Apostila de Civil

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Question Answer
What is the value of every good in civil law? Every good, for civil law, has economic value.
According to Art. 79 of CC/02, what do
immovable goods refer to?
They refer to the soil.
What does Art. 80 of CC/02 cover? It covers real rights and open succession.
What are 'Semoventes' in the context of civil
law?
They are movable goods, specifically animals, which receive special protection.
What is the classification of goods based on
ownership?
Quanto à titularidade.
What are the two categories of goods
considered in themselves?
Corporeal and incorporeal.
What are the examples of special protection
for 'Semoventes' mentioned in the text?
Farra do boi (RE n. 153.531), briga de galo (ADI n. 1856) and vaquejada (ADI 4983).
What are the three categories of immovable
property by nature?
Solo, subsolo, and ar.
What is the legal determination for immovable
property?
Rights and succession.
What are the two types of immovable
property by accession?
Artificial (construções and plantações) and natural (álveo abandonado, aluvião, avulsão).
Give an example of movable property by
nature.
Items that can be moved without loss of substance or destination.
What are examples of property by
anticipation?
Sale of natural fruit crops, trees for wood production.
What is the difference between fungible and
infungible goods?
Fungible goods can be replaced by others of the same kind, quantity, and quality, while infungible
goods are unique and cannot be replaced.
Define consumable and inconsumable goods. Consumable goods are destroyed by use, while inconsumable goods are not automatically destroyed
by use.
What are divisible and indivisible goods? Divisible goods can be divided without losing their utility or substance, while indivisible goods lose
their utility or substance if divided.
What is the prazo for bens por vontade? 5 years, renewable once.
What are the examples of bens por vontade? Testamento, doação, convenção de condôminos.
What are the types of bens coletivos? Universais de fato and Universais de direito.
Give an example of Universais de fato. Plurality of singular goods with a unique destination, e.g., a library.
What are the types of frutos? Naturais, Industriais, Civis, Pendentes, Percebidos/colhidos, Estantes, Percipiendos, Consumidos.
What are the types of benfeitorias? Improvements made on a property.
What is the definition of 'necessárias' in the
context of bens no Direito Civil?
Conservation of the main asset (e.g. payment of the asset's bills).
Give an example of 'úteis' in the context of
bens no Direito Civil.
Installation of solar panels and a well that facilitate or enhance the use of the asset.
What is the characteristic of 'voluptárias' in
the context of bens no Direito Civil?
They are for mere pleasure, such as a swimming pool.
What becomes useless without the principal
asset in the context of bens no Direito Civil?
Partes integrantes, for example, a car wheel.
What are 'pertenças' in the context of bens no
Direito Civil?
They have functional autonomy but are intended for the principal asset, for example, agricultural
equipment for a tractor or urban equipment for an elevator.
What are the Fatos Jurídicos in the context of
Direito Civil?
They are the facts that are relevant to the legal system.
How do Fatos jurídicos differ from Fatos
materiais?
Fatos materiais become Fatos jurídicos through the phenomenon of juridicization.
Question Answer
What are the two classifications of Fatos
jurídicos?
Fatos ajurídicos and Fatos jurídicos lato sensu.
What are the characteristics of Fatos jurídicos
stricto sensu?
They necessarily generate legal repercussions and are divided into Ordinários and Extraordinários.
What is the difference between Fatos
jurídicos stricto sensu and Negócios
jurídicos?
The human being performs acts and not facts, while Negócios jurídicos are legal transactions.
What is the concept of atos jurídicos lícitos? São atos não negociáveis, os efeitos são preestabelecidos em lei.
Give an example of atos-fatos reclamativos. Constituição do devedor em mora.
What is the example of atos-fatos
comunicativos?
Prestação pelo devedor na obrigação alternativa.
Provide an example of atos jurídicos
enunciativos.
Reconhecimento de filiação.
What is the example of atos jurídicos
mandamentais?
Exigência de demolição.
Give an example of atos jurídicos compostos. Gestão de negócios.
What is the definition of ato-fato jurídico? Qualquer conduta humana para a qual o direito não reputa significante a vontade humana por força
da lei, de costumes ou princípios.
