VISION IAS PT 2023 CSAT TEST-02[E]UPSC_SUCCESS_TIME1

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Maths,DI and rc
Ratio, Mixtures & Allegation 
Average 
Speed and Distance DI - 
Bar Graph
CSAT 
 
APTITUDE TEST–Test (4018) – 2023
 
 
www.visionias.in
 IASVISION 
TEST-2
2023
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VISION IAS 
www.visionias.in 
 
 
 
TEST BOOKLET 
 
CSAT APTITUDE TEST (4018) – 2023 
Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks: 200 
 
 
INSTRUCTIONS 
 
1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD CHECK THAT THIS BOOKLET 
DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TORN OR MISSING PAGES OR ITEMS ETC. IF SO, GET IT REPLACED BY A 
COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET. 
 
2. ENCODE CLEARLY THE TEST BOOKLET SERIES A, B, C OR D AS THE CASE MAY BE IN THE APPROPRIATE PLACE IN 
THE ANSWER SHEET. 
 
3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the Test Booklet in 
the Box provided alongside. DO NOT write anything else on 
the Test Booklet. 
 
4. This Test Booklet contains 80 items (Questions). Each item is printed in English. Each item comprises four 
responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you feel 
that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider most appropriate. In any 
case, choose ONLY ONE response for each item. 
 
5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See direction in the answers 
sheet. 
 
6. All items carry equal marks. Attempt all items. Your total marks will depend only on the number of correct 
responses marked by you in the answer sheet. For every incorrect response one-third of the allotted Marks will 
be deducted. 
 
7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer sheet the response to various items in the Test booklet, you have to 
fill in some particulars in the answer sheets as per the instruction sent to you with your Admission Certificate. 
 
8. After you have completed filling in all responses on the answer sheet and the examination has concluded, you 
should hand over to Invigilator only the answer sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the Test 
Booklet. 
 
9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end. 
 
DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO 
C 
Test-2
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Direction for the following 2 (two) items: 
The following two items are based on the graph given 
below which shows the bonus (in rupees) received by 
Employees and Officers in the years 2005, 2008, 2011, 
2014, 2016 and 2019. Study the graph and answer the 
two items that follow. 
 
1. Find the ratio between the average bonus 
received by officers in years 2011 and 2014 
with that received by employees in years 2005 
and 2008. 
(a) 11 : 13 
(b) 13 : 11 
(c) 11 : 9 
(d) 6 : 11 
 
2. The bonus received by officers and employees 
together in 2016 is what percentage more than 
the difference of the bonuses received by 
employees in 2005 and 2008? 
(a) 10% 
(b) 65% 
(c) 120% 
(d) 1300% 
3. A group of 15 non-vegetarian people and 10 
vegetarian people have an average weight of 
38.4 kg. If non-vegetarian people have an 
average weight of 40 kg, then what must be the 
average weight of the vegetarian people? 
(a) 44 kg 
(b) 36 kg 
(c) 26 kg 
(d) 24 kg 
 
4. A person sold 64 kg of rice partially at 7% loss 
and the rest at 9% profit. He suffered 2% loss 
on the whole. What quantity of rice was sold at 
profit? 
(a) 24 kg 
(b) 11 kg 
(c) 44 kg 
(d) 20 kg 
 
5. Sonali leaves Delhi at 4 pm by a train and 
reaches Pune at 10 pm. Priyanka leaves Pune at 
6 pm by a train and reaches Delhi at 11 pm on 
the same day. What is the time when they 
crossed each other? 
(a) 7:49 pm 
(b) 7:20 pm 
(c) 6:50 pm 
(d) 8:20 pm 
 
6. A company X sold apple juice at cost price by 
mixing water in it and gained a profit of 25%. 
What must be the ratio of juice and water in the 
mixture? 
(a) 1:5 
(b) 3:2 
(c) 4:1 
(d) 2:3 
 
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7. What will be the average of 252, 262, 
272,………..402 
(a) 1077.5 
(b) 1090.5 
(c) 1067.5 
(d) 1125.5 
 
Directions for the following 3 (three) items: 
Read the following two passages and answer the items 
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items 
should be based on the passages only. 
Passage – 1 
Poverty is hunger. Poverty is a lack of shelter. Poverty 
is being sick and not being able to see a doctor. Poverty 
is not having access to school and not knowing how to 
read. Poverty is not having a job, fear for the future, and 
living one day at a time. Poverty has many faces, 
changing from place to place and across time, and has 
been described in many ways. Most often, poverty is a 
situation people want to escape. So, poverty is a call to 
action -- for the poor and the wealthy alike -- a call to 
change the world so that many more may have enough 
to eat, adequate shelter, access to education and health, 
protection from violence, and a voice in what happens 
in their communities. There is no one cause of poverty, 
and the results of it are different in every case. Poverty 
varies considerably depending on the situation. Feeling 
poor in Canada is different from living in poverty in 
Russia or Zimbabwe. The differences between rich and 
poor within the borders of a country can also be great. 
Despite the many definitions, one thing is certain; 
poverty is a complex societal issue. No matter how 
poverty is defined, it can be agreed that it is an issue 
that requires everyone’s attention. 
8. What does the author mean by ‘call to action’? 
(a) Defining the poverty line in the broadest 
manner. 
(b) Bringing substantive democracy, not just 
procedural democracy. 
(c) Reduce the income divide between rich and 
poor countries. 
(d) Eradicating material and non-material 
deprivations in a human life. 
 
9. Why, according to the author, is poverty a 
complex issue? 
1. Inter-country and Intra-country variations 
in dimensions of poverty 
2. It requires everyone’s attention. 
3. Poverty is more, much more than just not 
having enough money. 
(a) 2 and 3 only 
(b) 1, 2 and 3 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1 and 3 only 
Passage – 2 
Within the freedom to choose are those endowments 
that make us uniquely human. In addition to self-
awareness, we have imagination- the ability to create in 
our minds beyond our present reality. We have 
conscience- a deep inner awareness of right and wrong, 
of the principles that govern our behaviour, and a sense 
of the degree to which our thoughts and actions are in 
harmony with them. And we have an independent will- 
the ability to act based on our self-awareness, free of all 
other influences. 
Even the most intelligent animals have none of these 
endowments. To use a computer metaphor, they are 
programmed by instinct and/or training. They can be 
trained to be responsible, but they can’t take 
responsibility for that training; in other words, they 
can’t direct it. They can’t change the programming. 
They’re not even aware of it. 
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10. Which of the following is the most logical and 
rational inference that can be made from the 
above passage? 
(a) If trained properly, animals can also 
exercise freedom of choice. 
(b) Animals act as per their instincts. 
(c) Animals are capable of taking 
responsibility for their innovative actions. 
(d) Training can make animals responsible, 
aware and intelligent. 
 
11. A Bullet train travels 50% faster than a 
Shatabdi Express train. Both start from point P 
at the same time and reach point Q, 125 km 
away from P at the same time. On the way 
however, the Bullet train lost about 17.5 
minutes while stopping at the stations. The 
speed of Shatabdi Express train is: 
(a) 71.4 km/hr 
(b) 102.85 km/hr 
(c) 142.85 km/hr 
(d) 79.12 km/hr 
 
12. A man buys alcohol at Rs. 12.20 per litre. 
Then, he adds water into it and sells the mixture 
at Rs. 19 per litre, and manages to book a profit 
of 42.5%. The ratio of alcohol to water received 
by his customer is - 
(a) 1 : 10 
(b) 12 : 31 
(c) 133 : 11 
(d) 11 : 133 
13. A museum has an average of 640 visitors on 
each Saturdays and Sundays, while 310 visitors 
on other days. The average number of visitors 
per day in a month of 30 days beginning with a 
Saturday is 
(a) 560 
(b) 240 
(c) 620 
(d) 420 
 
Direction for the following 2 (two) items: 
The following two items are based on graph given 
below which shows the Covid-19 vaccination (in 2021) 
by different cities for three consecutive months viz. 
April, May, June of the same year. Study the graph and 
answer the two items that follow. 
 
14. The ratio of minimum vaccination and 
maximum vaccination of which city is the 
highest? 
(a) Agra 
(b) Lucknow 
(c) Noida 
(d) Allahabad 
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15. Average number of vaccinations done in 
Lucknow is approximately what percentage of 
the average number of vaccinations done in 
Jhansi? 
(a) 523% 
(b) 314% 
(c) 121% 
(d) 157% 
 
16. Consider the two statements given below and 
the question that follows. 
Statement I: Average of x, y and z is 42 years. 
Statement II: Thrice the sum of the ages of x 
and y is 60 years. 
Question: What is the age of z? 
Which one of the following is correct in respect 
of the question and the statements? 
(a) Statement I alone is sufficient to answer the 
question. 
(b) Statement II alone is sufficient to answer 
the question. 
(c) Both statements I and II are required to 
answer the question. 
(d) Even both statements I and II together are 
not sufficient to answer the question. 
 
17. Rohan works in a sanitizer factory. In a 176 ltr 
mixture of glycer and alcohol, there’s 80% 
alcohol. How much alcohol should be 
evaporated from the mixture to reduce its 
percentage to 60%? 
(a) 78 ltr 
(b) 88 ltr 
(c) 72 ltr 
(d) 76 ltr 
18. If triplicate ratio of the ages of Ram and his 
father is 8 : 125, and duplicate ratio of his 
father and his grandfather’s age is 36 : 49, then 
what is the ratio of the ages of Ram and his 
grandfather? 
(a) 8 : 7 
(b) 16 : 35 
(c) 12 : 35 
(d) 16 : 14 
 
19. Dinesh, a vegetable seller, cycled to market at a 
constant speed of 30 km/h. He covered first 
70% of the total distance in 10 min more than 
the time taken in covering the remaining 30% 
of the total distance. How far is the market? 
(a) 12 km 
(b) 12.5 km 
(c) 9 km 
(d) 18 km 
 
Directions for the following 3 (three) items: 
Read the following two passages and answer the items 
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items 
should be based on the passages only. 
Passage – 1 
The Japanese macaques provide fascinating evidence of 
how capable monkeys have become at learning. Several 
troops of them have been studied by Japanese scientists. 
One troop lives in the high mountains of northern Japan 
where in winter the snow lies thick. Observers watched 
the monkeys extend their range into a part of the forest 
that none of them had explored before. It contained 
some hot volcanic springs. The monkeys investigated 
and found that warm water could provide a delicious 
bath. A few tried it. Soon the habit spread. Now all the 
monkeys there take hot baths every winter. The 
curiosity that led to this discovery, and the adaptability 
that allowed the animals to incorporate the new activity 
into their regular behaviour, is typical of the enterprise 
of the macaques. 
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20. According to the passage, what conclusion/ 
conclusions can be drawn from the studies 
done by Japanese scientists? 
1. Japanese macaques can learn to survive the 
cold winters of northern Japan. 
2. Japanese macaques can learn new 
activities. 
3. Japanese macaques, in general, are curious. 
Select the correct answer from the code given 
below. 
(a) 1 and 2 only. 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 
Passage - 2 
Given that cities are concentrated centers of population 
and economic activities, any impact and disruption, 
whether natural or human-induced, has the potential to 
affect vast numbers of people. The expected impact of 
climate change poses a massive challenge to cities. 
These impacts will vary from city to city, as well as 
within the city. For instance, coastal cities are 
vulnerable to rising sea levels, to more intense 
precipitation that increases the likelihood of flooding in 
low lying areas and landslides on steep slopes, and to 
extended heat waves that threaten cities unaccustomed 
to very hot summers. In every city, the poorest 
populations are the most vulnerable, because they have 
the least adaptive capacity and often occupy areas that 
are most exposed to hazards. Building resilience and 
adapting to climate change are therefore a high priority 
for cities. Yet city managers and practitioners serving 
the urban poor often point out that the multiple 
competing priorities are challenging enough; paying 
attention to uncertain future climate impacts is thus 
seen as a lower priority. 
21. With reference to the passage, suggest why 
climate change can be hazardous for cities. 
1. They are concentrated centers of population. 
2. They are centers of economic activity. 
Select the correct answer using the codes 
below. 
(a) 1 and 2 
(b) 1 only 
(c) 2 only 
(d) None 
 
22. Which one of the following best reflects the 
most practical and lasting solution(s) of the 
problem mentioned in the passage above? 
(a) Cities should not be settled in areas prone 
to hazards like low lying areas or on steep 
slopes. 
(b) Cities should be made disaster resilient and 
follow the principle of “build back better”. 
(c) Cities should have robust public transport 
and industries based on clean technologies. 
(d) Urban planners should make policies with 
co-benefits to urban poverty reduction and 
adaptation to climate change. 
 
