[13]-Review on Economic Loss Assessment of Power Outages

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<p>ScienceDirect</p><p>Available online at www.sciencedirect.com</p><p>Procedia Computer Science 130 (2018) 1158–1163</p><p>1877-0509 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><p>Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.</p><p>10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.151</p><p>10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.151</p><p>© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><p>Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.</p><p>1877-0509</p><p>Available online at www.sciencedirect.com</p><p>ScienceDirect</p><p>Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000</p><p>www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia</p><p>1877-0509 © 2018 Mao Shuai. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><p>Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.</p><p>The 4th International Workshop on Wireless Technology Innovations in Smart Grid</p><p>(WTISG 2018)</p><p>Review on Economic Loss Assessment of Power Outages</p><p>Mao Shuaia, Wang Chengzhib, Yu Shiwena, Gen Haoa, Yu Jufanga, Hou Huia*</p><p>aSchool of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China</p><p>bOperation and Maintenance Department, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company, Xudong Street 175#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei</p><p>430077, China</p><p>Abstract</p><p>Power outage accidents will cause huge economic loss to the social economy. Therefore, it is very important to</p><p>evaluate the economic loss of power outages. By summarizing the existing literature, this paper summarizes the</p><p>economic impact caused by blackouts, and then it introduces the influence factors that cause the outage loss. Finally,</p><p>the assessment methods to evaluate direct and indirect economic loss are summarized. Through the summary, it is</p><p>found that there are many researches on direct economic loss of power outages, but there are few studies on the</p><p>indirect economic loss of power outages. Finally, the application prospect of the power loss assessment methods is</p><p>prospected.</p><p>© 2018 Mao Shuai. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><p>Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.</p><p>Keywords: power outages; economic loss; influence factors; assessment methods</p><p>1. Instruction</p><p>At present, in order to provide a scientific basis for the balance between the reliability and economy of power grid</p><p>operation, power outage cost as an indicator is incorporated into the research system1. The lack of power supply and</p><p>power outages give users increasing serious economic loss. Many cases including the power system planning, the</p><p>economic and reliable operation of power systems need to be assessed by the economic loss of power outages2,3.</p><p>* Corresponding author. Hou Hui. Tel.: +86-15342223360; fax: +86-27-87859049.</p><p>E-mail address: houhui@whut.edu.cn</p><p>Available online at www.sciencedirect.com</p><p>ScienceDirect</p><p>Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000</p><p>www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia</p><p>1877-0509 © 2018 Mao Shuai. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><p>Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.</p><p>The 4th International Workshop on Wireless Technology Innovations in Smart Grid</p><p>(WTISG 2018)</p><p>Review on Economic Loss Assessment of Power Outages</p><p>Mao Shuaia, Wang Chengzhib, Yu Shiwena, Gen Haoa, Yu Jufanga, Hou Huia*</p><p>aSchool of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China</p><p>bOperation and Maintenance Department, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company, Xudong Street 175#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei</p><p>430077, China</p><p>Abstract</p><p>Power outage accidents will cause huge economic loss to the social economy. Therefore, it is very important to</p><p>evaluate the economic loss of power outages. By summarizing the existing literature, this paper summarizes the</p><p>economic impact caused by blackouts, and then it introduces the influence factors that cause the outage loss. Finally,</p><p>the assessment methods to evaluate direct and indirect economic loss are summarized. Through the summary, it is</p><p>found that there are many researches on direct economic loss of power outages, but there are few studies on the</p><p>indirect economic loss of power outages. Finally, the application prospect of the power loss assessment methods is</p><p>prospected.</p><p>© 2018 Mao Shuai. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><p>Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.</p><p>Keywords: power outages; economic loss; influence factors; assessment methods</p><p>1. Instruction</p><p>At present, in order to provide a scientific basis for the balance between the reliability and economy of power grid</p><p>operation, power outage cost as an indicator is incorporated into the research system1. The lack of power supply and</p><p>power outages give users increasing serious economic loss. Many cases including the power system planning, the</p><p>economic and reliable operation of power systems need to be assessed by the economic loss of power outages2,3.</p><p>* Corresponding author. Hou Hui. Tel.: +86-15342223360; fax: +86-27-87859049.</p><p>E-mail address: houhui@whut.edu.cn</p><p>2 Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000</p><p>This is of great practical significance to better evaluate and optimize the reliability of the power grid and the network</p><p>planning and construction.</p><p>By summarizing the existing literature, this article firstly summarizes the economic impact caused by power</p><p>outages, and it is found that the economic impact of power outages can be divided into the direct economic impact of</p><p>power outages and the indirect economic impact of power outages. Meanwhile, the direct economic impact of power</p><p>outages can be divided into blackouts on the power industry and the economic impact of power users. Then this</p><p>paper introduces the influencing factors of power outage. The assessment methods of economic loss of power</p><p>outages and their advantages and disadvantages are summarized. After surveyed numerous existing references, a</p><p>general conclusion can be drawn as follows: there are many studies on the direct economic loss of power outages,</p><p>but few studies have been made on the indirect economic loss of power outages. Finally, the application prospect of</p><p>the indirect economic loss assessment methods is prospected in this paper.</p><p>2. Economic impact of power outages</p><p>2.1. Direct economic impact of power outages</p><p>The direct economic impact of power outages is displayed in a short time, which includes the impact on the</p><p>power industry and power users4.</p><p> The economic impact of blackouts on the power industry</p><p>The main tasks of power enterprises are to provide the power users with reliable and high quality electricity with</p><p>reasonable prices5. Power outages will cause huge economic loss to the power industry, including sales revenue</p><p>reduction due to a decline in electricity sales and troubleshooting costs. On August 28, 2003, the power transmission</p><p>system of the southern part of the British National Power Grid Corp was malfunction, which resulted in the power</p><p>supply interruption. The total load loss of 724MW was about 20% of the total London load6. On February 4, 2011, at</p><p>00:08 am local time. A large-scale power outages accident in the northeastern Brazil power grid spread to 8 states in</p><p>the northeast of Brazil. The loss load was about 8000MW, accounting for 90.1% of the total load of the Northeast</p><p>power grid and this accident led to an economic loss of $60 million7.In summary, power outages can bring huge</p><p>economic loss to the whole power industry, which affects the development of the power industry. The impact of</p><p>power outages on the economic loss of the whole society is more incalculable.