Resumo_de_todo_um_curso_de_Ingles_final

Prévia do material em texto

http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
01 
Resumo Curso de Inglês 
 
Present Simple 
 
Positive 
Verb 
example 
Negative Verb example 
I 
You 
We 
They 
work. 
I 
You 
We 
They 
don’t (do 
not) 
work. 
He 
She 
It 
works. 
He 
She 
It 
doesn’t 
(does not) 
 
 
Question Verb 
example 
Short answer 
Do 
I 
you 
we 
they 
work? 
Yes, 
 
I 
you 
we 
they 
do. 
don’t. No, 
Does 
he 
she 
it 
Yes, 
 
he 
she 
it 
does. 
doesn’t. No, 
 
 
Use Examples 
Long-term situations I live in Madrid. 
Where does she work? 
Habits and routines I travel to work by car. 
How often do you play golf? 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
02 
Feelings and opinions She doesn’t like her work. 
I agree with you. 
Facts The journey takes 30 minutes. 
It costs $ 15. 
 
Question words 
 
Where do you live? In Rome. 
What do you do at weekends? I usually play golf. 
When do they take their 
holiday? 
In July or August. 
Which magazine does James 
write for? 
Wine and Dine. 
How do you travel to work? By car. 
How often do you make 
business trips? 
About twice a month. 
Whose book is this? It’s mine. 
Who (*Whom) do you visit in 
London? 
I visit my sister. 
Who arrives at work first? Anna does. 
 
* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often. 
 
Present Continuous 
 
Positive 
Verb 
example 
Negative 
Verb example 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
03 
I ’m (am) 
working. 
I ’m not (am 
not) 
working. 
He 
She 
It 
’s (is) He 
She 
It 
isn’t (is 
not) 
You 
We 
They 
’re 
(are) 
You 
We 
They 
aren’t 
(are not) 
 
Positive 
Verb 
example 
Short answer 
Am I 
working? 
Yes, I am. 
Is he 
she 
it 
No, ’m not. 
Yes, he 
she 
it 
is. 
No, isn’t. 
Are you 
we 
they 
Yes, you 
we 
they 
are. 
No, aren’t. 
 
Use Examples 
Actions happening now He’s talking on the phone at the 
moment. 
They’re having lunch with a 
customer. 
Temporary situations or 
actions 
Jeans are selling well this season. 
I’m not travelling on business this 
month. 
Which hotel are you staying at? 
 
- A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel, 
travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make, making). 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
04 
Past Simple 
 
Positive Negative 
I 
You 
He 
She 
It 
We 
They 
started 
rang* 
yesterd
ay 
I 
You 
He 
She 
It 
We 
They 
didn’t 
(did 
not) 
Start 
ring* 
yesterday. 
 
Question Short answer 
Did 
I 
You 
He 
She 
It 
We 
They 
start 
ring* 
yesterd
ay? 
Yes, 
I 
You 
He 
She 
It 
We 
They 
did. 
No, didn’t. 
* See the list of irregular verbs on page 16. 
 
Use Examples 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
05 
Finished situations and 
actions in the past 
I lived in Rome for two years. 
He flew to America last week. 
They didn’t come to the party. 
Where did you spend your last 
holiday? 
 
- We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases like 
yesterday, last week, an hour ago. 
 
- Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in –ed. A dictionary tells 
you when the consonant doubles (Group 3), and when the –y changes 
to –I (Group 4). 
 
Group 1 
Work 
worked 
Play 
played 
Wait 
waited 
Group 2 
Live 
lived 
Smile 
smiled 
Close 
closed 
Group 3 
Stop 
stopped 
Travel 
travelled 
Plan 
planned 
Group 4 
Study 
studied 
Worry 
worried 
Try 
tried 
 
- When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, we 
pronounce the –ed ending as / id / 
See Grammar timelines on page 36. 
 
Comparative and superlative adjectives 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
06 
 
Form Adjective Comparative Superlative 
One 
syllable 
long 
few 
hot 
longer 
fewer 
hotter 
the 
longest 
fewest 
hottest 
Two 
syllable
s 
Ending 
in -y 
easy 
happy 
easier 
happier 
the 
easiest 
happiest 
Two or 
more 
syllable
s 
famous 
crowded 
expensive 
more 
famous 
crowde
d 
expens
ive 
the most 
famous 
crowded 
expensive 
Irregula
r 
Adjectiv
es 
good 
bad 
much/many 
little 
far 
better 
worse 
more 
less 
farther / 
further 
the 
best 
worst 
most 
least 
farthest / 
furthest 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
07 
Use Examples 
We use than after a 
comparative adjective. 
London is bigger than Paris. 
Much can come before the 
comparative to add emphasis. 
He is much younger than his 
brother. 
Tokyo is much more expensive than 
Rome. 
We use the before a 
superlative adjective. 
Camary Wharf is the tallest 
building in London. 
As… as shows something is 
the same or equal. 
Greece is as sunny as Spain. 
I am as happy as you are. 
Not as… as shows something 
isn’t the same or equal. 
Italy isn’t as big as France. 
 
- One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant 
double the consonant: 
 
Adjective Comparative Superlative 
Big Bigger Biggest 
Fat Fatter fattest 
 
- This doesn’t happen when the consonant is –w or –y: 
 
Adjective Comparative Superlative 
New Newer Newest 
Grey Greyer greyest 
 
Mass and Count nouns 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
08 
 
Mass nouns 
 
Use Examples 
Mass nouns have no plural 
form. 
We do not use a or an with 
them. 
We use them with a singular 
verb form. 
They want some information. 
I don’t like music 
This machinery is expensive. 
 
Count nouns 
 
Use Examples 
Count nouns have a singular and 
plural form. 
We use them with a and an. 
We use them with singular and 
plural verb forms. 
Some nouns are both mass and 
count. 
This machine is expensive. 
Did you have a good trip? 
These machines are expensive. 
 
Mass / Count nouns 
 
Use Examples 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
09 
Mass (general 
meaning) 
 
 
Count (specific 
meaning) 
James writes about wine. 
She has a lot of experience of the travel 
industry. 
 
He’s writing a book about the wines of Italy. 
I had some amusing experiences on my last 
holiday. 
 
some, any, a lot of, much, many 
 
some 
 
Use Examples 
With mass and count nouns in 
positive sentences 
In offers and requests 
I bought some tea. 
She made some appointments. 
Would you like some coffee? 
Could I have some information? 
 
any 
 
Use Examples 
With mass and count nouns in 
negative sentences in 
questions 
I didn’t buy any apples. 
He didn’t spend any money. 
Did they give you any help? 
Do you have any questions? 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
010 
a lot of / lots of 
 
Use Examples 
With mass and count nouns in 
positive sentences 
There’s a lot of traffic today. 
There are a lot of cars in the city 
centre. 
Lots of people go jogging in the 
park. 
much 
 
Use Examples 
With mass nouns in negative 
sentences, and in questions 
We haven’t got much luggage. 
I don’t havemuch time. 
How much paper do you need? 
many 
 
Use Examples 
With count nouns in negative 
sentences, and in questions 
We haven’t got many suitcases. 
She didn’t have many meetings. 
How many people did you invite? 
In positive sentences Many people are on holiday this 
week. 
 