Direction for the following 2 (two) items: 
The following two items are based on the graph given 
below, which shows the number of male and female 
students who have taken different optional subjects in 
the board exam. Study the graph and answer the two 
items that follow. 
 
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23. The number of females that have chosen 
computer is how many times of the number of 
females that have chosen Arts? 
(a) 2.2 
(b) 2 
(c) 2.02 
(d) 2.10 
 
24. If 50 percent males that have chosen Sanskrit 
and 40 percent females that have chosen 
computer are selected to form a group for an 
educational tour, then what is the ratio of males 
and females in this group? 
(a) 12 : 11 
(b) 5 : 4 
(c) 3 : 2 
(d) 15 : 11 
 
25. Average expense of a company for first 4 years 
is Rs. 2x. Expense in the 5th year exceed the 
previous average by Rs. 15. What is the 
average expense for 5 years? 
(a) 2.5x + 5 
(b) 8x + 3 
(c) 10x + 15 
(d) 2x + 3 
 
26. Two drums are filled with a mixture of milk 
and water, such that they have 30% and 23% 
water respectively. If the contents of both 
drums are mixed together, the water content in 
the resulting mixture is 26%. What is the ratio 
of water in the two drums? 
(a) 1 : 3 
(b) 3 : 2 
(c) 3 : 4 
(d) 1 : 4 
 
27. A dishonest shopkeeper sells mustard oil at cost 
price. But while doing so he mixes palm oil in 
mustard oil, and earns a profit of 20%. What 
must be the percent of palm oil in the mixture 
being sold? (Assuming the price of palm oil as 
zero) 
(a) (25/2)% 
(b) 20% 
(c) 25% 
(d) (50/3)% 
 
28. In a community milk donation centre, four 
people donate equal quantity of milk, such that 
ratio of milk and water in the mixtures donated 
are 1 : 4, 2 : 3 , 3 : 7, and 9 : 1 respectively. All 
the donated milk is kept in a large container. 
What must be the ratio of milk and water in the 
container? 
(a) 9 : 11 
(b) 9 : 10 
(c) 18 : 11 
(d) 15 : 16 
 
29. Chandrika runs an e–rickshaw from A to B, 
which are 20 km apart, at a speed of 4 km/hr, 
and from B to C, which are 30 km apart, at a 
speed of 6 km/hr, and then from C to D which 
are 10 km apart. If his average speed during the 
whole journey is 5 km/hr, then what must have 
been the speed of e-rickshaw from C to D? 
(a) 5 km/hr 
(b) 8 km/hr 
(c) 7 km/hr 
(d) 10 km/hr 
 
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Directions for the following 3 (three) items: 
Read the following three passages and answer the items 
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items 
should be based on the passages only. 
Passage – 1 
Verstehen is the procedure by which sociologists gain 
access to the meanings behind human actions. 
Verstehen requires researchers to place themselves in 
the position of the individual they observe to see and 
comprehend the meanings behind the person’s action 
and meanings attached to the motivation, purposes or 
outcomes of their actions. This becomes important as 
actions can have different meanings in different 
cultures and societies. Without proper investigation, 
one is at risk of misinterpreting the data collected. A 
good example would be body gestures like handshakes, 
hugs, waving, and clapping among others in different 
cultures. 
30. Which one of the following statements best 
reflects the crux of the passage? 
(a) Verstehen can be used to predict human 
actions in future. 
(b) Results provided by Verstehen are context 
specific. 
(c) Verstehen can give misleading results if not 
applied properly. 
(d) The motivation of a person behind his 
action can’t be comprehended. 
Passage – 2 
Education in India needs root and branch reform, not 
just tinkering from the top or ideological realignment. 
Not just science and technology, but humanities and 
social studies need augmentation and encouragement. 
Deep cognition is not possible without heightened 
competence in multiple languages, texts, and traditions. 
We are doing little to ensure that critical thinking, 
excellence, and creativity are incentivised instead of 
quotas, patronage, or political connections. Mostly, we 
are anti-this or that, with little knowledge of either 
ourselves or the West which ruled us for so long. As to 
China or Russia or Brazil to name some other important 
countries, we know next to nothing. Outside a small 
circle of elite services, there is no concerted attempt to 
understand the world or become better equipped to face 
it. 
31. Which one of the following statements best 
reflects the crux of the passage? 
(a) There is an urgent need to improve 
elementary education in India. 
(b) India can learn from the education systems 
of China, Russia, and Brazil. 
(c) India needs to reform education to tackle 
the future uncertainties of the globe. 
(d) Quotas and patronage in higher education 
had made most of our graduates 
unemployable. 
Passage – 3 
The idea of initiating cultural exchange programs was 
first hatched after the 2nd World War when the people 
of different countries wanted to unify against violence 
and hate among nations. The concept is essentially a 
process that involves a two-way transfer of an 
individual to a different country from their home 
country to promote their home country’s values and 
culture and imbibe the visiting country’s traditions and 
way of life. It is a method of improving relations 
amongst nations wherein they can respect and 
understand the needs and values of other nations in the 
world, which increases the probability of desired 
relations of trade and commerce, as well as political 
relations, due to the attraction that this concept garners. 
32. Which one of the following statements best 
reflects the central idea of the passage? 
(a) Cultural exchanges can contribute to the 
development of a peaceful, unilateral 
world. 
(b) Cultural exchange became a necessity for 
developing nations due to their 
developmental needs. 
(c) Cultural exchange programs help in the 
wholesome development of an individual 
and strengthen international relations 
between countries. 
(d) In the post-second world war period, 
cultural diplomacy gained significance to 
solve the existing disputes between the 
nations. 
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33. Mr. Singh, a policeman, was chasing a criminal 
on his motorcycle at a speed of 50 km/h. The 
criminal was riding on a bicycle at a speed of 
30 km/h ahead of him. If the policeman takes 
15 min to catch the criminal, then find the extra 
distance travelled by Mr. Singh to catch the 
criminal (i.e. the difference in the distances 
covered by the thief and the policeman)? 
(a) 10 km 
(b) 9 km 
(c) 12 km 
(d) 5 km 
 
34. In a horse race, for the first round Kalicharan 
makes his horse run at an average speed of 40 
km/h, and in the second round he increases the 
speed by 50%. What is the average speed of the 
horse in the whole race? 
(a) 38 km/h 
(b) 52 km/h 
(c) 48 km/h 
(d) 64 km/ hr 
 
35. Nitin is preparing for sub-inspector running 
test, where he needs to run 5 km. If he runs at a 
speed 20 km/hr and after every kilometer he 
takes a rest for 3 min, then how much time will 
he take to finish the race? 
(a) 29 min 
(b) 27 min 
(c) 30 min 
(d) 31 min 
36. Mridul is a seller of cattle feeds. In 108 kg of 
cattle feed, he had some quantity of Rs. 60/kg 
type cattle feed and some quantity of Rs. 72/kg 
type cattle feed. By selling the mixture at Rs. 
68.25/kg he gained a profit of 5%. What 
quantity of Rs. 72/kg type cattle feed did he 
add? 
(a) 45 kg 
(b) 35 kg 
(c) 30 kg 
(d) 58 kg 
 
37. In two schools A and B, boys and girls are in 
theratio of 4 : 5 and 3 : 1 respectively. A group 
of students has to be made for cleaning the 
beach. In what ratio should the students be 
selected from the two schools to get equal 
number of boys and girls in the group? 
(a) 7 : 2 
(b) 8 : 1 
(c) 9 : 2 
(d) 10 : 1 
 
Direction for the following 2 (two) items: 
The following two items are based on the graph given 
below, which shows the number of books purchased by 
four friends P, Q, R and S in the years 2020 and 2021 
for study. Study the graph and answer the two items 
that follow. 
 
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38. What is the ratio of the number of books 
purchased by R and S together in 2020, to the 
number of books purchased by P and Q 
together in the year 2020? 
(a) 14 : 15 
(b) 13 : 14 
(c) 14 : 13 
(d) 15 : 14 
 
39. The number of books purchased by Q in the 
year 2020 is approximately what percent 
more/less than those purchased by S in the year 
2021? 
(a) 17% 
(b) 40% 
(c) 63% 
(d) 30% 
 
40. In a game, average score of 25 players is 80, 
but when double checked some mistakes were 
found. It was found that in actuality a player 
scored 65 more and one other player scored 40 
less than was earlier counted. What would be 
the correct average? 
(a) 243 
(b) 49 
(c) 121 
(d) 81 
 
41. The average of 80 numbers is 68. If two 
numbers 36 and 74 are removed, then what 
would be the new average? 
(a) 71.03 
(b) 68.33 
(c) 69.46 
(d) 72.13 
Directions for the following 5 (five) items: 
Read the following three passages and answer the items 
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items 
should be based on the passages only. 
Passage – 1 
Agriculture is the backbone of Africa’s economy and 
accounts for the majority of livelihoods across the 
continent. Africa is therefore an exposure and 
vulnerability “hot spot” for climate variability and 
change impacts. IPCC projections suggest that warming 
scenarios risk having devastating effects on crop 
production and food security. Key risks to agriculture 
include reduced crop productivity associated with heat 
and drought stress and increased pest damage, disease 
damage and flood impacts on food system 
infrastructure, resulting in serious adverse effects on 
food security and livelihoods at the regional, national, 
and individual household levels. By the middle of this 
century, major cereal crops grown across Africa will be 
adversely impacted, albeit with regional variability and 
differences between crops. Under the worst-case 
climate change scenario, a reduction in mean yield of 
13% is projected in West and Central Africa, 11% in 
North Africa, and 8% in East and Southern Africa. 
Millet and sorghum are the most promising crops, with 
a yield loss by 2050 of just 5% and 8%, respectively, 
due to their greater resilience to heat-stress conditions, 
while rice and wheat are expected to be the most 
affected crops with a yield loss by 2050 of 12% and 
21%, respectively. In the drought-prone sub-Saharan 
African countries, the number of undernourished people 
has increased by 45.6% since 2012 according to the 
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United 
Nations (FAO). 
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42. Based on the above passage, the following 
assumptions have been made: 
1. Negative consequences of climate change 
are concentrated in West and Central 
Africa where a disproportionately large 
number of low-income countries are 
located. 
2. Coastal degradation is a major challenge in 
Africa, and this is expected to worsen due 
to the rise in the sea level. 
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? 
(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 1 and 2 only 
(d) None 
 
43. Based on the above passage, which of the 
following are true concerning agriculture in 
Africa? 
1. Millet and sorghum will witness an 
increase in production in future due to their 
greater resilience to heat-stress conditions. 
2. Decline in the nutritional value of the crops 
in the future. 
3. Likely decline in profits and/or 
employment in the agricultural sector in the 
future. 
4. Serious risk of decline in agricultural 
productivity in the future. 
Select the correct answer from the code given 
below: 
(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 1 and 4 only 
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 3 and 4 only 
44. Which of the following is/are the most rational 
and logical Inference/Inferences that can be 
made from the passage? 
1. Warmer temperatures increase conditions for 
the survivability of agricultural pests. 
2. More bio-engineered crops need to be 
introduced in Africa to ensure food security. 
Select the correct answer using the code given 
below. 
(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 
Passage – 2 
Scholars on disaster management conceptualize 
recovery as action taken to rebuild lives once the 
hazardous situation has passed. However, this has been 
commonly interpreted as providing food, water, and 
medicines. Even in instances where States have moved 
beyond this, long-term recovery measures have largely 
focused on addressing physical vulnerabilities such as 
the provision of shelter. While these interventions are 
crucial, long-term recovery needs much more, but it is 
tricky because everyday vulnerabilities stemming from 
poverty are accentuated by recurring hazards. 
45. What is the crucial message conveyed by the 
above passage? 
(a) State governments need to invest more in 
post-disaster recovery focusing on long-
term measures. 
(b) Loss of shelter due to disasters is the most 
critical hindrance in long-term recovery. 
(c) Further studies are required for giving 
solutions to long-term recovery from 
disasters. 
(d) Long-term recovery from disasters is 
difficult without the resolution of poverty. 
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Passage – 3 
Political philosophy has been practiced for as long as 
human beings have regarded their collective 
arrangements not as immutable and part of the natural 
order but as potentially open to change, and therefore as 
requiring philosophical justification. It can be found in 
many different cultures and has taken a wide variety of 
forms. There are two reasons for this diversity. First, 
the methods and approaches used by political 
philosophers reflect the general philosophical 
tendencies of their epoch. But second, the political 
philosopher’s agenda is largely set by the pressing 
political issues of the day. 
46. Which of the following is/are the most rational 
and logical Inference/Inferences that can be 
made from the passage? 
1. Practice of political philosophy has and 
will always be open to change because of 
the nature of humans to seek philosophical 
justification. 
2. Methods of political philosophers reflect 
the state of political affairs of the society. 
Select the correct answer using the code given 
below. 
(a) 1 and 2 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 1 only 
(d) None 
 