</p><p> The economic impact of blackouts on power users</p><p>As direct consumers of power, power users are more dependent on power. When the blackout accident occurs, it</p><p>will cause economic loss to the power users directly8. On November 4, 2006, serious blackout happened in many</p><p>countries in Western Europe. The German industrial town of Cologne was once paralyzed. This accident affected 10</p><p>million people9. On 30 and 31 July 2012, two serious blackouts in India</p><p>affected the widespread population. Sudden</p><p>power cuts led to traffic confusion, tourists stagnation, financial transactions interruption. Meanwhile, the India</p><p>companies lost billions of dollars. The accident caused huge economic loss and social impact10. In conclusion, power</p><p>outages result in industrial production interruption and the reduction in total production; Electronic transactions in</p><p>business affairs cannot be completed; The residents are in trouble with electricity and their lives are in trouble. In</p><p>addition, long or high frequency blackouts will cause a panic in the heart, etc11.</p><p>2.2. Indirect economic impact of power outages</p><p>At present, there is no unified understanding of the indirect economic impact of the blackout. Chen Xiao thinks</p><p>that the indirect economic impact of the blackout refers to the additional cost that users pay for reducing the impact</p><p>of power outages and adjusting their activities or cost of using standby energy12. Allan R N thinks the indirect</p><p>economic impact of power outages refer to the economic loss caused by psychological panic caused by power failure.</p><p>However, the loss caused by this influence is hard to quantify and difficult to calculate13. In addition to direct</p><p>economic loss to the residents, Wang Chao thinks that the blackout is more likely to be an invisible loss (such as</p><p>inconveniences, etc.), which is difficult to be measured directly by money14. Wang Zhaokun defines that the indirect</p><p>economic impact of power outages refers to industrial related economic loss caused by the blackout. For example,</p><p>http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.151&domain=pdf</p><p>Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 130 (2018) 1158–1163 1159</p><p>Available online at www.sciencedirect.com</p><p>ScienceDirect</p><p>Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000</p><p>www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia</p><p>1877-0509 © 2018 Mao Shuai. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><p>Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.</p><p>The 4th International Workshop on Wireless Technology Innovations in Smart Grid</p><p>(WTISG 2018)</p><p>Review on Economic Loss Assessment of Power Outages</p><p>Mao Shuaia, Wang Chengzhib, Yu Shiwena, Gen Haoa, Yu Jufanga, Hou Huia*</p><p>aSchool of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China</p><p>bOperation and Maintenance Department, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company, Xudong Street 175#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei</p><p>430077, China</p><p>Abstract</p><p>Power outage accidents will cause huge economic loss to the social economy. Therefore, it is very important to</p><p>evaluate the economic loss of power outages. By summarizing the existing literature, this paper summarizes the</p><p>economic impact caused by blackouts, and then it introduces the influence factors that cause the outage loss. Finally,</p><p>the assessment methods to evaluate direct and indirect economic loss are summarized. Through the summary, it is</p><p>found that there are many researches on direct economic loss of power outages, but there are few studies on the</p><p>indirect economic loss of power outages. Finally, the application prospect of the power loss assessment methods is</p><p>prospected.</p><p>© 2018 Mao Shuai. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><p>Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.</p><p>Keywords: power outages; economic loss; influence factors; assessment methods</p><p>1. Instruction</p><p>At present, in order to provide a scientific basis for the balance between the reliability and economy of power grid</p><p>operation, power outage cost as an indicator is incorporated into the research system1. The lack of power supply and</p><p>power outages give users increasing serious economic loss. Many cases including the power system planning, the</p><p>economic and reliable operation of power systems need to be assessed by the economic loss of power outages2,3.</p><p>* Corresponding author. Hou Hui. Tel.: +86-15342223360; fax: +86-27-87859049.</p><p>E-mail address: houhui@whut.edu.cn</p><p>Available online at www.sciencedirect.com</p><p>ScienceDirect</p><p>Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000</p><p>www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia</p><p>1877-0509 © 2018 Mao Shuai. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><p>Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.</p><p>The 4th International Workshop on Wireless Technology Innovations in Smart Grid</p><p>(WTISG 2018)</p><p>Review on Economic Loss Assessment of Power Outages</p><p>Mao Shuaia, Wang Chengzhib, Yu Shiwena, Gen Haoa, Yu Jufanga, Hou Huia*</p><p>aSchool of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China</p><p>bOperation and Maintenance Department, State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company, Xudong Street 175#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei</p><p>430077, China</p><p>Abstract</p><p>Power outage accidents will cause huge economic loss to the social economy. Therefore, it is very important to</p><p>evaluate the economic loss of power outages. By summarizing the existing literature, this paper summarizes the</p><p>economic impact caused by blackouts, and then it introduces the influence factors that cause the outage loss. Finally,</p><p>the assessment methods to evaluate direct and indirect economic loss are summarized. Through the summary, it is</p><p>found that there are many researches on direct economic loss of power outages, but there are few studies on the</p><p>indirect economic loss of power outages. Finally, the application prospect of the power loss assessment methods is</p><p>prospected.</p><p>© 2018 Mao Shuai. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p><p>Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.</p><p>Keywords: power outages; economic loss; influence factors; assessment methods</p><p>1. Instruction</p><p>At present, in order to provide a scientific basis for the balance between the reliability and economy of power grid</p><p>operation, power outage cost as an indicator is incorporated into the research system1. The lack of power supply and</p><p>power outages give users increasing serious economic loss. Many cases including the power system planning, the</p><p>economic and reliable operation of power systems need to be assessed by the economic loss of power outages2,3.</p><p>* Corresponding author. Hou Hui. Tel.: +86-15342223360; fax: +86-27-87859049.