MORPHOLOGY Aula 1

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MORPHOLOGY
Basic Notions
DEFINITIONS
1. Define morphology
Morphology is that part of linguistics which
involves the word structure and systematic
relations between words. It is the study of the
structure and form of words in language,
including inflection, derivation and the
formation of compounds. Morphology studies
patterns of word formation within and across
languages and attempts to formulate rules
that model the knowledge of the speakers of
those languages.
DEFINITIONS
2. Define morpheme
It is a word or part of a word that has
meaning;
It cannot be divided into smaller
meaningful parts without violation of its
meaningless remainders; It recurs in
differing verbal environments with a
relatively stable meaning.
DEFINITIONS
3. Define and exemplify: 
A) Free morpheme
These morphemes can be utter alone with 
meaning.
B) Bound morpheme
These morphemes cannot be utter alone with 
meaning.
• Dancing Danc [e] {-ing}
DEFINITIONS
C) Affixes and their classification
Affixes are bound morphemes that occur 
before, within and after a base.
They are classified as Prefixes, Infixes and 
Suffixes.
Prefixes occur before a base, they are in 
small number, infixes have been inserted 
within a word and suffixes occur after a 
base and may pile up to three or four.
DEFINITIONS
• By definition, the root is that part of the word 
that remains when every other part is 
removed because it carries the core meaning 
of the word. The root is the free morpheme of 
the word. 
• Look at the word UNFAITHFULNESS. The 
first word you will have been FAITH. It is this 
word that you begin to modify to have other 
words. 
• Look at UNSATISFACTORILY for example. 
You first have satisfy. Then, satisfactory. 
Then, satisfactorily. 
Then, UNSATISFACTORILY..
DEFINITIONS
• The base is the level ground that a tree 
can grow on. So, the base is that part that 
can accept the growth of any tree. 
Therefore, the base, by definition, is that 
part of the word to which any affix can be 
added. 
• For example, in the word 
UNFORTUNATELY, we have UN-FORTUNE-
ATE+LY. FORTUNE is the root. It is also the 
base for FORTUNATE and FORTUNATE is 
the base of FORTUNATELY because it can 
accept an affix or modification and 
FORTUNATELY is the base to 
UNFORTUNATELY. 
DEFINITIONS
• The stem is the whole tree. So, it is the stem 
of the word. It is the word in the last stage 
before an inflectional affix is added. 
The STEM is that part to which the last affix is 
added, and this is usually an inflectional 
affix. 
• For example, the word DRIVERS. DRIVE is 
the root and adding ER derives a new word 
but adding S to the word does not derive 
something new. You see DRIVER being the 
part that the last inflectional affix is added? 
That’s the stem.
INFLECTIONAL 
AFFIXES
Examples Name
Dogs, oxen, mice Noun plural
Boy’s Noun singular 
possessive
Boys’, men’s Noun plural 
possessive
Dances, eats, 
drives
Present third-person 
singular
discussing Present participle
Chewed, rode Past tense
Chewed, eaten, 
swum
Past participle
Bolder, sooner, 
nearer
Comparative 
Boldest, soonest, 
nearest
Superlative
INFLECTIONAL 
AFFIXES
• The words to which these affixes are 
attached are called stem.
• Stem includes the base or bases and all 
the derivational affixes.
• Playboys = Playboy
• Beautified = Beautiful
Inflectional suffixes differ from the 
derivational affixes in the following way, to 
which there are few exceptions.
➢They do not change the part of speech
sled, sleds (nouns)
➢They come last in a word
shortened, villainies, industrializing
➢They go with all stems of a given part of 
speech
He eats, drinks, dreams
➢They do not pile up; only one ends a word
flakes, working, higher, written
INFLECTIONAL 
AFFIXES
PRACTICE
• Write the morphemic symbol and name 
for inflectional affix in boldface type. 
