long-Cheng Tang
5.1 Introduction 159
5.2 Properties and modification of graphene and its derivatives 160
5.3 Graphene reinforced flame retardant polymer nanocomposites 167
5.4 Conclusion and future prospects 186
References 190
6. Flame retardant properties of metal oxide/polymer nanocomposites 201
Qianlong Li and Ye-Tang Pan
6.1 Introduction 201
6.2 Aluminum hydroxides 202
6.3 Magnesium hydroxides 206
6.4 Titanium dioxides 209
6.5 Molybdenum disulfides 212
6.6 Metal-organic frameworks 215
6.7 Conclusion and future prospects 220
References 220
7. Flame-retardant properties of POSS/polymer nanocomposites 225
Rui Wang, Jing Zhang, Jianfei Wei and Wenqing Wang
7.1 Introduction 225
7.2 POSS-based flame retardants incorporated into polymer via
physical mixing 229
7.3 POSS as a reactive comonomer for flame retardant modification
in polymers 236
7.4 POSS-based flame retardants application in fabric finishing 244
7.5 POSS application in flame retardant multifunctional coatings 250
7.6 Challenges 250
7.7 Summary 251
Appendix 252
References 257
8. Flame-retardant properties of fullerene and nanodiamond-based
polymer nanocomposites 263
Ümit Tayfun and Mehmet Doğan
8.1 Introduction 263
8.2 Fullerenes and their applications 264
8.3 Nanodiamonds and their applications 272
8.4 Conclusion and future prospects 277
References 277
9. Flame-retardant properties of MXene-based polymer nanocomposites 287
Kaili Gong and Keqing Zhou
9.1 Introduction 287
Contents vii
9.2 Synthesis of MXene 288
9.3 Flame-retardant mechanism of MXene 296
9.4 Flame retardancy of MXene/polymer composites 297
9.5 Functionalized MXene for flame retardancy 310
9.6 Conclusion 313
References 314
10. Biobased nanoparticles as flame retardant for polymers 321
Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat, Lee Seng Hua and Widya Fatriasari
10.1 Introduction 321
10.2 Availability and structure of flame retardant from biobased material 322
10.3 The preparation method, characterization, and properties
of biobased fire retardant 339
10.4 Conclusion 346
References 347
11. Flame retardant nanocomposites in various key application sectors 355
Giulio Malucelli
11.1 Introduction 355
References 366
12. Environmental challenges and perspectives in the development of
nanocomposites for enhanced flame-retardant properties 369
Joana Beigbeder and José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
12.1 Introduction 369
12.2 Scientific and technological challenges for the use of the different
types of nanoparticles in flame retardant systems 371
12.3 Health impacts related to the use of nanoparticles in flame
retardant systems 393
12.4 Environmental assessment of nanocomposites regarding the
fire reaction of polymer materials 398
12.5 Conclusion 409
References 411
Index 425
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