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Notícias / 28 De Outubro De 2021 Um rápido resumo sobre a história da homofobia no Ocidente pela equipe OL OUTNE�S Post�gem �e convi���o �o Dr. À me�i�� q�e cheg�mos �o fin�� �o Mês �� Históri� L�BTQ �e ���� e tr�b��h�mos p�r� est���r e comp�rti�h�r noss� históri� to�os os �i�s �e c��� mês, �presento �m� �mostr� �� históri� inici�� �e �tit��es, �ções e po�ític�s em re��ção à sex���i���e entre pesso�s �o mesmo sexo, n� tent�tiv� �e seg�ir A ��vertênci� �o fi�ósofo esp�nho� �eorge S�nt���n� �e q�e “Aq�e�es q�e não conseg�em �embr�r o p�ss��o estão con�en��os � repeti-�o”. Defino � “homofobi�”, hoje m�is freq�entemente referi�� como “heterossexismo”, como o sistem� �br�ngente �e v�nt�gens conce�i��s �os heterossex��is. O heterossexismo é � instit�cion��iz�ção �e �m� norm� o� p��rão heterossex���, q�e est�be�ece e perpet�� � noção �e q�e to��s �s pesso�s são o� �everi�m ser heterossex��is, privi�egi�n�o �ssim os heterossex��is e � heterossex���i���e, e exc��in�o �s necessi���es, preoc�p�ções, c��t�r�s, históri�s e experiênci�s �e vi�� �e �ésbic�s, g��s. homens, bissex��is, �ssex��is, pesso�s tr�ns e intersex��is. M�it�s vezes f��gr�nte e às vezes s�ti�, o heterossexismo é opressão intencion�� e intencion��, e t�mbém neg�igênci�, omissão, �p�g�mento e �istorção. (/)ÓVOCTEUEADERSHEUP https://outleadership.com/ Em j��ho �e ����, � S�prem� Corte �os Est��os Uni�os, por � votos � � no c�so Bo�ers v. H�r��ick, re�firmo� � constit�cion��i���e �e �m� �ei �nti- so�omi� �o est��o �� �eórgi� q�e remont� � ����. Est� �ecisão confirmo� � �ei �� �eórgi� q�e torn� “q���q�er �to sex��� envo�ven�o os órgãos sex��is �e �m� pesso� e � boc� o� ân�s �e o�tr�” �m crime p�níve� com �té �� �nos �e prisão. Embor� est� �ei e �eis seme�h�ntes em vários o�tros est��os p��essem ter si�o concebive�mente �p�ic���s � c�s�is �e sexos �iferentes, e��s têm si�o �s���s princip��mente p�r� intimi��r e �sse�i�r c�s�is �o mesmo sexo p�r� q�e não p�rticipem em �ctivi���es sex��is consens��is priv���s. A�icion�n�o s�� voz à opinião �� m�iori� �o trib�n��, o então presi�ente �o trib�n��, ��rren B�rger, �so� o prece�ente como j�stific�tiv�: “As �ecisões �os in�iví��os re��tiv�s à con��t� homossex��� têm si�o s�jeit�s à intervenção �o Est��o �o �ongo �� históri� �� Civi�iz�ção Oci�ent��. A con�en�ção �ess�s prátic�s está firmemente enr�iz��� nos p��rões mor�is e éticos j���ico-cristãos. A so�omi� homossex��� er� �m crime c�pit�� sob � �ei rom�n�… S�stent�r q�e o �to �e so�omi� homossex��� é �e ��g�m� form� protegi�o como �m �ireito f�n��ment�� seri� �eix�r �e ���o mi�ênios �e ensino mor��”. A históri� tem mostr��o q�e existe �m� re��ção simbiótic� entre os ensin�mentos re�igiosos e sec���res sobre � q�estão �� sex���i���e entre pesso�s �o mesmo sexo, com �m inf��enci�n�o e sen�o �s��o p�r� j�stific�r o o�tro. Re�igio�s, phi�osophic��, soci��, �n� po�itic�� �ttit��es set the gro�n��ork for restrictive ���s en�cte� to��r� the ��tter st�ges of imperi�� Rom�n civi�iz�tion; Rom�n ��� ��s �se� �s � b�sis for Me�iev�� C�non L�� (the ��� of the C�tho�ic Ch�rch); C�non L�� ��ong �ith Rom�n ��� h�s been �se� �s the cornerstone for p�nitive civi� ���s to the present ���. A�tho�gh not �����s strict�� enforce�, ���s �o�ing o�t p�nishments r�nging from f�oggings to b�nishment to m�ti��tion to �e�th h�ve existe� �t v�rio�s times in most �estern n�tions. A�� of these st�t�tes �pp�ie� to m��es, tho�gh fem��es h�ve not �����s been exempt from their ��thorit�. Ancient Times S�me-sex �ove �n� sex �ere �ccepte� bet�een m��es ��ring C��ssic�� �reek civi�iz�tion. Freeborn m��es co��� eng�ge in sex��� re��tions �ith �o�nger m��es �n� ens��ve� m��es. Ho�ever, in the �th cent�r� B.C.E., the Sp�rt�n ���m�ker L�c�rg�s m��e it � fe�on� crime p�nish�b�e b� b�nishment or �e�th for � m�n to �esire �nother m�n in mere ��st. L�ter, in ��� B.C.E., �reek ��� h�rsh�� forb��e m��e prostit�tion, not o�t of �n �version to homosex���it� per se, b�t r�ther o�t of concern th�t if � m�n or bo� co��� se�� his bo��, he might ��so se�� o�t the interests of his comm�nit� to �n� one of sever�� ��rring st�tes. (/)ÓVOCTEUEADERSHEUP Subscribe PRIVACY POLICY (/PRIVACY) First N�me Em�i� L�st N�me �h�t �o �o� ��nt to he�r from �s �bo�t? NE�S EVENTS SUBMIT https://outleadership.com/ https://outleadership.com/privacy Tho�gh �ncient �reece �n� ��ter Rome �ere re��tive�� to�er�nt of s�me-sex sex��� pr�ctices bet�een m��es, �ro�n� the �th cent�r� C.E., �ttit��es ch�nge� �s Rom�n civi�iz�tion bec�me incre�sing�� �e�rb�nize� �ith gre�ter tot��it�ri�n contro�s over person�� �ife. D�ring the �ec�ining �e�rs of imperi�� Rome, phi�osophic��, po�itic��, �n� soci�� forces merge� to est�b�ish � c�im�te of into�er�nce. Christi�nit� (�ith its strict prono�ncements �g�inst s�me-sex sex���it�), bec�me the offici�� st�te re�igion �n�er the r��e of Const�ntine I. In this c�im�te, ���m�kers en�cte� st�t�tes th�t severe�� restricte� s�me-sex �ctivities. The e�icts of Const�ntine �n� Const�ns of ��� C.E., �n� ��ter the ��� of ��� C.E. – sponsore� �n�er the trip�rtite r��e of Theo�osi�s, V��entini�n II, �n� Arc��i�s – prescribe� �e�th to men eng�ging s�me-sex sex���it�, especi���� in the c�se of prostit�tion: “A�� persons �ho h�ve the sh�mef�� c�stom of con�emning � m�n’s bo��, �cting the p�rt of � �om�n’s, to the s�ffer�nce of �n ��ien sex (for the� �ppe�r not to be �ifferent from �omen) sh��� expi�te � crime of this kin� b� �venging f��mes in the sight of the peop�e” (Theo�osi�n Co�e). These ���s, ho�ever, �ere r�re�� enforce�, �n� m��e prostit�tion contin�e� to be t�xe� into the �th Cent�r�. The Mi���e Ages These ���s �re import�nt bec��se the� �ere incorpor�te� into the Corp�s J�ris Civi�is – the extensive co��ection of Rom�n ��� instit�te� �n�er the sponsorship of Emperor J�stini�n in the �th Cent�r�, �hich ��ter ��s �se� �s the b�sis for c�non �n� sec���r ��� in E�rope, Eng��n�, �n� �h�t bec�me the Unite� St�tes. The Instit�tes is the n�me given to the section �ithin the Corp�s J�ris Civi�is th�t prescribes �e�th for �n� person �ho is fo�n� g�i�t� of ����ter�, or of eng�ging in “�orks of �e��ness �ith their o�n sex.” To �n�erst�n� the ch�r�cter of the Rom�n s�stem of v���es, it is �sef�� to exp�ore the