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7
Questão 1
Smallpox (varíola)
1 Smallpox is a horrible disease. It is easily transmitted, causes blisters all over the body, and kills
around 30% of those it
infects. Or rather, it did, for smallpox no longer exists in nature. After a decades-long campaign
of vaccination, the last wild
case was diagnosed in 1977. Three years later, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared
the world free of the disease.
The annihilation of an illness that as recently as 1967 was slaughtering 2 million people a year is
rightly seen as a triumph of
modern medicine.
2 But the virus is not gone completely. Officially, two reservoirs remain, behind locked doors and
strict biosafety protocols, in
secure laboratories run by America’s Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and the State Research
Centre of Virology and
Biotechnology, in Russia. On July 8th, though, the CDC announced that health researchers in
Maryland had discovered vials of
smallpox sitting in a forgotten refrigerator in a corner of a storehouse belonging to the Food and
Drug Administration,
America’s medical regulator.
3 As soon as the vials were discovered they were taken to the CDC’s headquarters, in Atlanta,
where they are being tested to
see if they are still infectious. That done, they will be destroyed under the supervision of the
WHO. The FBI, meanwhile, is trying
to work out where they came from – they seem to date from the 1950s – and how they were
forgotten. The whole episode is
embarrassing. It will also provide more fuel for a long-running argument about whether hanging
on to smallpox samples,
even in the official labs, is a good idea.
4 Many, including scientists involved in the original eradication campaign, think there is no reason
to retain such a
pestilential pathogen, and that the job of eliminating it should be finished properly. A report by
the WHO in 2010 agreed. The
revelation that America, which might be expected to have good record-keeping, cannot keep
track of all its samples does little
to inspire trust.
5 But the discovery can be argued the other way, too. The official justification for keeping the
samples is that they would help
researchers to fight a renewed outbreak of the disease, either from an undetected natural
reservoir or if some unethical
country had hung on to samples of its own, perhaps with a view to building a biological weapon
out of them. And this is not
the first time that forgotten samples have been discovered: a cache turned up in eastern Europe
in the 1990s, and in 2003 an
envelope full of scabs from 19th-century vaccinations was found in a library in New Mexico.
Adapted from The Economist, July 12th-18th 2014.
Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
a) Many years ago, the lack of an effective smallpox vaccine meant that the disease was almost
always fatal.
b) Nowadays, many people believe erroneously that smallpox no longer exists anywhere in the world.
c) The number of people infected with smallpox in 1967 was probably greater than 2 million.
d) Because of new developments in medicine, fewer than 2 million people died of smallpox in 1967.
e) Because of the World Health Organisation’s eradication efforts, smallpox is no longer considered a
dangerous disease.
Gabarito:
C
Resolução:
A alternativa correta é a C. Como lemos já no primeiro parágrafo do artigo, a estimativa do número
de pessoas infectadas com varíola em 1967 era de pelo menos 2 milhões por ano (The annihilation of
an illness that as recently as 1967 was slaughtering 2 million people a year is rightly seen as a
triumph of modern medicine).
Questão 2
Smallpox (varíola)
1 Smallpox is a horrible disease. It is easily transmitted, causes blisters all over the body, and kills
around 30% of those it
infects. Or rather, it did, for smallpox no longer exists in nature. After a decades-long campaign
of vaccination, the last wild
case was diagnosed in 1977. Three years later, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared
the world free of the disease.
The annihilation of an illness that as recently as 1967 was slaughtering 2 million people a year is
rightly seen as a triumph of
modern medicine.
2 But the virus is not gone completely. Officially, two reservoirs remain, behind locked doors and
strict biosafety protocols, in
secure laboratories run by America’s Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and the State Research
Centre of Virology and
Biotechnology, in Russia. On July 8th, though, the CDC announced that health researchers in
Maryland had discovered vials of
smallpox sitting in a forgotten refrigerator in a corner of a storehouse belonging to the Food and
Drug Administration,
America’s medical regulator.
3 As soon as the vials were discovered they were taken to the CDC’s headquarters, in Atlanta,
where they are being tested to
see if they are still infectious. That done, they will be destroyed under the supervision of the
WHO. The FBI, meanwhile, is trying
to work out where they came from – they seem to date from the 1950s – and how they were
forgotten. The whole episode is
embarrassing. It will also provide more fuel for a long-running argument about whether hanging
on to smallpox samples,
even in the official labs, is a good idea.
4 Many, including scientists involved in the original eradication campaign, think there is no reason
to retain such a
pestilential pathogen, and that the job of eliminating it should be finished properly. A report by
the WHO in 2010 agreed. The
revelation that America, which might be expected to have good record-keeping, cannot keep
track of all its samples does little
to inspire trust.
5 But the discovery can be argued the other way, too. The official justification for keeping the
samples is that they would help
researchers to fight a renewed outbreak of the disease, either from an undetected natural
reservoir or if some unethical
country had hung on to samples of its own, perhaps with a view to building a biological weapon
out of them. And this is not
the first time that forgotten samples have been discovered: a cache turned up in eastern Europe
in the 1990s, and in 2003 an
envelope full of scabs from 19th-century vaccinations was found in a library in New Mexico.
Adapted from The Economist, July 12th-18th 2014.
In paragraph 3, the phrase “That done…” most likely means the same as which of the following?
a) When the smallpox samples have been made harmless.
b) When it has been determined whether or not the smallpox samples are dangerous.
c) When the smallpox samples are taken to Atlanta for examination.
d) When the smallpox samples have finally been destroyed by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
e) When the WHO decides which official entity should retain possession of the smallpox samples.
Gabarito:
B
Resolução:
A alternativa correta é a B. No parágrafo 3, a frase “That done…” (Isso feito...; Uma vez que isso
tenha sido feito) significa o mesmo que “quando for determinado se as amostras de varíola são ou
não perigosas”.
Questão 3
Smallpox (varíola)
1 Smallpox is a horrible disease. It is easily transmitted, causes blisters all over the body, and kills
around 30% of those it
infects. Or rather, it did, for smallpox no longer exists in nature. After a decades-long campaign
of vaccination, the last wild
case was diagnosed in 1977. Three years later, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared
the world free of the disease.
The annihilation of an illness that as recently as 1967 was slaughtering 2 million people a year is
rightly seen as a triumph of
modern medicine.
2 But the virus is not gone completely. Officially, two reservoirs remain, behind locked doors and
strict biosafety protocols, in
secure laboratories run by America’s Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and the State Research
Centre of Virology and
Biotechnology, in Russia. On July 8th, though, the CDC announced that health researchers in
Maryland had discovered vials of
smallpox sitting in a forgotten refrigeratorin the pre-crisis years, Spanish
companies have been able to maintain high levels of profitability.
e) By drastically reducing their number of employees, Spanish exporters have been able to maintain
high levels of profitability.
Gabarito:
A
Resolução:
A alternativa A é correta, pois o bom desempenho e competitividade dos exportadores na Espanha,
é responsável pelo aspecto positivo no contexto de crise economica no país.
Questão 18
Spain's economy
1
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its
banking system, it's easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
optimism.
2
Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the
pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as
productive as their German, Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain's nº 2
bank.
3
Consequently, despite Asia's rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of
exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex,
the clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish
competitiveness. It shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in
first-quarter profits.
4
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain's GDP, can't compensate
for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8
billion euros. Its unique business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
schools.