- In positive sentences, a lot of / lots of is more common than 
many. 
 
- We can use a lot of / lots of in negative sentences and in 
questions. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
011 
 
- Lots of is mostly used in informal spoken English. 
 
Present Perfect Simple 
 
Positive 
Verb 
examples 
Negative 
Verb examples 
I 
You 
We 
They 
’ve 
(have) 
arrived. 
begun. 
 
I 
You 
We 
They 
haven’t 
(have 
not) 
arrived. 
begun. 
 He 
She 
It 
’s (has) 
He 
She 
It 
hasn’t 
(has 
not) 
 
 
Question Verb 
examples 
Short answer Verb examples 
Have 
I 
you 
we 
they 
arrived? 
begun? 
Yes, I 
you 
we 
they 
have. 
No, haven’t. 
Has 
he 
she 
it 
Yes, he 
she 
it 
has. 
No, hasn’t. 
 
 
Use Examples 
Finished experiences in your 
life up to now 
She’s lived in China and Japan. 
He’s had experience of marketing 
Have you ever been to Brazil? 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
012 
Recent situations and 
actions in a time up to now 
We’ve reduced prices. 
Corporate business has increased 
significantly. 
Have you had a holiday this year? 
Situations that started in 
the past and still continue 
He’s been an architect since 1992. 
She’s had a translation agency for 
ten years. 
How long have you known her? 
Past actions in a time up to 
now where we give the 
quantity 
She’s designed a lot of fashion 
items for Burberrys. 
How many letters have you written? 
 
- gone to or been to? 
Ann’s gone to New York, means she’s in New York now, or she’s on 
her way there. 
Ann’s been to New York, means she’s not in New York now. Her visit 
is over. 
 
- contracted forms 
In spoken English, we usually say I’ve, you’re, he’s, etc. 
In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, he 
has, etc. 
 
- For information on yet, just, already, see page 33. 
 See Grammar timelines on page 36. 
 
Present Perfect Continuous 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
013 
Positive Negative 
I 
You 
We 
They 
’ve 
(have) 
been 
working. 
I 
You 
We 
They 
haven’t 
(have 
not) 
been working. 
He 
She 
It 
’s (has) 
He 
She 
It 
hasn’t 
(has 
not) 
 
Question Short answer 
Have 
I 
you 
we 
they 
been 
working? 
Yes, I 
you 
we 
they 
have. 
No, haven’t. 
Has 
he 
she 
it 
Yes, he 
she 
it 
has. 
No, hasn’t. 
 
Use Examples 
Actions that began in the 
past and continue to the 
present 
We’ve been producing pens since the 
1980s. 
He’s been living here for five 
years. 
How long have you been learning 
English? 
Actions that began in the 
past and have just stopped 
You look very tired. Have you been 
working? 
I’m hot because I’ve been running. 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
014 
- The Present Perfect Continuous and Simple are similar in 
meaning. The form we use often depends on whether we are more 
interested in the action or its result. 
I’ve been fixing the car. (My hands are dirty.) 
I’ve fixed the car. (Now I can drive to work.) 
 
- We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say how long. 
They’ve been interviewing people since 10 a.m. 
She’s been writing letters all morning. 
We use the Present Perfect Simple to say how many. 
They’ve interviewed nine people. She’s written five letters. 
 
for and since 
 
Use Examples Use Examples 
With a period 
of time 
For 
three days, 
five hours, a 
month, ten 
minutes, 
ages… 
With a point 
in time 
Since 
Tuesday, 8 August, 4 
o’clock, last 
summer, 1982... 
 
Future: going to 
 
Positive Negative 
I ’m (am) 
going to 
begin. 
I ’m not 
(am not) going to 
begin. He 
She 
It 
’s (is) He 
She 
It 
isn’t 
(is not) 
You ’re 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
015 
We 
They 
(are) 
You 
We 
They 
aren’t 
(are 
not) 
 
Question Short answer 
Am I 
 
going to 
begin? 
Yes, I 
 
am. 
No, ’m not. 
 
Is 
he 
she 
it 
Yes, he 
she 
it 
is. 
Are 
you 
we 
they 
No, isn’t. 
Yes, you 
we 
they 
are. 
No, aren’t. 
 
Use Examples 
Future plans, intentions, 
and decisions 
We’re going to buy a new car soon. 
When are you going to have a 
holiday? 
I’m not going to have lunch today. 
Future actions we feel 
certain about because of 
what we can see now. 
The sky’s very dark. I’m sure it’s 
going to rain. 
Look out! That car’s going to hit 
you! 
 
- With come and go, we usually use the Present Continuous. 
I’m going on holiday soon. 
Are they coming by car on Saturday? 
 
Future: Present Continuous 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
016 
 
For Present Continuous form see page 02. 
 
Use Examples 
Fixed future arrangements I’m flying to Tokyo at 10 a.m. 
tomorrow. 
When is the President arriving? 
I’m not playing golf this weekend. 
 
Future: will 
 
Positive Verb 
example 
Negative Verb example 
I 
You 
He 
She 
It 
We 
They 
’ll 
(will) 
arrive. 
I 
You 
He 
She 
It 
We 
They 
won’t 
(will 
not) 
arrive. 
 
Question Verb 
example 
Short answer Verb example 
Will 
I 
arrive? Yes, 
I 
will. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
017 
You 
He 
She 
It 
We 
They 
No, 
You 
He 
She 
It 
We 
They 
won’t (will 
not). 
 
Use Examples 
Future facts and 
predictions 
The new hotel will cost $ 10 
million. 
The construction work won’t start 
until next year. 
How many jobs will there be? 
Decisions made at the time 
of speaking 
I’ll give you the report today. 
Hold on a minute. I’ll write down 
your phone number. 
 
Zero Conditional 
 
If + Present Simple + Present Simple 
 
Positive Negative 
If I read too much, I get a 
headache 
If I didn’t read too much, I didn’t 
get a headache. 
 
Question Negative 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
018 
You get a headache if you 
read too much? 
 
Yes, I get. 
No, I don’t get. 
 
1st Conditional 
 
If + Present Simple + will + infinitive (without to) 
 
Positive Negative 
If they offer me the job, 
I’ll accept it. 
 
We’ll have a lot of work if 
we get the contract. 
If you don’t study more, you’ll 
fail your exam. 
They won’t visit us if they’re very 
busy. 
If they don’t leave now, they won’t 
arrive on time. 
 