1. The flagpole stood in front of Main Hall
2. Four pledges were initiated
3. Shirley pledges to do her best
4. The pledge’s shirt was torn
5. We were discussing the editorial
6. The novel was shorter than I expected
7. They waited at the dock
8. Which is the longest route?
9. Have you taken calculus yet?
ANSWER 
KEY
The flagpole stood in front of Main Hall – {-D pt}
Four pledges were initiated – {-s pL}
Shirley pledges to do her best– {-s 3d}
The pledge’s shirt was torn– {-s sg ps}
We were discussing the editorial– {-ing vb}
The novel was shorter than I expected– {-er cp}
They waited at the dock– {-D pt}
Which is the longest route? – {-est sp}
Have you taken calculus yet? – {-D pp}
DERIVATIONAL 
SUFFIXES
Derivational suffixes consist of all the 
suffixes that are not inflectional
➢Important characteristics of derivational 
suffixes
Arbitrary matter
To make a noun from the verb adorn we 
must add {-ment}
To make a noun from the verb fail we must 
add 
{-ure}
Some Cases
Derivational suffixes can change the part of
speech of the word to which it is added
Do not Close a word
Derivational suffixes usually do not close off a
word, after a derivational suffix it is possible to
add another derivational and an inflectional
suffix
Act
(Noun)
Active
{-ive} (Adjective)
Activate
{-ate} 
(Verb)
Fertil – Fertilize {-ize} – {-er} – {-s}
WORDS DS
Happy {-hood} / {-ancy}
Friend {-acy} / {-th}
Girl {-ism} / {-ure}
Compose {-ness}
Shrink {-ment}
Active {-age}
Supreme {-y}
True {-ation}
Pagan {-ship}
discover {-ity}
PRACTICE
1. Make nouns using 
the words and the 
derivational suffixes
1. Happiness 
2. Friendship
3. Boyhood 
4. Composure
5. Shrinkage 
6. Activism/Activation/Activity 
7. Supremacy
8. Truism/ Truth
9. Paganism
10. Discovery 
ANSWER 
KEY
Without DS With DS
Break Breakage 
Desire Desirable 
Conspire Conspiracy 
Rehearse Rehearsal 
Ideal Idealize 
False Falsify 
Sweet Sweetly 
Doubt Doubtful 
PRACTICE
2. N (noun) / V (verb) / 
AJ (adjective) / AV 
(adverb)
ANSWER 
KEY
1. Break – ( V or N ) / Breakage – ( N ) 
2. Desire – ( V or N ) / Desirable – ( Aj ) 
3. Conspire – ( V ) / Conspiracy – ( N ) 
4. Rehearse – ( V ) / Rehearsal – ( N )
5. Ideal – ( N or Aj ) / Idealize – ( V ) 
6. False – ( Aj ) / Falsify – ( V ) 
7. Sweet – ( Aj ) / Sweetly – ( Av )
PRACTICE
3. Add a derivational suffix to each of 
these words, which already end in a 
derivational suffix.
a) Reasonable
b) Formal
c) Organize
d) Purify
e) Realist
ANSWER 
KEY
Reasonable
reasonableness
Formal
formality
Organize
organization
Purify
purification
Realist
realistic
➢Both inflectional and derivational
suffixes have homophone forms.
• Inflectional Morpheme has two
homophones
{-er cp}
Verbs to nouns
Hunter, fisher, lover
“That which performs the action of
the verb”
{-er n} It may also be attached to
nonverbal
New Yorker, teenager
“That what is related to”
SUFFIXAL 
HOMOPHONES
{-er rp} derivational 
Chatter, mutter, patter, glitter
“repetition”
{-ing vb} inflectional has two 
homophones
{-ing nm} nominal derivational
Meetings, weddings, readings
As it ends in derivational it 
allows {-s pl}
{-ing aj} adjectival morpheme
Charming woman
Test {-ing vb} x {-ing aj}
• It can occur after or before the 
noun it is modifying
Example:
✓I saw a burning house
✓I saw a house burning
• It can be preceded by a qualifier 
such as very, rather, quite or by 
the comparative and superlative 
words more/most
Example:
✓It was a very comforting thought
✓This is a more exciting movie
The adjectival {-ing aj} can occur 
after “seems”
✓That snake seems interesting
✓That snake seems crawling
{-D pp} verbal inflectional has a 
homophone in adjectival 
derivational {-D aj}
✓She is excited about her new job
✓She is a devoted mother
{-D aj} are easy characterized by 
the its capacity for mofication by 
qualifiers such as rather, very, 
quite, etc.
✓A rather intrigued book have 
been launched recently
{-ly av} form adverbs of
manner, as in
rich richly
kind kindly
formal formally
Happy happily
NOTE: It does not happen 
with big, small, little,tall, 
long
{-ly aj} derivational – adjectival
1. Monosyllabic nouns to form
adjectives that are inflected with
{-er} {-est}
love lovely
friend friendly
man manly
2. Nouns to form adjectives not
inflected with {-er} {-est}
king kingly
mother motherly
3. Added to a few adjectives to
alternate forms of adjectival that
are also inflected with {-er} {-est}
dead deadly
sick sickly
4. Added to a short list of “time”
nouns to form adjectives
day daily
month monthly
PRACTICE
1. Add an inflectional suffix to each of 
these words, which end in derivational 
suffix.