context in �hich these �nti-s�me-sex st�tements �rise. A�so fo�n� in the Instit�tes, �n�er the tit�e “The Rights of Persons,” �re ���s �esigne� to reg���te �n� ��v�nce the �ccepte� Rom�n pr�ctice of s��ver�. It re�� in p�rt: “…s��ver� is the constit�tion of the ��� of n�tions, b� �hich the in�ivi����, contr�r� to n�t�re, is s�bject to the m�ster� of �nother….For in ��most ��� n�tions the po�er of �ife �n� �e�th ��s exercise� b� the m�sters over their s��ves, �n� �h�tsoever ��s �cq�ire� b� the s��ve be�onge� to the m�ster”. (/)ÓVOCTEUEADERSHEUP Subscribe PRIVACY POLICY (/PRIVACY) �h�t �o �o� ��nt to he�r from �s �bo�t? NE�S EVENTS https://outleadership.com/ https://outleadership.com/privacy In ���ition to the Instit�tes in the Corp�s j�ris civi�is, Emperor J�stini�n iss�e� t�o con�emn�tions of his o�n �g�inst the pr�ctice of s�me-sex sex���it�. His Nove��� �� of ��� c���e� on men eng�ging in s�me-sex sex���it� to ch�nge their ���s �n� sing�e� them o�t �s the c��se of the evi�s of societ�: “For bec��se of s�ch crimes, there �re f�mines, e�rthq��kes, �n� pesti�ences; �herefore �e ��monish men to �bst�in from the �fores�i� �n���f�� �cts, th�t the� m�� not �ose their so��s” (Nove��� LXXVII). Six �e�rs ��ter, in ���, fo��o�ing � �ev�st�ting p��g�e in Const�ntinop�e, J�stini�n iss�e� Nove��� ���, �em�n�ing his citizenr� resist evi� tempt�tion. S�me-sex sex���it� in p�rtic���r ��s: “…th�t �bomin�b�e �n� impio�s con��ct �eserve��� h�te� b� �o�. �e spe�k of the �efi�ement of m��es �hich some men s�cri�egio�s�� �n� impio�s�� ��re to �ttempt, perpetr�ting vi�e �cts �pon other men…. If, �ith e�es �s if �ere b�in�e�, �e over�ook s�ch impio�s �n� forbi��en con��ct, �e m�� provi�e the goo� �o� to �nger �n� bring r�in �pon ��� – � f�te �hich �o��� be b�t �eserve�” (Nove��� CXLI).The f��� of the Rom�n Empire sign��e� � ch�nge in the tre�tment of minoritize� citizens. Tho�gh cert�in�� not � go��en �ge of p��r��ism, the �th to the mi���e of the ��th cent�ries ��s �n er� (except in Sp�in) of re��tive c��m for peop�e �ho eng�ge� in s�me-sex sex���it� �n� other minoritize� peop�e. In Sp�in, ho�ever, the Visigoths r��e� �ro�n� the �e�r ���, �n� the� p�sse� stringent ���s prescribing c�str�tion for men fo�n� eng�ging in sex �ith one �nother. The ��ter p�rt of the ��th Cent�r�, ho�ever, �shere� in � s�st�ine� perio� of �nivers�� into�er�nce thro�gho�t E�rope. Minoritize� citizens �ost gro�n� �ith the rise of ne� sec���r st�tes �n� their po�erf�� centr�� governments �n� �ith the st�n��r�iz�tion of C�tho�ic Ch�rch �ogm�. Both Ch�rch �n� St�te-s�pporte� J�stini�n’s ���s �s the b�sis for �i�espre�� �egis��tion �n� co�es �ict�ting conformit�. The C�m���o�ese monk, �r�ti�n, is gener���� consi�ere� the one �ho form���te� �n� st�n��r�ize� C�non �octrine. In his Decret�m of ����, �r�ti�n form��ize� the concept of “N�t�r�� L��,” �n� he q�ote� the Rom�n A�g�stine in his con�emn�tion of s�me-sex sex���it�: “Acts contr�r� to n�t�re �re in tr�th �����s i��icit, �n� �itho�t �o�bt more sh�mef�� �n� fo��, �hich �se the Ho�� Apost�e �s con�emne� both in �omen �n� in men, me�ning them to be �n�erstoo� �s more ��mn�b�e