Give an example of atos-fatos reais. Ocupação.
What are atos-fatos indenizativos? Atos lícitos que geram o dever de indenizar por causar dano ao patrimônio de terceiros.
Provide an example of atos-fatos
caducificantes.
Implicam a extinção de direitos (ex: prescrição).
What are atos jurídicos ilícitos? Atos censurados no direito civil.
What does Art. 186, CC address? Causar culposamente dano em alguém.
What is covered in Art. 187, CC? Abuso de direito.
What are the three stages of the Fatos
Jurídicos according to the Escada ponteada?
Existência, Validade, Eficácia.
What does Validade refer to in relation to acts
and legal transactions?
It refers to the compatibility with the legal system.
What does Eficácia refer to in relation to legal
facts?
It refers to the ability of the legal fact to produce legal effects.
What are the essential elements of Negócios
Jurídicos?
They are structural and obligatory elements, such as price, thing, and consent in a purchase and
sale.
What are the general elements of Negócios
Jurídicos?
They are applicable to all legal transactions, such as legal capacity.
What are the particular elements of Negócios
Jurídicos?
They are specific to certain transactions, such as the price in a purchase and sale.
What do natural elements of Negócios
Jurídicos stem from?
They stem from the nature of the transaction, such as the transfer of property in a purchase and sale
contract.
What do acidental elements of Negócios
Jurídicos influence?
They influence the effectiveness of the transaction.
What is a 'termo' in the context of Negócios
Jurídicos?
It is a future and certain event that influences effectiveness.
What is the difference between 'termo certo'
and 'termo incerto'?
'Termo certo' is a known future event, while 'termo incerto' is an event that will happen but the timing
is unknown.
What is the term for the final event in a legal Termo resolutivo
Question Answer
context?
What is the term for the initial event in a legal
context?
Termo suspensivo
What is a 'condição' in legal terms? A future and uncertain event that affects a legal agreement.
What are the restrictions on 'condição' in
legal agreements?
It cannot be impossible, illegal, violate the law, deprive effectiveness, or be purely potestative.
What is an 'encargo' in legal terms? A mode or burden, an obligation imposed by liberality, not a consideration, but a limitation on
freedom.
Give an example of 'encargo' in a legal
context.
I give you a car if you take and pick up your brother from school for 10 years. In case of
non-compliance, the car may return to the original owner.
What is 'reserva mental' according to article
110, CC/02?
The thought of the declarant not to want what he declared with the aim of deceiving the recipients.
When does 'reserva mental' become
relevant?
When it is known by the other party.
What is the concept of 'representação'
according to arts. 115 to 120, CC/02?
To be present on behalf of another person.
What is the 'Princípio da ubiquidade ficta' in
legal representation?
The represented is considered as if present.
What are the types of 'representação' in legal
context?
Legal and Facultative.
Give an example of 'legal' representation. Inventor, tutor, syndic, and supporter (TDA). It is mandatory and personal, cannot be delegated.
Give an example of 'facultative'
representation.
Contract of mandate, art. 653, CC/02.
What arethe three classifications of Negócios
Jurídicos based on aperfeiçoamento?
Unilateral, Bilateral, Plurilateral.
Give an example of a Unilateral Negócio
Jurídico.
Accepting or refusing inheritance; making a will.
What is the minimum number of wills required
for a Plurilateral Negócio Jurídico?
At least three.
How is a Gratuito Negócio Jurídico
characterized?
It involves a patrimonial loss without seeking economic benefit. Example: donation.
What characterizes an Oneroso Negócio
Jurídico?
It involves a patrimonial loss with the intention of seeking economic benefit. Example: contract of
sale.
Give an example of a Neutro Negócio
Jurídico.
Surrogacy (barriga de aluguel).
What is the difference between Informal and
Formal Negócio Jurídico?
Informal is non-solemn and free form, while formal is solemn and requires a specific form as imposed
by law.
What are the four requirements for the
existence of a Negócio Jurídico?
Sujeito, vontade, objeto, forma.
What are the requirements for the validity of a
Negócio Jurídico according to art. 104,
CC/02?