5
Another bright spot: Spain's current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10
percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like
to see trade in balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in
the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain "needs to work harder" to boost
productivity
6
Spain's emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,
not because of, the country's politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into
the economy. The bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to
finance their businesses.
Newsweek, 25 june 2012. Adapted.
In paragraph 3, the phrase "That puts it in a league with Germany…" most likely refers to which of the
following?
a) Spain and Germany both export products to Asia.
b) The economies of Asia, Spain, and Germany are all based strongly on exports.
c) Spain's performance in the area of exports is similar to Germany's performance.
d) Spain's economy is now more dependent on exports than is Germany's economy.
e) By providing an ample market for Spanish products, Germany is helping to keep Spain's export
industry robust.
Gabarito:
C
Resolução:
A frase "That puts it in a league with Germany […]" ("Isso a coloca na liga da Alemanha"), muito
provavelmente refere-se ao desempenho da Espanha na área das exportações que é descrito no
parágrafo em questão como semelhante ao desempenho da Alemanha.
Questão 19
Spain's economy
1
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its
banking system, it's easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
optimism.
2
Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the
pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as
productive as their German, Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain's nº 2
bank.
3
Consequently, despite Asia's rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of
exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex,
the clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish
competitiveness. It shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in
first-quarter profits.
4
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain's GDP, can't compensate
for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8
billion euros. Its unique business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
schools.
5
Another bright spot: Spain's current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10
percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like
to see trade in balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in
the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain "needs to work harder" to boost
productivity
6
Spain's emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,
not because of, the country's politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into
the economy. The bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to
finance their businesses.
Newsweek, 25 june 2012. Adapted.
Which of the following is mentioned in the article as a way to help Spain's economy?
a) The European Central Bank should provide more money to support Spain's banking system.
b) Spanish companies with fewer than 250 employees should be subject to an exclusive set of
employment laws.
c) Spain should spend less money on foreign products.
d) Spanish companies should make significant cuts in their number of employees.
e) Spain should set up more businesses based on the American model.
Gabarito:
C
Resolução:
De acordo com o trecho, uma maneira de estabelecer um equilíbrio econômico maior na Espanha
seria diminuir os gastos com importações. "One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports".
Questão 20
Spain's economy
1
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its
banking system, it's easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
optimism.
2
Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the
pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as
productive as their German, Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain's nº 2
bank.
3
Consequently, despite Asia's rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of
exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex,
the clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish
competitiveness. It shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in
first-quarter profits.
4
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain's GDP, can't compensate
for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year,to 17.8
billion euros. Its unique business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
schools.
5
Another bright spot: Spain's current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10
percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like
to see trade in balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in
the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain "needs to work harder" to boost
productivity
6
Spain's emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,
not because of, the country's politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into
the economy. The bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to
finance their businesses.
Newsweek, 25 june 2012. Adapted.
In the last paragraph, "they" in the phrase "[…] but they will take time to feed into the economy"
most likely refers to
a) recently elected Spanish politicians.
b) difficult but necessary changes in Spanish regulations.
c) Spain's emblematic companies.
e) Spain's traditionally rigid employment laws.
e) the investment money now available to Spanish companies.
Gabarito:
B
Resolução:
No último parágrafo, "they" na frase "[…] but they will take time to feed into the economy", refere-se
a mudanças difíceis mas necessárias nas regulações espanholas de mercado.in a corner of a storehouse belonging to the Food and
Drug Administration,
America’s medical regulator.
3 As soon as the vials were discovered they were taken to the CDC’s headquarters, in Atlanta,
where they are being tested to
see if they are still infectious. That done, they will be destroyed under the supervision of the
WHO. The FBI, meanwhile, is trying
to work out where they came from – they seem to date from the 1950s – and how they were
forgotten. The whole episode is
embarrassing. It will also provide more fuel for a long-running argument about whether hanging
on to smallpox samples,
even in the official labs, is a good idea.
4 Many, including scientists involved in the original eradication campaign, think there is no reason
to retain such a
pestilential pathogen, and that the job of eliminating it should be finished properly. A report by
the WHO in 2010 agreed. The
revelation that America, which might be expected to have good record-keeping, cannot keep
track of all its samples does little
to inspire trust.
5 But the discovery can be argued the other way, too. The official justification for keeping the
samples is that they would help
researchers to fight a renewed outbreak of the disease, either from an undetected natural
reservoir or if some unethical
country had hung on to samples of its own, perhaps with a view to building a biological weapon
out of them. And this is not
the first time that forgotten samples have been discovered: a cache turned up in eastern Europe
in the 1990s, and in 2003 an
envelope full of scabs from 19th-century vaccinations was found in a library in New Mexico.
Adapted from The Economist, July 12th-18th 2014.
The first sentence in the last paragraph, “But the discovery can be argued the other way, too,” most
likely refers to which of the following?
a) It is not necessarily the CDC’s fault that the Maryland smallpox samples had been forgotten for
such a long time.
b) The discovery of the Maryland smallpox samples shows why it is so important to inspect
security measures regularly.
c) Despite the danger involved, no one was hurt by the Maryland smallpox samples.
d) The discovery of the Maryland smallpox samples suggests that keeping some smallpox samples
in secure storage may in fact be a good idea.
e) This is probably not the last time that forgotten smallpox samples will be discovered.
Gabarito:
D
Resolução:
A alternativa correta é a D. A primeira frase no último parágrafo, “But the discovery can be argued
the other way, too” (Mas a descoberta pode ser argumentade de outra forma, também) refere-se ao
fato de que a descoberta das amostras de varíola de Maryland sugeriria que manter algumas
amostras de varíola em armazenamento seguro pode ser uma boa idéia.
Questão 4
Smallpox (varíola)
1 Smallpox is a horrible disease. It is easily transmitted, causes blisters all over the body, and kills
around 30% of those it
infects. Or rather, it did, for smallpox no longer exists in nature. After a decades-long campaign
of vaccination, the last wild
case was diagnosed in 1977. Three years later, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared
the world free of the disease.
The annihilation of an illness that as recently as 1967 was slaughtering 2 million people a year is
rightly seen as a triumph of
modern medicine.
2 But the virus is not gone completely. Officially, two reservoirs remain, behind locked doors and
strict biosafety protocols, in
secure laboratories run by America’s Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and the State Research
Centre of Virology and
Biotechnology, in Russia. On July 8th, though, the CDC announced that health researchers in
Maryland had discovered vials of
smallpox sitting in a forgotten refrigerator in a corner of a storehouse belonging to the Food and
Drug Administration,
America’s medical regulator.
3 As soon as the vials were discovered they were taken to the CDC’s headquarters, in Atlanta,
where they are being tested to
see if they are still infectious. That done, they will be destroyed under the supervision of the
WHO. The FBI, meanwhile, is trying
to work out where they came from – they seem to date from the 1950s – and how they were
forgotten. The whole episode is
embarrassing. It will also provide more fuel for a long-running argument about whether hanging
on to smallpox samples,
even in the official labs, is a good idea.
4 Many, including scientists involved in the original eradication campaign, think there is no reason
to retain such a
pestilential pathogen, and that the job of eliminating it should be finished properly. A report by
the WHO in 2010 agreed. The
revelation that America, which might be expected to have good record-keeping, cannot keep
track of all its samples does little
to inspire trust.