</p><p>E-mail address: houhui@whut.edu.cn</p><p>2 Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000</p><p>This is of great practical significance to better evaluate and optimize the reliability of the power grid and the network</p><p>planning and construction.</p><p>By summarizing the existing literature, this article firstly summarizes the economic impact caused by power</p><p>outages, and it is found that the economic impact of power outages can be divided into the direct economic impact of</p><p>power outages and the indirect economic impact of power outages. Meanwhile, the direct economic impact of power</p><p>outages can be divided into blackouts on the power industry and the economic impact of power users. Then this</p><p>paper introduces the influencing factors of power outage. The assessment methods of economic loss of power</p><p>outages and their advantages and disadvantages are summarized. After surveyed numerous existing references, a</p><p>general conclusion can be drawn as follows: there are many studies on the direct economic loss of power outages,</p><p>but few studies have been made on the indirect economic loss of power outages. Finally, the application prospect of</p><p>the indirect economic loss assessment methods is prospected in this paper.</p><p>2. Economic impact of power outages</p><p>2.1. Direct economic impact of power outages</p><p>The direct economic impact of power outages is displayed in a short time, which includes the impact on the</p><p>power industry and power users4.</p><p> The economic impact of blackouts on the power industry</p><p>The main tasks of power enterprises are to provide the power users with reliable and high quality electricity with</p><p>reasonable prices5. Power outages will cause huge economic loss to the power industry, including sales revenue</p><p>reduction due to</p><p>a decline in electricity sales and troubleshooting costs. On August 28, 2003, the power transmission</p><p>system of the southern part of the British National Power Grid Corp was malfunction, which resulted in the power</p><p>supply interruption. The total load loss of 724MW was about 20% of the total London load6. On February 4, 2011, at</p><p>00:08 am local time. A large-scale power outages accident in the northeastern Brazil power grid spread to 8 states in</p><p>the northeast of Brazil. The loss load was about 8000MW, accounting for 90.1% of the total load of the Northeast</p><p>power grid and this accident led to an economic loss of $60 million7.In summary, power outages can bring huge</p><p>economic loss to the whole power industry, which affects the development of the power industry. The impact of</p><p>power outages on the economic loss of the whole society is more incalculable.</p><p> The economic impact of blackouts on power users</p><p>As direct consumers of power, power users are more dependent on power. When the blackout accident occurs, it</p><p>will cause economic loss to the power users directly8. On November 4, 2006, serious blackout happened in many</p><p>countries in Western Europe. The German industrial town of Cologne was once paralyzed. This accident affected 10</p><p>million people9. On 30 and 31 July 2012, two serious blackouts in India affected the widespread population. Sudden</p><p>power cuts led to traffic confusion, tourists stagnation, financial transactions interruption. Meanwhile, the India</p><p>companies lost billions of dollars. The accident caused huge economic loss and social impact10. In conclusion, power</p><p>outages result in industrial production interruption and the reduction in total production; Electronic transactions in</p><p>business affairs cannot be completed; The residents are in trouble with electricity and their lives are in trouble. In</p><p>addition, long or high frequency blackouts will cause a panic in the heart, etc11.</p><p>2.2. Indirect economic impact of power outages</p><p>At present, there is no unified understanding of the indirect economic impact of the blackout. Chen Xiao thinks</p><p>that the indirect economic impact of the blackout refers to the additional cost that users pay for reducing the impact</p><p>of power outages and adjusting their activities or cost of using standby energy12. Allan R N thinks the indirect</p><p>economic impact of power outages refer to the economic loss caused by psychological panic caused by power failure.</p><p>However, the loss caused by this influence is hard to quantify and difficult to calculate13. In addition to direct</p><p>economic loss to the residents, Wang Chao thinks that the blackout is more likely to be an invisible loss (such as</p><p>inconveniences, etc.), which is difficult to be measured directly by money14. Wang Zhaokun defines that the indirect</p><p>economic impact of power outages refers to industrial related economic loss caused by the blackout. For example,</p><p>1160 Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 130 (2018) 1158–1163 Mao Shuai et al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 3</p><p>insufficient supply of commodities will have an impact on commodity trading and household consumption or the</p><p>reduction or interruption of business trade caused by blackouts will have an impact on industrial production15.</p><p>In summary, the above literature defines the indirect economic impact of power outages and point out the indirect</p><p>economic impact caused by the blackout, but the actual loss is difficult to quantify.</p><p>3. Factors affecting the economic loss of power outages</p><p>The economic loss of power outage are mainly affected by these factors such as interruption frequency,</p><p>interruption duration, user types, blackout time, Time in advance notice of power outages and so on16-19:</p><p> Interruption frequency. The more power outages, the greater the loss of power outage, the more frequent the user</p><p>activity interference, and the power sectors also need to invest more troubleshooting repair costs and unit start-</p><p>stop costs.</p><p> Lack of power supply. The higher the reliability level of the power grid, the smaller the blackout caused by</p><p>power outage, the smaller the lack of power supply and the smaller the loss of power outage.</p><p> Interruption duration. In general, in the initial stage of a blackout, the cost of unit blackout increases with the</p><p>extension of the interruption duration. After the interruption duration exceeds a certain critical value, the cost of</p><p>unit blackout gradually tends to be stable.</p><p> User types. Different types of users have different power consumption modes and tolerance degree to power</p><p>outage, so the loss caused by power outage to them are also different.</p><p> Blackout time. The user's activity is timeliness and different time and seasons mean different power outage loss.</p><p> Time in advance notice of power outages. In general, the earlier the power limit and blackout notifications are,</p><p>the lower the loss of power outage.</p><p>4. Assessment methods of power outage economic loss</p><p>4.1. Assessment methods of direct economic loss of power outages</p><p>Assessment methods of direct economic loss of power outages Using the questionnaires method to estimate the</p><p>economic loss of power outages has been widely used at home and abroad. Considering power consumption of</p><p>different users, such as industry, commerce and residents in Canada, Tollefson G used the questionnaires method to</p><p>estimate the power outage loss of all kinds of users20. Bai Jianfei conducted a questionnaire survey of workers,</p><p>businesses and residents in Xi'an, and drew the line of compensation for power outages in Xi'an under current</p><p>electricity price and existing reliability level through the analysis of the questionnaire result and applying the linear</p><p>regression model21. But it does not consider the action of preventing power outages and changes in power prices at</p><p>different times, which leads to the difference between compensation for loss of power outages and the actual</p><p>situation. In summary, this method is based on the questionnaire method to study the loss of blackout. Although the</p><p>evaluation results are closer to the actual situations, this kind of method needs to consume quantities of human</p><p>resources and financial resources and the evaluation cycle is also long because of a large number of users affected</p><p>by the blackout, which is not suitable for rapid assessment after power outages.