Question Negative 
Will you buy a new car if you have 
the money? 
If you ask him, will he tell you? 
What will he do if his plane 
arrives late? 
Yes, I will. 
No, he won’t. 
- 
 
Use Examples 
Future possibilities and 
their results 
If the proposal becomes a reality, it 
will revolutionize train travel in 
Europe. 
If the weather is bad, the train will 
arrive before the plane. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
019 
 
- The if clause can come beforeor after the main clause. When the 
if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the 
main clause. 
If the meeting is successful, we’ll sign the contract. 
We’ll sign the contract if the meeting is successful. 
 
- For things we are certain will happen, we use when nor if. 
When he returns from the USA, he’ll contact you. (We know he will 
return.) 
We’ll leave when we finish the work. (We know we will finish the 
work.) 
 
2nd Conditional 
 
If + Past Simple + would + infinitive (without to) 
 
Positive Negative 
If I had more time, I'd 
travel more. 
 
He'd understand the reason 
if you explained it. 
If he didn’t earn so much, he 
wouldn't spend so much. 
I wouldn't invest in that company 
if I were you. 
 
Question Negative 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
020 
Would you stop work if you won $ 1 
million? 
Would he work abroad if he got the 
chance? 
If you had six months off work, how 
would you spend the time? 
Yes, I would. 
No, he wouldn't. 
- 
 
Use Examples 
Unlikely or unreal 
situations and their 
probable results 
If public transport were free, there 
would be fewer cars in the city 
centres. 
If I were the Transport Minister, I 
would increase petrol prices. 
 
- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the 
if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the 
main clause. 
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a Ferrari. 
I'd buy a Ferrari if I won a lot of money. 
 
- With I, he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the if 
clause, especially in a more informal style. 
If it was less expensive, he would buy it. 
 
- Could is both the Past and the Conditional of can. 
When she lived in Paris, she could visit the Louvre at any time. 
(Past) 
We could make some of the money if we charged motorists. 
(Conditional) 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
021 
- The Past tense does not refer to past time in a conditional 
sentence. If refers to an unreal situation. 
If I were the Transport Minister... (but I'm not). 
 
3rd Conditional 
 
If + Past Perfect + would have + Past Participle 
 
Positive Negative 
If I had studied, I would 
have passed the exam. 
If I had known that day we had a 
test, I wouldn’t have spent the 
night drinking. 
 
Question Negative 
Would you have passed the 
exam if you had studied? 
Yes, I would have. 
No, I wouldn’t have. 
 
Use Examples 
Criticizing people, pointing 
out their mistakes or 
expressing regret about the 
past. 
If I had known, I would have gone 
to visit you. 
 
Modal verbs 
 
Can Coul
d 
May Migh
t 
Shal
l 
Shoul
d 
Will would Must Mustn't Needn't 
 
Modal verbs add extra meaning to the main verb. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
022 
Use Examples 
Necessity He must have a visa. 
Prohibition He mustn't leave without paying. 
No necessity You needn't make an appointment. 
Advice You should always be punctual. 
You shouldn't use first names. 
Possibility Paperwork can take a long time. 
Your host may invite you to his 
home. 
I might be late. 
 
Use Examples 
Permission Can I use your phone? 
Could I interrupt you for a moment? 
May I borrow your car? 
Ability Can you speak Spanish? 
She could swim when she was three. 
Requests Could you repeat that, please? 
Will you post this letter for me? 
Would you type this letter, please? 
Offers Would you like a drink? 
Shall I call a taxi for you? 
 
- The form of a modal verb is the same for all persons. We don't 
add -s to the 3
rd
 person singular of a modal verb. 
I/You/He/She/It/We/They may arrive late. 
He can speak German. 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
023 
- We don't use to after modal verbs. 
I must to go now. 
 
- To make the negative of a modal verb, we add not or n't. We 
don't use don't and doesn't. 
He can't/cannot speak Japanese. 
You mustn't/must not drive on the right in the UK. 
She may not arrive before you leave. 
 
- We can't add -n't to may. 
She mayn't arrive before you leave. 
 
- We put the modal verb before I/you/he, etc. to make a question. 
Should I confirm the booking by letter? 
 
- With I and we, we use shall for offers, and when asking for and 
making suggestions. 
Shall I close the door? 
What shall we do? 
Shall we go to the park? 
 
- We can use have to for necessity. 
I have to work overtime sometimes. 
We can use don't have to when there is no necessity. 
I don't have to work on Saturdays. 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
024 
 
The Passive 
 
Be (is/was/have been, etc.) + past participle 
(produced/built/grown, etc.) 
 
 
Positive Negative 
Coffee is grown in Brazil. 
The company was founded in 
1970. 
Vines have been grown in 
this area for over 2000 
years. 
Cigarette advertising isn't allowed 
in cinemas. 
Prices weren't increased last year. 
A decision hasn’t been made yet. 
 
Question Short answer 
Are Peugeot cars made in 
France? 
Were the goods delivered on 
time? 
Has the factory been built 
yet? 
How is champagne produced? 
When will it be finished? 
How long has this method 
been used? 
Yes, they are. 
No, they weren't. 
Yes, it has. 
- 
- 
- 
 
Use Examples 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
025 
Use Examples 
We use the Passive when the 
person or thing that does the 
action isn't important, or 
when we don't know who does 
it. If we want to say who 
does or did the action we use 
by. 
Active 
The architect IM Pei designed the 
Louvre Pyramid in Paris. 
 
Passive 
The Louvre Pyramid in Paris was 
designed by IM Pei. 
 
Prepositions of time 
 
Month/season/year/century 
In 
June 
Winter 
1996 
The 21st century 
 
Part of the day 
In 
The morning 
The afternoon 
The evening 
 
 
 
 
 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
026 
Day/date 
 
On 
Tuesday 
6 December 
Easter Monday 
Christmas Day 
Friday morning 
Wednesday evenings. 
 
Time/meal time 
 
At 
Six o'clock 
Lunch time 
Midnight 
 
Period of two or three days 
 
At 
The weekend 
Christmas 
Easter 
 
Prepositions of place and direction 
 
preposition use examples 
above higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed. 
across 
from one side to 
the other side 
You mustn't go across this road 
here. 
There isn't a bridge across the 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
027 
river. 
after 
one follows the 
other 
The cat ran after the dog. 
After you. 
against 
directed towards 
sth. 
The bird flew against the window. 
along 
in a line; from 
one point to 
another 
They're walking along the beach. 
among in a group I like being among people. 
around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire. 
behind at the back of 
Our house is behind the 
supermarket. 
below lower than sth. 
Death Valley is 86 metres below sea 
level. 
beside next to 
Our house is beside the 
supermarket. 
between 
sth./sb. is on 
each side 
Our house is between the 
supermarket and the school. 
by near He lives in the house by the river. 
close to near 
Our house is close to the 
supermarket.down from high to low He came down the hill. 
from 
the place where it 
starts 
Do you come from Tokyo? 
in front of 
the part that is 
in the direction 
it faces 
Our house is in front of the 
supermarket. 
inside opposite of You shouldn't stay inside the 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
028 
outside castle. 
into entering sth. You shouldn't go into the castle. 
near close to Our house is near the supermarket. 
next to beside 
Our house is next to the 
supermarket. 
off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof. 
onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof. 
opposite on the other side 
Our house is opposite the 
supermarket. 
out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window. 
outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside? 
over above sth./sb. The cat jumped over the wall. 
past 
going near 
sth./sb. 
Go past the post office. 
round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire. 
through 
going from one 
point to the other 
point 
You shouldn't walk through the 
forest. 
 
to 
 
towards sth./sb. 
 