5 But the discovery can be argued the other way, too. The official justification for keeping the
samples is that they would help
researchers to fight a renewed outbreak of the disease, either from an undetected natural
reservoir or if some unethical
country had hung on to samples of its own, perhaps with a view to building a biological weapon
out of them. And this is not
the first time that forgotten samples have been discovered: a cache turned up in eastern Europe
in the 1990s, and in 2003 an
envelope full of scabs from 19th-century vaccinations was found in a library in New Mexico.
Adapted from The Economist, July 12th-18th 2014.
The article most likely mentions the smallpox samples found in eastern Europe and New Mexico in
order to support the idea that
a) destroying all known smallpox samples is the only way to guarantee that the disease will never
again afflict humanity.
b) many scientists believe that a renewed of occurrence of smallpox somewhere in the world is only
a question of time.
c) America and Russia may one day become allies in a war against smallpox.
d) there is still no practical way to immunize large populations against the smallpox virus.
e) it is not impossible that, one day, some country may try to use smallpox as biological weapon.
Gabarito:
E
Resolução:
A alternativa correta é a (E). O artigo menciona as amostras de varíola encontradas na Europa
Oriental e no Novo México para apoiar a idéia de que não é impossível que um dia algum país tente
usar a varíola como arma biológica, posto que, imediatamente antes no parágrafo, apresenta a
defesa dos que acreditam que manter amostras pode ser importante para conter um hipotético novo
surto da doença, seja ele oriundo de reservatórios naturais ainda não detectados, seja oriundo de
uma estratégia antiética de uso da amostra como arma biológica por parte de algum país.
Questão 5
Spy vs. Spy
Last month, Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the United States was charging members of
the Chinese military with economic espionage. Stealing trade secrets from American companies,
he said, enabled China to “illegally sabotage” foreign competitors and propel its own companies to
“success in the international marketplace.” The United States certainly understands China’s behavior,
because that’s pretty much how we got our start as a manufacturing power, too.
For example, throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, American industrial spies
searched the British Isles, looking not only for new machines but also for skilled workers who
could run and maintain those machines. One of these workers was Samuel Slater, often called “the
father of the American industrial revolution.” He emigrated to the U.S. in 1789, bringing with him an
intimate knowledge of the Arkwright spinning frames that had transformed textile production in
England, and he set up the first water-powered textile mill in the U.S. Two decades later, the
American businessman Francis Cabot Lowell talked his way into a number of British mills, and
memorized the plans to the Cartwright power loom. When he returned home, he built his own
improved version of the loom. Then, by making it part of the first integrated textilefactory in America,
he became the most successful industrialist of his time.
The American government often encouraged such piracy. Alexander Hamilton, in his 1791 “Report
on Manufactures,” called on the country to reward those who brought us “improvements and secrets
of extraordinary value” from elsewhere. State governments financed the importation of
smuggled machines. And although federal patents were supposed to be granted only to people who
came up with original inventions, in practice, Americans were receiving patents for technology pirated
from abroad.
Piracy was a big deal even in those days. Great Britain had strict laws against the export of
machines, and banned skilled workers from emigrating. Workers who violated the ban could lose their
property and be convicted of treason. The efforts of Thomas Digges, America’s most effective
industrial spy, got him repeatedly jailed by the Brits – and praised by George Washington for his
“activity and zeal.”
These days, of course, things have changed. The United States is the world’s biggest advocate
for enforcing strong intellectual-property rules, which it insists are necessary for economic growth.
Yet, as our own history suggests, the economic impact of technology piracy isn’t straightforward. On
the one hand, patents and trade secrets can provide an incentive for people to innovate. If you
realized that a new invention was going to be stolen by China, you might not invest the time and
money needed to come up with it in the first place. On the other hand, patents and trade secrets limit
the diffusion of new technology – and sometimes slow down technological progress – while copying
accelerates it. Samsung, for instance, is known for being a “fast follower” in its consumer business,
which really means that it’s adept at copying other companies good ideas. That’s not the same as
theft, but evidence from its recent patent trials with Apple shows that Samsung’s response to the
iPhone was, in large part, simply to do it “like the iPhone.” This was bad for Apple’s profits, but it
meant that many more people ended up enjoying the benefits of Apple’s concepts.
James Surowiecki. The New Yorker, June 9 & 16, 2014. Adapted.
Introduction
This passage, adapted from an article in The New Yorker, discusses economic espionage, the
activity through which either private or governmental agents of one country attempt to steal secrets
and/or materials from another country in order to gain some kind of commercial advantage. In his
text, the author highlights a controversy involving economic espionage and also provides a brief
history of that activity, as well as his own thoughts on the matter. Read the text and answer the
questions below. You are advised to read the questions carefully and give answers that are of direct
relevance. Remember: Your answer to the question must be written in English. You must be
consistent throughout.
(This question tests your ability to express yourself in a manner that is clear, precise, and relevant.
You should write approximately 120 words.)
In 1876, in what many Brazilians consider an act of “bio-piracy,” the English adventurer Sir
Henry Alexander Wickham smuggled around 70,000 rubber-tree seeds out of the Amazon region
and delivered them to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. The resultant seedlings [mudas] were
then cultivated in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Malaysia, Africa, Batavia, and other tropical locations. Sir
Henry’s economic espionage caused Brazil to lose its monopoly on rubber production; the Amazon
region – especially the city of Manaus – fell into a decline from which it has never fully recovered.
Although the loss of its rubber monopoly was harmful to Brazil, in what ways may the world
have benefited from the dispersal of rubber production? Do such benefits justify Sir Henry’s action?
Did Brazil have the right to hold such a monopoly? In answering, you should consider rubber’s
global military and industrial importance. Moreover, even knowing that espionage of any kind is
illegal, would you encourage Brazil’s current government to practice vigorous economic espionage? In
other words, if important advantages could be gained, should Brazil, in its condition as a
developing country, engage in such a practice against any other country, no matter how rich or poor,
friendly or unfriendly?
Gabarito:
(Resolução oficial)
The dispersal of rubber production undoubtedly led to the greater availability and lower cost of
rubber products worldwide. To understand this importance, imagine if Brazil had retained its
monopoly and, during the Second World War, Getúlio Vargas had sided with the Axis Powers. It could
have been a disaster for civilization. Just this possibility justifies Sir Henry’s bio-piracy.
Regarding a monopoly involving a commodity, I think the idea of right and wrong is irrelevant.
Many Brazilian agricultural commodities (e.g., coffee, soybeans) originated in other countries. Is it
wrong to cultivate them here? If Brazil could have retained its monopoly, which it had achieved by an
accident of nature, why not? However, to blame one act of bio-piracy for the continued poverty and
underdevelopment of an entire region is absurd.
Last, if Brazil could benefit from economic espionage, it shouldn’t worry about legality.
The government’s first duty is to promote the people’s welfare.
Resolução:
Questão 6
Spy vs. Spy
Last month, Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the United States was charging members of
the Chinese military with economic espionage. Stealing trade secrets from American companies,
he said, enabled China to “illegally sabotage” foreign competitors and propel its own companies to
“success in the international marketplace.” The United States certainly understands China’s behavior,
because that’s pretty much how we got our start as a manufacturing power, too.
For example, throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, American industrial spies
searched the British Isles, looking not only for new machines but also for skilled workers who
could run and maintain those machines. One of these workers was Samuel Slater, often called “the
father of the American industrial revolution.” He emigrated to the U.S. in 1789, bringing with him an
intimate knowledge of the Arkwright spinning frames that had transformed textile production in
England, and he set up the first water-powered textile mill in the U.S. Two decades later, the
American businessman Francis Cabot Lowell talked his way into a number of British mills, and
memorized the plans to the Cartwright power loom. When he returned home, he built his own
improved version of the loom. Then, by making it part of the first integrated textile factory in America,
he became the most successful industrialist of his time.