</p><p>In consideration of the drawbacks of the questionnaire method, some researchers have used the power loss</p><p>assessment models to quickly and effectively evaluate the economic loss of power outages. According to the</p><p>economic loss of power users, household income and GDP, and other data in Hongkong in the past 1987-1996 years,</p><p>Mok Y L uses the linear regression model to construct a functional relationship between power users' power outage</p><p>loss and the power sector sales price and social consumer price index22. Choi S B adopts the two evaluation models</p><p>of GNP/total power consumption and GDP/ total power supply to estimate the economic loss of power users in</p><p>South Korea. However, this method uses the two general data of GNP and GDP to evaluate the power outage loss,</p><p>and the result is lack of persuasion23. Zhang Yan uses IERA (Interrupted Energy Assessment Rate) to</p><p>comprehensively consider the impact of power outage load, interruption duration, interruption frequency on the loss</p><p>of power outages and the loss of power loss is calculated by the product of IERA and EENS (Expected Energy Not</p><p>4 Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000</p><p>Supplied). However, there is no consideration of the user type the blackout time and other factors that affect the loss</p><p>of power outages24.In summary, these researches mainly uses some general data obtained by statistics such as GDP,</p><p>total power consumption to estimate the loss of power outages or considers factors affecting the economic loss of</p><p>power outages to calculate by some models. The calculation of the model is simple and the data is readily available,</p><p>but there is</p><p>no consideration of power consumption characteristics of power users, which influences the final results.</p><p>Considering the power consumption of the users, Lehtonen M summarizes, analyzes and compares the user</p><p>outage economic loss estimation methods in the Nordic region, for example, through the questionnaire, in the</p><p>Nordic region, power-consuming characteristics of various power users are analyzed, and the use of direct loss</p><p>model and other models compare outage economic loss of residents and agricultural users in order to estimate</p><p>outage economic loss of many kinds of users25. Zhou Limei based on the classification of many kinds of users'</p><p>economic loss caused by blackout and the economic loss of the power cut at the peak load time establishes a user</p><p>blackout economic loss model with the relationship between the economic loss and the power outage duration26.</p><p>Although the relationship between outage loss and outage duration is considered, SCDF (Sectoral Customer</p><p>Damage Function) established by total outage loss of different power outage duration divided by average power</p><p>outage loss model of total outage loss is difficult to reflect power outage loss of users in different blackout times.</p><p>Liu Huaidong based on the average revenue from each kWh power consumption of power users in the studied area</p><p>estimates the outage economic loss of many kinds of users27. But because of the interference of the rest of the factors,</p><p>when the blackout duration is long enough, the relationship between power outage loss and interruption duration is</p><p>not a nonlinear, which makes it deviate from the actual situation. Zhang Yongjun proposes a number of annual</p><p>statistical data based on the amount of power used by classified users and its corresponding gross product and uses</p><p>regression analysis and parameters to estimate. As a result, SCUDF (Sector Custom Unit Damage Function) is</p><p>created28. This method avoids a lot of statistical work because data can be obtained directly from relevant authorities.</p><p>However, the loss assessment of the power outage caused by the failure is not involved. In summary, the above</p><p>researches distinguish the user types according to the power consumption characteristics of the power consumers,</p><p>and estimate the economic loss of many kinds of power users based on the economic loss models of different power</p><p>users. This evaluation method is high in accuracy and can reflect the impact of blackouts on different types of users.</p><p>However, the current estimation method of power outage loss only takes into account the direct impact on the power</p><p>users, and the overall economic and social impact of the blackout lack assessment.</p><p>4.2. Assessment methods of indirect economic loss of power outages</p><p>Power is the power production in many industries, and power production also requires input from other industrial</p><p>sectors, so a two-way relationship has been formed between departments and departments. If outages break chains</p><p>between the power department and other departments, this naturally affects the normal production and business</p><p>activities of other departments. As a result, the indirect economic loss is generated29.</p><p>IO (Input-output Model) is widely used in the assessment of power outages indirect economic loss. In the clear</p><p>definition of marine disasters such as indirect economic loss of typhoon disasters, Zheng Hui taking the marine</p><p>disaster in Zhejiang Province China in 2010 as an example. It applies IO model to calculate the departmental</p><p>association loss caused by the seventeen departments’ loss such as power outages, manufacturing production and so</p><p>on30. However, a large number of assumptions contained in the IO model cannot be fully satisfied in practical</p><p>problems, so the calculated results will also have some errors. Ma Hualing based on data of power sector and other</p><p>sectors, builds IO model based on IO table to evaluate the loss of multi-industries related indirect economic loss,</p><p>such as power interruption to other industries31. However, the consideration of industrial related sectors are limited,</p><p>finally the results are not comprehensive. In summary, the IO method is simple and easy to use in the assessment of</p><p>industrial related economic loss caused by power outages. It is suitable for indirect economic loss assessment during</p><p>the power outage emergency disposal stage caused by disasters. The evaluation results can be used to optimize the</p><p>allocation of resources and improve the emergency response capacity. However, this method does not consider the</p><p>substitution of intermediate input, the relative price effect, and the recovery ability of the economic system, which</p><p>makes the result of outage power loss assessment deviate from the actual situation 32.