47. A mixture of 90 litres of milk and water has 
19% of water in it. What quantity of water 
should be added to the mixture, so as to make 
the percentageof water 46% in the resulting 
mixture? 
(a) 30 litres 
(b) 45 litres 
(c) 60 litres 
(d) 25 litres 
48. For making Sambhar bada, if we use two parts 
of rice and one part of urad dal, then find the 
percentage of rice and urad dal in that dish? 
(a) 166.67%, 133.33% 
(b) 68.33%, 33.33% 
(c) 66.67%, 33.33% 
(d) 66.67%, 36.67% 
 
49. In a mixture of purified water and normal 
water, the proportion of purified water is 60% 
by weight. If from 80 gm of the mixture, 20 gm 
is taken out and 6 gm of normal water is added 
to the mixture, then find the ratio of purified 
water and normal water in the new mixture? 
(a) 3 : 2 
(b) 5 : 6 
(c) 4 : 5 
(d) 6 : 5 
 
50. Ratio of the speeds of Priyanka and Priya is 
4:5. If Priya takes 44 minutes to reach a 
destination, then find the time taken by 
Priyanka to reach the same destination? 
(a) 36 minutes 
(b) 42 minutes 
(c) 55 minutes 
(d) 56 minutes 
 
51. Akash and Sourabh start running 
simultaneously from the ends (P and Q 
respectively) of a straight track of length 1000 
m, with their speeds being in the ratio 7 : 3 
respectively. Whenever Akash reaches either of 
the ends, he turns around and continues running 
at the same speed. Whenever Sourabh meets 
Akash, he turns around and continues running 
at the same speed. When Akash comes back at 
P for the first time, how far (in meters) is 
Sourabh from point Q? 
(a) 377.1 m 
(b) 1000 m 
(c) 933.5 m 
(d) 700.5 m 
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52. Simran completes her journey in 10 hours. If 
she completes half of her journey at a speed of 
11 km/hr and the other half of the journey at a 
speed of 14 km/hr, then find the total distance 
in km. 
(a) 61.6 km 
(b) 51.3 km 
(c) 102.6 km 
(d) 123.2 km 
 
53. The pie-chart given below shows the total 
population of a village, and percent distribution 
of population of different communities in that 
village. Study the pie-chart and answer the 
question that follows. 
 
Total population of Hindu, Muslims and Sikhs 
is how much percent more than the total 
population of Christians and Others? 
(a) 21.3% 
(b) 70.27% 
(c) 50.65% 
(d) 28.5% 
54. In a factory, ratio of male and female workers 
is 8 : 5. There are 750 literate females. If 20% 
male and 25% female workers are illiterate, 
then what is the number of literate males? 
(a) 1250 
(b) 1220 
(c) 1240 
(d) 1280 
 
55. The following graph shows the number of 
houses (in thousands) built under PMAY in 
different states. Study the graph and answer the 
question that follows. 
 
Number of houses made in state F is what 
percent of the total number houses made in all 
the states together? 
(a) 6.5% 
(b) 6% 
(c) 8% 
(d) 7.6% 
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56. For flood affected rehabilitation, 9 people 
contributed some wheat, their average 
contribution being 450 kg. One other person 
also made a contribution, such that he 
contributed 450 kg more than the average of all 
these 10 persons. Find the total contribution 
made by these 10 people. 
(a) 5000 kg 
(b) 4500 kg 
(c) 4050 kg 
(d) 9000 kg 
 
57. What will be the average of a, a + 2, a + 4, a + 
6, ………, a + 12, where a ɛ N. 
(a) a + 6 
(b) 2a + 12 
(c) a + 12 
(d) a + 24 
 
58. The following graph shows the number of 
people (in thousand) reading three different 
types of newspapers in the given six years. 
Study the graph and answer the question that 
follows. 
 
Number of people reading paper H in the year 
2016 is what percent of the total number of 
people reading all newspapers in the year 
2019? 
(a) 50% 
(b) 35% 
(c) 25% 
(d) 28% 
59. In a fund collection for flood affected 
rehabilitation, there was a total collection of Rs. 
7700 in notes having denomination of Rs. 100, 
Rs. 50 and Rs. 20 in the ratio of 4 : 5 : 6. 
Consider the following statements. 
1. Total number of all notes is 120. 
2. There are 40 notes of Rs. 100. 
3. The sum of the number of notes of Rs. 50 
and Rs. 20 is 120. 
Which of the above statements is/are correct? 
Select the correct answer using the code given 
below. 
(a) Only 1 and 2 
(b) Only 2 
(c) Only 2 and 3 
(d) All 1, 2 and 3 
 
60. Price of 15 shirts and 21 pants is equal to the 
price of 18 shirts and 12 pants. What is the ratio 
of the prices of one shirt and one pant? 
(a) 1 : 3 
(b) 4 : 5 
(c) 3 : 1 
(d) 5 : 4 
 
61. The following graph shows the quantity of the 
exports of Rice, Pulses and Cashew (in lakh kg) 
in the given four years. Study the graph and 
answer the question that follows. 
 
 
What is the ratio of the percentage increase in 
rice export and cashew export from the year 
2013 to 2014? 
(a) 2 : 1 
(b) 3 : 2 
(c) 4 : 6 
(d) 8 : 5 
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Directions for the following 6 (six) items: 
Read the following four passages and answer the items 
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items 
should be based on the passages only. 
Passage – 1 
Robots increasingly operate among people, and they 
now work alongside us in factories and warehouses, 
share our streets and sidewalks, clean our homes, and 
care for the most vulnerable among us. These emerging 
social contexts add new requirements to the knowledge 
that successful roboticists need. Many roboticists learn 
the basics of human-machine interaction and usability. 
Far fewer learn foundational concepts from cognitive 
science on decision-making by human agents, human 
navigation and way-finding, human communication, 
and human interpretation of intentional behaviour that 
could be used to help robots interpret human actions. 
All autonomous systems may have ethical impacts, and 
all should be designed to avoid unethical outcomes. 
Designers bear some responsibility for their designs, 
even in a world where the autonomous systems they 
design eventually design other autonomous systems. 
62. Based on the above passage, the following 
assumptions have been made: 
1. There is a need for more learning in 
robotics regarding the interpretation of 
human actions. 
2. There should not be any confusion that 
ethical outcomes should be one of the 
priorities of the designers of autonomous 
systems. 
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? 
(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 
63. Which one of the following statements best 
reflects the crux of the passage? 
(a) Dependence of humans on robots is going 
to be the future of human society. 
(b) Implementation of robots in human society 
shall be done by ethical scientists. 
(c) It is difficult to ascertain the future social 
contexts in the sphere of human-machine 
interaction. 
(d) With the increased use of robots for 
humans, the ethical dimension of their 
design and functionality should be given 
due consideration. 
Passage – 2 
The 30 million farmers in India are the ones possessing 
one hectare or more land, which is the minimum 
holding required for agriculture per se to generate a 
major share of any family’s income. It also means that 
“agriculture policy” should primarily target these 30 
million households.Farm incomes can, realistically 
speaking, be doubled, or tripled only for those truly 
dependent on agriculture and having enough land to 
productively deploy labour and capital resources. They 
must be enabled to do so, through improved access to 
markets, water, electricity, credit, and other 
productivity-enhancing inputs. The whole focus should 
be to lower their production costs by raising yields, 
while simultaneously ensuring higher input use 
efficiency and minimal environmental footprint. The 
question that naturally arises is where does this leave 
the remaining 60-65 million households - those having 
less than one-hectare land and “agricultural” only in 
name? The answer is simple: Their future lies outside 
the farms. 
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64. Which of the following is/are the most rational 
and logical Inference/Inferences that can be 
made from the passage? 
1. It is not possible to double the income of 
every farmer in the country. 
2. Government should use the policy of 
subsidies to ensure minimum production 
costs of the farmers. 
3. Most of the farmers in the country may not 
receive the benefits of the agricultural 
policy. 
Select the correct answer using the code given 
below. 
(a) 1 only 
(b) 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 
Passage – 3 
The metaverse has the promise and potential to become 
an extension of people’s lives—opening the door into a 
parallel virtual reality where people could opt to live, 
work, and play continuously in real-time. In terms of 
advanced connectivity, there are numerous wireless 
connectivity technologies today that must be addressed. 
Bluetooth lacks range, rate, and reliability. Current 
generations of WiFi offer the required speed but suffer 
from congestion and high latencies once multiple 
devices are added. Telecom service providers, 
technology companies and policymakers need to 
collaborate to achieve network enhancements and build 
an efficient infrastructure that supports 5G and high-
end technology like a metaverse. Lowering the barriers 
to entry for consumers will be critical in making the 
metaverse a thriving ecosystem. The most pressing 
matter is providing “metaverse grade” ubiquitous 
connectivity. The scaling flexibility of 5G’s high 
throughput and low latency benefits will go a long way 
to achieving this, which will tackle the barriers to 
adoption for consumers.  
65. On the basis of the passage given above, the 
following assumptions have been made: 
1. Current level of technology is not adequate 
for the efficient working of Metaverse. 
2. To create a truly connected and attractive 
universe or Metaverse, quantum 
computing, mature block chain technology, 
stable cryptocurrencies and protocols 
around NFTs are a must. 
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? 
(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 
 
66. Consider the following suggestions made by 
the author to make metaverse an integral part of 
people’s lives? 
1. Providing “metaverse grade” ubiquitous 
connectivity. 
2. Replacing outdated technologies like 
Bluetooth and WiFi with better 
technologies, such as LiFi 
Which of the above is/are the most rational 
and practical suggestions made by the author? 
(a) 2 only 
(b) 1 only 
(c) 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 
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Passage – 4 
All 17 SDGs, set at the UN General Assembly in 2015, 
are in jeopardy due to the climate crisis, the COVID-19 
pandemic and an increase in the number of conflicts 
worldwide. The “cascading and intersecting” issues 
impact the environment, food and nutrition, health, 
peace and security as well as education, according to a 
UN statement SDG Report 2022. Greenhouse gas 
emissions are set to rise 14 per cent over a decade, the 
statement noted, antithetical to the Paris Agreement 
plan — a 2025 peak followed by a 43 per cent decline 
by 2030 and Net 2050. The pandemic itself has 
emerged as one of the biggest threats to several SDGs, 
the statement said pointing at 15 million “excess 
deaths” directly or indirectly due to the novel 
coronavirus by 2021. Economic shocks due to the 
worldwide health emergency pushed 93 million into 
poverty in 2020 alone, undoing “more than four years” 
work at alleviating poverty. 
67. Which of the following statements best reflects 
the central idea of the passage? 
(a) The SDGs cannot be achieved by anyone 
working alone. 
(b) The SDGs are in danger of slipping away 
from reach, along with their years of 
progress in eradicating poverty, hunger and 
ignorance. 
(c) The SDG targets cannot be achieved by 
2030, given the challenges posed by the 
Covid-19 pandemic, Climate crisis and 
Russia-Ukraine war. 
(d) As the impact of cascading and intersecting 
issues is more on least developed countries, 
they need to be supported financially and 
technologically. 
68. Two birds started flying towards the same 
direction at a speed of 20 km/hr and 25 km/hr. 
What will be distance between them after 4 
hours 45 min? 
(a) 22.25 km 
(b) 23.75 km 
(c) 25.25 km 
(d) 26.75 km 
 
69. Sarita started walking around a rectangular 
field from point A. She walks along the breath 
of the rectangle, then along the length of the 
rectangle, and then finally along the diagonal of 
the rectangle to reach point A again. 
 