The American government often encouraged such piracy. Alexander Hamilton, in his 1791 “Report
on Manufactures,” called on the country to reward those who brought us “improvements and secrets
of extraordinary value” from elsewhere. State governments financed the importation of
smuggled machines. And although federal patents were supposed to be granted only to people who
came up with original inventions, in practice, Americans were receiving patents for technology pirated
from abroad.
Piracy was a big deal even in those days. Great Britain had strict laws against the export of
machines, and banned skilled workers from emigrating. Workers who violated the ban could lose their
property and be convicted of treason. The efforts of Thomas Digges, America’s most effective
industrial spy, got him repeatedly jailed by the Brits – and praised by George Washington for his
“activity and zeal.”
These days, of course, things have changed. The United States is the world’s biggest advocate
for enforcing strong intellectual-property rules, which it insists are necessary for economic growth.
Yet, as our own history suggests, the economic impact of technology piracy isn’t straightforward. On
the one hand, patents and trade secrets can providean incentive for people to innovate. If you
realized that a new invention was going to be stolen by China, you might not invest the time and
money needed to come up with it in the first place. On the other hand, patents and trade secrets limit
the diffusion of new technology – and sometimes slow down technological progress – while copying
accelerates it. Samsung, for instance, is known for being a “fast follower” in its consumer business,
which really means that it’s adept at copying other companies good ideas. That’s not the same as
theft, but evidence from its recent patent trials with Apple shows that Samsung’s response to the
iPhone was, in large part, simply to do it “like the iPhone.” This was bad for Apple’s profits, but it
meant that many more people ended up enjoying the benefits of Apple’s concepts.
James Surowiecki. The New Yorker, June 9 & 16, 2014. Adapted.
Introduction
This passage, adapted from an article in The New Yorker, discusses economic espionage, the
activity through which either private or governmental agents of one country attempt to steal secrets
and/or materials from another country in order to gain some kind of commercial advantage. In his
text, the author highlights a controversy involving economic espionage and also provides a brief
history of that activity, as well as his own thoughts on the matter. Read the text and answer the
questions below. You are advised to read the questions carefully and give answers that are of direct
relevance. Remember: Your answer to the question must be written in English. You must be
consistent throughout.
(This question tests your ability to construct a balanced, considered, and fluent argument in the
form of a short composition. The quotations below underscore two aspects of the economic-
espionage issue. Read the quotations and answer the question. You should write approximately 120
words.)
At the end of his New Yorker article, author James Surowiecki takes a pragmatic view of
economic espionage in general by declaring, “[…] engaging in espionage is something developing
countries do. When you’re not yet generating a lot of intellectual property on your own, you imitate.
These days, China is going to try to steal, and the West is going to try to stop it.”
However, in a recent article (“The Morality of Spying”) in the British magazine Prospect, the writer
and educator AC Grayling discusses the U.S.-China economic-espionage scandal and wonders
whether pragmatism should override ethics:
“Is spying moral? Some would argue that it is necessary, and necessity knows no morality […]. The
fact that others are spying on us – so some argue – is good enough justification for returning
the compliment […] because advantage and disadvantage in matters of information translates into
such solid facts as factories opening and closing, and people gaining or losing jobs: real things
happening to real people […]. If an entity such as a government or a business steals information from
another entity – say, potentially useful results of research paid for by the latter – then it is not only a
criminal but a moral transgression. Harm has been done, injustice perpetrated: that is what
interests morality […]. Because spying consists of snooping [bisbilhotar] and stealing it deserves
judgment in moral terms.”
Do you agree with either of the above opinions, either partly or completely? In the end, is
economic espionage an immoral as well as criminal act, or can it be justified as an action that
provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people?
Once again, in answering, you may take into account legal, ethical, and practical considerations,
but please strive to be as clear-sighted and logical as possible.
Gabarito:
(Resolução oficial)
I agree with both men.
It’s part of the game for countries and businesses to spy. Moreover, the wide availability of
intellectual property can stimulate creativity. For example, one reason the Walt Disney Company is
producing so many interesting computer-animated films is that traditional characters like Mickey
Mouse will one day become public domain. Besides, ideas cannot be patented, and every innovation,
technological or not, results from new ideas. So, if Samsung copies the iPhone, Apple will come up
with a better – and cheaper – iPhone. Too much protection encourages laziness.
However, AC Grayling is right that snooping and stealing can cause real harm to people and
therefore should be judged in moral as well as criminal terms. However, by saying “judged” and not
“condemned”, he is, I believe, merely placing himself in favor of an examination. For instance,
economic espionage might be immoral if it leads to a factory’s closing, but it might be perfectly moral
if it creates thousands of well-paid jobs and provides us with good, reasonably priced, ecologically
correct products.
Resolução:
Questão 7
Smartphones to yoghurts – did we ever need so much consumer choice?
Would a narrower choice of products help us consume more sustainably and live more fulfilled lives?
This is not a complaint about choice (or
yoghurt, which I love). Choice is clearly a great
thing. The choice of whether to be nice or nasty;
go for a walk or watch TV; decide where to take
5 your summer holiday.
But when did we ever need such a huge array
of products to choose from? There must be a limit
and it was, I suggest, breached years ago. The rot
probably set in when supermarkets and shopping
10 malls were invented around the 1950s. The
resulting infinite choice of processed foods,
phones, cars and so on is a chronic affliction we
can't escape.
And it's reached heady heights. Looking for a
15 new phone recently I had a choice of no less than
48 Samsung Galaxy phones – just one brand.
Why? And why so many yoghurt types: endless
shelves loaded with basically the same product?
Does the huge choice on offer in
20 supermarkets, shops and online make us any
happier, any more fulfilled? Tim Jackson of
Surrey University notes that UK consumer
spending has more than doubled in the last 30
years, but life satisfaction has barely changed.
25 Recent work shows that "consumption for
identity" – buying products to build up our sense
of self – has gone too far and does not deliver
contentment. Consumption is not the same as
choice, but these days the two are so close that
30 you couldn't put a low-fat, tar-lite, sugar-free
cigarette paper between them.
Of course many shoppers may disagree. For
them, such choice means that life has never been
better. In reality, this is a complex issue,
35 embedded in values, identity and marketing. But
whether you're for or against such high levels, we
should all be aware of the effect it can have on
our mental wellbeing and crucially, our
environment.
40 Happiness aside, I know for sure that choice
is putting a huge pressure on people and planet.
This is well covered elsewhere but suffice to
say that if we buy more than we need and throw
away perfectly good products – be it food, clothes
45 or phones – we're not making efficient, or fair,
use of finite land, water, energy, raw materials
and labour. We're putting more greenhouse gases
into the environment and polluting the planet so
that people are finding impossible to live in some
50 parts of the world.
I think it's worth asking yourself, at least
twice, do I need to buy this at all? Do I need to eat
meat every day of the week? Could I make do
with one big yoghurt pot instead of four small
55 ones? Can I repair this phone instead of getting a
new one?
Sometimes the answer will be yes.
Vicki Hird. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 07 ago. 2014.
Choose the alternative(s) in which the information about the words extracted from the text is correct.
(01) The adjective "huge", in "… a huge array of products…" (l. 6-7) and in "Does the huge choice on
offer…" (l. 19), means "extremely large".