I like going to Australia. 
Can you come to me? 
I've never been to Africa. 
towards 
in the direction 
of sth. 
They walk towards the castle. 
under below sth. The cat is under the table. 
up from low to high He went up the hill. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
029 
 
 
Irregular verbs 
 
Present Past Past Participle 
awake awoke awoken 
be was, were been 
bear bore born 
beat beat beat 
become became become 
begin began begun 
bend bent bent 
beset beset beset 
bet bet bet 
bid bid/bade bid/bidden 
bind bound bound 
bite bit bitten 
bleed bled bled 
blow blew blown 
break broke broken 
breed bred bred 
bring brought brought 
broadcast broadcast broadcast 
build built built 
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
030 
burst burst burst 
buy bought bought 
cast cast cast 
catch caught caught 
choose chose chosen 
cling clung clung 
come came come 
cost cost cost 
creep crept crept 
cut cut cut 
deal dealt dealt 
dig dug dug 
dive dived/dove dived 
do did done 
draw drew drawn 
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt 
drive drove driven 
drink drank drunk 
eat ate eaten 
fall fell fallen 
feed fed fed 
feel felt felt 
fight fought fought 
find found found 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
031 
fit fit fit 
flee fled fled 
fling flung flung 
fly flew flown 
forbid forbade forbidden 
forget forgot forgotten 
forego (forgo) forewent foregone 
forgive forgave forgiven 
forsake forsook forsaken 
freeze froze frozen 
get got gotten 
give gave given 
go went gone 
grind ground ground 
grow grew grown 
hang hung hung 
hear heard heard 
hide hid hidden 
hit hit hit 
hold held held 
hurt hurt hurt 
keep kept kept 
kneel knelt knelt 
knit knit knit 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
032 
know knew know 
lay laid laid 
lead led led 
leap leaped/lept leaped/lept 
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 
leave left left 
lend lent lent 
let let let 
lie lay lain 
light lighted/lit lighted 
lose lost lost 
make made made 
mean meant meant 
meet met met 
misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt 
mistake mistook mistaken 
mow mowed mowed/mown 
overcome overcame overcome 
overdo overdid overdone 
overtake overtook overtaken 
overthrow overthrew overthrown 
pay paid paid 
plead pled pled 
prove proved proved/proven 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
033 
put put put 
quit quit quit 
read read read 
rid rid rid 
ride rode ridden 
ring rang rung 
rise rose risen 
run ran run 
saw sawed sawed/sawn 
say said said 
see saw seen 
seek sought sought 
sell sold sold 
send sent sent 
set set set 
sew sewed sewed/sewn 
shake shook shaken 
shave shaved shaved/shaven 
shear shore shorn 
shed shed shed 
shine shone shone 
shoe shoed shoed/shod 
shoot shot shot 
show showed showed/shown 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
034 
shrink shrank shrunk 
shut shut shut 
sing sang sung 
sink sank sunk 
sit sat sat 
sleep slept slept 
slay slew slain 
slide slid slid 
sling slung slung 
slit slit slit 
smite smote smitten 
sow sowed sowed/sown 
speak spoke spoken 
speed sped sped 
spend spent spent 
spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt 
spin spun spun 
spit spit/spat spit 
split split split 
spread spread spread 
spring sprang/sprung sprung 
stand stood stood 
steal stole stolen 
stick stuck stuck 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
035 
sting stung stung 
stink stank stunk 
stride strod stridden 
strike struck struck 
string strung strung 
strive strove striven 
swear swore sworn 
sweep swept swept 
swell swelled swelled/swollen 
swim swam swum 
swing swung swung 
take took taken 
teach taught taught 
tear tore torn 
tell told told 
think thought thought 
thrive thrived/throve thrived 
throw threw thrown 
thrust thrust thrust 
tread trod trodden 
understand understood understood 
uphold upheld upheld 
upset upset upset 
wake woke woken 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
036 
wear wore worn 
weave weaved/wove weaved/woven 
wed wed wed 
weep wept wept 
wind wound wound 
win won won 
withhold withheld withheld 
withstand withstood withstood 
wring wrung wrung 
write wrote written 
 
SOCIAL ENGLISH 
 
Meeting people 
 
Introductions 
 
May/Can I introduce myself? 
My name's... (James Turner for example). 
I'm... (Monique Bresson). 
 
May/Can I introduce a good friend of mine? 
This is... (Roberto Angelini). 
 
Excuse me, are you... (Duncan Ross)? 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
037 
Hello, you must be... (Luigi Bastini). 
 
I'd like to/let me introduce you to... (Tony White). 
 
How do you do. How do you do. 
Pleased to meet you. Pleased to meet you, too. 
Please call me... (Luigi). Then you must call me... (Monique). 
 
Greetings 
 
Hello,... (Roberto). 
Good/Nice to see you again. 
 
How are you? Fine, thanks. And you? 
How are things? Not too bad, thanks. 
How's the family? Very well, thank you. 
 
Good morning/afternoon/evening. 
 
- We only say Good night when we are leaving. We don't use it as a 
greeting. 
 
Goodbyes 
 
I must go now. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
038 
We really must leave now. 
I must be off. 
 
It was very nice meeting you. I really enjoyed meeting you, too. 
Have a good 
trip/journey/flight. 
Thank you... (and the same to you). 
I hope to see you again. I hope so, too. 
 
I look forward to... (seeing you again). 
I'm looking forward to... (our next meeting). 
 
See you… on the (first July)/next week/soon. 
Have a good... trip back/flight back. 
 
Telephoning 
 
Making contact 
 
Hello. This is... (James Turner) 
 
Is that... (Monique Bresson)? Yes, speaking. 
I'd liketo speak to... (Mr. 
Brown). 
Who's calling, please? 
Could I speak to... (Manfred 
Weiss)? 
May I know who's calling, please? 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
039 
I'm calling about... (the letter I sent you). 
 
Hold the line, please. 
 
I'm sorry... (Mr Weiss) is in a meeting at the moment. 
I'm afraid... (he)'s busy at present. 
I'm afraid... (she) isn't here. 
 
Leaving a message 
 
Can I... take a message? 
Can I... leave a message? 
 