a) Kindness
b) Beautify
c) Quarterly
d) Popularize
e) depth
f) Pressure
g) Arrival
h) Orientate
ANSWER 
KEY
a) Kindness - kindnesses
b) Beautify - beautified
c) Quarterly - quarterlies
d) Popularize - popularized
e) depth - depths
f) Pressure - pressures
g) Arrival - arrivals
h) Orientate - orientated
PRACTICE
2. Identify the italicized {-er} as:
{-ER cp} inflectional as in bigger
{-ER n} derivational as in singer
{-ER rp} derivational as in flutter
a) This is a heavier tennis racket than I 
want
b) We watched the shimmer of the 
evening light
c) The fighter weighed in at 180 pounds
d) He was tougher than he looked
e) The jabber of voices came through the 
open door
ANSWER 
KEY
a) This is a heavier tennis racket than I 
want {-ER cp}
b) We watched the shimmer of the evening 
light {-ER rp}
c) The fighter weighed in at 180 pounds {-
ER n}
d) He was tougher than he looked
{-ER cp}
e) The jabber of voices came through the 
open door {-ER rp}
PRACTICE
3. Identify the {-ing’s} of the underlined 
words by these symbols
{-ING vb} verbal
{-ING nm} nominal
{-ING aj} adjectival 
a) It was a charming spot
b) Jim lost both fillings from his tooth
c) She saw the waiting cab
d) It was exciting to watch the flight
e) Old saying are often half-true
f) From the bridge we watched the 
running water
g) That barking dog keeps everyone 
awake
h) He told a convincing tale
i) The shining sun gilded the forest floor
j) Matisee’s drawings are magnificently
k) A refreshing shower poured down
ANSWER 
KEY
a) It was a charming spot – {-ing Aj} 
b) Jim lost both fillings from his tooth – {-ing N}
c) She saw the waiting cab – {-ing Vb} 
d) It was exciting to watch the flight – {-ing Aj} 
e) Old saying are often half-true – {-ing Nm} 
f) From the bridge we watched the running water –
{-ing Vb} 
g) That barking dog keeps everyone awake – {-ing 
Vb} 
h) He told a convincing tale – {-ing Aj} 
i) The shining sun gilded the forest floor – {-ing Vb} 
j) Matisee’s drawings are magnificently – {-ing Nm} 
k) A refreshing shower poured down – {-ing Aj} 
PRACTICE
4. Identify the bold words by these 
symbols
{-D pp} verbs
{- D aj} nonverbals
a) You should read the printed
statement
b) Merle was a neglected child
c) This is a complicated question
d) His chosen bride had lived in India
e) He brought a stolen picture
f) The invited guests all came
g) We had a reserved seat
h) The skipper was a reserved(=quiet)
man
i) A celebrated painter visited the 
campus
j) A worried look crossed his face
ANSWER 
KEY
a) You should read the printed statement – {-
D pp}
b) Merle was a neglected child – {D Aj}
c) This is a complicated question – {D Aj}
d) His chosen bride had lived in India – {-D 
pp}
e) He brought a stolen picture – {-D pp}
f) The invited guests all came – {-D pp}
g) We had a reserved seat – {-D pp}
h) The skipper was a reserved man – {D Aj}
i) A celebrated painter visited the campus –
{D Aj}
j) A worried look crossed his face – {D Aj}
Homophones
• Homophones are pairs of words that 
sound the same but have distinctly 
different meanings and different 
spellings. 
• E.g. cell/sell: If you sell drugs, you will 
get arrested and end up in a 
prison cell.
• cent/scent: I won't spend one cent on 
a bottle of perfume until I know that I 
love the scent.
• die/dye: If you accidentally drank a 
bottle of fabric dye, you might die.
	Slide 1: MORPHOLOGY Basic Notions
	Slide 2: DEFINITIONS
	Slide 3: DEFINITIONS
	Slide 4: DEFINITIONS
	Slide 5: DEFINITIONS
	Slide 6: DEFINITIONS
	Slide 7: DEFINITIONS
	Slide 8: DEFINITIONS
	Slide 9: INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES
	Slide 10
	Slide 11: INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES
	Slide 12: INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES
	Slide 13: PRACTICE
	Slide 14: ANSWER KEY
	Slide 15: DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES
	Slide 16
	Slide 17: PRACTICE
	Slide 18: ANSWER KEY
	Slide 19: PRACTICE
	Slide 20: ANSWER KEY
	Slide 21: PRACTICE
	Slide 22: ANSWER KEY
	Slide 23: SUFFIXAL HOMOPHONES
	Slide 24
	Slide 25
	Slide 26
	Slide 27
	Slide 28
	Slide 29
	Slide 30
	Slide 31: PRACTICE
	Slide 32: ANSWER KEY
	Slide 33: PRACTICE
	Slide 34: ANSWER KEY
	Slide 35: PRACTICE
	Slide 36
	Slide 37: ANSWER KEY
	Slide 38: PRACTICE
	Slide 39
	Slide 40: ANSWER KEY
	Slide 41: Homophones