(02) The underlined words inthe extract "… endless shelves loaded with basically the same
product?" (l.17-18) are the same as "full of".
(04) The verb "doubled", in "… consumer-spending has more than doubled in the last 30 years…" (l.
22-24), means "become three times as much".
(08) "Low-fat" (l. 30), "tar-lite" (l. 30) and "sugarfree" (line 30) are compound adjectives in English
that can be used to describe certain products.
(16) The pronoun "them" (l. 33) refers to "consumption" (l. 28) and "choice" (l. 29).
Gabarito:
01 + 02 + 08 = 11
Resolução:
(01) Correta. O adjetivo "huge", em "… a huge array of products…" (linhas 6-7), e em "Does the huge
choice on offer…" (linha 19), significa o mesmo que "extremely large"; em português "imenso",
"extrememante grande".
(02) Correta. As palavras destacadas "loaded with" em "… endless shelves loaded with basically the
same product?" (linhas 17-18) significa o mesmo que "full of"; em português, "repleto de".
(04) Incorreta. O verbo "doubled", em "… consumer-spending has more than doubled in the last 30
years…" (linhas 22-24), significa "dobrar", "tornar-se duas vezes maior", e não "tornar-se três vezes
maior" (become three times as much).
(08) Correta. "Low-fat" (linha 30), "tar-lite" (linha 30) e "sugarfree" (linha 30) são adjetivos
compostos em inglês, traduzíveis, respectivamente, por "de baixa caloria", "teor reduzido de
alcatrão", "livre de açúcar", e que podem ser usados para descrever certos produtos, como alimentos,
bebidas e cigarro.
(16) Incorreta. O pronome "them" (linha 33) refere-se a "shoppers" (linha 32), e não a "consumption"
(linha 28) e "choice" (linha 29).
Questão 8
Smartphones to yoghurts – did we ever need so much consumer choice?
Would a narrower choice of products help us consume more sustainably and live more fulfilled lives?
This is not a complaint about choice (or
yoghurt, which I love). Choice is clearly a great
thing. The choice of whether to be nice or nasty;
go for a walk or watch TV; decide where to take
5 your summer holiday.
But when did we ever need such a huge array
of products to choose from? There must be a limit
and it was, I suggest, breached years ago. The rot
probably set in when supermarkets and shopping
10 malls were invented around the 1950s. The
resulting infinite choice of processed foods,
phones, cars and so on is a chronic affliction we
can't escape.
And it's reached heady heights. Looking for a
15 new phone recently I had a choice of no less than
48 Samsung Galaxy phones – just one brand.
Why? And why so many yoghurt types: endless
shelves loaded with basically the same product?
Does the huge choice on offer in
20 supermarkets, shops and online make us any
happier, any more fulfilled? Tim Jackson of
Surrey University notes that UK consumer
spending has more than doubled in the last 30
years, but life satisfaction has barely changed.
25 Recent work shows that "consumption for
identity" – buying products to build up our sense
of self – has gone too far and does not deliver
contentment. Consumption is not the same as
choice, but these days the two are so close that
30 you couldn't put a low-fat, tar-lite, sugar-free
cigarette paper between them.
Of course many shoppers may disagree. For
them, such choice means that life has never been
better. In reality, this is a complex issue,
35 embedded in values, identity and marketing. But
whether you're for or against such high levels, we
should all be aware of the effect it can have on
our mental wellbeing and crucially, our
environment.
40 Happiness aside, I know for sure that choice
is putting a huge pressure on people and planet.
This is well covered elsewhere but suffice to
say that if we buy more than we need and throw
away perfectly good products – be it food, clothes
45 or phones – we're not making efficient, or fair,
use of finite land, water, energy, raw materials
and labour. We're putting more greenhouse gases
into the environment and polluting the planet so
that people are finding impossible to live in some
50 parts of the world.
I think it's worth asking yourself, at least
twice, do I need to buy this at all? Do I need to eat
meat every day of the week? Could I make do
with one big yoghurt pot instead of four small
55 ones? Can I repair this phone instead of getting a
new one?
Sometimes the answer will be yes.
Vicki Hird. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 07 ago. 2014.
Choose the correct alternative(s) according to the text.
(01) The situation involving the great quantity of products available started to get worse after the
creation of commercial centres.
(02) People's feeling of happiness has grown significantly together with the habit of buying cheap
products on the internet.
(04) There are more types of national products on sale than the internal market can support.
(08) Buying and choosing have become mechanical actions for most people.
(16) The power of choosing affects people's health and comfort and also the ecology.
Gabarito:
01 + 16 = 17
Resolução:
(01) Correta. Como lemos nas linhas 6-10, a situação envolvendo a grande quantidade de produtos
disponíveis começou a piorar após a criação de centros comerciais, como supermercados e
shoppings, por volta de 1950.
(02) Incorreta. Conforme lemos no quarto parágrafo, no Reino Unido, por exemplo, apesar de o
consumo ter dobrado, o nível de satisfatção com a vida pouco mudou e, ao que indicam pesquisas, a
construção da identidade a partir do consumo atingiu seu limite e já não traz contentamento às
pessoas.
(04) Incorreta. O texto não apresenta especificidades de mercados internos nacionais relativamente à
quantidade de tipos de produtos disponíveis.
(08) Incorreta. O texto apresenta a dificuldade e a aflição crônica representadas pela imensa
diversidade de produtos disponíveis do mercado, mas não o caráter automático e mecânico do
consumo.
(16) Correta. Ao longo do texto lemos, justamente, sobre como o poder de escolha em um mundo de
imensa diversidade de produtos afeta a saúde e o conforto/bem-estar das pessoas, bem como o
equilíbrio ecológico do planeta.
Questão 9
Smartphones to yoghurts – did we ever need so much consumer choice?
Would a narrower choice of products help us consume more sustainably and live more fulfilled lives?
This is not a complaint about choice (or
yoghurt, which I love). Choice is clearly a great
thing. The choice of whether to be nice or nasty;
go for a walk or watch TV; decide where to take
5 your summer holiday.
But when did we ever need such a huge array
of products to choose from? There must be a limit
and it was, I suggest, breached years ago. The rot
probably set in when supermarkets and shopping
10 malls were invented around the 1950s. The
resulting infinite choice of processed foods,
phones, cars and so on is a chronic affliction we
can't escape.
And it's reached heady heights. Looking for a
15 new phone recently I had a choice of no less than
48 Samsung Galaxy phones – just one brand.
Why? And why so many yoghurt types: endless
shelves loaded with basically the same product?
Does the huge choice on offer in
20 supermarkets, shops and online make us any
happier, any more fulfilled? Tim Jackson of
Surrey University notes that UK consumer
spending has more than doubled in the last 30
years, but life satisfaction has barely changed.
25 Recent work shows that "consumption for
identity" – buying products to build up our sense
of self – has gone too far and does not deliver
contentment. Consumption is not the same as
choice, but these days the two are so close that
30 you couldn't put a low-fat, tar-lite, sugar-free
cigarette paper between them.
Of course many shoppers may disagree. For
them, such choice means that life has never been
better. In reality, this is a complex issue,
35 embedded in values, identity and marketing. But
whether you're for or against such high levels, we
should all be aware of theeffect it can have on
our mental wellbeing and crucially, our
environment.
40 Happiness aside, I know for sure that choice
is putting a huge pressure on people and planet.