th�n if the� sinne� thro�gh the n�t�r�� �se b� ����ter� or fornic�tion” (Corp�s I�ris C�nonici, ����). (/)ÓVOCTEUEADERSHEUP Subscribe PRIVACY POLICY (/PRIVACY) �h�t �o �o� ��nt to he�r from �s �bo�t? NE�S EVENTS https://outleadership.com/ https://outleadership.com/privacy The Decret�m of �r�ti�n bec�me the f�n��ment�� �n� most �i�e�� �ccepte� �ork of C�non ��� �nti� the e�r�� ��th Cent�r�, �n� it inf��ence� m�n� civi� ���s th�t �ere to come. One of the first of these ���s to exp�icit�� refer to s�me-sex sex���it� in both m��es �n� fem��es ��s inc���e� in the French co�e of ���� in the section tit�e� Li Livres �i j�stice et �e p�et (The Book of J�stice �n� of P�e�s, in o�� French): ��. He �ho h�s been prove� to be � so�omite m�st �ose his testic�es. An� if he �oes it � secon� time, he m�st �ose his member, �n� if he �oes it � thir� time, he m�st be b�rne�. ��. A �om�n �ho �oes this sh��� �ose her member e�ch time �n� on the thir� m�st be b�rne�. In the origin�� o�� French, per�re member in these p�ss�ges h�ve come to be interprete� �s �oss of the penis, c�itoris, �n�/or �rms �n� �egs. In ��th cent�r� Sp�in, s�me-sex sex���it� c�rrie� � pen��t� of c�str�tion �n� “��pi��tion” (exec�tion b� stoning). This ��s ch�nge� �n�er the regime of Fer�in�n� �n� Is�be��� in ���� to exec�tion b� b�rning �t the st�ke. The E�r�� Mo�ern Er� The e�r�iest civi� ��� �e��ing specific���� �ith s�me-sex sex���it� in Eng��n� ��tes from ���� �n�er the r��e of King Henr� VIII, �ho st�te� th�t “there is not �et s�fficient �n� con�ign p�nishment” for this “�etest�b�e �n� �bomin�b�e vice.” In th�t �e�r, the Eng�ish P�r�i�ment c��ssifie� b�gger� (� term �se� to �enote s�me-sex sex���it�, besti��it�, �n� specific���� �n�� interco�rse) �s � fe�on� crime. Pen��ties inc���e� �oss of propert� �n� �e�th. Then, in ����, Q�een E�iz�beth �ec��re� the ��� � perm�nent p�rt of Eng�ish st�t�tes; the �e�th pen��t� for s�me-sex sex���it� bet�een men ��s not repe��e� �nti� ����. The ��� ��s �se� �s the b�sis for sen�ing sever�� men �ho freq�ente� “Mo��� Ho�ses” (resi�ences in Eng��n� �here men met for comp�nionship �n� sex) to their �e�ths �s e�r�� �s the ����s. This Eng�ish st�t�te, �ike simi��r ones in Scot��n�, on the E�rope�n continent, �n� in some L�tin Americ�n co�ntries, ��s �r�fte� b� �egis��tors �ho h�� b�ckgro�n�s in both Rom�n ��� �n� Christi�n �octrine. Recor�s from the times �oc�ment the exec�tions of ��rge n�mbers of men �n� �omen. For ex�mp�e, the Sp�nish inq�isition exec�te� sever�� �ozen men b� fire, �� men �ere p�t to the torch in Mexico Cit� in ����, �� men �ere exec�te� in Ho���n� in ����-��, �� �ere h�nge� in the British n�v� from ����-����, �n� �� �ere sentence� to �e�th in Fr�nce bet�een ����-����. (/)ÓVOCTEUEADERSHEUP Subscribe PRIVACY POLICY (/PRIVACY) �h�t �o �o� ��nt to he�r from �s �bo�t? NE�S EVENTS https://outleadership.com/ https://outleadership.com/privacy Ch�nge ��s stirring in the �ir in the ��th Cent�r�. “Libert�, Eq���it�, Fr�ternit�” bec�me the b�tt�e cr� of those �ttempting to overt�rn the r��ing French �ristocr�c�, �hich �o��� c�rr� over into the sex��� re��m �s �e��. Fo��o�ing