</p><p>CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) is also a common method to assess the indirect economic loss of power</p><p>outages. By constructing the economic loss model of power industry blackout and the direct economic loss model of</p><p>Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 130 (2018) 1158–1163 1161 Mao Shuai et al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 3</p><p>insufficient supply of commodities will have an impact on commodity trading and household consumption or the</p><p>reduction or interruption of business trade caused by blackouts will have an impact on industrial production15.</p><p>In summary, the above literature defines the indirect economic impact of power outages and point out the indirect</p><p>economic impact caused by the blackout, but the actual loss is difficult to quantify.</p><p>3. Factors affecting the economic loss of power outages</p><p>The economic loss of power outage are mainly affected by these factors such as interruption frequency,</p><p>interruption duration, user types, blackout time, Time in advance notice of power outages and so on16-19:</p><p> Interruption frequency. The more power outages, the greater the loss of power outage, the more frequent the user</p><p>activity interference, and the power sectors also need to invest more troubleshooting repair costs and unit start-</p><p>stop costs.</p><p> Lack of power supply. The higher the reliability level of the power grid, the smaller the blackout caused by</p><p>power outage, the smaller the lack of power supply and the smaller the loss of power outage.</p><p> Interruption duration. In general, in the initial stage of a blackout, the cost of unit blackout increases with the</p><p>extension of the interruption duration. After the interruption duration exceeds a certain critical value, the cost of</p><p>unit blackout gradually tends to be stable.</p><p> User types. Different types of users have different power consumption modes and tolerance degree to power</p><p>outage, so the loss caused by power outage to them are also different.</p><p> Blackout time. The user's activity is timeliness and different time and seasons mean different power outage loss.</p><p> Time in advance notice of power outages. In general, the earlier the power limit and blackout notifications are,</p><p>the lower the loss of power outage.</p><p>4. Assessment methods of power outage economic loss</p><p>4.1. Assessment methods of direct economic loss of power outages</p><p>Assessment methods of direct economic loss of power outages Using the questionnaires method to estimate the</p><p>economic loss of power outages has been widely used at home and abroad. Considering power consumption of</p><p>different users, such as industry, commerce and residents in Canada, Tollefson G used the questionnaires method to</p><p>estimate the power outage loss of all kinds of users20. Bai Jianfei conducted a questionnaire survey of workers,</p><p>businesses and residents in Xi'an, and drew the line of compensation for power outages in Xi'an under current</p><p>electricity price and existing reliability level through the analysis of the questionnaire result and applying the linear</p><p>regression model21. But it does not consider the action of preventing power outages and changes in power prices at</p><p>different times, which leads to the difference between compensation for loss of power outages and the actual</p><p>situation.</p><p>In summary, this method is based on the questionnaire method to study the loss of blackout. Although the</p><p>evaluation results are closer to the actual situations, this kind of method needs to consume quantities of human</p><p>resources and financial resources and the evaluation cycle is also long because of a large number of users affected</p><p>by the blackout, which is not suitable for rapid assessment after power outages.</p><p>In consideration of the drawbacks of the questionnaire method, some researchers have used the power loss</p><p>assessment models to quickly and effectively evaluate the economic loss of power outages. According to the</p><p>economic loss of power users, household income and GDP, and other data in Hongkong in the past 1987-1996 years,</p><p>Mok Y L uses the linear regression model to construct a functional relationship between power users' power outage</p><p>loss and the power sector sales price and social consumer price index22. Choi S B adopts the two evaluation models</p><p>of GNP/total power consumption and GDP/ total power supply to estimate the economic loss of power users in</p><p>South Korea. However, this method uses the two general data of GNP and GDP to evaluate the power outage loss,</p><p>and the result is lack of persuasion23. Zhang Yan uses IERA (Interrupted Energy Assessment Rate) to</p><p>comprehensively consider the impact of power outage load, interruption duration, interruption frequency on the loss</p><p>of power outages and the loss of power loss is calculated by the product of IERA and EENS (Expected Energy Not</p><p>4 Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000</p><p>Supplied). However, there is no consideration of the user type the blackout time and other factors that affect the loss</p><p>of power outages24.In summary, these researches mainly uses some general data obtained by statistics such as GDP,</p><p>total power consumption to estimate the loss of power outages or considers factors affecting the economic loss of</p><p>power outages to calculate by some models. The calculation of the model is simple and the data is readily available,</p><p>but there is no consideration of power consumption characteristics of power users, which influences the final results.</p><p>Considering the power consumption of the users, Lehtonen M summarizes, analyzes and compares the user</p><p>outage economic loss estimation methods in the Nordic region, for example, through the questionnaire, in the</p><p>Nordic region, power-consuming characteristics of various power users are analyzed, and the use of direct loss</p><p>model and other models compare outage economic loss of residents and agricultural users in order to estimate</p><p>outage economic loss of many kinds of users25. Zhou Limei based on the classification of many kinds of users'</p><p>economic loss caused by blackout and the economic loss of the power cut at the peak load time establishes a user</p><p>blackout economic loss model with the relationship between the economic loss and the power outage duration26.</p><p>Although the relationship between outage loss and outage duration is considered, SCDF (Sectoral Customer</p><p>Damage Function) established by total outage loss of different power outage duration divided by average power</p><p>outage loss model of total outage loss is difficult to reflect power outage loss of users in different blackout times.</p><p>Liu Huaidong based on the average revenue from each kWh power consumption of power users in the studied area</p><p>estimates the outage economic loss of many kinds of users27. But because of the interference of the rest of the factors,</p><p>when the blackout duration is long enough, the relationship between power outage loss and interruption duration is</p><p>not a nonlinear, which makes it deviate from the actual situation. Zhang Yongjun proposes a number of annual</p><p>statistical data based on the amount of power used by classified users and its corresponding gross product and uses</p><p>regression analysis and parameters to estimate. As a result, SCUDF (Sector Custom Unit Damage Function) is</p><p>created28. This method avoids a lot of statistical work because data can be obtained directly from relevant authorities.</p><p>However, the loss assessment of the power outage caused by the failure is not involved. In summary, the above</p><p>researches distinguish the user types according to the power consumption characteristics of the power consumers,</p><p>and estimate the economic loss of many kinds of power users based on the economic loss models of different power</p><p>users. This evaluation method is high in accuracy and can reflect the impact of blackouts on different types of users.