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LITERATURA INGLESA I
Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Class content:
The Restoration” period - great practicality and common sense, and reason and rationality. 
satires both in prose and in poetry.. 
novel flourishes 
Early Romanticism.
 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
All literature is political. LeVar Burton quotes 
It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature.” Henry James 
Historical sense and poetic sense should not, in the end, be contradictory, for if poetry is the little myth we make, history is the big myth we live, and in our living, constantly remake. Robert Penn Warren 
“Books are humanity in print.” 
Barbara W. Tuchman
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
“Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides; and in this respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become.”  C.S. Lewis
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
What literature can teach us about history
Literature is history with a touch of magic hanging over it; the magic emitting from the resourcefulness of author, biographer, historian or story teller wielding the wand. Although fiction is interwoven with fact, both tells of events relative to a certain time frame and helps in cementing life styles, beliefs, political systems and mores of the period.
Literature teaches that life in other times and places resembles life as it is lived today. History is what has gone on before and literature maps the journey from then to now while reflecting on the mores and shenanigans of the times. Literature not only offers up history of the world beyond to readers, it spices it with delight, wonder, merriment and peppers it with tragedy and warnings of how not to repeat history.
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The Restoration of the monarchy began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The term Restoration may apply both to the actual event by which the monarchy was restored, and to the period immediately following the event. 
Charles I triple portrait - Anthony Van Dyke
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The Restoration of the English monarchy began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The term Restoration is used to describe both the actual event by which the monarchy was restored, and the period of several years afterwards in which a new political settlement was established. It is very often used to cover the whole reign of Charles II (1660-1685) and often the brief reign of his younger brother James II (1685-1688). In certain contexts it may be used to cover the whole period of the later Stuart monarchs as far as the death of Queen Anne and the accession of the Hanoverian George I in 1714; for example Restoration comedy typically encompasses works written as late as 1710. 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
On 4 April 1660, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, in which he made several promises in relation to the reclamation of the crown of England. The Convention Parliament was organized and met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I  on 30 January 1649. Charles returned from exile, leaving The Hague on 23 May and landing at Dover on 25 May. He entered London on 29 May, his birthday. To celebrate his Majesty's Return to his Parliament, 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as Oak Apple Day. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.Some contemporaries described the Restoration as "a divinely ordained miracle. The sudden and unexpected deliverance from usurpation and tyranny was interpreted as a restoration of the natural and divine order"
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
When Charles II became king in 1660, the sense of novelty in literature was tempered by a sense of suddenly participating in European literature in a way that England had not before. One of Charles's first moves was to reopen the theatres and to grantletters patent giving mandates for the theatre owners and managers. The Restoration is an unusual historical period, as its literature is bounded by a specific political event: the restoration of the Stuart monarchy. The king's presence and personality permeated literary society to such an extent that, almost uniquely, literature reflects the court. The adversaries of the restoration, the Puritans and democrats and republicans, similarly respond to the peculiarities of the king and the king's personality. The literary history of the Restoration has more validity than that of most literary epochs. 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The crown establishe the King's Company and opening the first patent theatre at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane; Sir William Davenant received the other, establishing the Duke of York's theatre company and opening his patent theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields.
Drama was public and a matter of royal concern, and therefore both theatres were charged with producing a certain number of old plays, and Davenant was charged with presenting material that would be morally uplifting. Additionally, the position of Poet Laureate was recreated, complete with payment by a barrel of "sack" (Spanish white wine), and the requirement for birthday odes.
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The Restoration was an age of poetry. Not only was poetry the most popular form of literature, but it was also the most significant form of literature, as poems affected political events and immediately reflected the times. It was, to its own people, an age dominated only by the king, and not by any single genius. Throughout the period, the lyric, ariel, historical, and epic poem was being developed. 
