geografia europeia 3AU

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21. The Enlightenment thinker Thomas Hobbes is best known for his work "Leviathan," in 
which he presents a particular view of human nature and governance. What is the central 
premise of Hobbes' philosophy, which argues that a strong central authority is necessary 
to prevent chaos and maintain social order? 
( ) The idea of the social contract 
( ) The concept of natural rights 
( ) The belief in the divine right of kings 
( x ) The necessity of absolute sovereignty 
( ) The promotion of civil disobedience 
 
22. The Atlantic Slave Trade played a significant role in shaping the economies and 
societies of both Africa and the Americas. Which route, known as the Middle Passage, 
specifically refers to the horrifying journey enslaved Africans endured while being 
transported to the Americas, highlighting the brutal realities of this trade? 
( ) The triangular trade 
( ) The Silk Road 
( x ) The Middle Passage 
( ) The Columbian Exchange 
( ) The Spice Trade 
 
23. The concept of "manifest destiny" was a prevalent belief in the 19th century that fueled 
American expansionism across North America. Which territory, acquired through the 
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, significantly increased the size of the United States 
and exemplified this ideology? 
( ) Alaska 
( ) Oregon 
( ) Florida 
( x ) The Mexican Cession 
( ) Hawaii 
 
24. The French Revolution led to the rise of radical political factions and ultimately the 
establishment of a republic. Who emerged as the leader of the Committee of Public 
Safety, overseeing the Reign of Terror and implementing policies that led to mass 
executions in the name of revolutionary justice? 
( ) Georges Danton 
( x ) Maximilien Robespierre 
( ) Louis XVI 
( ) Napoleon Bonaparte 
( ) Jean-Paul Marat 
 
25. The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries laid the groundwork for 
modern science and challenged traditional views of the universe. Which astronomer is 
known for proposing the heliocentric model of the solar system, which posited that the 
Earth revolves around the Sun, fundamentally changing the perception of the cosmos? 
( x ) Nicolaus Copernicus 
( ) Galileo Galilei 
( ) Johannes Kepler 
( ) Isaac Newton 
( ) Tycho Brahe 
 
26. The Great Depression, which began in 1929, was a global economic downturn that had 
devastating effects on economies worldwide. Which event is often cited as the catalyst for 
this economic crisis, characterized by a sudden and drastic collapse in stock prices in the 
United States? 
( x ) The Stock Market Crash of 1929 
( ) The Dust Bowl 
( ) The New Deal 
( ) The Bank Holiday 
( ) The Smoot-Hawley Tariff 
 
27. The concept of totalitarianism emerged in the early 20th century, characterized by 
centralized control and the suppression of dissent. Which leader is often associated with 
establishing a totalitarian regime in Italy, promoting fascism and expanding state power 
through propaganda and militarism? 
( x ) Benito Mussolini 
( ) Adolf Hitler 
( ) Joseph Stalin 
( ) Francisco Franco 
( ) Leon Trotsky 
 
28. The United Nations was established after World War II with the goal of promoting 
peace and cooperation among nations. Which document, adopted in 1948, outlines 
fundamental human rights and freedoms that are to be universally protected, serving as a 
milestone in international human rights advocacy? 
( ) The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 
( ) The Geneva Conventions 
( x ) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 
( ) The Charter of the United Nations 
( ) The Treaty of Versailles 
 
29. The rise of the Ottoman Empire was marked by significant territorial expansion and 
cultural achievements. Which event in 1453 is often regarded as the end of the Middle 
Ages, as it involved the conquest of Constantinople, leading to the establishment of the 
city as the empire's capital? 
( ) The Battle of Mohács 
( x ) The Fall of Constantinople 
( ) The Siege of Vienna 
( ) The Battle of Lepanto 
( ) The Treaty of Karlowitz 
 
30. The concept of social Darwinism emerged in the late 19th century, applying theories of 
evolution to human societies. Which individual is most closely associated with 
popularizing this ideology, using it to justify imperialism and racial superiority, often 
leading to discriminatory policies? 
( x ) Herbert Spencer 
( ) Charles Darwin 
( ) Karl Marx 
( ) Max Weber 
( ) Sigmund Freud 
 
31. The Roman Republic underwent significant political changes over its existence, 
culminating in the rise of autocratic rule. What was the name of the political alliance