</p><p>However, the current estimation method of power outage loss only takes into account the direct impact on the power</p><p>users, and the overall economic and social impact of the blackout lack assessment.</p><p>4.2. Assessment methods of indirect economic loss of power outages</p><p>Power is the power production in many industries, and power production also requires input from other industrial</p><p>sectors, so a two-way relationship has been formed between departments and departments. If outages break chains</p><p>between the power department and other departments, this naturally affects the normal production and business</p><p>activities of other departments. As a result, the indirect economic loss is generated29.</p><p>IO (Input-output Model) is widely used in the assessment of power outages indirect economic loss. In the clear</p><p>definition of marine disasters such as indirect economic loss of typhoon disasters, Zheng Hui taking the marine</p><p>disaster in Zhejiang Province China in 2010 as an example. It applies IO model to calculate the departmental</p><p>association loss caused by the seventeen departments’ loss such as power outages, manufacturing production and so</p><p>on30. However, a large number of assumptions contained in the IO model cannot be fully satisfied in practical</p><p>problems, so the calculated results will also have some errors. Ma Hualing based on data of power sector and other</p><p>sectors, builds IO model based on IO table to evaluate the loss of multi-industries related indirect economic loss,</p><p>such as power interruption to other industries31. However, the consideration of industrial related sectors are limited,</p><p>finally the results are not comprehensive. In summary, the IO method is simple and easy to use in the assessment of</p><p>industrial related economic loss caused by power outages. It is suitable for indirect economic loss assessment during</p><p>the power outage emergency disposal stage caused by disasters. The evaluation results can be used to optimize the</p><p>allocation of resources and improve the emergency response capacity. However, this method does not consider the</p><p>substitution of intermediate input, the relative price effect, and the recovery ability of the economic system, which</p><p>makes the result of outage power loss assessment deviate from the actual situation 32.</p><p>CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) is also a common method to assess the indirect economic loss of power</p><p>outages. By constructing the economic loss model of power industry blackout and the direct economic loss model of</p><p>1162 Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 130 (2018) 1158–1163 Mao Shuai et al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 5</p><p>industrial, commercial and residential users, Wang Zhaokun estimates the economic loss of power industry and the</p><p>direct economic loss of outage users. Considering the loss of power industry and the direct economic loss of power</p><p>consumers as the exogenous impact value, this paper uses the CGE theory to estimate the indirect economic loss of</p><p>flood disaster blackouts5. Taking the blackout accident caused by floods in Hunan Province as an example, it is</p><p>proved that the indirect loss assessment model based on CGE theory is feasible and effective. Xiong Zhou introduces</p><p>the CGE model to evaluate the economic loss caused by power system cutting load. This paper regards power users</p><p>(industrial, commercial and residents) cutting load loss as disturbance variables, through the mechanism of input-</p><p>output, supply and demand balance and</p><p>price fluctuation in this model, make the economic system reach a new</p><p>equilibrium state, and get the quantities and prices of a set of goods. In the end, the change of the quantities and</p><p>prices of commodity production and sale in two equilibrium states are compared before and after the power system</p><p>is cut in load, and indirect economic loss of the blackout caused power system load cutting can be calculated. The</p><p>CGE model used in this paper is more advantageous than the other indirect outage assessment models33. It is mainly</p><p>reflected in the CGE model considering the integrity of the economic system and the correlation among industries,</p><p>but it is difficult to measure the impact of policy changes on the economic system. In summary, the CGE model</p><p>regards the whole economy as an inseparable organic whole, and it can reflect the interdependence and interaction</p><p>between different sectors and different markets, namely the optimal decision of the utility function or profit function</p><p>of each economic subject34. Although the CGE model used in the above studies takes into account the correlation</p><p>between different industries, but the main body of the economy this model considers is limited. And it is difficult to</p><p>measure the impact of policy changes on the economic system. Therefore, it is a more conservative model, so the</p><p>CGE model can be further perfected. Furthermore, when the CGE model is used to evaluate the economic loss of</p><p>power outages, the load loss model of industrial, commercial and residential users is relatively simple, so further</p><p>research work can be carried out.</p><p>5. Conclusion</p><p>This paper summarizes the impact of power outages, and it is not difficult to know that the impact of power</p><p>outages on economy can be divided into the direct and indirect economic impact of the blackout. The factors</p><p>affecting the economic loss of power outages are summarized. Finally, the evaluation methods for the economic loss</p><p>of the blackout at home and abroad are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of various evaluation</p><p>methods are pointed out. It is easy to find that more researches on the direct economic loss of power outages and</p><p>less researches on the indirect economic loss of power outages.</p><p>As the current indirect economic loss assessment methods of power outages at home and abroad, IO model and</p><p>CGE model can comprehensively analyze the internal relations between the various sectors of the economy and</p><p>effectively evaluate the loss of industrial related economy in the case of the blackout. But because it mainly uses</p><p>static analysis, it does not consider the dynamic impact of power outage costs, the users' demand for power, the</p><p>changes in policy and so on, so it has some limitations. Therefore, if these methods are combined with the methods</p><p>that can reflect the changing characteristics of the situations, we should get better results for the assessment of</p><p>indirect economic loss in the future.</p><p>References</p><p>1. Zhang Qi, Gong Peixin, Hu Jie, et al. Research for the estimation method of the interruption cost. East China Electric Power 2012;40(11):</p><p>2033-2035.</p><p>2. Yu Yixin, Zhao Yishu, Liu Hui, et al. Power System Security Cost Optimization Based on Practical Dynamic Security Region. Proceedings</p><p>of the CSEE 2004;24(6):13-18.</p><p>3. Kaye R J, Wu F F, Varaiya P. Pricing for System Security. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 1995;10(2):575-583.</p><p>4. Zheng Xu, Ding Jianyong, Shang Chao, Lei Qingsheng, Wang Xiaoxin. An Assessment Method of Grid Outage Cost Considering</p><p>Multifactorial Influences. Engineering Journal of Wuhan University 2016;49(1):83-87.