If she took 7 hrs to cover the entire journey, 
then what was her average speed (in km/hr) in 
the entire journey? 
(a) 8 km/hr 
(b) 9 km/hr 
(c) 7 km/hr 
(d) 11 km/hr 
 
70. 100 people were divided into two groups of 40 
and 60 people. If the average age of 40 people 
and 60 people is 50 years and 55 years 
respectively, what must be the average age of 
all the persons taken together? 
(a) 45 years 
(b) 95 years 
(c) 53 years 
(d) 65 years 
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71. If third proportion of A and B is (x + y)/(x - y) 
and value of A is (x2 - y2), then find the value of 
B. 
(a) xy + 1 
(b) xy2 + x2y 
(c) x + y 
(d) x2 + y2 
 
72. Rent of a room is Rs. 9600, which is shared 
among Kallu, Malkhan, Ramu and Shyam. If 
contribution ratio of Kallu & Malkhan, 
Malkhan & Ramu and Ramu & Shyam is 1:2, 
2:3 and 5:6 respectively, then what is the 
contribution of Malkhan in the rent? 
(a) Rs. 1400 
(b) Rs. 2000 
(c) Rs. 1000 
(d) Rs. 1600 
 
73. Roshan is a perfume seller. One small bottle of 
French perfume costs him Rs. 12. In what ratio 
should he mix Rs. 8.50 per bottle synthetic 
perfume into this to sell the mixture at Rs. 9.25 
and make no profit or loss? 
(a) 8:5 
(b) 11:3 
(c) 10:3 
(d) None of the above 
74. The bar graph given below provides the data 
gathered in a survey conducted over 1200 
people, regarding their preference for different 
dishes (in percentage). Study the graph and 
answer the question that follows. 
 
What is the ratio of the number of people that 
preferred Pongal and Rogan josh to those that 
preferred Dhokla? 
(a) 5 : 4 
(b) 6 : 5 
(c) 3 : 2 
(d) 1 : 3 
 
75. In an exam, average marks of A, B and C is 
650. If marks of B are 50 more thanA, and 20 
less than C, then what must be the marks of C? 
(a) 615 
(b) 720 
(c) 580 
(d) 680 
 
Directions for the following 5 (five) items: 
Read the following five passages and answer the items 
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items 
should be based on the passages only. 
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Passage – 1 
Typically, governments have relied on afforestation and 
reforestation as a means of establishing trees on non-
treed land. These strategies have now evolved. The 
focus is now on forest landscape restoration- the 
process of regaining ecological functionality and 
improving human welfare across deforested and 
degraded forest landscapes. 
76. Which of the following is the most logical and 
rational inference that can be made from the 
above passage? 
(a) With regards to deforestation, the 
government changed its strategy, keeping 
in mind the people’s needs and multiple 
land utility. 
(b) The government wants to increase the area 
under forest cover in India. 
(c) The government's focus on forest landscape 
restoration is due to its international 
commitments. 
(d) The earlier strategy of establishing trees on 
non-treed land had failed. 
Passage – 2 
While environmentally friendly biodegradable plastics 
are a desirable solution, it is essential that they also 
fulfill required functional performance parameters (i.e. 
moisture barrier, heat scalability, etc.) for them to see 
wide scale adoption. Such scaling up from the lab to 
commercial processes will be vital to achieve cost 
reduction and widespread adoption. There is an urgent 
need to upgrade the infrastructure of government and 
private testing laboratories so that they are well 
equipped to test plastics according to Indian Standards 
(IS) as mentioned in Schedule I of PWM Rules. The 
manufacturers should also be encouraged through 
appropriate measures to shift from conventional plastics 
to biodegradable plastics across categories. 
77. According to the passage, the following 
assumptions are made as to why 
environmentally friendly plastic is not currently 
able to emerge as a desirable solution to the 
problem of plastic? 
1. It is costlier than conventional plastic. 
2. Lack of widespread adoption by the public 
because the public is not familiar with it. 
3. There is not enough production of such 
plastic. 
Which of the assumptions provided above are 
correct? 
(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 
Passage - 3 
Food, agriculture, and fisheries depend on the world’s 
natural resources, so future food production will depend 
on how well these resources are conserved and used. 
Agriculture is impacted by urban land expansion and by 
higher water demand from other sectors. Development 
in coastal zones complicates fisheries governance in 
traditional fishing areas. The ocean ecosystem is 
affected by oil and gas exploration, marine shipping, 
and land-based industries, whose pollution can lead to 
habitat loss and declining biodiversity. Agricultural risk 
“hotspots” occur where these resource pressures are 
most concentrated. The food, agriculture and fisheries 
system is not only impacted by the environment, but 
also by production techniques. The excessive use of 
nutrients in agriculture has been a major source of 
water pollution and is estimated to have reduced 
biodiversity in rivers, lakes and wetlands by about one-
third globally. 
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78. Which one of the following statements best 
reflects the most critical inference that can be 
made from the passage given above? 
(a) Sustainable environmental resource 
governance is the most crucial factor for 
food security in future. 
(b) Agricultural risk hotspots need to be 
identified and targeted efforts need to be 
made to bring them out of danger. 
(c) Biodiversity and food production depend 
not only on natural, but also anthropogenic 
factors. 
(d) Unsustainable practices in the food, 
agriculture and fisheries systems threaten 
only biodiversity. 
Passage - 4 
What makes identity politics a significant departure 
from earlier, pre-identarian forms of the politics of 
recognition is its demand for recognition on the basis of 
the very grounds on which recognition has previously 
been denied: it is qua women, qua blacks, qua lesbians 
that groups demand recognition. The demand is not for 
inclusion within the fold of “universal humankind” on 
the basis of shared human attributes; nor is it for respect 
“in spite of” one’s differences. Rather, what is 
demanded is respect for oneself as different. 
79. With reference to the above passage, which of 
the following statements is/are correct? 
1. Pre-identarian forms of politics were 
inclusive and non-divisive in nature. 
2. Everyone has the legal right to recognition 
everywhere as an individual. 
Select the correct answer using the code given 
below: 
(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 1 and 2 only 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 
 
 
 
 
 
Passage - 5 
Economic resources are important for any disaster 
management. Yet, it has been recognized that economic 
resources did not necessarily translate into greater 
investment in this domain, as there is no dearth of 
issues that demand governments’ attention and 
resources. Disaster management has seldom acquired 
importance in the agenda of governance unless there is 
a major natural or man-made disaster. It has been 
observed that states which have suffered major disasters 
are more likely to undertake policy reform in building 
capacities for tackling them. In rural areas, Panchayati 
Raj Institutions (PRIs) are democratically decentralized 
bodies that can display tremendous potential in disaster 
management as they are closer to the scene and have a 
better knowledge of local resources/weaknesses. 
However, their role has been limited mostly to the 
response phase of any disaster. 
80. On the basis of the passage given above, the 
following assumptions have been made: 
1. Disaster management is not a priority in 
India. 
2. The role of Panchayati Raj Institutions 
(PRIs) in framing disaster management 
policy needs to be widened. 
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? 
(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 
Copyright © by Vision IAS 
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ANSWERS & EXPLANATION 
APTITUDE TEST– (4018) – 2023 
 
 
1 (b) 
Average bonus received by officers in years 2011 and 2014 = (35 + 30)/2 = 65/2 
Average bonus received byemployees in years 2005 and 2008 = (25 + 30)/2 = 55/2 
Required ratio = (65/2) : (55/2) = 65 : 55 = 13 : 11 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
 
2 (d) 
Bonus received by officers and employees together in 2016 = (30 + 40) = 70 
Difference of the bonuses received by employees in 2005 and 2008 = (30 – 25) = 5 
Required percentage = [(70 – 5)/5] × 100 = 1300% 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
 
3 (b) 
Average weight of all (veg & non-veg) people = 38.4 kg 
Average weight of non-vegetarian people = 40 kg 
Number of vegetarian people = 10 
Number of non-vegetarian people = 15 
Total number of people = 15 + 10 = 25 
Total weight of 25 people = 38.4 × 25 = 960 kg 
Total weight of non-vegetarian people = 40 × 15 = 600 kg 
So, Total weight of vegetarian people = 960 – 600 = 360 kg 
Therefore, Average weight of vegetarian people = Total weight of vegetarian people / Number of 
vegetarian people = 360/10 = 36 kg 
So, average weight of vegetarian people = 36 kg 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
 
4 (d) 
Applying Alligation rule: 
 
Ratio of the quantity of rice sold at 9% profit and 7% loss = 5 : 11 
So, Quantity of rice sold at profit = 64 × [5/(5 + 11)] = 20 kg 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
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5 (a) 
Let distance between Delhi and Pune be A km. 
Time taken by Sonali to reach Pune = 10 – 4 = 6 hours 
Time taken by Priyanka to reach Delhi = 11 – 6 = 5 hours 
Speed of train which leaves Delhi = A/6 km/hr 
And Speed of train which leaves Pune = A/5 km/hr 
Relative speed = A/6 + A/5 = 11A/30 km/hr 
Distance covered by train which leaves Delhi in 2 hours = 2 × A/6 = A/3 km 
Distance left to be covered = A – A/3 = 2A/3 km 
Time taken by both the trains to cross each other = Distance left to be covered/ Relative speed = 
(2A/3)/(11A/30) = 20/11 hours = 1 hour 49 minutes 
Required time = 6 pm + 1 hour 49 minutes = 7: 49 pm 
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer. 
 
6 (c) 
We know that, if we mix any liquid with water and sell it at cost price to gain a profit of x%, then the ratio 
of liquid and water is (100:x). 
Here, x = 25% 
∴ Required ratio = 100:25 = 4:1 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer . 
 
7 (a) 
We have, 252, 262, 272, ………………402 
We can also write it as, (12+22+32+…….+ 402) – (12+22+32+…….+ 242) 
We know that, Sum of the squares of first ‘n’ natural numbers = n (n+1) (2n+1)/6 
So, (12+22+32+…….+ 402) – (12+22+32+…….+ 242) = {40 (40+1) (2×40+1)/6} – {24 (24+1) (2×24+1)/6} 
= {(40 × 41 × 81)/6} – {24 × 25 × 49/6} 
= 22140 – 4900 
= 17240 
Number of terms from 25 to 40 = 16 
∴ Required average = 17240/16 = 1077.5 
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer. 
 
8 (d) 
The passage begins by highlighting that poverty is hunger. Poverty is a lack of shelter. Poverty is being 
sick and not being able to see a doctor… The author, then mentions that poverty is a call to action. There 
is an implicit suggestion to the different stakeholders to act, because the issue of poverty can be 
overcome. Let us consider the answer options now. 
Statement 1 is incorrect as the passage discusses the complex nature of poverty. The different aspects of 
poverty viz. hunger, lack of shelter, fear of future etc. are discussed. The author also says that there is no 
single cause of poverty. However, there is no indication towards the definition of poverty line. Therefore, 
this answer option is incorrect. 
Statement 2 is incorrect. The passage restricts itself to qualitative aspects of poverty. It does not even 
delve into the quantitative aspects like estimation of poverty. Reference to democracy – substantive or 
procedural – is not even remotely made. Hence, this answer option is incorrect. 
Statement 3 is incorrect. The passage does make a mention of differences between poverty in developed 
and less developed nations and within the same country. However, the context in which the author has 
mentioned ‘call to action’ is not limited to the income divide between the rich and poor countries. It is 
much more encompassing given the multi-dimensional nature of poverty outlined in the initial lines of the 
passage. 
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Statement 4 is correct as the passage mentions, “So poverty is a call to action -- for the poor and the 
wealthy alike -- a call to change the world so that many more may have enough to eat, adequate shelter, 
access to education and health, protection from violence, and a voice in what happens in their 
communities.” The statement clearly deals with material and non-material deprivations in human life that 
need to be eradicated. Lack of food, shelter, education etc. can be the material dimensions; and the fear of 
future, lack of voice in decision making can be the non-material dimensions. This answer option best 
captures the intent of ‘call of action.’ 
 