This is well covered elsewhere but suffice to
say that if we buy more than we need and throw
away perfectly good products – be it food, clothes
45 or phones – we're not making efficient, or fair,
use of finite land, water, energy, raw materials
and labour. We're putting more greenhouse gases
into the environment and polluting the planet so
that people are finding impossible to live in some
50 parts of the world.
I think it's worth asking yourself, at least
twice, do I need to buy this at all? Do I need to eat
meat every day of the week? Could I make do
with one big yoghurt pot instead of four small
55 ones? Can I repair this phone instead of getting a
new one?
Sometimes the answer will be yes.
Vicki Hird. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 07 ago. 2014.
Choose the alternative(s) in which the information about the verbs from the text is correct.
(01) In the extract "And it's reached heady heights" (l. 14), the contracted form highlighted means "it
has".
(02) The phrasal verb "looking for" (l. 14) is the same as "searching".
(04) One possible answer for the question "Does the huge choice on offer in supermarkets, shops and
online make us any happier, any more fulfilled?" (l. 19-21) is "Yes, it does".
(08) The modal verbs “may”, in “...shoppers may disagree” (l. 32), and “should”, in “we should all be
aware...” (l. 36-37), are used in the text to make deductions, to speculate.
(16) The -ing form, in "we're putting more greenhouse gases…" (l. 47), and in "… it's worth asking…"
(l. 51), is used in the text with the same purpose, that is, to indicate that the action happens
regularly.
Gabarito:
01 + 02 + 04 = 07
Resolução:
(01) Correta. Em "And it's reached heady heights" (line 14), a forma destacada (it's) é a contração de
"it has", pronome e verbo auxiliar da forma completa do Present Perfect "it has reached".
(02) Correta. O phrasal verb "looking for" (linha 14) tem o mesmo significado de "searching",
traduzíveis por "procurar".
(04) Correta. Uma forma possível de resposta para a pergunta "Does the huge choice on offer in
supermarkets, shops and online make us any happier, any more fulfilled?" (linhas 19-21) é "Yes, it
does".
(08) Incorreta. Os verbos modais "may", em "… shoppers may disagree" (linha 32), e "should", em
"we should all be aware…" (linhas 36-37), não são usados para fazer deduções e especulações. "May"
é usado para expressar uma certeza embasada pelo período seguinte em que ocorre; e "should" é
empregado com função de aconselhamento, de orientação de ação.
(16) Incorreta. Se a forma terminada em -ing, em "we're putting more greenhouse gases…" (linha
47), é empregada no texto com o objetivo de indicar que a ação ocorre com regularidade e
progressão, o mesmo não ocorre em "… it's worth asking…" (linha 51), já que nesta segunda
ocorrência a terminação -ing confere função de substantivo para "asking".
Questão 10
Smartphones to yoghurts – did we ever need so much consumer choice?
Would a narrower choice of products help us consume more sustainably and live more fulfilled lives?
This is not a complaint about choice (or
yoghurt, which I love). Choice is clearly a great
thing. The choice of whether to be nice or nasty;
go for a walk or watch TV; decide where to take
5 your summer holiday.
But when did we ever need such a huge array
of products to choose from? There must be a limit
and it was, I suggest, breached years ago. The rot
probably set in when supermarkets and shopping
10 malls were invented around the 1950s. The
resulting infinite choice of processed foods,
phones, cars and so on is a chronic affliction we
can't escape.
And it's reached heady heights. Looking for a
15 new phone recently I had a choice of no less than
48 Samsung Galaxy phones – just one brand.
Why? And why so many yoghurt types: endless
shelves loaded with basically the same product?
Does the huge choice on offer in
20 supermarkets, shops and online make us any
happier, any more fulfilled? Tim Jackson of
Surrey University notes that UK consumer
spending has more than doubled in the last 30
years, but life satisfaction has barely changed.
25 Recent work shows that "consumption for
identity" – buying products to build up our sense
of self – has gone too far and does not deliver
contentment. Consumption is not the same as
choice, but these days the two are so close that
30 you couldn't put a low-fat, tar-lite, sugar-free
cigarette paper between them.
Of course many shoppers may disagree. For
them, such choice means that life has never been
better. In reality, this is a complex issue,
35 embedded in values, identity and marketing. But
whether you're for or against such high levels, we
should all be aware of the effect it can have on
our mental wellbeing and crucially, our
environment.
40 Happiness aside, I know for sure that choice
is putting a huge pressure on people and planet.
This is well covered elsewhere but suffice to
say that if we buy more than we need and throw
away perfectly good products – be it food, clothes
45 or phones – we're not making efficient, or fair,
use of finite land, water, energy, raw materials
and labour. We're putting more greenhouse gases
into the environment and polluting the planet so
that people are finding impossible to live in some
50 parts of the world.
I think it's worth asking yourself, at least
twice, do I need to buy this at all? Do I need to eat
meat every day of the week? Could I make do
with one big yoghurt pot instead of four small
55 ones? Can I repair this phone instead of getting a
new one?
Sometimes the answer will be yes.
Vicki Hird. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 07 ago. 2014.
According to the text, it is correct to say that choice
(01) must be stopped from increasing in the UK.
(02) is connected to the development of capitalism, which started in the 1980s.
(04) represents better life conditions for many consumers.
(08) can confuse consumers no matter if they are buying yoghurts or phones.
(16) worries scientists and environmental organizations because shoppers are the ones who most
pollute the planet.
Gabarito:
04 + 08 = 12
Resolução:
(01) Incorreta. O texto, apesar da perspectiva crítica com relação ao consumo e ao consumismo, não
advoga que o poder de escolha deva ser impedido de se expandir no Reino Unido e até mesmo
aponta o lado positivo do poder de escolha.
(02) Incorreta. Tal marco temporal não é o que encontramos no texto. No segundo parágrafo, o autor
associa o início da proliferação de opções de produtos à criação de mercados e centros de compras
nos anos 1950.
(04) Correta. De acordo com as primeiras linhas do texto, não se trata de reclamar sobre a existência
da escolha, a qual é um aspecto positivo, represetando boas condições de vida.
(08) Correta. De acordo com a leitura das linhas 42-47.
(16) Incorreta. As preocupações expressas no texto quanto às relações entre consumo e meio
ambiente não dizem respeito apenas aos comerciantes (shoppers), mas a todos que participam desta
realidade na qual o consumo passa a ser destrutivo, o que fica claro pela escolha do uso do pronome
"nós" (we) para fazer referência a esta responsabilidade nas linhas 42-50.
Questão 11
SOBREVIVEREMOS NA TERRA?
Tenho interesse pessoal no tempo. Primeiro, meu best-seller chama-se Uma breve história do
tempo. Segundo, por ser alguém que, aos 21 anos, foi informado pelos médicos de que teria
apenas
mais cinco anos de vida e que completou 76 anos em 2018. Tenho uma aguda e
desconfortável
consciência da passagem do tempo. Durante a maior parte da minha vida, convivi com a
sensação
5 de que estava fazendo hora extra.Parece que nosso mundo enfrenta uma instabilidade política maior do que em qualquer outro
momento. Uma grande quantidade de pessoas sente ter ficado para trás. Como resultado,
temos
nos voltado para políticos populistas, com experiência de governo limitada e cuja capacidade
para
tomar decisões ponderadas em uma crise ainda está para ser testada. A Terra sofre ameaças
em
10 tantas frentes que é difícil permanecer otimista. Os perigos são grandes e numerosos demais.