</p><p>5. Yu Huiping, Liu Jidong, Cheng Haozhong, Chen Zhangchao, et al. Cost-benefit Analysis and Evaluation of Power Network Planning. Power</p><p>System Technology 2001;25(7):32-35.</p><p>6. Tang Baosheng. Blackout in South of London and Its Lessons. Power System Technology 2003;27(11):1-5.</p><p>7. Lin Weifang, Tang Yong, Sun Huadong, Guo Qiang, Zhao Hongguang, Zeng Bing. Blackout in Brazil Power Grid on February 4, 2011 and</p><p>Inspirations for Stable Operation of Power Grid. Automation of Electric Power Systems 2011;35(9):1-5.</p><p>6 Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000</p><p>8. Chowdhury A A, Koval D O. Application of customer interruption costs in transmission network reliability planning. IEEE Transactions on</p><p>Industry Applications 2001;37(6):1590-1596.</p><p>9. Li Chunyan, Sun Yuanzhang, Chen Xiangyi, Deng Guiping. Preliminary Analysis of Large Scale Blackout in Western Europe Power Grid on</p><p>November 4 and Measures to Prevent Large Scale Blackout in China . Power System Technology 2006;30(24):16-21.</p><p>10. Liang zhufeng, Ge Rui, Dong Yu, Cheng Gang. Analysis of Large-Scale Blackout Occurred on July 30 and July 31, 2012 in India and Its</p><p>Lessons to China’s Power Grid Dispatch and Operation . Power System Technology 2013;37(7):1841-1848.</p><p>11. Liu Zifa, Zhang Zaibao, Yang Bin, Wang Zhidong, Fand Qi. Evaluation of Great Blackout Social Comprehensive Loss of Power Grid .</p><p>Power System Technology 2017;41(9):2928-2938.</p><p>12. Chen Xiao, Wang Jianxing, Zang Baofeng. Research on the poweroutage cost and its estimation in urban electric power network. Journal of</p><p>Kunming University of Science and Technology (Science and Technology) 2003;28(1):53-56.</p><p>13. Allan R N，Billinton R，Sjarief I，et al. A reliability test system for educational purposes-basic distribution system data and results． IEEE</p><p>Trans on Power Systems 1991;6(9) :813-820.</p><p>14. Wang Chao, Xu Zheng, Pan Wulue, et al. Customer interruption costs investigation method for China. Power System Technology</p><p>2007;31(11):54-58.</p><p>15. Wang Zhaokun.The Comprehensive Assessment of the Power Loss and the Economic Impact of the Power Outages under the Flooding.</p><p>Hunan University. 2012.</p><p>16. Chen Junhong, Hu Junxiang. Study on the Power Outage Cost and Its Survey Estimation Methods. Qinghai Electric Power 2006;25(3):1-4.</p><p>17. Wacker G, Billinton R. Customer cost of electric service interruptions. Proceedings of the IEEE 1989;77(6):919-930.</p><p>18. Jonnavithula A, Billinton R. Features that influence composite power system reliability worth assessment. IEEE Transactions on Power</p><p>Systems 1997;12(4):1536-1541.</p><p>19. Wang Xiao, Liu Tianqi, Zhao Yincong, Wang Gan, Li Xingyuan. Evaluation Index System for Power System Blackout Impacts and Its</p><p>Application . East China Electric Power 2014;42(2):254-256.</p><p>20. Tollefson G, Billinton R, Wacker G, et al. A Canadian customer survey to assess power system reliability worth. IEEE Transactions on</p><p>Power Systems 1994, 9(1):443-450.</p><p>21. Bai Jianfei, Zhu Zhenqing, Lai Guangzhi, et al. The survey and estimation of out age cost . Northwest China Electric Power 2002, 20(06):20-</p><p>23.</p><p>22. Mok Y L, Chung T S. Prediction of domestic, industrial and commercial interruption costs by relational approach. In: 1997 International</p><p>Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management. 1997. p. 209-215.</p><p>23. Choi S B, Kim D K, Jeong S H, et al. Evaluation of the customer interruption cost taking into consideration macroeconomic approach in</p><p>Korea. In: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology. 2002. p. 2358-2362.</p><p>24. Zhang Yan. Research on cost-benefit analysis of electric power network reliability planning . Automation of Electric Power Systems 1999,</p><p>25(15):33-36.</p><p>25. Lehtonen M, Lemstrom B. Comparison of the methods for assessing the customers' outage costs. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International</p><p>Conference on Energy Management and Power Delivery. Singapore; 1995. p. 1-6.</p><p>26. Zhou Limei, Fan Mingtian. Research on customer outage cost assessment and its evaluation method in urban electric power network . Electric</p><p>Power 2006,39(7) :70-73.</p><p>27. Liu Huaidong, Yuan Baoqing, Zhang Xianfang. A method for estimating power customer interruption cost function .Relay 2006, 34(16): 36-</p><p>38.</p><p>28. Zhang Yongjun, Ren Qian, Wang Huifeng, et al. Estimation and application of sector custom unit damage function for</p><p>distribution user.</p><p>Electrotechnical Application 2008,27(3):70-73.</p><p>29. Hu Aijun, Li Ning, Shi Peijun, Guo Haifeng, Zhao Hanping, Yi Xinhuai. Indirect Effects of Infrastructure Disruptions Caused by Extreme</p><p>Weather Events with Application of The Inoperability Input- output Model . Economic Geography, 2009, 29(4):529-534.</p><p>30. Zheng Hui, Gao Mengsha. Assessment of Indirect Economic Losses of Marine Disasters Based on Input-output Model. Statistics &</p><p>Information Forum 2015, 30(12):69-73.</p><p>31. Hualing Ma. Assessments on Typhoon Disasters’ Economic Losses in Coastal Areas. Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. 2016.</p><p>32. Hu Aijun, Li Chunhua, Shi Peijun. On the Concept, Mechanic and Models for Estimating Indirect Economic Loss Resulted from</p><p>Meteorological Catastrophes . Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology, 2016, 6(3):34-40.</p><p>33. Stochastic Optimal Dispatch of Power System Considering Risk of Line Outage and assessment of xiong Zhou. Hunan University Of Science</p><p>& Technology. 2013.</p><p>34. Pang Jun, Shi Yuanchang. The theory, characteristics and application of the computable general equilibrium model. Theory Monthly 2005;</p><p>20(3):51-53.</p><p>Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 130 (2018) 1158–1163 1163 Mao Shuai et al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 5</p><p>industrial, commercial and residential users, Wang Zhaokun estimates the economic loss of power industry and the</p><p>direct economic loss of outage users. Considering the loss of power industry and the direct economic loss of power</p><p>consumers as the exogenous impact value, this paper uses the CGE theory to estimate the indirect economic loss of</p><p>flood disaster blackouts5. Taking the blackout accident caused by floods in Hunan Province as an example, it is</p><p>proved that the indirect loss assessment model based on CGE theory is feasible and effective. Xiong Zhou introduces</p><p>the CGE model to evaluate the economic loss caused by power system cutting load. This paper regards power users</p><p>(industrial, commercial and residents) cutting load loss as disturbance variables, through the mechanism of input-</p><p>output, supply and demand balance and price fluctuation in this model, make the economic system reach a new</p><p>equilibrium state, and get the quantities and prices of a set of goods. In the end, the change of the quantities and</p><p>prices of commodity production and sale in two equilibrium states are compared before and after the power system</p><p>is cut in load, and indirect economic loss of the blackout caused power system load cutting can be calculated. The</p><p>CGE model used in this paper is more advantageous than the other indirect outage assessment models33. It is mainly</p><p>reflected in the CGE model considering the integrity of the economic system and the correlation among industries,</p><p>but it is difficult to measure the impact of policy changes on the economic system. In summary, the CGE model</p><p>regards the whole economy as an inseparable organic whole, and it can reflect the interdependence and interaction</p><p>between different sectors and different markets, namely the optimal decision of the utility function or profit function</p><p>of each economic subject34. Although the CGE model used in the above studies takes into account the correlation</p><p>between different industries, but the main body of the economy this model considers is limited. And it is difficult to</p><p>measure the impact of policy changes on the economic system. Therefore, it is a more conservative model, so the</p><p>CGE model can be further perfected. Furthermore, when the CGE model is used to evaluate the economic loss of</p><p>power outages, the load loss model of industrial, commercial and residential users is relatively simple, so further</p><p>research work can be carried out.