Prose in the Restoration period is dominated by Christian religious writing, but the Restoration also saw the beginnings of two genres that would dominate later periods: fiction and journalism. Religious writing often strayed into political and economic writing, just as political and economic writing implied or directly addressed religion. 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Fiction 
Although it is impossible to satisfactorily date the beginning of the novel in English, long fiction and fictional biographies began to distinguish themselves from other forms in England during the Restoration period. An existing tradition of Romance fiction in France and Spain was popular in England. Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso engendered prose narratives of love, peril, and revenge, and Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède's novels were quite popular during the Interregnum and beyond.
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Critcis argue that much of the literauture written in the Restoration Period is guided towards ridiculing the corruption and flaws of the English society of the time. Many writters such as Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift used satire to expose the moral corruption and crass commercialism of eighteenth-century England. This age thereby, was coined with name " The Age of Satire". " Satire is a sort of glass, wherin beholders do generally discover everybody's face
but their own" (Jonathan Swift). The Restoration period became famous for its trivial literature such as: Gulliver's Travels, The Rape of the Lock, and A Modest Proposal. 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The Restoration age is known for the great efflorescence of the spirit of satire which was to reign supreme for decades thereafter. In the hands of Dryden satire became for the first time a polished and highly effective weapon of offence, correction, and even self-expression. The spirit of satire did not manifest itself only in the satirical verse of Dryden. 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
ENLIGHTMENT
Thirty Years’ War. This horribly destructive war, which lasted from 1618 to 1648, compelled German writers to pen harsh criticisms regarding the ideas of nationalism and warfare. These authors, such as Hugo Grotius and John Comenius, were some of the first Enlightenment minds to go against tradition and propose better solutions.
At the same time, European thinkers’ interest in the tangible world developed into scientific study, while greater exploration of the world exposed Europe to other cultures and philosophies. 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, however, opened a path for independent thought, and the fields of mathematics, astronomy, physics, politics, economics, philosophy, and medicine were drastically updated and expanded. The amount of new knowledge that emerged was staggering. Just as important was the enthusiasm with which people approached the Enlightenment: intellectual salons popped up in France, philosophical discussions were held, and the increasingly literate population read books and passed them around feverishly. The Enlightenment and all of the new knowledge thus permeated nearly every facet of civilized 
life. 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The Enlightenment was a sprawling intellectual, philosophical, cultural, and social movement that spread through England, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe during the 1700s. Enabled by the Scientific Revolution, which had begun as early as 1500, the Enlightenment represented about as big of a departure as possible from the Middle Ages—the period in European history lasting from roughly the fifth century to the fifteenth.
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Thirty Years’ War - This horribly destructive war, which lasted from 1618 to 1648, compelled Germanwriters to pen harsh criticisms regarding the ideas of nationalism and warfare. These authors, such as Hugo Grotius and John Comenius, were some of the first Enlightenment minds to go against tradition and propose better solutions.
At the same time, European thinkers’ interest in the tangible world developed into scientific study, while greater exploration of the world exposed Europe to other cultures and philosophies. 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
ROMANTICISM
In reaction to the rather empirical philosophies of Voltaire and others, Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote The Social Contract (1762), a work championing a form of government based on small, direct democracy that directly reflects the will of the population. Later, at the end of his career, he would writeConfessions, a deeply personal reflection on his life. The unprecedented intimate perspective that Rousseau provided 
contributed to a burgeoning Romantic era that would be defined by an emphasis on emotion and instinct instead of reason.