Compatibility with the legal system. If incompatible, it is invalid.
What are the requirements for the object of a
legal act?
It must be lawful, possible, determined, or determinable.
What is the principle of conservation of Legal
Acts?
The legal act should be preserved whenever possible.
What is the difference between nullity and
annulability in legal acts?
Nullity is an absolute invalidity, while annulability is a relative invalidity.
Question Answer
What is the effect of nullity in legal acts? It has retroactive effectiveness (ex tunc) and can be recognized by the court without a request from
the party.
What is the effect of annulability in legal acts? It has prospective effectiveness (ex nunc) and requires a request from the party for recognition.
What are the conditions for the application of
the principle of conservation of Legal Acts?
Presumption that the parties would have entered into the legal act and absence of any other reason
for invalidity.
How is nullity absolute different from
annulability?
Nullity allows for the act to be salvaged, while annulability can be cured by validation or substantial
conversion.
What is the effect of annulability in legal acts? It has prospective effectiveness (ex nunc) and requires a request from the party for recognition.
What is the meaning of 'Redução do NJ' in
the context of Direito Civil?
Leaving only the valid part of the legal act.
What are the special cases of conservation
mentioned in the text?
a) Art. 180, CC: Legal act with relatively incapacitated persons, tu quoque (bad faith) b) Art. 105, CC:
In annulment, the obligation of the capable party remains.
What are the types of defects in legal acts
mentioned in the text?
1) Consent defects: the declared will is not in line with the real intention. Ex: error, fraud, coercion,
lesion, and peril. 2) Social defects: the legal act is being used to circumvent the law or harm third
parties. Ex: simulation and fraud against creditors.
What distinction does the doctrine make
between Error and Ignorance?
Error: false representation of reality. Ignorance: complete absence of knowledge of reality. The error
must be relevant and must result from objective bad faith.
What are the requirements for annulment
related to substantial error?
a) Substantial error: the legal act would not have occurred without it (different from accidental error =
non-essential, where the legal act continues to exist) Error in negotio: legal nature of the legal act
Error in ipso corpore: objective of the legal act Error in corpore: essential quality of the object Error in
persona: identity of the person Error juris: in relation to the law.
What is the basis for the cognoscibility of
error in the context of annulment?
The principle of trust. It is based on the principle that an average person could have perceived the
error.
What is the definition of Dolo in the context of
Civil Law?
It is the inducement of someone to error, with the main difference from error being that dolo
intentionally causes the error.
What is the difference between Dolo malus
and Dolo bonus?
Dolo malus involves malicious actions disapproved by society, while Dolo bonus involves socially
accepted malice.
What are the consequences of Dolo in a legal
transaction?
Dolo allows for the annulment of the legal transaction and compensation for the damages suffered
(loss and damages).
What is Dolo essencial and Dolo acidental? Dolo essencial is without which the legal transaction would not have occurred, while Dolo acidental
does not annul the legal transaction, only generates losses and damages.
What is the impact of Dolo de terceiro on a
legal transaction?
It will result in the annulment of the legal transaction if the beneficiary party has direct or indirect
participation in the dolo, or has effective or potential knowledge of the fact.
What is the responsibility of the representante
convencional in case of Dolo?
It involves solidary responsibility between the representative and the represented, and there may be
a right of recourse.
What is the impact of Dolo bilateral on a legal
transaction?
The legal transaction will not be annulled, and each party bears their own loss.
What is Coação in the context of Civil Law? It refers to coercion, which involves the use of force or threats to induce someone to act against their
will.
What is the definition of coação moral/relativa
in the context of Negócios Jurídicos?
The coagido has the option to carry out the NJ or not, assuming the risk of the threat materializing.
Give an example of coação moral/relativa in
Negócios Jurídicos.
An adulterous lover demanding economic advantage from the spouse. The NJ is annulled within 4
years.
What is the definition of coação
física/absoluta in the context of Negócios
Jurídicos?
It completely removes the coerced party's decision-making margin. For example, hypnosis, threat of
death, physical violence. The NJ is declared void at any time.
What is the impact of coação de terceiros on
the beneficiary?
It can only harm the beneficiary if they have knowledge, even potential, of the fact.