Could you take a message? 
Could you ask... (her) to call... (Luigi Bastini)? 
Could you tell... (him) that... (Duncan Ross) called? 
 
Could you spell... (your name), please? 
What's your number, please? 
 
Welcoming a visitor 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
040 
The journey here 
Did you have a good journey? 
How was your flight? 
Did you have any problems finding 
us? 
How did you get here? 
Are you here on business? 
 
Work 
What do you do? 
Where do you work? 
What are you working on currently? 
 
 
The weather 
What was the weather like in... 
(London)? 
 
Travel and holidays 
Do you travel a lot? 
Which countries do you visit? 
Where did you spend... (your last 
holiday)? 
 
The visitor 
Where do you live? 
Which part of the country/city is 
that? 
 
First impressions 
What do you think of... (the new 
airport)? 
Is this your first visit to... 
(Barcelona)? 
How long are you here for? 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
041 
Sports and leisure 
What do you do at the weekends? 
Do you play any sports? 
 
News 
What's the latest news on... (the 
election)? 
Is there any news about... (the 
conference)? 
 
Staying at a hotel 
 
Booking a hotel 
 
I'd like to book a singe/double room for 4 April. 
 
Arriving at a hotel 
 
I have a reservation. 
 
Making requests 
 
I'd like a room, please. 
Could I have an early morning call, at 6.30? 
Could I have my bill, please? 
Can I pay by credit card? 
 
At a restaurant 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
042 
 
Recommending 
What do you recommend? 
The... (seafood) is usually excellent here. 
I recommend the... (chicken). 
 
Ordering 
I'll/We'll have... (smoked Scottish salmon). 
 
I'd/We'd like... (the roast Normandy pork). 
 
Could we have... (a bottle of mineral water)? 
 
Offering 
Do have some more... (prawns). 
What about... (dessert)? 
How about... (some strawberries)? 
Would you like... (a coffee)? 
 
Accepting 
Yes, I'd like that. 
Yes, that would be very nice. 
 
Declining 
Thank you, but I couldn't eat any more. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
043 
No, thank you. 
 
Thanking and responding 
 
Thank you for a really 
excellent meal. 
Don't mention it. 
Thank you for a lovely 
evening. 
I enjoyed it very much, too. 
 
Making arrangements 
 
Making an appointment 
 
When 
What time 
would be convenient for you? 
could we meet? 
are you free? 
would suit you? 
 
Shall we say... (next 
Tuesday)? 
Yes,... (Tuesday) suits me fine. 
Is... (9.30) possible for 
you? 
Yes, that's fine. 
How about... (Friday)? Yes, I can make it on... (Friday). 
What about... (the 
afternoon)? 
No, I'm afraid I've got another 
appointment then. 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
044 
I look forward to meeting you on... (Wednesday). 
See you... (next week). 
 
Changing an appointment 
I'm very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on... (Friday). 
I'm afraid I can't manage our meeting... (tomorrow). 
Could we arrange another time? 
 
Opinions and suggestions 
 
Asking for opinions 
What do you think about... (the 
design)? 
What's your opinion of... (the 
quality)? 
How do you feel about... (the 
price)? 
 
Agreeing 
I agree. 
I certainly agree with that. 
I agree completely. 
 
Asking for suggestions 
Do you have any suggestions for... 
(the agenda)? 
Any ideas on... (the parking 
problem)? 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
045 
Making suggestions 
I suggest... (we meet at the hotel). 
How about... (going by plane)? 
What about... (giving a talk)? 
Why don't we... (have a meeting)? 
Why not... (finish with a party)? 
We could... (arrange a tennis 
tournament). 
 
Giving opinions 
In my opinion... (it's excellent). 
I think... (it's rather expensive). 
 
Disagreeing 
I'm afraid I don't agree. 
I'm sorry, but I disagree. 
 
Accepting suggestions 
Yes, that's a good idea. 
Yes, let's do that. 
 
Rejecting Suggestions 
Yes, but... (it's too far away). 
I'm not sure about that. 
I'm afraid I don't like that idea. 
 
Invitations 
 
Inviting 
I'd like to invite you to... (have dinner with 
me). 
Would you join us... (for a game of tennis)? 
Would you like to... (come swimming)? 
Why don't you... (have lunch with us)? 
How about... (joining us)? 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
046 
 
Accepting 
Thank you. I'm delighted to accept. 
Thank you. I'd love to. 
Thank you. I'd enjoy that. 
 
Declining 
I'd love to, but... (I'm afraid I can't). 
Thanks a lot but... (I've made another 
arrangement). 
 
Offers 
 
Offering 
Shall I... (open the window)? 
Do you want me to... (post the letter for 
you)? 
If you like, I can... (give you some help). 
Would you like me to... (arrange a meeting)? 
 
Accepting 
Yes, please. 
Thank you. 
That's very kind of you. 
Thank you. I'd appreciate that. 
 
Declining 
Thanks, but please don't bother. 
Thanks, but that won't be necessary. 
That's very kind of you, but... (I can 
manage). 
 
 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
047 
Requests 
 
Requesting 
Can you... (come tomorrow)? 
Could you... (write her a letter)? 
Would you... (book the hotel)? 
Do you think you could... (check it)? 
Would you mind... (checking it)? 
Do you mind... (checking it)? 
 
Agreeing 
Yes, of course. 
Yes, certainly. 
Not at all. 
No, of course not. 
 
Refusing 
I think that will be difficult... (there isn't 
enough time). 
I'm afraid not... (I'm very busy). 
I'm sorry, but that's not possible... (I'm 
leaving now). 
I'm afraid not. 
 
Asking for information 
 
Asking 
I'd like some information about... (fights to 
Paris). 
I'd like to know... (how long it takes). 
Do you know... (when the train arrives)? 
Can/could you tell me... (how often the trains 
leave)? 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
048 
Showing 
understanding 
I see. 
Right, I've got that. 
So,... (the next train's in half an hour) 
 
Checking 
Let me check. 
I'll look that up. 
 
Asking for 
repetition 
Could you repeat that, please? 
Could you say that again? 
 
Apologizing 
I'm afraid I don't have any information 
about... (domestic flights). 
 
Social responses 
 
Thanking 
 
Thanks for all your help. 
Thank you for your advice. 
Don't mention it. 
Not at all. 
You're welcome. (US) 
 
Apologizing 
 
Sorry I'm late. 
I'm sorry. I'vebroken a 
glass. 
It doesn't matter. 
Don't worry. 
Never mind. 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
049 
Asking for repetition 
 
Sorry? 
Pardon? 
Could you repeat that, please? 
I'm sorry, I didn't catch... (your name). 
 
Asking and giving permission 
 
May I sit here? 
Could I use your phone? 
 
Do you mind if I open the 
window? 
Yes, of course. 
Please do. 
Yes, certainly. 
No, not at all. 
 
Refusing permission 
 
Could I borrow your car? 
Do you mind if I smoke? 
Sorry, but I need it. 
Well, I'd rather you didn't. 
 