the revo��tion of ����, the �e�th pen��t� ��s remove� from ��� French ���s �e��ing �ith sex���it�. In ����, �fter comp�etion of � ne� crimin�� s�stem c���e� the N�po�eonic Co�e, ��� pen��ties for consens��� ����t sex��� �ctivities �ere e�imin�te�. Tho�gh the expression of s�me-sex sex���it� rem�ine� s�bject to soci�� �is�pprov��, the ne� French co�e ��s � ��tershe� th�t ��s to h�ve the effect of �iber��izing �egis��tion in other co�ntries �n�er French inf��ence. This ��s p�rtic���r�� tr�e in Be�gi�m, m�ch of It���, Sp�in, Port�g��, Rom�ni�, �n� R�ssi�, �s �e�� �s sever�� L�tin Americ�n co�ntries. This �i� not, ho�ever, exten� to co�ntries o�tsi�e the French sphere, inc���ing Pr�ssi�, the Sc�n�in�vi�n st�tes, �n� �fter ����, to �erm�n�, �hich �nite� �n�er the Pr�ssi�n re��m. R�ssi�, ho�ever, reinstit�te� ���s p�nishing peop�e eng�ging in s�me-sex sex���it� �ith imprisonment for terms �p to five �e�rs. After ����, �hen Denm�rk �bo�ishe� the �e�th pen��t� for s�me-sex sex���it�, �erm�n� �n� the Eng�ish-spe�king common-��� co�ntries rem�ine� virt����� ��one in ret�ining h�rsh pen��ties �e�� into the ��th Cent�r�. Tho�gh Eng��n� �bo�ishe� the �e�th pen��t� for s�me-sex sex���it� in ����, �n�er the reign of Q�een Victori� in ����, the L�bo�chiere Amen�ment ��s instit�te� b� P�r�i�ment. It cre�te� � ne� crime of “gross in�ecenc� �ith m��es in p�b�ic or priv�te,” �hich c�rrie� the p�nishment of imprisonment for �p to t�o �e�rs. This ��� rem�ine� in effect �nti� it ��s e�imin�te� on J��� ��, ����. In �erm�n�, P�r�gr�ph ��� from ���� of the �erm�n Pen�� Co�e ��s the ��� A�o�f Hit�er �n� his �est�po chief Heinrich Himm�er cite� in the p��n for the “re�oc�tion” �n� event��� extermin�tion of tho�s�n�s of s�specte� homosex���s. The Unite� St�tes inherite� m�ch from Eng��n�, inc���ing m�n� of its ���s, p�rtic���r�� those concerning homosex���it� �n� so�om�. Rich�r� Cornish, � ship’s m�ster, ��s the first m�n to be exec�te� in the British co�on� of Virgini� in ���� for ���ege� s�me-sex sex���it� �ith one of his ste��r�s. Another c�se invo�ve� John A�ex�n�er �n� Thom�s Roberts of P��mo�th, M�ss�ch�setts in ����. The� �ere fo�n� “g�i�t� of ���e beh�vior �n� �nc�e�ne (sic) c�rri�ge one �ith �nother b� often spen�inge (sic) their see� one �pon �nother.” (/)ÓVOCTEUEADERSHEUP Subscribe PRIVACY POLICY (/PRIVACY) �h�t �o �o� ��nt to he�r from �s �bo�t? NE�S EVENTS https://outleadership.com/ https://outleadership.com/privacy S�r�h �hite Norm�n �n� M�r� Vincent H�mmon in ���� in P��mo�th, M�ss�ch�setts �ere the first �omen prosec�te� for s�me-sex sex���it� in the Eng�ish Americ�n co�onies. The� �ere convicte� of “�e�� beh�vior �ith e�ch other �pon � be�.” M�r� ��s mere�� reprim�n�e� since she ��s �o�nger th�n �� �e�rs of �ge. S�r�h ��s or�ere� b� the co�rt to p�b�ic�� confess her “�nch�ste beh�vior” �ith M�r�, �n� she ��s ��rne� �g�inst f�t�re tr�nsgressions. The e�r�iest kno�n c�se of � person p�t to �e�th for s�me-sex sex���it� in � territor� th�t �o��� become p�rt of the Unite� St�tes ��s � Frenchm�n �ho ��s exec�te� in St. A�g�stine, F�ori�� b� Sp�nish mi�it�r� ��thorities in ����. Pen��ties �ere not restricte� to s�me-sex sex���it� b�t ��so �pp�ie� to besti��it�. For inst�nce, one of the first of these c�ses �e��t �ith �i��i�m H�ckett, �n ��-�e�r-o�� serv�nt �ho ��s fo�n� cop���ting �ith � co�. After H�ckett confesse�, the co� ��s b�rne�, �n� H�ckett ��s h�nge�. Another c�se invo�ve� Thom�s �r�nger, �ge� �� or ��, �ho confesse� �n� ��s convicte� of h�ving sex �ith � m�re, � co�, t�o go�ts,five sheep, �n� � t�rke�. The �nim��s �ere b�rne�, �n� on September �, ����, �r�nger ��s exec�te�. “Liber��” reformer Thom�s Jefferson ��voc�te� for the e�imin�tion of the �e�th pen��t� for perpetr�tors of sex��� crimes �n� propose�, inste��, in ����: “�hosoever sh��� be g�i�t� of R�pe, Po��g�m�, or So�om� �ith m�n or �om�n (or be�st) sh��� be p�nishe�, if � m�n, b� c�str�tion, if � �om�n, b� c�tting thro�gh the c�rti��ge of her nose � ho�e of one-h��f inch �t the �e�st.” After the Americ�n Revo��tion�r� ��r, ��� st�tes p�sse� �nti-so�om� ���s c�rr�ing v�rio�s pen��ties �ith most prescribing imprisonment: for ex�mp�e, Penns��v�ni� �-�� �e�rs, Ne� York �� �e�rs, �n� M�ss�ch�setts �� �e�rs. Since th�t time, in�ivi���� st�tes cre�te� their o�n ���s, �nti� the S�preme Co�rt �ecision in ���� in L��rence v. Tex�s, �hich o�t���e� ��� rem�ining st�te so-c���e� “so�om�” ���s. Tho�gh �e cert�in�� h�ve f�r �eft to go on o�r p�th to��r� f��� �n� �nq���ifie� sex��� �n� gen�er �iber�tion, �e h�ve cert�in�� come � �ong �ist�nce. �re�t obst�c�es, ho�ever, rem�in in o�r p�th to �chieving fin�nci�� sec�rit� reg�r��ess of o�r sex���it� �n� gen�er i�entities �n� expressions, h�ving o�r histor� t��ght in the c��ssrooms of o�r n�tion, �n� sec�ring eq�it�, s�fet�, �n� f��� eq���it� for those of �s �ho �efine �s tr�ns, gen�er bin�r�, gen�er non-conforming, gen�er f��i�, �n� others ��ong the spectr�m. (/)ÓVOCTEUEADERSHEUP Subscribe PRIVACY POLICY (/PRIVACY) �h�t �o �o� ��nt to he�r from �s �bo�t? NE�S EVENTS https://outleadership.com/ https://outleadership.com/privacy Approxim�te�� �� co�ntries �ro�n� the g�obe sti�� h�ve ���s o�t���ing s�me-sex sex���it�. M�� �e contin�e to st�n� on the sho���ers of ��� the pro�� �ctivists, the kno�n �n� �nkno�n, �ho h�ve come before �ho h�ve cre�te� � p�th for �s to ���k the ���k. Dr. ��rren J. B��menfe�� is the ��thor of �o�, ��ns, C�pit��ism, �n� H�perm�sc��init�: Comment�ries on the C��t�re of Fire�rms in the Unite� St�tes (Peter L�ng P�b�ishers), The �h�t, The So �h�t, �n� The No� �h�t of Soci�� J�stice E��c�tion (Peter L�ng P�b�ishers), ��rren’s �or�s: Sm�rt Comment�r� on Soci�� J�stice (P�rp�e Press); e�itor of Homophobi�: Ho� �e A�� P�� the Price (Be�con Press), �n� co-e�itor of Re��ings for Diversit� �n� Soci�� J�stice (Ro�t�e�ge) �n� Investig�ting Christi�n Privi�ege �n� Re�igio�s Oppression in the Unite� St�tes (Sense). (/)ÓVOCTEUEADERSHEUP Subscribe PRIVACY POLICY (/PRIVACY) �h�t �o �o� ��nt to he�r from �s �bo�t? NE�S EVENTS https://outleadership.com/ https://outleadership.com/privacy (/)ÓVOCTEUEADERSHEUP Subscribe PRIVACY POLICY (/PRIVACY) �h�t �o �o� ��nt to he�r from �s �bo�t? NE�S EVENTS https://outleadership.com/ https://outleadership.com/privacy