9 (d) 
Statement 1 is correct as the passage mentions, “Poverty varies considerably depending on the situation. 
Feeling poor in Canada is different from living in poverty in Russia or Zimbabwe. The differences 
between rich and poor within the borders of a country can also be great.” These statements clearly 
highlight inter-country and intra-country variations in dimensions of poverty. 
Statement 2 is incorrect. The passage does mention, “No matter how poverty is defined, it can be agreed 
that it is an issue that requires everyone’s attention.” However, it is not related to the complexity of 
poverty. Therefore, this answer option is incorrect. 
Statement 3 is correct as the passage clearly mentions “Poverty is hunger. Poverty is a lack of shelter. 
Poverty is being sick and not being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not 
knowing how to read. Poverty is not having a job, fear for the future, and living one day at a time. Poverty 
has many faces, changing from place to place and across time, and has been described in many ways.” It 
implies that poverty is not simply about not having enough money, but has several other elements like 
lack of food, shelter, security from violence, etc. Therefore, this statement is correct. 
 
10 (b) 
Option (a) is incorrect: The first line of the passage suggests, “Within the freedom to choose are those 
endowments that make us uniquely humans”, and as per the first line of second paragraph “Even the most 
intelligent animals have none of these endowments”. These lines make it clear that animals can’t exercise 
freedom of choice. Though they can be trained to be responsible, they can’t change their programming 
which again means that they are incapable of exercising freedom of choice. 
Option (b) is correct: It is clear from the line, “they are programmed by their instinct and/or training”, 
which means that while humans use self-awareness, imagination, conscience and independent will to 
make choices, animals have none. So they make choices as per instinct and/or training. 
Option (c) is incorrect: The passage clearly mentions, “They can be trained to be responsible, but they 
can’t take responsibility for that training“ and they don’t have the freedom to choose, which makes it 
clear that they can’t take responsibility for their innovative actions, although they can be made responsible 
enough for certain actions by training. 
Option (d) is incorrect: According to the passage, animals can be trained to be responsible, but not to be 
intelligent or aware. Thedegree of intelligence in animals is intrinsic or dependent on their species. Self-
awareness is something that animals are incapable of. Thus this option is incorrect. 
 
11 (c) 
Let speed of Shatabdi Express train be ‘x’, then speed of Bullet train will be ‘1.5x’. 
Time taken by Shatabdi Express train to cover 125 km = 125/x 
Time taken by Bullet train to cover 125 km = 125/1.5x 
According to the question, 
125/x - 125/1.5x = 17.5/60 
Or 125/x - 125/1.5x = 175/(10×60) 
Or 125/3x = 175/(10×60) 
Or x = 1000/7 = 142.85 km/ hr 
So, speed of Shatabdi Express train is 142.85 km/ hr. 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. 
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12 (c) 
Cost price of alcohol = Rs. 12.20/litre 
Selling price of the mixture (alcohol + water) = Rs. 19/litre 
Cost price of the mixture (alcohol + water) = 19 × [100/(100 + 42.5)] = Rs. 13.3 
Applying the allegation rule, we get: 
Water Alcohol 
0 12.20 
 
 
 
 13.3 
 
 
 
(13.30 – 12.20 = 1.10) (13.30 – 0 = 13.30) 
 
Ratio of alcohol to water = 13.30 : 1.10 = 133 : 11 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. 
 
13 (d) 
In a month of 30 days beginning with Saturday, we will have 5 Saturdays, 5 Sundays and 20 Other days. 
Visitors on 5 Saturdays = 640 × 5 = 3200 
Visitors on 5 Sundays = 640 × 5 = 3200 
Visitors on Other days = 310 × 20 = 6200 
So, Total number of visitors in 30 days = 3200 + 3200 + 6200 = 12600 
Average number of visitors per day = 12600/30 = 420 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
 
14 (c) 
For Agra: 
Minimum Vaccination: 45 
Maximum Vaccination: 105 
Required ratio = 45/105 = 3/7 = 3 : 7 = 0.43 
For Lucknow: 
Minimum Vaccination: 45 
Maximum Vaccination: 90 
Required ratio = 45/90 = 1/2 = 1 : 2 = 0.5 
For Noida: 
Minimum Vaccination: 45 
Maximum Vaccination: 75 
Required ratio = 45/75 = 3/5 = 3 : 5 = 0.6 
For Allahabad: 
Minimum Vaccination: 60 
Maximum Vaccination: 120 
Required ratio = 60/120 = 1/2 = 1 : 2 = 0.5 
Therefore, the ratio of minimum vaccination and maximum vaccination of Noida is the highest. 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. 
 
15 (d) 
Number of Vaccinations done in Lucknow in all the three months = 85 + 45 + 90 = 220 
Average number of Vaccinations done in Lucknow = 220/3 
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Number of Vaccinations done in Jhansi in all the three months = 30 + 50 + 60 = 140 
Average number of vaccinations done in Jhansi = 140/3 
Required Percentage = {(220/3)/(140/3)} × 100 
= (220/140) × 100 
= 157.14% (approx.) 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
 
16 (c) 
Let’s check both the statements. 
From Statement I: 
(x + y + z)/3 = 42 
Or x + y + z = 126 
So, age of z can’t be calculated. 
Thus, Only Statement I is not sufficient. 
From Statement II: 
3(x + y) = 60 
Or x + y = 20 
So, age of z can’t be calculated. 
Thus, Only Statement II is not sufficient. 
From both Statements I and II: 
x + y + z = 126 ………… (i) 
x + y = 20…………….. (ii) 
Putting the value of (x + y) from equation (ii) in equation (i), we get: 
20 + z = 126 
Or z = 126 – 20 = 106 
So, it is clear that both statements together are sufficient to answer the question. 
Hence, option (c) is correct. 
 
17 (b) 
Ratio of glycer and alcohol in the mixture = 20 : 80 = 1 : 4 
So, Quantity of glycer in the solution = 176 × 1/(1 + 4) = 35.2 ltr 
So, quantity of alcohol in the solution = 176 – 35.2 = 140.8 ltr 
In the final mixture, alcohol is 60% and glycol is 40%. 
40% corresponds to 35.2 litres. 
60% corresponds to 35.2 × (60%/40%) = 52.8 litres. 
So, Quantity of alcohol that should be evaporated = 140.8 litr – 52.8 ltr = 88 ltr 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
18 (c) 
Triplicate ratio of the ages of Ram and his father = 8 : 125 
So, ratio of the ages of Ram and his father = (8)1/3 : (125)1/3 = 2 : 5 
Duplicate ratio of the ages of his father and grandfather = 36 : 49 
So, ratio of the ages of his father and grandfather = (36)1/2 : (49)1/2 = 6 : 7 
So, ratio of ages of Ram, his father and his grandfather = 2 × 6 : 5 × 6 : 5 × 7 = 12 : 30 : 35 
Hence, the ratio of the ages of Ram and his grandfather = 12 : 35 
Hence, option (c) is correct. 
 
19 (b) 
Let Dinesh took ‘t’ minutes to cover 30% of the distance. 
Then, the time taken to cover 70% of the distance = (t + 10) minutes 
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Distance = speed × time 
So, distance is directly proportional to time. 
So, (t + 10)/t = 70/30 
Or (t + 10)/t = 7/3 
Or 7t = 3t + 30 
Or 4t = 30 
Or t = 30/4 = 7.5 min 
Time required for completing the journey = t + (t + 10) = 2t + 10 = 2 × (7.5) + 10 = 25 min 
Total distance = average speed × total time = 30 × (25/60) = 12.5 km { ∵ 60 min = 1 hour} 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
 
20 (b) 
Statement 1 is incorrect: According to the passage, Japanese macaques were already living in the high 
mountains of northern Japan where, in winter, the snow lies thick. The passage rather discusses how they 
discovered the hot volcanic springs and learnt to take hot baths. 
Statement 2 is correct: The passage clearly mentions, “The monkeys investigated and found that warm 
water could provide a delicious bath. A few tried it. Soon the habit spread. Now all the monkeys there take 
hot baths every winter.” These sentences clearly establish that Japanese macaques have the ability to learn 
new activities. 
Statement 3 is correct: The passage mentions, “The curiosity that led to this discovery, and the 
adaptability that allowed the animals to incorporate the new activity into their regular behavior, is typical 
of the enterprise of the macaques”, which means that the conclusion is valid for other Japanese macaques. 
The passage also talks about a few Japanese macaques ‘investigating’ and ‘finding out’ that warm spring 
water could be used to have a good bath and that a few of them tried it out. This reflects the inquisitive 
nature of macaques. 
 
21 (a) 
Statement 1 is correct: It is mentioned in the first line of passage, “Given that cities are concentrated 
centers of population and economic activities, any impact and disruption, whether natural and human 
induced, has the potential to affect vast numbers of people. The expected impact of climate change poses a 
massive challenge to cities.” 
Statement 2 is correct: Similarly, in the first line, it is also mentioned that cities are centers of economic 
activity. Hence statement 2 is also correct. 
22 (d) 
Option (a) is incorrect: The passage talks about the cities that are already there, which are concentrated 
centers of population and economic activity and prone to the impacts of climate change. The question asks 
us to find the most practical and lasting solution to the problem. Avoiding construction of new cities in 
low lying areas or on steep slopes could be an ideal, if not practical future solution. However, it does not 
address the problem of cities which are already settled in such locations. The passage talks about the 
problems of existing cities. 
Option (b) is incorrect: Though the passage mentions that building resilience and adapting to climate 
change should be a high priority for cities, this solution isnot comprehensive, as it does not deal with the 
other main problem, which is urban poverty and vulnerability of the most vulnerable people to climate 
change. This option only deals with the rehabilitation of life and infrastructure post a disaster. 
Option (c) is incorrect: The passage mentions, “Building resilience and adapting to climate change are 
therefore a high priority for cities.” A robust public transport and industries based on clean technologies 
are no doubt, climate mitigation measures that have the potential to reduce carbon footprint and thus 
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effects of global warming and climate change. Yet this is not a comprehensive solution as it does not 
augment the adaptive capacity of the poorest sections, who are most affected by climate change. 
Option (d) is correct: The passage mentions, “The expected impact of climate change poses a massive 
challenge to cities.” and “In every city, the poorest populations are the most vulnerable, because they 
have the least adaptive capacity and often occupy areas that are most exposed to hazards.” Thus urban 
poverty and the consequent lack of adaptive capacity among the poor to climate change are the two 
challenges confronting urban planners and this option talks about such policies which have co-benefits for 
both, urban poverty reduction as well as adaptation to climate change. Thus Option (d) is the correct (and 
best) answer. 
 
23 (a) 
From the given graph it is clear that, 
Number of females that have chosen computer = 110 thousand 
Number of females that have chosen Arts = 50 thousand 
So, required answer = 110 thousand /50 thousand = 110/50 = 2.2 
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer. 
 
24 (d) 
Number of males that have chosen Sanskrit = 120 thousand 
∴ Number of males in the group = 50% of 120 = (1/2) × 120 = 60 thousand 
Number of females that have chosen computer = 110 thousand 
∴ Number of females in the group = 40% of 110 = (2/5) × 110 = 44 thousand 
Required ratio = 60 thousand/44 thousand = 15/11 = 15: 11 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
 
25 (d) 
Total expense for first 4 years = 4 × 2x = 8x 
Expense in the 5th year exceed the previous average by Rs. 15. 
So, expense in the 5th year = 2x + 15 
Total expense in 5 years = 8x + (2x + 15) = 10x + 15 
Average expense for 5 years = (10x + 15)/5 = 2x + 3 
Hence, option (d) is correct. 
26 (c) 
Applying the allegation rule, we get: 
 
So, required ratio of water in the two drums = 3 : 4 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. 
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27 (d) 
A dishonest shopkeeper earns 20% by mixing palm oil with mustard oil. 
In this question, we have to consider the price of palm oil as zero. 
Ratio of mustard oil and palm oil = 100 : 20 = 5 : 1 
So, Percentage of palm oil in the mixture = [1/(1 + 5)] × 100 = (50/3)% 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
 
28 (a) 
Ratio of milk and water in the four mixtures = 1 : 4, 2 : 3, 3 : 7, 9 : 1 
Final ratio of milk and water in the donated milk = 
= [{1/(1 + 4)} + {2/(2 + 3)} + {3/(3 + 7)} + {9/(1 + 9)}] : [{4/(1 + 4)} + 3/(2 + 3)} + {7/(3 + 7)} + {1/(1 
+ 9)}] 
= [(1/5) + (2/5) + (3/10) + (9/10)] : [(4/5) + (3/5) + (7/10) + (1/10)] 
= [(2 + 4 + 3 + 9)/10] : [(8 + 6 + 7 + 1)/10] 
= (18/10) : (22/10) 
= 9 : 11 
Hence, new ratio of milk and water in the container is 9 : 11. 
Hence, option (a) is correct. 
 