Giving and passing things 
 
Have you got the tickets? 
Could you pass the bread, 
please? 
Yes, here they are. 
Yes, here you are. 
 
 
Expressing surprise 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
050 
 
They’ve got six children now. Really! 
 
Responding to good news 
 
I've passed my final exams! Congratulations! 
That's great! 
 
Responding to bad news 
 
I failed my driving test. Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. 
 
Responding to good wishes 
 
Have a good weekend. 
I hope you enjoy your 
holiday. 
Thanks. You too. 
Thanks, and the same to you. 
 
 
Saying goodbye 
 
Thanking for hospitality 
 
Thank 
you 
for inviting us. 
for everything. 
very much for your 
hospitality. 
We've had a wonderful time. 
It was really enjoyable. 
I really appreciate it. 
Everything was great. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
051 
 
Thanks a lot. 
 
Responding to thanks 
 
I'm glad you could come. 
enjoyed it. 
found it interesting. 
like it. 
 
Asking for help 
 
Sorry, I don't understand. 
I don't know what... (currently) means. 
What does... (working knowledge) mean? 
What do you call this in English? 
How do you say... (je voudrais une chambre) in English? 
Could you say that again, please? 
Could you repeat that, please? 
Could you speak more slowly, please? 
Could you spell that, please? 
Could you write that down, please? 
 
OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION 
 
Business correspondence 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
052 
 
CUNNINGHAM ASSOCIATES 
26, Trent Rd, Bicester, Oxon OX6 8RN 
Tel: 0861 204950 Fax: 0861 204900 
 
22 February 1996 
 
Jean Paul Leclerc 
ZigZag SA 
74, rue Jules Ferry 
75116 Paris 
 
Dear Mr Lederc 
 
Thank you for your letter of 15 January. I apologize for not 
replying sooner. 
 
I am writing to inform you that I am coming to Paris on 7 March. 
 
I would be delighted to meet you to discuss the fashion show, as 
you suggested. 
 
Unfortunately, as I am flying to Rome in the afternoon, I will not 
be able to visit your factory, and cannot attend your company 
dinner in the evening. 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
053 
I would be grateful if you could send me your catalogue and price 
list as soon as possible, as I would like to show your Summer 
Collection to the fashion buyers at our monthly meeting next week. 
 
I am enclosing a copy of an excellent magazine article about 
fashion retailers in this country. I hope you find it interesting. 
 
I look forward to meeting you next month. Please let me know if 
you would like any further information. 
 
Yours sincerely 
 
David Cunningham 
President 
 
Opening 
 
Dear Sir 
Madam 
Mr... Murphy 
Mrs... Hobbs 
Miss... Young 
Ms... White 
.... George 
Dr... Green 
 
- When you don't know the receiver's name, use Sir or Madam. 
For a man, use the receiver's family name with Mr. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
054 
For a married woman, use the receiver's family name with Mrs. or 
Ms. 
For an unmarried woman, use the receiver's family name with Miss 
or Ms. 
For a close business contact or friend, use the receiver's first 
name. 
For a doctor, us Dr. and the family name. 
 
- Ms can replace Mrs and Miss. It doesn't indicate whether a woman 
is married. 
Making reference 
 
Thank you for your telephone call today. 
With reference to your letter of 8 January... 
Further to Your letter of 30 August,... 
 
Apologizing 
 
I apologize for the delay. 
not replying sooner. 
I am sorry that I am not able to help you. 
 
Explaining the reason for writing 
 
I am writing to ask you... 
enquire about... 
inform you that... 
confirm... 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
055 
 
 
Agreeing to requests 
 
I would be Delighted to... 
pleased to... 
 
Giving bad news 
 
I am afraid that... 
Unfortunately... 
 
Requesting 
 
I would be grateful if you could... 
We would appreciate it if you could... 
Could you possibly...? 
 
Enclosing documents 
 
I have pleasure in enclosing... 
I am enclosing... 
I enclose... 
 
Referring to future contact 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
056 
I look forward to 
meeting you next month. 
receiving your reply. 
hearing from you soon. 
 
Finishing 
 
Please let me know if 
Please contact us again if 
you have any questions. 
we can help in any way. 
you would like further information. 
 
Closing 
 
Yours faithfully 
sincerely 
 
Best wishes 
 
- When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yours 
faithfully. 
When you open the letter with the receiver's family name, use 
Yours sincerely. 
For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes. 
 
American English 
 
This section describes some differences between American and 
British English. The differences are not very great, and they may 
vary between regions across the USA. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
057 
 
have/have got 
To express possession, British people often say have got. 
 
British British/American 
I've got a German 
car. 
Have you got a fax 
machine? 
Yes, I 
have. 
No, I 
haven't. 
I have an Italian 
car. 
Do you have any 
children? 
Yes, I do. 
No, I don't. 
 
The difference is only in the Present Simple. There is no 
difference in other tenses. 
When we use the verb have for an action, there is no difference 
between American and British English. 
 
British/American 
 
I have an English lesson 
every week. 
Do you have coffee for 
breakfast? 
Yes, I do. 
No, I don't. 
 
Present Perfect/Past Simple 
 
Where British English uses the Present Perfect, American English 
often uses the Past Simple. 
 
British American 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
058 
British American 
I've just finished the 
report. 
Have you seen her yet? 
I haven't finished the work 
yet. 
We're already met. 
I just finished the report. 
Did you see her yet? 
I didn't finish the work yet. 
We already met. 
 
Dates (written) 
 
British American 
2.11.94 2 November 1994 11/2/94 November 2 1994 
 
Dates (spoken) 
 
British American 
She started work on the 
second of November, nineteen 
ninety-four. 
She started work on November second, 
nineteen ninety-four. 
Prepositions 
 
British American 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
059 
British American 
at the weekend 
five minutes past two 
ten minutes to six 
write to me 
meet someone 
stay at home 
Tuesday to Saturday 
Visit somebody 
on the weekend 
five minutes past/after two 
ten minutes to/of six 
write me 
meet with someone 
stay home 
Tuesday through Saturday 
visit with somebody 
 
Vocabulary 
 
British American 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
060 
British American 
Flat 
car 
taxi 
chemist's 
lift 
autumn 
tap 
ground floor 
motorway 
petrol 
post 
cinema 
trousers 
wallet 
railway 
toilet 
return ticket 
pavement 
tube / underground 
holiday 
Apartment 
automobile 
cab 
drug store 
elevator 
fall 
faucet 
first floor 
freeway 
gas 
mail 
movie theater 
pants 
pocketbook 
railroad 
rest room 
round trip ticket 
sidewalk 
subway 
vacation 
 