When does Lesão occur in the context of
Direito Civil?
When someone is obliged to a disproportionately onerous obligation due to inexperience or urgent
need, without the need for the other party's knowledge.
Question Answer
What is the definition of Estado de perigo in
the context of Direito Civil?
When someone is obliged to a manifestly onerous obligation due to urgent need, known by the
beneficiary, to save someone's life.
What is the essential requirement for the
characterization of dolo de aproveitamento in
the context of Estado de perigo?
The beneficiary must be aware that the other party is undertaking a flagrantly onerous obligation to
save someone's life.
What are the additional requirements of
estado de perigo compared to lesão?
The urgent need must be to save a life, and dolo de aproveitamento is indispensable.
What is the definition of fraude contra
credores in the context of Direito Civil?
It occurs when someone performs acts to defraud creditors.
What is the term for the defect that taints the
Legal Business of patrimonial disposition
practiced by the insolvent debtor or that, due
to the business, becomes insolvent?
Fraude pauliana (pauline fraud).
What are the requirements for an action to
annul a legal business due to fraud?
a) Prior existence of the debt; b) Insufficient guarantees; c) Events that aggravate insolvency due to
the Legal Business; d) Consilium fraudis (fraudulent intent).
What are the types of proof for consilium
fraudis?
1) Effective knowledge: documentary evidence; 2) Potential knowledge: kinship/proximity; 3)
Presumed knowledge: notoriety.
What is simulation in the context of Legal
Business?
It is the deceptive declaration of will with the aim of producing an effect different from the one
pretended.
What is the term for a unilateral simulation? Reserva mental (mentalreservation).
What is the consequence of absolute
simulation?
It results in nullity as there is no Legal Business. For example, a false 'donation' to deduct income
tax.
What is the outcome of relative simulation
(dissimulation)?
The simulated business is null. The hidden business remains in the legal system.
What is the definition of simulação relativa
subjetiva?
It is the interposition of people, as per article 167, §1º, I, CC/02.
Can you provide an example of simulação
relativa subjetiva?
A public official who puts a company in the name of their child.
What is the definition of simulação relativa
objetiva?
The falsity is in the other elements of the NJ without being the subject, as per article 167, §1º, II and
III, CC/02.
Can you provide an example of simulação
relativa objetiva?
An adulterer who simulates a purchase and sale with a lover.
What is the definition of atos ilícitos as per
article 186, CC?
Causing damage to others with fault in a broad sense.
What are the requisites for atos ilícitos as per
article 186, CC?
Damage, fault, and violation of rights.
What is the principle of neminem laedere? It means nobody should harm others.
Can you provide an example of a situation
that does not constitute an act of ilícitos?
A contractor who demolishes a house without being hired for it does not commit an act of ilícitos.
What is the definition of abuso de direito as
per article 187, CC?
It surpasses the limits of good customs, good faith, or economic or social purpose.
What are the excludentes de ilicitude as per
article 188, CC?
Legitimate defense, regular exercise of right, strict compliance with legal duty, and state of necessity
(to avoid imminent damage).
Do putative situations of these excludentes
remove civil liability?
No, those who cause damage by imagining themselves to be in a situation of legitimate defense are
still civilly liable.
What are the effects of ilicitude? Invalidity of the act, creation of rights and duties, and the duty to indemnify.
What is the concept of prescrição? It refers to the expiration of a legal right due to the passage of time.
What is the concept of direito potestativo? It is a right that does not create any duty of action for the other party in the legal relationship, as its
satisfaction depends solely on the holder exercising the right.
Question Answer
What is the pretensão in the context of direito
potestativo?
It is the power of the holder to demand compliance with the duty by the other party to repair the
damage.
How can ação be considered in the context of
direito potestativo?
It is the means to enforce the pretensão, consisting of the faculty to use state channels for collection
and coercion.
What is the exception in the context of direito
potestativo?
It is the power to prevent the exercise of someone else's subjective right, a form of defense that the
debtor can use to obstruct the pretensão of the holder of the subjective right.
What is the concept of Prescrição in law? Prescrição is the loss of the pretensão of a right due to the inaction of the holder within the time limit
provided by law.