29 (a) 
Distance from A to B = 20 km and Speed = 4 km/h 
Distance from B to C = 30 km and Speed = 6 km/h 
Distance from C to D = 10 km. Let x km/h be the speed from C to D. 
Average speed of e–rickshaw during the whole journey = 5 km/hr 
When a person travels d1 distance at a speed of x1 km/hr and d2 distance at a speed of x2 km/hr and d3 
distance at a speed of x3 km/hr, then average speed of the journey is given by: 
(d1 + d2 + d3) / [(d1/x1) + (d2/x2) + (d3/x3)] km/h 
Applying the above concept, we get: 
5 = (20 + 30 + 10) / [(20/4) + (30/6) + (10/x)] 
⇒ 60/[(10 + (10/x)] = 5 
⇒ 60x = 5 × (10x + 10) 
⇒ 60x = 50x + 50 
⇒ 10x = 50 
⇒ x = 5 km/hr 
Hence, Speed of e–rickshaw from C to D is 5 km/hr. 
Hence, option (a) is correct. 
 
30 (b) 
Option (a) is incorrect: It is nowhere mentioned in the passage that Verstehen can be used to predict 
human actions in future. It is provided in the passage that Verstehen is used by sociologists to gain an 
understanding of the meanings behind human actions. With this limited information, it cannot be assumed 
that Verstehen can be used to predict human actions in future, and thus it is beyond the scope of the 
passage. 
Option (b) is correct: The passage mentions that in Verstehen approach, it is important for the 
researchers to place themselves in the position of the individual to comprehend the meanings behind the 
person’s action and meanings attached to the motivation, purposes or outcomes of their actions, because 
actions can have different meanings in different cultures and societies. This means that results produced 
by Verstehen are context specific. So, this is the crux of the passage. 
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Option (c) is incorrect: It is clearly mentioned, “Without proper investigation, one is at risk of 
misinterpreting the data collected.” So, if not properly done and without taking view of the culture or 
context, it would lead to misleading results. However, it has an ambiguous meaning – Do we get 
misleading results if Verstehen procedure is not applied, or if it is not applied properly. Also, this cannot 
be the crux of the passage. 
Option (d) is incorrect: The author, in the opening lines, defines Verstehen, where he clearly states that it 
is a technique to study the meaning behind human actions and meaning behind their motivations, purposes 
and actions. Thus, claiming that the motivation behind a human action can’t be comprehended is 
contradictory to what is provided in the passage. 
 
31 (c) 
Option (a) is incorrect. The opening lines of the passage stress the need to reform the education system 
in India with respect to the breadth and depth of subjects being chosen for study and research - from 
science and technology to humanities and social sciences. However, it does not talk about elementary 
education in particular and hence this option is incorrect. 
Option (b) is incorrect. The passage mentions that Indians know very little about their own country or 
the colonial power that ruled India. On the same lines, there is very little awareness about the other major 
countries like China, Brazil or Russia. The passage stresses the need for greater understanding of these 
countries and rest of the world. However, the passage does not suggest that India needs to specifically 
learn from the education systems of these countries. So, this is not the crux of the passage. 
Option (c) is correct. The passage says that we Indians know very little about not only our own country 
but also about our colonizer. We are ignorant about other major nations like Russia, China or Brazil. The 
passage indirectly stresses the need to understand the major powers of the world closely. This option best 
captures the essence because itcovers both aspects which are needed to reform education (“Education in 
India needs root and branch reform….”) and the emerging uncertainties in the globe (“…. there is no 
concerted attempt to understand the world or become better equipped to face it.”). So, this option is the 
crux of the passage. 
Option (d) is incorrect. There is no discussion in the passage on the role of the quotas and patronage-
laden present higher education system on the employment readiness levels of the graduates. This option 
could be an inference but not the crux. Hence, this is not the right option. 
32 (c) 
Option (a) is incorrect. The lines “It is a method of improving relations amongst nations ……… which 
increases the probability of desired relations of trade and commerce, as well as political relations, due to 
the attraction that this concept garners.” Therefore, it may help in the creation of a peaceful world. 
However, there’s no discussion in the passage regarding unilateral or multilateral world order. Therefore, 
this is not the central idea of the passage. 
Option (b) is incorrect. The passage discusses the process of cultural exchanges among nations in 
general without going into specific aspects like the developmental levels of nations - whether developing 
or developed. Also, the benefits of cultural exchanges are equally available to all nations irrespective of 
their developmental levels. So, to say that this is the central idea is not correct. 
Option (c) is correct. This option is correct because the passage not only mentions the importance of 
cultural exchanges concerning the nation, but also of its impact on the individuals. The aspect of the 
individual in the passage is “The concept is essentially a process that involves a two-way transfer of an 
individual to a different country from their home country to promote their home country’s values and 
culture and imbibe the visiting country’s traditions and way of life”, this line does discuss the impact of 
cultural exchange on the individual, as well as the role of the individual in cultural exchange. Therefore, 
this is the central idea of the passage. 
Option (d) is incorrect. The opening lines “The idea of initiating cultural exchange programs was first 
hatched after the 2nd World War when the people of different countries wanted to unify against violence 
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and hate among nations.” does indicate the potential of cultural diplomacy, but the idea here is to develop 
good relations through a parallel diplomatic route, and not to solve existing disputes among nations per se. 
Therefore, this is not the central idea of the passage. 
 
33 (d) 
Speed of policeman = 50 km/h 
Speed of criminal = 30 km/h 
Relative speed of Mr. Singh and criminal = 50 – 30 = 20 km/h 
 Extra Distance travelled by Mr. Singh to catch the criminal = 20 x (15/60) = 5 km 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
 
34 (c) 
When a person travels a distance at a speed of x km/h and again the same distance at a speed of y km/h, 
then the average speed of the journey is given by (2xy)/(x + y). 
Speed of horse in first round = 40 km/h 
Speed of horse in second round = (40 x 150)/100 = 60 km/hr 
And the distance travelled is same. 
So, average speed = (2 × 40 × 60)/(40 + 60) = 2 × 4 × 6 = 48 km/hr 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. 
 
35 (b) 
Nitin is running at a speed 20 km/hr and after every kilometer, he takes a rest for 3 min. 
Number of times Nitin takes a rest in 5 km = 4 
Rest time = number of times rest was taken × time for each rest = 4 × 3 = 12 min 
 Total time to cover 5 km = [(5/20) × 60] min + 12 min 
= 15 min + 12 min = 27 min 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
36 (a) 
Cost price of two types of cattle feeds is Rs. 60/kg and Rs. 72/kg. 
By selling the mixture at Rs. 68.25/kg he gained profit of 5%. So, cost price of the mixture = 68.25 × 
(100/105) = Rs. 65 
Applying Allegation Method: 
 
Ratio of the quantity of Rs. 60/kg and Rs. 72/kg types of cattle feeds =7 : 5 
So, Quantity of Rs. 72/kg type of cattle feed = 108 × 5/(5 + 7) = 45 kg 
Hence, option (a) is correct. 
 
37 (c) 
Fraction of boys in school A = 4/(4 + 5) = 4/9 
Fraction of boys in school B = 3/(3 + 1) = 3/4 
Fraction of boys in group = 1/2 
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Applying Allegation Method, we get: 
 
So, required ratio = (1/4) : (1/18) = 9 : 2 
Hence, option (c) is correct. 
 
38 (c) 
Number of books purchased by R and S together in 2020 = 60 + 80 = 140 
Number of books purchased by P and Q together in 2020 = 40 + 90 = 130 
Required ratio = 140 : 130 = 14 : 13 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. 
 
39 (c) 
Number of books purchased by Q in 2020 = 90 
Number of books purchased by S in 2021 = 55 
Required percent = [(90 – 55)/55] × 100 = (35/55) × 100 = 63.63% (approx) 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. 
40 (d) 
Average score of 25 players = 80 
Total score of 25 players = 80 × 25 = 2000 
After correction, total score of 25 players = 2000 + 65 – 40 = 2025 
Correct average = 2025/25 = 81 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
 
41 (b) 
Average of 80 numbers = 68 
Sum of 80 numbers = 68 × 80 = 5440 
If 36 and 74 are removed, then sum of the remaining 78 numbers = 5440 – (36 + 74) = 5330 
Resultant average of remaining 78 numbers = 5330/78 = 68.33 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
 
42 (d) 
Statement 1 is incorrect. The passage mentions, " By the middle of this century, major cereal crops 
grown across Africa will be adversely impacted, albeit with regional variability and differences between 
crops………. a reduction in mean yield of 13% is projected in West and Central Africa, 11% in North 
Africa, and 8% in East and Southern Africa." Thus, it is valid to assume that West and Central Africa will 
be the most affected regions in Africa, but we cannot assume that a disproportionately large number of 
low-income countries are located in this region, as the passage does not discuss anything related to 
income levels of the countries located here. 
Statement 2 is incorrect as the passage does not mention the impact of the rise in sea level on coastal 
degradation. So, this statement is beyond the scope of the passage. 
 
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43 (d) 
Statement 1 is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Millet and sorghum are the most promising crops, with 
a yield loss by 2050 of just 5% and 8%.” But we cannot be definitive that millet and sorghum will witness 
an increase in production. As per the passage their production will decline too, though less drastically. So, 
this statement is incorrect. 
Statement 2 is incorrect. The passage doesn't mention that there will be a decline in the nutritional value 
of the crops in the future. The passage only mentions that major cereal crops grown across Africa will be 
adversely impacted. 
Statement 3 is correct. The passage mentions," Agriculture is the backbone of Africa’s economy and 
accounts for the majority of livelihoods across the continent…… Key risks to agriculture include ………. 
resulting in serious adverse effects on food security and on livelihoods at the regional, nationaland 
individual household levels." Thus, there is a risk of falling profits and livelihood in the agricultural sector 
in Africa in the future. 
Statement 4 is correct. The passage mentions, " Africa is, therefore, an exposure and vulnerability “hot 
spot” for climate variability and change impacts. IPCC projections suggest that warming scenarios risk 
having devastating effects on crop production and food security." Thus, there is a serious risk of a decline 
in agricultural productivity in the future in Africa. 
 
44 (a) 
Statement 1 is correct. This inference is valid because the passage mentions that the key risks to 
agriculture include increased pest damage to food system infrastructure. We can infer that pest damage 
will increase due to their increase in numbers i.e., better survivability. Therefore, this option is correct. 
Statement 2 is incorrect. The discussion of the passage is centred on the risks of climate change on 
agriculture in Africa. The passage does not mention any climate change adaptation measures that need to 
be implemented in Africa. It only mentions the name of climate resistant cereals like millet and sorghum 
that can survive the harsh climatic changes in the long run. This option suggests a possible practical 
solution however; it cannot be inferred from the passage. 
45 (d) 
Option (a) is incorrect. The option mentions provisions of more funds by the state government for post-
disaster recovery. The passage, however, does not discuss the issue of funding for recovery. Hence, this 
option is beyond the scope of the passage. So, this is not the crucial message of the passage. 
Option (b) is incorrect. The lines “Even in instances where States have moved beyond this, long-term 
recovery measures have largely focused on addressing physical vulnerabilities such as the provision of 
shelter”, seem to suggest that this is the correct answer, but the lines “While these interventions are 
crucial, long-term recovery needs much more, but it is tricky because everyday vulnerabilities stemming 
from poverty are accentuated by recurring hazards”, show that resolution of poverty is more important 
than provision of shelter (which is a short term measure) for long term recovery from disasters. Therefore, 
this is not the correct crucial message of the passage. 
Option (c) is incorrect. The passage does not state that the current understanding of long-term measures 
is insufficient, so as to require further studies. Therefore, this is not the correct crucial message of the 
passage. 
Option (d) is correct. This option captures the real essence of the passage. The lines “While these 
interventions are crucial, long-term recovery needs much more, but it is tricky because everyday 
vulnerabilities stemming from poverty are accentuated by recurring hazards”. These lines reflect the 
message that long-term recovery would be challenging unless the vulnerabilities of poverty are resolved. 
Therefore, this option correctly conveys the crucial message of the passage. 
 