Mathematical terms 
 
+ 3 + 5 = 8 Three plus five is eight 
- 7 – 1 = 6 Seven minus one is six 
/ 20 / 2 = 
10 
Twenty divided by two is ten. 
x 3 x 3 = 9 Three times/multiplied by three is 
nine. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
061 
+ 3 + 5 = 8 Three plus five is eight 
= 1 + 4 = 5 One plus four is/equals five. 
% 75% Seventy five per cent. 
 1/4 A quarter 
 1/3 A third 
 1/2 A half 
 1 1/2 One and a half 
 
Countries and nationalities 
 
Country Nationality Country Nationality 
America (the 
USA) 
American India Indian 
Australia Australian Ireland Irish 
Austria Austrian Italy Italian 
Belgium Belgian Japan Japanese 
Brazil Brazilian The 
Netherlands 
Dutch 
Canada Canadian Norway Norwegian 
China Chinese Poland Polish 
The Czech 
Republic 
Czech Portugal Portuguese 
Denmark Danish Romania Romanian 
Finland Finnish Russia Russian 
France French Slovakia Slovak 
Germany German Spain Spanish 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
062 
Country Nationality Country Nationality 
Great Britain 
(UK) 
British Sweden Swedish 
Greece Greek Switzerland Swiss 
Hungary Hungarian Turkey Turkish 
 
 
Grammar timelines 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
063 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
064 
 
 
 
 
Phrasal Verbs 
 
Many verbs in English are followed by an adverb or a preposition 
(also called a particle), and these two-part verbs, also called 
phrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particle 
that follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in 
idiomatic ways: 
 
VERB MEANING EXAMPLE 
drop off decline gradually 
The hill dropped off near the 
river. 
drop off(2) fall asleep 
While doing his homework, he 
dropped off. 
drop off(3) 
stop and give 
something to someone 
Would you drop this off at the 
post office? 
drop out cease to participate 
After two laps, the runner 
dropped out. 
 
Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun and 
pronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separated 
from the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaning 
they cannot take a direct object. 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
065 
 
Separable 
add up 
(meaning: to 
add) 
Correct: She added up the total on her 
calculator. 
 
Correct: She added it up on her 
calculator. 
Inseparable 
get around 
(meaning: to 
evade) 
Correct: She always gets around the 
rules. 
 
Incorrect: She always gets the rules 
around (This construction makes no 
sense in English.) 
Intransitive 
catch on 
(meaning: to 
understand) 
Correct: After I explained the math 
problem, she began to catch on. 
 
Incorrect: She began to catch on the 
math problem. (catch on cannot take a 
direct object in this meaning.) 
 
Correct: She began to catch on to the 
math problem. (the word to makes the 
math problem an indirect object, which 
is acceptable in this meaning.) 
 
Unfortunately, there is usually no indicator whether an idiomatic 
phrase is separable, inseparable, or intransitive. In most cases 
the phrases must simply be memorized. Below is a partial list of 
each kind of phrase. 
 
Separable 
 
add up - add 
back up - cause to move backwards; support; blow up; cause to 
explode; destroy by explosives 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
066 
break down - analyze; list the parts of separately 
break into - go into a house or room forcibly; suddenly; begin; 
bring about - cause to happen 
bring off - accomplish 
bring on - cause 
bring out - publish; emphasize 
bring over - bring 
bring to - revive 
bring up - raise; care for from childhood 
brush out - brush the inside of 
burn down - destroy by burning 
burn up - consume by fire 
buy out - by the other person's share of a business 
buy up - buy the whole supply of 
call off - cancel; order away 
call up - telephone; summon for military service 
calm down - become calm 
carry on - continue 
carry out - fulfill; complete; accomplish; perform 
carry over - carry; continue at another time or place 
cheer up - cause to become cheerful 
chew up - chew thoroughly 
chop up - chop into small pieces 
clean off - clean the surface of 
clean out - clean the inside of 
clean up - clarify; tidy 
clear out - clear the surface of 
clear up - clear the inside of 
close down - close permanently 
close up - close temporarily 
count in - include 
count out - exclude 
count up - calculate; count; add to a total 
cross out - eliminate 
cut off - interrupt; sever; amputate 
cut out - eliminate; delete 
cut down - reduce in quantity 
draw up - write; compose (a document) 
dress up - put clothes on; adorn 
dust out - dust the inside of 
eat up - eat completely 
figure out - interpret; understand 
figure up - compute 
fill in - complete (a printed form) 
fill out - complete (a printed form) 
fill up - fill completely (a container) 
find out - discover 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
067 
fix up - repair; arrange in a suitable manner 
get across - cause to be understood 
give back - return 
give out - distribute; announce 
give up - surrender something 
hand down - deliver; pronounce formally; leave as an inheritance 
hand over - yield control of 
hang up - suspend 
have on - be dressed in 
have over - entertain someone informally at one's home 
hold off - delay; restrain 
hold up - delay; rob; threaten with a weapon 
keep up - continue; keep the same pace 
leave out - omit 
let down - disappoint 
let out - release from confinement; make larger (in sewing) 
light up - light; illuminate thoroughly 
live down - live in such a way as to cause something to be 
forgotten 
make over - remake 
move over - move to the side 
pass out - distribute 
pass up - not take advantage of (as an opportunity) 
pass on - transmit 
pay back - repay 
pay off - discharge a debt completely; give someone his final pay 
pick up - come to meet an escort; lift with hands or fingers; 
learn casually; 
initiate an association publicly 
play down - minimize 
play up - emphasize 
point out - indicate 
pull down- pull in a downward direction; raze 
push across - cause to be understood or accepted 
put off - postpone 
put on - dress in; deceive or fool 
put up - preserve (food); receive as an overnight guest 
quiet down - be quiet 
ring up - the telephone 
rinse off - rinse the surface of 
rinse out - rinse the inside of 
rule out - eliminate 
run down - trace; disparage; hit with a vehicle 
run off - cause to depart; reproduce mechanically 
save up - accumulate 
see through - complete; in spite of difficulties 
see off - accompany someone to the beginning of a trip 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
068 
send back - send to a place where formerly located 
send over - send to where someone is 
set up - arrange 
show off - exhibit ostentatiously 
shut off - cause to cease functioning 
slow up - cause to move more slowly 
spell out - enumerate; state in detail 
stand up - fail to keep an appointment with 
sweep out - sweep the inside of 
take back - return; retract a statement 
take down - remove from a high position; write from dictation 
take in - understood; fool; deceive; make smaller (in sewing) 
take over - take; assume command of 
tear down - destroy 
tear up - tear into small pieces 
tell off - scold; reprimand 
think over - consider 
think through - consider from beginning to end 
think up - create; invent 
throw away - discard 
throw over - reject 
tie up - tie securely or tight 
tire out - cause to be exhausted 
touch up - repair 
try on - put on a garment to verify the fit 
try out - test 
turn down - refuse; lower the volume 
turn out - produce; force into exile, extinguish (a light) 
wash off - wash the surface of 
wash out - wash the inside of 
wear out - use until no longer usable; tire greatly 
wind up - finish, tighten the spring of a watch or machine 
wipe off - wipe the surface of 
wipe out - wipe the inside of; decimate 
work out - solve 
write down - record 
write out - write down every detail; spell out 
write up - compose; prepare (a document) 
 