</p><p>5. Conclusion</p><p>This paper summarizes the impact of power outages, and it is not difficult to know that the impact of power</p><p>outages on economy can be divided into the direct and indirect economic impact of the blackout. The factors</p><p>affecting the economic loss of power outages are summarized. Finally, the evaluation methods for the economic loss</p><p>of the blackout at home and abroad are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of various evaluation</p><p>methods are pointed out. It is easy to find that more researches on the direct economic loss of power outages and</p><p>less researches on the indirect economic loss of power outages.</p><p>As the current indirect economic loss assessment methods of power outages at home and abroad, IO model and</p><p>CGE model can comprehensively analyze the internal relations between the various sectors of the economy and</p><p>effectively evaluate the loss of industrial related economy in the case of the blackout. But because it mainly uses</p><p>static analysis, it does not consider the dynamic impact of power outage costs, the users' demand for power, the</p><p>changes in policy and so on, so it has some limitations. Therefore, if these methods are combined with the methods</p><p>that can reflect the changing characteristics of the situations, we should get better results for the assessment of</p><p>indirect economic loss in the future.</p><p>References</p><p>1. Zhang Qi, Gong Peixin, Hu Jie, et al. Research for the estimation method of the interruption cost. East China Electric Power 2012;40(11):</p><p>2033-2035.</p><p>2. Yu Yixin, Zhao Yishu, Liu Hui, et al. Power System Security Cost Optimization Based on Practical Dynamic Security Region. Proceedings</p><p>of the CSEE 2004;24(6):13-18.</p><p>3. Kaye R J, Wu F F, Varaiya P. Pricing for System Security. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 1995;10(2):575-583.</p><p>4. Zheng Xu, Ding Jianyong, Shang Chao, Lei Qingsheng, Wang Xiaoxin. An Assessment Method of Grid Outage Cost Considering</p><p>Multifactorial Influences. Engineering Journal of Wuhan University 2016;49(1):83-87.</p><p>5. Yu Huiping, Liu Jidong, Cheng Haozhong, Chen Zhangchao, et al. Cost-benefit Analysis and Evaluation of Power Network Planning. Power</p><p>System Technology 2001;25(7):32-35.</p><p>6. Tang Baosheng. Blackout in South of London and Its Lessons. Power System Technology 2003;27(11):1-5.</p><p>7. Lin Weifang, Tang Yong, Sun Huadong, Guo Qiang, Zhao Hongguang, Zeng Bing. Blackout in Brazil Power Grid on February 4, 2011 and</p><p>Inspirations for Stable Operation of Power Grid. Automation of Electric Power Systems 2011;35(9):1-5.</p><p>6 Mao Shuai et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000</p><p>8. Chowdhury A A, Koval D O. Application of customer interruption costs in transmission network reliability planning. IEEE Transactions on</p><p>Industry Applications 2001;37(6):1590-1596.</p><p>9. Li Chunyan, Sun Yuanzhang, Chen Xiangyi, Deng Guiping. Preliminary Analysis of Large Scale Blackout in Western Europe Power Grid on</p><p>November 4 and Measures to Prevent Large Scale Blackout in China . Power System Technology 2006;30(24):16-21.</p><p>10. Liang zhufeng, Ge Rui, Dong Yu, Cheng Gang. Analysis of Large-Scale Blackout Occurred on July 30 and July 31, 2012 in India and Its</p><p>Lessons to China’s Power Grid Dispatch and Operation . Power System Technology 2013;37(7):1841-1848.</p><p>11. Liu Zifa, Zhang Zaibao, Yang Bin, Wang Zhidong, Fand Qi. Evaluation of Great Blackout Social Comprehensive Loss of Power Grid .</p><p>Power System Technology 2017;41(9):2928-2938.</p><p>12. Chen Xiao, Wang Jianxing, Zang Baofeng. Research on the poweroutage cost and its estimation in urban electric power network. Journal of</p><p>Kunming University of Science and Technology (Science and Technology) 2003;28(1):53-56.</p><p>13. Allan R N，Billinton R，Sjarief I，et al. A reliability test system for educational purposes-basic distribution system data and results． IEEE</p><p>Trans on Power Systems 1991;6(9) :813-820.</p><p>14. Wang Chao, Xu Zheng, Pan Wulue, et al. Customer interruption costs investigation method for China. Power System Technology</p><p>2007;31(11):54-58.</p><p>15. Wang Zhaokun.The Comprehensive Assessment of the Power Loss and the Economic Impact of the Power Outages under the Flooding.</p><p>Hunan University. 2012.</p><p>16. Chen Junhong, Hu Junxiang. Study on the Power Outage Cost and Its Survey Estimation</p><p>Methods. Qinghai Electric Power 2006;25(3):1-4.</p><p>17. Wacker G, Billinton R. Customer cost of electric service interruptions. Proceedings of the IEEE 1989;77(6):919-930.</p><p>18. Jonnavithula A, Billinton R. Features that influence composite power system reliability worth assessment. IEEE Transactions on Power</p><p>Systems 1997;12(4):1536-1541.</p><p>19. Wang Xiao, Liu Tianqi, Zhao Yincong, Wang Gan, Li Xingyuan. Evaluation Index System for Power System Blackout Impacts and Its</p><p>Application . East China Electric Power 2014;42(2):254-256.</p><p>20. Tollefson G, Billinton R, Wacker G, et al. A Canadian customer survey to assess power system reliability worth. IEEE Transactions on</p><p>Power Systems 1994, 9(1):443-450.</p><p>21. Bai Jianfei, Zhu Zhenqing, Lai Guangzhi, et al. The survey and estimation of out age cost . Northwest China Electric Power 2002, 20(06):20-</p><p>23.</p><p>22. Mok Y L, Chung T S. Prediction of domestic, industrial and commercial interruption costs by relational approach. In: 1997 International</p><p>Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management. 1997. p. 209-215.</p><p>23. Choi S B, Kim D K, Jeong S H, et al. Evaluation of the customer interruption cost taking into consideration macroeconomic approach in</p><p>Korea. In: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology. 2002. p. 2358-2362.</p><p>24. Zhang Yan. Research on cost-benefit analysis of electric power network reliability planning . Automation of Electric Power Systems 1999,</p><p>25(15):33-36.</p><p>25. Lehtonen M, Lemstrom B. Comparison of the methods for assessing the customers' outage costs. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International</p><p>Conference on Energy Management and Power Delivery. Singapore; 1995. p. 1-6.</p><p>26. Zhou Limei, Fan Mingtian. Research on customer outage cost assessment and its evaluation method in urban electric power network . Electric</p><p>Power 2006,39(7) :70-73.</p><p>27. Liu Huaidong, Yuan Baoqing, Zhang Xianfang. A method for estimating power customer interruption cost function .Relay 2006, 34(16): 36-</p><p>38.</p><p>28. Zhang Yongjun, Ren Qian, Wang Huifeng, et al. Estimation and application of sector custom unit damage function for distribution user.</p><p>Electrotechnical Application 2008,27(3):70-73.</p><p>29. Hu Aijun, Li Ning, Shi Peijun, Guo Haifeng, Zhao Hanping, Yi Xinhuai. 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