46 (a) 
Statement 1 is correct. The lines “Political philosophy has been practiced for as long as human beings 
have regarded their collective arrangements not as immutable and part of the natural order but as 
potentially open to change, and therefore as requiring philosophical justification”. The passage also 
mentions that political philosophy is influenced by the general philosophical tendencies of the epoch and 
also by the pressing political issues of the day. Both these factors are ever changing and hence political 
philosophy will also, by implication, be open to change. 
Statement 2 is correct. According to the passage, political philosophy has a diversity of forms due to two 
reasons. One being that methods and approaches used by the political philosophers reflect the general 
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philosophical tendencies of their epoch; and secondly, the political philosophers’ agenda is influenced by 
the pressing political issues of the day. This implies that methods of political philosophers can reflect the 
state of political affairs of society. So this statement is correct. 
 
47 (b) 
Percentage of water in the original mixture = 19% 
Percentage of water in the resulting mixture = 46% 
 
Ratio of the quantity of original mixture to the quantity of water to be added = 54/27 = 2/1 
So, Quantity of water that should be added in the original mixture = 90 × 1/2 = 45 litres 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
 
48 (c) 
Ratio of rice in the dish = Quantity of Rice/Total Quantity = 2/3 
Percentage of rice in the dish = (2/3) × 100 = (200/3)% = 66.67% 
Ratio of urad dal in the dish = Quantity of Urad dal/Total Quantity = 1/3 
Percentage of urad dal in the dish = (1/3) × 100 = (100/3)% = 33.33% 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. 
49 (d) 
In a mixture of purified water and normal water, the proportion of purified water is 60% by weight. 
So, ratio of Purified water and Normal water = 60% : 40% = 3 : 2 
Total quantity of mixture = 80 gm 
Quantity of purified water = 80 × 3/(3 + 2) = 48 gm 
Quantity of normal water = 80 × 2/(3 + 2) = 32 gm 
Now, 20 gm of mixture is taken out from 80 gm of mixture. 
So, quantity of purified water in 20 gm of mixture = 20 × 3/(3 + 2) = 12 gm 
So, quantity of normal water in 20 gm of mixture = 20 × 2/(3 + 2) = 8 gm 
Now, Quantity of purified water left in the mixture = 48 – 12 = 36 gm 
Quantity of normal water left in the mixture = 32 – 8 = 24 gm 
And 6 gm of normal water is added in the mixture. 
So, Quantity of normal water in the new mixture = 24 + 6 = 30 gm 
Ratio of purified water and normal water in the new mixture = 36 : 30 = 6 : 5 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
 
50 (c) 
Ratio of the speeds of Priyanka and Priya = 4:5 
Ratio of the time taken by Priyanka and Priya = 5:4 
So, let the time taken by Priyanka to reach the destination = 5x 
Time taken by Priya to reach the destination = 4x 
According to the question, 
4x = 44 
or, x = 11 
So, Time taken by Priyanka to reach the destination = 5x = 5 × 11 = 55 minutes 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. 
 
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51 (a) 
Distance of PQ = 1000 m 
Speed ratio = 7 : 3 
Akash and Sourabh start together with speeds 7x and 3x respectively. 
 x 
 P R S Q 
 700m 300m 
When they first meet at point R, then, 
Distance ratio = Speed ratio = 7/3 (Since, Time is same) 
So, PR = 700 m, RQ = 300 m 
At point R Akash continues running towards Q, while Sourabh turns around and continues running with 
the same speed towards Q and again they meet at point S. 
Sourabh runs from R → S, while Akash runs from R → S → Q → S 
Let QS = x km 
Distance travelled by Sourabh from R to S = 300 – x 
Distance travelled by Akash = 300 + x 
Distance ratio = Speed ratio (Since, Time is same) 
(300 + x)/(300 - x) = 7/3 
⇒ 900 + 3x = 2100 – 7x 
⇒ 10x = 2100 - 900 
⇒ 10x = 1200 
⇒ x = 1200/10 = 120 m 
Now, distance travelled by Akash to reach point P from point S, D1 = 1000 – 120 = 880 m 
At this point of time, the distance of Sourabh from point Q be D2. 
Distance ratio = Speed ratio (Since, Time is same) 
D2/D1 = 3/7 
⇒ D2/880 = 3/7 
⇒ D2 = 3 × 880/7 = 377.1 m 
So, distance of Sourabh from point Q will be 377.1 m. 
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer. 
 
52 (d) 
Let total distance to be covered be 2d km. 
A C B 
 dd 
Speed of Simran in first half of her journey = 11 km/hr 
Speed of Simran in second half of her journey = 14 km/hr 
Time taken by Simran to cover first half of her journey = d/11 
Time taken by Simran to cover second half of her journey = d/14 
Total time taken to complete the journey = 10 hours 
According to the question, 
d/11 + d/14 = 10 
⇒ 25d/(14 × 11) = 10 
⇒ 25d = 14 × 11 × 10 
⇒ d = 14 × 110/25 
⇒ d = 308/5 = 61.6 km 
Total journey = 2d = 2 × 61.6 = 123.2 km 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
 
53 (b) 
Sum of the percentages of the population of Hindu, Muslims and Sikhs = 21 + 26 + 16 = 63% 
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Sum of the percentages of the population of Christians and Others = 19 + 18 = 37% 
Required percent = [(63 – 37)/37] × 100 = 70.27% 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
 
54 (d) 
Male workers literacy% = (100 - 20)% = 80% 
Female workers literacy% = (100 - 25)% = 75% 
Ratio of male and female workers is 8 : 5. 
Number of literate males = [8x × (80/100)] = 32x/5 
Number of literate females = [5x × (75/100)] = 15x/4 
The number of literate females in the factory is 750. 
So, 15x/4 = 750 
Or x = 750 × 4/15 = 200 
So, Number of literate males = 32x/5 = 32 × 200/5 = 1280 
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 
 
55 (b) 
Number of houses made in state F = 3 thousand 
Number of houses made in all the states = 6 + 10 + 4 + 12 + 8 + 3 + 7 = 50 thousand 
Required percentage = (3/50) × 100 = 6% 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
56 (a) 
Let the new average contribution of 10 people be x kgs. 
Then, according to the question, 
⇒ [450 × 9 + (x + 450)]/10 = x 
⇒ [4050 + 450 + x)] /10 = x 
⇒ (4500/10) + (x/10) = x 
⇒ 450 = x - (x/10) 
⇒ 450 = 9x/10 
⇒ x = 4500/9 = 500 
So, average contribution of 10 people is 500 kg. 
Hence, total contribution of 10 people = 10 × 500 = 5000 kg 
Hence, option (a) is correct. 
 
57 (a) 
a, a + 2, a + 4, a + 6, ………, a + 12, where a ɛ N 
We know that, Average of a, b, c ………. , m consecutive even or old numbers = (a + m)/2 
So, Required average = (a + a + 12)/2 = a + 6 
Hence, option (a) is correct. 
 
58 (c) 
Number of people reading newspaper H in 2016 = 30000 
Total number of people reading all the newspapers in the year 2019 = 120000 
Hence, required percent = (30000/120000) × 100 = 25% 
So, option (c) is correct. 
 
59 (b) 
Let the number of notes of denomination Rs. 100, Rs. 50 and Rs. 20 be 4x, 5x and 6x respectively. 
According to the question, 
4x × 100 + 5x × 50 + 6x × 20 = 7700 
Or 770x = 7700 
Or x = 7700/770 = 10 
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So, number of Rs. 100 notes = 4x = 4 × 10 = 40 
Number of Rs. 50 notes = 5x = 5 × 10 = 50 
Number of Rs. 20 notes = 6x = 6 × 10 = 60 
So, Total number of notes = 40 + 50 + 60 = 150 
Sum of the number of notes of Rs. 50 and Rs. 20 denomination = 50 + 60 = 110 
The number of Rs. 100 notes is 40. 
Hence, only statement 2 is correct. 
So, option (b) is correct. 
 
60 (c) 
Let price of one shirt be Rs. S and price of one pant be Rs. P. 
Price of 15 shirts and 21 pants is equal to the price of 18 shirts and 12 pants. 
So, 15S + 21P = 18S + 12P 
⇒ 21P - 12P = 18S – 15S 
⇒ 9P = 3S 
⇒ S/P = 9/3 = 3/1 = 3 : 1 
Hence, the ratio of the prices of one shirt and one pant is 3 : 1. 
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. 
61 (d) 
Rice export in year 2013 = 500 (Lakh kg) 
Rice export in 2014 = 700 (Lakh kg) 
Percentage increase in export of rice from the year 2013 to 2014 = [(700 – 500)/500] × 100 = 40% 
Similarly, Cashew export in year 2013 = 400 (Lakh Kg) 
Cashew export in year 2014 = 500 (Lakh Kg) 
Percentage increase in export of cashew from the year 2013 to 2014 = [(500 – 400)/400] × 100 = 25% 
So, Required ratio = 40/25 = 8/5 = 8 : 5 
Hence, option (d) is correct. 
 
62 (c) 
Statement 1 is correct. The lines "Far fewer learn foundational concepts from cognitive science on 
decision making by human agents, human navigation and way-finding, human communication, and 
human interpretation of intentional behaviour that could be used to help robots interpret human 
actions”, indicate that the current knowledge regarding robotic interpretation of human actions is not 
adequate. This calls for more learning in this field. Hence this assumption is valid. 
Statement 2 is correct. The passage mentions, “All autonomous systems may have ethical impacts, and 
all should be designed to avoid unethical outcomes". This line shows that ethical impacts of robots are 
important in designing. Hence this assumption is valid. 
 
63 (d) 
Option (a) is incorrect. The opening lines of the passage mentions some of the areas in which robots are 
operating in the realm of human beings - like working in factories and caring for the vulnerable. However, 
it does not say that human dependence on robots will be an inevitable feature of the future world. Hence 
this statement does not reflect the crux of the passage. 
Option (b) is incorrect. The passage does not state with certainty that the incorporation of robots will 
invariably lead to unethical outcomes, as stated in the lines “All autonomous systems may have ethical 
impacts, and all should be designed to avoid unethical outcomes”. Also, the issue of ethical scientists has 
not been discussed. 
Option (c) is incorrect. The lines “These emerging social contexts add new requirements to the 
knowledge that successful roboticists need. Many roboticists learn basics of human-machine interaction 
and usability. Far fewer learn foundational concepts ……. human interpretation of intentional behaviour 
that could be used to help robots interpret human actions.”, stress the need for roboticists to update their 
knowledge regarding human-machine interaction so that it can cater to the emerging social contexts. This 
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indicates a proactive approach to the future rather than a pessimistic one that holds that is difficult to 
ascertain future social contexts in the human-machine interaction. Therefore, this is not the correct crux. 
Option (d) is correct. The passage mentions, "Robots increasingly operate among people, and they now 
work alongside us in factories and warehouses, share our streets and sidewalks, clean our homes, and 
care for the most vulnerable among us” and “All autonomous systems may have ethical impacts, and all 
should be designed to avoid unethical outcomes. Designers bear some responsibility for their designs, 
even in a world where the autonomous systems they design eventually design other autonomous systems”. 
The given lines show that the design of the robots for avoiding unethical outcomes should be given 
importance. Thus, this is the correct crux of the passage. 
 
64 (c) 
Statement 1 is correct. This option is correct because of the lines “Farm incomes can, realistically 
speaking, be doubled, or tripled only for those truly dependent on agriculture and having enough land to 
productively deploy labour and capital resources”. 
Statement 2 is incorrect. This option is beyond the scope of the passage because the passage nowhere 
discusses subsidies in general or in the context of minimizing productioncosts. So, this is not the correct 
inference. 
Statement 3 is correct. As the passage mentions, "The 30 million farmers in India are the ones 
possessing one hectare or more land, which is the minimum holding required for agriculture per se to 
generate a major share of any family’s income. It also means that “agriculture policy” should primarily 
target these 30 million households" - this implies that the rest of the farmers, i.e., 60-65 million 
households of farmers possessing less than one hectare of land may not receive the benefits of the policy 
as the policy is not targeting them as per the passage. 
 