O
planeta está ficando pequeno para nós. Nossos recursos físicos estão se esgotando a uma
velocidade
alarmante. A mudança climática foi uma trágica dádiva humana ao planeta. Temperaturas
cada vez
mais elevadas, redução da calota polar, desmatamento, superpopulação, doenças, guerras,
fome,
mais elevadas, redução da calota polar, desmatamento, superpopulação, doenças, guerras,
fome,
15 até hoje não foram. O aquecimento global está sendo causado por todos nós. Queremos andar
de
carro, viajar e desfrutar um padrão de vida melhor. Mas quando as pessoas se derem conta do
que
está acontecendo, pode ser tarde demais.
Estamos no limiar de um período de mudança climática sem precedentes. No entanto, muitos
políticos
negam a mudança climática provocada pelo homem, ou a capacidade do homem de revertê-la.
20 O derretimento das calotas polares ártica e antártica reduz a fração de energia solar refletida
de volta
no espaço e aumenta ainda mais a temperatura. A mudança climática pode destruir a
Amazônia e
outras florestas tropicais, eliminando uma das principais ferramentas para a remoção do
dióxido
de carbono da atmosfera. A elevação da temperatura dos oceanos pode provocar a liberação
de
grandes quantidades de dióxido de carbono. Ambos os fenômenos aumentariam o efeito
estufa e
25 exacerbariam o aquecimento global, tornando o clima em nosso planeta parecido com o de
Vênus:
atmosfera escaldante e chuva ácida a uma temperatura de 250 ºC. A vida humana seria
impossível.
Precisamos ir além do Protocolo de Kyoto – o acordo internacional adotado em 1997 – e cortar
imediatamente as emissões de carbono. Temos a tecnologia. Só precisamos de vontade
política.
Quando enfrentamos crises parecidas no passado, havia algum outro lugar para colonizar.
Estamos
30 ficando sem espaço, e o único lugar para ir são outros mundos. Tenho esperança e fé de que
nossa
engenhosa raça encontrará uma maneira de escapar dos sombrios grilhões do planeta e,
deste
modo, sobreviver ao desastre. A mesma providência talvez não seja possível para os milhões
de
outras espécies que vivem na Terra, e isso pesará em nossa consciência.
Mas somos, por natureza, exploradores. Somos motivados pela curiosidade, essa qualidade
35 humana única. Foi a curiosidade obstinada que levou os exploradores a provar que a Terra
não era
plana, e é esse mesmo impulso que nos leva a viajar para as estrelas na velocidade do
pensamento,
instigando-nos a realmente chegar lá. E sempre que realizamos um grande salto, como nos
pousos
lunares, exaltamos a humanidade, unimos povos e nações, introduzimos novas descobertas e
novas
tecnologias. Deixar a Terra exige uma abordagem global combinada – todos devem participar.
STEPHEN HAWKING (1942-2018). Adaptado de Breves respostas para grandes questões. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca,
2018.
THE FLAT EARTH CRUISE: SERIOUSLY, PEOPLE?
Organizers of an annual conference that brings together people who believe that our planet is
not
round are planning a cruise to the supposed edge of the Earth. They’re looking for the ice wall
that
holds back the oceans.
The journey will take place in 2020, the Flat Earth International Conference (FEIC) recently
05 announced on its website. The goal? To test so-called flat-Earthers’ assertion that the Earth is a
flattened disk surrounded at its edge by a towering wall of ice.
Details about the event, including the dates, are forthcoming, according to the FEIC, which calls
the cruise “the biggest, boldest adventure yet”. However, it’s worth noting that nautical maps
and
navigation technologies such as global positioning systems (GPS) work as they do because the
10 Earth is … a globe.
Believers in a flat Earth argue that images showing a curved horizon are fake and that photos
of a
round Earth from space are part of a vast conspiracy perpetrated by NASA and other space
agencies
to hide Earth’s flatness. “This likely began during the cold war”, the Flat Earth Society (FES)
says.
“The U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. were obsessed with beating each other into space to the point that
each
15 faked their accomplishments in an attempt to keep pace with the other’s supposed
achievements.”
These and other flat-Earth assertions appear on the website of the FES, allegedly the world’s
oldest
official flat Earth organization, dating to the early 1800s.
However, the ancient Greeks demonstrated that Earth was a sphere more than 2.000 years
ago,
and the gravity that keeps everything on the planet from flying off into space could exist only
on a
20 spherical world.
But in diagrams shared on the FES website, the planet appears as a pancake-like disk with the
North Pole smacked in the center and an edge “surrounded on all sides by an ice wall that
holds
the oceans back”. This ice wall – thought by some flat-Earthers to be Antarctica – is the
destination
of the promised FEIC cruise.
25 There’s just one catch: navigational charts and systems that guide cruise ships and other
vessels
around the Earth’s oceans are all based on the principle of a round Earth, says Henk Keijer, a
former cruise ship captain with 23 years of experience.
GPS relies on a network of dozens of satellites orbiting thousands of miles above Earth; signals
from the satellites beam down to the receiver inside of a GPS device, and at least three
satellites are
30 required to pinpoint a precise position because of Earth’s curvature, Keijer explained. “Had the
Earth been flat, a total of three satellites would have been enough to provide this information to
everyone on Earth”. He adds: “But it is not enough, because the Earth is round”.
Whether or not, the FEIC cruise will rely on GPS or deploy an entirely new flat-Earth-based
navigation system for finding the end of the world remains to be seen.
Adaptado de livescience.com, 30/05/2017.
The texts Sobreviveremos na Terra? and The flat Earth cruise: seriously, people? share one
issue. The issue mentioned in both texts is the following one:
(A) the use of satellites
(B) the shape of the planet
(C) the planning of the trip
(D) the exploration of space
Gabarito:
B
Resolução:
(Resolução oficial)
O formato do planeta (the shape of the planet) é o tema comum aos dois textos, que argumentam
sobre as teorias a respeito do formato da terra e os absurdos de algumas delas.
Questão 12
Spain's economy
1
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its
banking system, it's easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
optimism.
2
Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the
pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as
productive as their German, Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain's nº 2
bank.
3
Consequently, despite Asia's rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of
exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex,
the clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish
competitiveness. It shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in
first-quarter profits.
4
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain's GDP, can't compensate
for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well insideSpain.
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8
billion euros. Its unique business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
schools.
5
Another bright spot: Spain's current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10
percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like
to see trade in balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in
the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain "needs to work harder" to boost
productivity
6
Spain's emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,
not because of, the country's politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into
the economy. The bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to
finance their businesses.
Newsweek, 25 june 2012. Adapted.
Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
a) It will take decades for Spain to find a way out of its current economic crisis.
b) Various poorly planned European efforts to rescue Spain's economy have only made the situation
worse.
c) Spain's economic problems are in fact much less serious than those in the other European
countries.
d) Despite the problems that Spain is facing, some factors indicate that there is hope for the country's
economic future.
e) The pessimism surrounding Spain's economic situation is based on a certain prejudice rather than
on a clear understanding of the factors involved.
Gabarito:
D
Resolução:
Como lemos no início do texto, apesar da atual crise que a Espanha atravessa é possível ser otimista
com relação ao país. As exportações competitivas, por exemplo, são um dos índices que permitem tal
otimismo.
Questão 13
Spain's economy
1
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its
banking system, it's easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
optimism.
2
Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the
pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as
productive as their German, Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain's nº 2
bank.
3
Consequently, despite Asia's rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of
exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex,
the clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish
competitiveness. It shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in
first-quarter profits.