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Romanti­cism was the greatest literary movement in the period between 1770-1840. It meant the shift of sensibility in art and literature and was based on interdependence of Man and Nature. It was a style in European art, liter­ature and music that emphasized the importance of feeling, emotion and imagination rather than reason or thought. Romanticism in literature was the reaction of the society not only to the French Revolution of 1789 but also to the Enlightenment connected with it. The common people didn't get what they had expected: neither freedom nor equality. The bourgeoisie was dis­appointed as well, because the capitalist way of devel­opment hadn't been prepared by the revolution yet. 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The most outstanding representative of the Early Romanticism in England was Robert Burns. Robert Burns was born on 25 January 1759 in Alloway, near Ayr. His father, William Burnes, was a hard-working small farmer who had come from the north-east of Scotland. William Burnes (Robert dropped the "e" from the spelling of the family name) took great trouble to give his children education, he had the traditional Scottish respect for education “...valuing knowledge, possessing some and open-minded for more" (wrote Thomas Carlyle, the influ­ential writer and historian born not far from Dumfries in 1795). Robert's mother was Agnes Brown, a farmer's daughter from South Ayrshire. Although his mother was uneducated, Robert Burns nevertheless inherited from her a great love for the rich tradition of Scottish balladry 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Romanticism - Characteristics
1. Imagination and emotion are more important than reason and formal rules; imagination is a gateway to transcendent experience and truth.
2. Along the same lines, intuition and a reliance on “natural” feelings as a guide to conduct are valued over controlled, rationality.
3. Romantic literature tends to emphasize a love of nature, a respect for primitivism, and a valuing of the common, "natural" man; Romantics idealize country life and believe that many of the ills of society are a result of urbanization.
a. Nature for the Romantics becomes a means for divine revelation 
b. It is also a metaphor for the creative process
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Romantics were interested in the Medieval past, the supernatural, the mystical, the “gothic,” and the exotic;
5. Romantics were attracted to rebellion and revolution, especially concerned with human rights, individualism, freedom from oppression;
6. There was emphasis on introspection, psychology, melancholy, and sadness. The art often dealt with death, transience and mankind’s feelings about these things. The artist was an extremely individualistic creator whose creative spirit was more important than strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures.
a. The Byronic hero.
b. Emphasis on the individual and subjectivity.
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
To a Mountain Daisy
Wee modest crimson-tipped flow`r
Thou's met me in a evil hour;
For I maun crush amang the stoure
Thy slender stem: 
To spare thee now is past my pow`r,
Thou bonnie gem.
Alas! it`s no thy neibor sweet,
 The bonnie lark, companion meet, 
Bending thee `mang the dewy weet
Wi` spreckl`d breast 
When upward springing, blythe to greet
The purpling east.
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Cauld blew the bitter-biting north 
Upon thy early humble birth; 
Yet cheerfully thou glinted forth
Amid the storm, 
Scarce rear`d above the parent-earth
Thy tender form.
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
 Standard English Translation
1. Small, modest, crimson-tipped flower, You have met me in an evil hour; For I must crush among the dust Your slender stem: To spare you now is past my power, You lovely gem. 2. Alas it is not your neighbour sweet, The bonny lark, companion
meet, Bending you among the dewy wet, With speckled breast! When upward springing, blithe, to greet The purpling east. 
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
3. Cold blew the bitter-biting north Upon your early, humble birth; Yet cheerfully you sparkled forth Amid the storm, Scarce reared above the parent-earth Your tender form.
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Tragic Fragment  All devil as I am-a damned wretch,  A hardened, stubborn, unrepenting villain,  Still my heart melts at human wretchedness;  And with sincere but unavailing sighs  I view the helpless children of distress:  With tears indignant I behold the oppressor  Rejoicing in the honest man's destruction,  Whose unsubmitting heart was all his crime. -  Ev'n you, ye hapless crew! I pity you;  Ye, whom the seeming good think sin to pity;  Ye poor, despised, abandoned vagabonds,  Whom Vice, as usual, has turn'd o'er to ruin.  Oh! but for friends and interposing Heaven,  
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
I had been driven forth like you forlorn,  The most detested, worthless wretch among you!  O injured God! Thy goodness has endow'd me  With talents passing most of my compeers,  Which I in just proportion have abused-  As far surpassing other common villains  As Thou in natural parts has given me more.  
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Lesson10: The Restoration and its writers
LITERATURA INGLESA I
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