65 (a) 
Statement 1 is correct as the passage mentions, “Bluetooth lacks range, rate, and reliability. Current 
generations of WiFi offer the required speed but suffer from congestion and high latencies once multiple 
devices are added.” and also “The most pressing matter is providing “metaverse grade” ubiquitous 
connectivity.” These statements imply that the current level of technology is not adequate for the efficient 
working of the metaverse. 
Statement 2 is incorrect. Although the passage mentions the need to build an efficient infrastructure 
that supports 5G and high-end technology like a metaverse, it nowhere mentions the names of 
technologies like quantum computing, mature block chain technology, stable cryptocurrencies or NFTs. 
Moreover, it does not say that these technologies are mandatory pre-requisites for metaverse. 
 
66 (b) 
Statement 1 is correct as the passage clearly mentions, “Lowering the barriers to entry for consumers 
will be critical in making the metaverse a thriving ecosystem. The most pressing matter is providing 
“metaverse grade” ubiquitous connectivity.” Hence statement 1 is correct. 
Statement 2 is incorrect as though the passage mentions, “Bluetooth lacks range, rate, and reliability. 
Current generations of WiFi offer the required speed but suffer from congestion and high latencies once 
multiple devices are added.”, it is not suggested that they are outdated. Further, the passage does not 
imply whether they need to be replaced with LiFi. Hence statement 2 is incorrect. 
 
67 (b) 
Statement 1 is incorrect. The opening lines of the passage talk about the multifarious, mutually 
intersecting issues that lie in the path of achieving sustainable development goals. That these goals cannot 
be achieved by anyone working alone is obvious and logical. However, it is not the central idea of the 
passage. Hence statement 1 is incorrect. 
Statement 2 is correct as the passage mentions at the beginning, “All 17 SDGs, set at the UN General 
Assembly in 2015, are in jeopardy due to the climate crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic and an increase in 
the number of conflicts worldwide.” In the subsequent statements, the passage states how the pandemic 
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has caused excess deaths, and how the economic shock has pushed more people into poverty. It also states 
how Greenhouse gas emissions are set to rise. Read collectively, it implies that the SDG targets are at 
danger of slipping away from reach. Hence statement 2 is correct. 
Statement 3 is incorrect as though the passage mentions that the achievement of SDGs are in jeopardy 
due to the climate crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic and an increase in the number of conflicts worldwide, 
it cannot be categorically said that the SDG targets cannot be achieved within the deadline. Further, the 
passage does not explicitly mention the Russia-Ukraine war. The answer should be sourced from within 
the information given in the passage. The year 2030 has also not been highlighted more than others in the 
passage. Hence statement 3 is incorrect. 
Statement 4 is incorrect as though the statement is logical and rational, the passage does not mention the 
impact of the cascading and intersecting issues on the Least Developed Countries. It also does not discuss 
the need to support them financially and technologically. The central idea of the passage means the core 
message implied by the whole of the passage. 
 
68 (b) 
Two birds started flying towards the same direction at a speed of 20 km/hr and 25 km/hr. 
Distance between them in 1 hour = 25 - 20 = 5 km 
Now, 4 hours 45 min = 4 hours + (45/60) hours = 19/4 hrs 
So, distance between them after 19/4 hrs = 5 × 19/4 = 23.75 km 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
 
69 (a) 
Total distance travelled by Sarita = 7 + 24 + √{(24)2 + (7)2} 
= 7 + 24 + √(576 + 49) 
= 31 + 25 
= 56 km 
She takes 7 hours to complete the journey. 
So, Average Speed = Total Distance/Total Time = 56/7 = 8 km/hr 
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer. 
 
70 (c) 
Average age of 40 people is 50 years, and average age of 60 people is 55 years. 
So, sum of the ages of 40 people = 40 × 50 = 2000 years 
Sum of ages of 60 people = 60 × 55 = 3300 years 
∴ Required average age = (2000 + 3300)/(40 + 60) = 5300/100 = 53 years 
Hence, option (c) is correct. 
 
71 (c) 
If a and b are two numbers, then their third proportion (c) is given as, 
c = b2/a ……(i) 
Here, a = (x2- y2), and c = (x + y)/(x - y) and b = B 
Putting the above values in equation (i), we get: 
(x + y)/(x – y) = B2 /(x2 – y2) 
 B2 = (x + y) (x2 - y2)/(x – y) 
 B2 = (x +y) (x +y) (x - y)/(x - y) 
 B2 = (x + y) (x +y) 
 B = (x + y) 
Hence, option (c) is correct. 
 
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72 (b) 
Contribution ratio of Kallu and Malkhan = 1:2 
Contribution ratio of Malkhan and Ramu = 2:3 
So, Contribution ratio of Kallu, Malkhan and Ramu = 1:2:3 ……….(i) 
Contribution ratio of Ramu and Shyam = 5:6 ………..(ii) 
To make Contribution of Ramu equal in eqn (i) and (ii), we will multiply eqn (i) by 5 and eqn (ii) by 3. 
Contribution ratio of Kallu, Malkhan and Ramu = [1:2:3] × 5 = 5:10:15 
Contribution ratio of Ramu and Shyam = [5:6] × 3 = 15:18 
So, Contribution ratio of Kallu, Malkhan, Ramu and Shyam = 5:10:15:18 
∴ Required contribution of Malkhan = 9600 × 10/(5+10+15+18) = Rs. 2000 
Hence, option (b) is correct. 
73 (b) 
Cost price of French perfume and synthetic perfume is Rs. 12 and Rs. 8.50. Cost price of the mixture is 
Rs. 9.25. 
Applying Allegation Method: 
 
 
∴ Required ratio = 2.75/0.75 = 11/3 = 11 : 3 
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. 
 
74 (a) 
Percentage of people that preferred Pongal and Rogan josh = 10 + 15 = 25% 
Number of people that preferred Pongal and Rogan josh = 25% of 1200 = (25 × 1200)/100 = 300 
Percentage of people that preferred Dhokla = 20% 
So, number of people that preferred Dhokla = 20% of 1200 = (20 × 1200)/100 = 240 
Hence, required ratio = 300/240 = 5/4 = 5 : 4 
So, option (a) is the correct answer. 
 
75 (d) 
According to the question, 
⇒ [A + B + C]/3 = 650 
⇒ A + B + C = 1950 ------------------ (i) 
Marks of B are 50 more than A, and 20 less than C. 
So, marks of B = A + 50 
Marks of C = B + 20 = A + 50 + 20 = A + 70 
From equation (i), we get: 
A + (A + 50) + (A + 70) = 1950 
⇒ 3A + 120 = 1950 
⇒ 3A = 1950 – 120 = 1830 
⇒ A = 1830/3 = 610 
So, marks of C = A + 70 = 610 + 70 = 680 
Hence, option (d) is correct. 
 
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76 (a) 
Option (a)is correct: The passage mentions “The focus is now on forest landscape restoration- the 
process of regaining ecological functionality and improving human welfare across deforested and 
degraded forest landscapes” which means that the change in strategy is to fulfil people’s needs as well as 
multiple land uses through forest landscape restoration. 
Option (b) is incorrect: It is nowhere given in the passage that forest landscape restoration is for 
increasing area under forest cover. Therefore, this goes beyond the scope of the passage. Also, India has 
not been mentioned in the passage. 
Option (c) is incorrect: It is also nowhere implied in the passage that the government has changed its 
strategy to meet its international commitments. Therefore, this goes beyond the scope of the passage. 
Option (d) is incorrect: The passage only mentions that governments have relied on afforestation and 
reforestation as a means of establishing trees on non-treed land and that the strategy has now evolved to 
include more dimensions. However, it does not mean that the previous strategy has failed. Hence this 
option is beyond the scope of the passage. 
 
77 (c) 
Statement 1 is correct: The passage mentions “such scaling up from the lab to commercial process will 
be vital to achieve cost reduction and widespread adoption” which implies that it must be costlier than 
conventional plastic and thus not able to emerge as a desirable solution. 
Statement 2 is incorrect: Though the passage mentions that environmentally friendly plastic has not seen 
widespread adoption, the reason for the same is not the lack of familiarity with the product. According to 
the opening lines of the passage, it has not been widely adopted despite being a desirable alternative 
because it still has to fulfil required functional performance parameters such as moisture barriers and heat 
scalability. 
Statement 3 is correct: The passage says that such scaling up from the lab to commercial processes will 
be vital to achieve cost reduction and widespread adoption. This implies that the current rate of 
production of eco-friendly plastics is not sufficient. Further, the last line of the passage clearly says, “The 
manufacturers should also be encouraged through appropriate measures to shift from conventional 
plastics to biodegradable plastics across categories.” which again indicates that, presently, there is not 
enough production of plastics. 
 
78 (c) 
Statement 1 is incorrect as the passage deals with two broad aspects of biodiversity and food production, 
and their relation with natural resources and production techniques. Whether sustainable environmental 
resource governance is the “most” crucial factor in food security is not clear from the passage, as there are 
adverse impacts due to production techniques as well. Therefore, this answer option cannot be the most 
critical inference. 
Statement 2 is incorrect. Though the statement may be individually true, it is nowhere suggested in the 
passage. The passage only mentions “Agricultural risk “hotspots” occur where these resource pressures 
are most concentrated.” The passage is not focused on giving remedial measures. Moreover, agricultural 
hotspot is one of the several important factors discussed in the passage. Dealing with it cannot be the most 
critical inference. 
Statement 3 is correct as it takes a wholesome look at the passage and crisply summarises it. The 
passage mentions “Food, agriculture, and fisheries depend on the world’s natural resources, so future 
food production will depend on how well these resources are conserved and used.” and “The food, 
agriculture and fisheries system is not only impacted by the environment, but also by production 
techniques. The excessive use of nutrients in agriculture has been a major source of water pollution and is 
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estimated to have reduced biodiversity”. The first line clearly talks about natural resources. The second 
line talks about issues like overuse of nutrients, that is a man-made (anthropogenic) factor. 
Statement 4 is incorrect as unsustainable practices in the food, agriculture and fisheries systems threaten 
biodiversity as well as food security. Therefore, it would be incorrect to say that it affects ONLY 
biodiversity. This is clear from the excerpts - “Food, agriculture, and fisheries depend on the world’s 
natural resources, so future food production will depend on how well these resources are conserved and 
used. Agriculture is impacted by urban land expansion and by higher water demand from other sectors.” 
79 (d) 
Statement 1 is incorrect as the passage has not given the details regarding pre-identarian forms of 
politics. The only inference that can be derived from the passage – “What makes identity politics a 
significant departure from earlier, pre-identarian forms of the politics of recognition is its demand for 
recognition on the basis of the very grounds on which recognition has previously been denied”, is that 
some groups were denied recognition earlier. It rather implies that pre-identarian forms of politics was 
probbaly divisive. Maybe they were given recognition based on “universal humankind”. It’s not clear 
from the given passage. Therefore, this answer option is incorrect. 
Statement 2 is incorrect as though the statement may individually be true, the “right” to recognition is 
beyond the scope of the passage. Furthermore, the legal aspects of this right is not dealt with in the 
passage. The passage centrally deals with the difference between identity politics and pre-identarian 
politics and how the nature of demand for recognition has changed. The line “Rather, what is demanded 
is respect for oneself as different.” implies that identity politics demand recognition based on one’s own 
identity —as a woman, as black, or a lesbian. 
 
80 (c) 
Statement 1 is correct. The passage mentions, “Disaster management has seldom acquired importance 
in the agenda of governance unless there is a major natural or man-made disaster.” The use of ‘seldom’ 
clearly implies that disaster management is not a priority in India. 
Statement 2 is correct as the passage mentions “In rural areas, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) are 
democratically decentralized bodies that can display tremendous potential in disaster management as 
they are closer to the scene and have a better knowledge of local resources/weaknesses. However, their 
role has been limited mostly to the response phase of any disaster.” This implies that the role of PRIs 
should not be limited to disaster response. Due to their better knowledge of disaster, their role in other 
crucial aspects of disaster management - such as policy framing needs to be widened. 
 
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All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted 
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior 
permission of Vision IAS. 
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