4
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain's GDP, can't compensate
for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8
billion euros. Its unique business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
schools.
5
Another bright spot: Spain's current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10
percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like
to see trade in balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in
the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain "needs to work harder" to boost
productivity
6
Spain's emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,
not because of, the country's politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into
the economy. The bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to
finance their businesses.
Newsweek, 25 june 2012. Adapted.
According to the information in the article, which of the following is one of Spain's serious problems?
a) Exports have fallen sharply and now represent only 30 percent of Spain's Gross Domestic Product
(GDP).
b) The European financial crisis has devastated Spain's export-based companies.
c) Many Spanish multinational companies have moved their production facilities overseas.
d) Consumers in Spain have drastically reduced spending.
e) Spanish companies that concentrate on the domestic market are highly inefficient.
Gabarito:
D
Resolução:
Ainda que as exportações espanholas representem um ponto resistente da economia deste país, não
se consegue compensar a queda de demanda interna do mercado consumidor espanhol, o que se
nota com a leitura do trecho "can’t compensate for the steep drop in demand at home".
Questão 14
Spain's economy
1
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its
banking system, it's easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
optimism.
2
Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the
pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as
productive as their German, Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain's nº 2
bank.
3
Consequently, despite Asia's rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of
exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex,
the clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish
competitiveness. It shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in
first-quarter profits.
4
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain's GDP, can't compensate
for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8
billion euros. Its unique business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
schools.
5
Another bright spot: Spain's current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10
percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like
to see trade in balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in
the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain "needs to work harder" to boost
productivity
6
Spain's emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,
not because of, the country's politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into
the economy. The bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to
finance their businesses.
Newsweek, 25 june 2012. Adapted.
According to the information in the article, during the economic crisis
a) the Inditex clothing group has grown by concentrating on Spain's domestic market.
b) the Mercadona supermarket chain has increased its sales to foreign markets by 8 percent.
c) the economy of Spainhas declined more than have the economies of Greece and Portugal.
d) some Spanish companies have actually benefited from the relative economic weakness of Greece
and Portugal.
e) the current account deficits of Greece and Portugal have decreased more slowly than has the
current account deficit of Spain.
Gabarito:
E
Resolução:
Como pode-se ler no trecho, a queda brusca que ocasionou o deficit econômico espanhol, foi mais
acentuada que em outros países em dificuldades, como Grécia ou Portugal, explicitado no trecho "The
decline has been steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal".
Questão 15
Sports-mad South Africa salutes Mandela "The Captain"
By Ed Cropley and Ed Stoddard
Johannesburg Sat Dec 7, 2013
Sports-mad South Africa saluted Nelson Mandela on Saturday with smiles and moments of silence in
honor of the late anti-apartheid leader, who inspired people to pursue the impossible from politics to
the playing field.
The tributes stretched across the sporting spectrum, from club cricket and fun runs to top fixtures
such as a League Cup final between Platinum Stars and Orlando Pirates, the Soweto giants believed to
have been Mandela's favorite soccer side.
In their first comments since his death on Thursday evening, Mandela's family thanked South Africa
and the wider world for their support.
"It has not been easy for the last two days and it won't be pleasant for the days to come. But with the
support we are receiving from here and beyond, in due time all will be well for the family," they said
in a statement.
Saturday's Cup final before a 40,000 crowd in the northeast city of Nelspruit was preceded by a
moment of silence in honor of South Africa's first black president, whose early sporting prowess,
particularly in boxing and soccer, was cut short when he was jailed for 27 years by the apartheid
government.
Available at: . Adapted.
When reading about Nelson Mandela in the text, it is correct to affirm.
I. He encouraged people in many aspects, especially in the sporting and political ones.
II. His death has been accompanied by an outpouring of tributes from sportsmen.
III. He had his sporting abilities interrupted for being arrested.
IV. He spent 27 years imprisoned by a government that enacted laws that defined and enforced
segregation.
V. His family was deeply saddened by his death but believed the support they were receiving would
help to comfort them.
a) Only I is correct.
b) Only II and IV are correct.
c) Only I, II and III are correct.
d) All the alternatives are correct.
e) All the alternatives are false.
Gabarito:
D
Resolução:
É verdadeiro afirmar que Mandela encorajou as pessoas, em muitos aspectos, especialmente nos
mais esportivos e políticos (afirmativa I), que sua morte foi acompanhada por uma onda de
homenagens de atletas (afirmativa II), que ele teve suas habilidades esportivas interrompidas por ter
sido preso (afirmativa III), que ele passou 27 anos preso por um governo que aprovou leis que
definiram e executaram segregação racial (afirmativa IV), e que sua família ficou profundamente
triste com sua morte, mas acredita que o apoio recebido ajudaria a confortá-la (afirmativa V).
Questão 16
Sports-mad South Africa salutes Mandela "The Captain"
By Ed Cropley and Ed Stoddard
Johannesburg Sat Dec 7, 2013
Sports-mad South Africa saluted Nelson Mandela on Saturday with smiles and moments of silence in
honor of the late antiapartheid leader, who inspired people to pursue the impossible from politics to
the playing field.
The tributes stretched across the sporting spectrum, from club cricket and fun runs to top fixtures
such as a League Cup final between Platinum Stars and Orlando Pirates, the Soweto giants believed to
have been Mandela's favorite soccer side.
In their first comments since his death on Thursday evening, Mandela's family thanked South Africa
and the wider world for their support.
"It has not been easy for the last two days and it won't be pleasant for the days to come. But with the
support we are receiving from here and beyond, in due time all will be well for the family," they said
in a statement.
Saturday's Cup final before a 40,000 crowd in the northeast city of Nelspruit was preceded by a
moment of silence in honor of South Africa's first black president, whose early sporting prowess,
particularly in boxing and soccer, was cut short when he was jailed for 27 years by the apartheid
government.
Available at: . Adapted.
All of the following statements are related to the text, except:
a) Nelson Mandela hailed as South Africa’s "Captain".
b) A respectful moment in honor of a memorable leader.
c) Nelson Mandela, esteemed statesman and anti-apartheid leader.
d) Nelson Mandela, remarkable statesman and peace icon.
e) Nelson Mandela for planning acts of subversion.
Gabarito:
E
Resolução:
A alternativa a ser assinalada é a E, por ser a única que traz uma afirmação que não encontra amparo
no texto. Não lemos no texto sobre Mandela ter planejado atos de subversão.
Questão 17
Spain's economy
1
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its
banking system, it's easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for
optimism.
2
Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during the
pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as
productive as their German, Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain's nº 2
bank.
3
Consequently, despite Asia's rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of
exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex,
the clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish
competitiveness. It shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in
first-quarter profits.
4
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain's GDP, can't compensate
for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside Spain.
Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 17.8
billion euros. Its unique business model is studied in the classrooms of top American business
schools.
5
Another bright spot: Spain's current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10
percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like
to see trade in balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in
the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain "needs to work harder" to boost
productivity
6
Spain's emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite,
not because of, the country's politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into
the economy. The bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to
finance their businesses.
Newsweek, 25 june 2012. Adapted.
According to the information in the article, which of the following is most likely a positive aspect of
Spain’s economy?
a) Exporters have maintained their expenses at a reasonable level and so are still able to compete
with other companies.
b) Spanish workers still earn, on average, more than workers do in other European countries.
c) More than 250 big Spanish companies have managed to achieve greater productivity than have
similar companies in Germany, Italy, and France.
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