What is the difference between prescrição
and decadência?
Prescrição is the loss of the pretensão of a right, while decadência applies to rights potestativos that
do not generate pretensões.
What is the concept of Prescrição extintiva? It is when the passage of time with the inaction of the holder of a right implies the loss of the
pretensão of the right.
What is the concept of Prescrição aquisitiva? It is when time leads to the acquisition of a right, for example, usucapião.
What is the concept of Imprescritibilidade in
law?
It generally applies to the prescription of patrimonial rights and not extrapatrimonial rights.
Quais são as situações excepcionais em que
a prescrição não recairá?
Principalmente quando envolver valores constitucionais muito sensíveis ou direitos patrimoniais
indisponíveis.
Quais direitos patrimoniais são
imprescritíveis?
Direitos que envolvam grave ofensa a direitos fundamentais, como o direito de indenização por
danos materiais e morais por atos de tortura ao longo do regime militar.
Quando a prescrição pode ser reconhecida
de ofício pelo juízo?
Em qualquer grau de jurisdição, pois é matéria de ordem pública.
O que acontece com o prazo da prescrição
previsto em lei?
Não pode ser negociado entre as partes.
Quem pode renunciar à prescrição se já
consumada?
A parte a quem a prescrição aproveita.
Quando nasce a prescrição de acordo com o
art. 189 do CC?
Com a violação do direito, que é o marco do nascimento da pretensão.
Qual é o termo inicial da prescrição de
acordo com o STJ?
A plena ciência, pelo credor, da violação do direito, exigindo a ciência da autoria e da exata
repercussão.
O que é a interrupção da prescrição? É 'zerar' a fluência do prazo, reiniciando-o do início, e só pode acontecer uma vez.
Qual a diferença entre suspensão e
impedimento no contexto da prescrição?
Impedimento sobresta o início da fluência do prazo, enquanto suspensão sobresta a fluência de
prazo já iniciado.
O que é o princípio contra non valentem
agere non currit praescriptio?
Contra quem não pode agir, não corre a prescrição.
Quais são os prazos prescricionais previstos
nos arts. 205 e 206 do CC?
10 anos (art. 205) e de 1 a 5 anos (art. 206).
Qual é o prazo prescricional para a repetição
de indébito?
10 anos, conforme entendimento da Corte Especial do STJ.
Qual é o prazo prescricional para a
responsabilidade civil contratual?
10 anos, conforme o art. 205 do CC.
Qual é o prazo prescricional para a
responsabilidade civil extracontratual?
3 anos, de acordo com o art. 206, § 3º, V, do CC.
Quando o terceiro não interessado paga
dívida de alimentos de outrem, qual é o prazo
prescricional para pedir o reembolso?
10 anos, pois não houve sub-rogação.
E se o pagamento da dívida de alimentos
tivesse sido feito por terceiro interessado,
qual seria o prazo prescricional?
2 anos, de acordo com a prescrição para dívidas de alimentos (art. 206, § 2o, CC).
O que é decadência no Direito Civil? A perda de um direito em razão da inércia do seu titular durante o prazo legal ou convencional.
Question Answer
Quais são os exemplos de casos que
envolvem a decadência no Direito Civil?
Casos de pretensões de anulação de negócio jurídico, de desfazimento de contrato por vícios
redibitórios, etc.
O que acontece com a decadência em
relação ao direito?
É inerente ao direito: nasce e morre com ele.
Quando o prazo decadencial se interrompe
ou suspende de acordo com o Código Civil?
O prazo se suspende enquanto o seu titular for absolutamente incapaz (arts. 207 e 208, CC).
Quais são as espécies de decadência no
Direito Civil?
1) Legal: não pode ser renunciada pelas partes e pode ser reconhecida de ofício pelo juiz. 2)
Convencional.
Qual é o prazo geral para decadência no
Direito Civil?
Em regra, o prazo para tanto é de dois anos, salvo disposição contrária (art. 179, CC).
A que prazo o art. 178 do CC sujeita os
vícios de consentimento e a fraude contra
credores?
Ao prazo decadencial de 4 anos.