Inseparable 
 
back out of - desert; fail to keep a promise 
bear down on - lean on; browbeat 
bear on - have to do with 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
069 
bear up under - endure 
break in on - interrupt 
break into - interrupt 
call for - come to get; require 
care for - like; guard; supervise; maintain 
carry on with - continue 
catch up with - cover the distance between oneself and 
check up on - examine; verify 
come across - find accidentally 
come along with - accompany; make progress 
come by - find accidentally 
come down with - become ill with 
come out with - utter; produce 
come up with - utter; produce 
count on - rely on 
cut in on - interrupt 
disagree with - cause illness or discomfort to 
do away with - abolish 
do without - deprive oneself of 
drop in at/on - visit casually without planning 
drop out of - leave; quit 
face up to - acknowledge 
fall behind in - lag; not progress at required pace 
fall back on - use for emergency purpose 
fall out with - quarrel with 
fill in for - substitute for 
get ahead of - surpass; beat 
get around - evade; avoid 
get away with - do without being caught or punished 
get by with - manage with a minimum of effort 
get down to - become serious about; consider 
get in - enter (a vehicle) 
get off - descend from; leave 
get on - enter (a vehicle); mount 
get on with - proceed with 
get through with - terminate, finish 
go back on - desert; fail to keep (a promise) 
go for - like a great deal 
go in for - be interested in; participate in 
go on with - continue 
go over - review 
go with - harmonize with; look pleasing together 
go without - abstain from 
hang around - remain idly in the vicinity of 
hear from - receive a communication from 
hear of - learn about (sometimes accidentally) 
hit on - discover accidentally 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
070 
hold on to - grasp tightly 
hold out against - resist 
keep at - persevere at 
keep to - persist in; continue 
keep up with - maintain the pace of 
lie down on - evade; fail to do 
live on - support or sustain oneself by means of 
live up to - maintain the standard demanded of 
look after - take care of 
look back on - remember nostalgically 
look down on - feel superior to 
look forward to - anticipate 
look up to - respect; admire 
make up for - compensate for 
pass on - transmit 
pick on - tease; bully 
play up to - flatter for personal advantage 
put up with - tolerate 
read up on - search out information on 
run against - compete against in an election 
run away with - leave; escape from 
run for - campaign for 
see about - consider; arrange 
see to - arrange; supervise 
settle on - decide on; choose 
stand for - represent; permit 
stand up for - support; demand 
stand up to - resist 
stick to - persist 
stick up for - support; defend 
take after - resemble 
talk back to - answer impolitely 
talk over - discuss 
tell on - report misbehavior to authority 
touch on - mention briefly 
turn into - become 
wait on - serve 
wait up for - not go to bed while waiting for 
watch out for - be careful for 
Intransitive 
back down - retreat from a position in an argument 
back out - desert; fail to keep a promise 
back up - move backwards 
bear up - endure 
blow in - drop in to visit unexpectedly 
blow over - pass without doing harm 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
071 
blow up - explode; lose one's temper 
call up - telephone 
calm down - become calm 
carry on - continue as before; misbehave 
catch on - understand 
catch up - cover the distance between oneself and a moving goal 
check up - investigate 
check out - leave; pay one's bill 
cheer up - become cheerful 
clear out - leave 
clear up - become clear 
close down - close permanently 
close up - close temporarily 
came about - happen 
come along - accompany; make progress 
come back - return 
come by - visit someone in his home 
come out - appear; make a social debut 
come over - come to someone's house, to where someone is 
come through - succeed 
come to - regain consciousness 
cut in - interrupt 
die away - fade; diminish 
die down - fade; diminish 
die off/out - disappear; become extinct 
dress up - don fancy or unusual clothes 
drive back - return by car 
drop in - visit someone casually without planning 
drop out - abandon some organized activity; leave; quit 
drop over - visit someone casually 
fall behind - not progress at required pace 
fall off - decrease; lose weight 
fall through - fail; not be accomplished 
fill in - substitute 
find out - learn 
fly back - return by air 
fly over - fly to where someone is 
get ahead - make progress 
get along - have a friendly relationship 
get around - circulate; move about 
get away - escape 
get by - manage; either just barely or with a minimum of effort 
get in - enter 
get off - descend from leave 
get on - enter (a vehicle); mount (a horse, etc.) 
get on/along - progress; be compatible 
get up - rise 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
072 
get through - finish 
give out - become exhausted 
give up - surrender; fail to finish 
go back - return 
go off - explode 
go on - happen; continue 
go out - stop burning; leave one's residence 
go over - go; succeed 
grow up - mature 
hang around - remain idly; dawdle 
hang up - replace a telephone receive on its hook 
hold on - grasptightly; persevere; wait while telephoning 
hold out - continue to resist; persevere; persist 
keep on - continue 
keep up - maintain the required pace or standard; continue 
let up - diminish in intensity 
lie down - recline 
look on - be a spectator 
make out - progress; succeed 
make up - become reconciled 
move over - move to the side 
pan out - turn out well; be successful 
pass out - become unconscious 
pass on - die 
pick up - grow; increase 
pull in - arrive 
pull out - deport 
pull through - survive (barely) 
ride over - ride to where someone is 
run away - escape; leave; leave quickly without permission 
run down - slowly lose power so as to stop functioning 
run off - depart running; drain 
sell out - sell the ownership or responsibility 
settle up - pay one's bills or debts 
show off - boast by words or actions 
show up - arrive; appear unexpectedly 
shut up - stop talking 
slow up - reduce speed 
stand by - wait; be prepared to assist 
stand up - stand; rise from sitting; last; endure 
stay over - remain at someone's house overnight or longer 
step aside - move to one side 
take off - leave the ground 
take over - assume command 
talk back - answer impolitely 
throw up - vomit 
turn around - turn so that one is facing another direction 
http://estudandolinguainglesa.blogspot.com/ http://egreco.adm.br/ 
 
 
 
eduardo.greco@terra.com.br ohsepoa@gmail.com 
 
073 
turn in - go to bed 
turn out - succeed; come; appear, as at a public meeting 
turn up - arrive; be found unexpectedly 
wait up - remain awake in anticipation 
wake up - awaken 
walk back - return on foot to where one was 
walk over - walk to where someone is 
wash out - fade or disappear from washing 
watch out - be careful 
wear off - fade; disappear through use or time 
wear out - become unusable through use; become used up 
work out - be successful 
 
The Lord’s prayer 
 
Our father who art in heaven, hollowed be thy name thy kingdom 
come. 
Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven give us, this day, 
our daily bread and forgive our trespasses as we forgive them that 
trespass against us and lead us not into temptation but deliver us 
from evil. Amen