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CARE104.01 Dog Anesthesia
 
The intent of this procedure is to describe commonly used methods to anesthetize 
dogs. This procedure is intended for use by CARE staff and investigators who 
anesthetize dogs. This procedure is approved by the Cornell Institutional Animal 
Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and the Cornell Center for Animal Resources and 
Education (CARE). Any exemption must be approved by the IACUC prior to its 
application. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
1. Introduction 
2. Materials 
3. Procedures 
4. Safety 
5. Contingencies 
6. References 
7. Appendices 
 Appendix 1 – Canine Tranquilizers, Sedatives, and Other Agents 
 Appendix 2 – Canine Injectable Anesthetics and Combinations 
Appendix 3 – Canine Inhalation Anesthetics 
Appendix 4 – Canine Neuromuscular Blocking Agents 
Appendix 5 – Example of anesthetic protocol for laparotomy (e.g., spay) 
Appendix 6 – Example of anesthetic protocol for dental prophylaxis 
 
 
1. Introduction 
 
a. Consider factors that can affect the choice of anesthetics. These include: 
i. Species, breed, age and relative size of the patient, health status and 
concurrent medication, demeanor/disposition of patient, and presence of 
pain or distress. 
ii. Length and type of operation or procedure to be performed. 
iii. Possible effect of the anesthesia on the scientific objectives of the study. 
iv. Special facilities and equipment required (e.g., volatile anesthetics). 
v. Personal knowledge, experience, preference and skill with available 
agents. 
b. Perform a pre-anesthetic evaluation of the dog 
i. Examine historical information, including the vendor health record, and 
clinical and experimental history. 
ii. Perform a thorough physical exam. 
iii. Consider medical profiling, including a CBC, serum chemistries, and 
parasitology screen, depending on the medical history, physical exam, 
age of the dog, and type of procedure to be performed. 
 
2. Materials 
 
Note: Check the expiration dates on all drugs, as drugs may not be used past 
that date, even for a non-survival procedure. 
 
a. Sedatives and tranquilizers – See Appendix 1 
Use in the period prior to anesthesia to facilitate handling, reduce anxiety, 
provide muscle relaxation, and to reduce the amount of anesthetic drugs 
needed to maintain an adequate plane of anesthesia. 
b. Analgesics – See Appendix 1. 
Administer analgesics in the preoperative period, before the painful stimuli. 
Common analgesics are opioids, NSAIDs, ketamine and local anesthetics. 
They are used in combination to provide optimal pain management. 
c. Anti-cholinergics – See Appendix 1 
Use to depress parasympathetic system for the purpose of improving intra-
operative heart rate and decrease pharyngeal secretions. The dose of 
atropine or glycopyrolate is calculated but administer only if heart rate is low 
(<90 bpm). Glycopyrolate is preferred in geriatric patients. 
 
Note: Anti-cholinergics may also be used as a preanesthetic agent to 
prevent abnormal heart rhythms and slowing of the heart rate. 
 
d. Injectable anesthetics – See Appendix 2 
The advantages are ease of administration, low cost, and lack of need for 
sophisticated equipment. The major disadvantage is that once the drug is 
given, it is in the body until it is metabolized or excreted. Use in the following 
circumstances: 
i. Sole agents administered by single injection to induce a short period of 
restraint. This allows minor, usually non-painful procedures, such as 
physical examination, collection of blood and body fluids, radiology and 
ultrasound examination, to be undertaken. 
ii. As sole agents administered by repeated injection or continuous infusion 
to induce a longer period of restraint. This facilitates longer procedures 
such as CAT, MRI or provides deep sedation or unconsciousness for 
intensive care patients. 
iii. To induce anesthesia prior to maintenance of anesthesia with inhalant 
anesthetics. This is the most common use of injectable anesthetic drugs 
as it provides a smooth, rapid induction of anesthesia and facilitates 
intubation. 
iv. In combination with other injectable drugs to induce and maintain a state 
of general anesthesia. Surgical anesthesia includes unconsciousness, 
muscle relaxation and analgesia and the combination is referred to as total 
intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). 
v. As a supplement to inhalant anesthesia. 
 
e. Inhalant anesthetics – See Appendix 3 
i. Inhalation anesthesia has the advantages of rapid induction and recovery. 
Depth of anesthesia can be rapidly changed. 
ii. Typically animals are initially anesthetized with an IV dose of injectable 
anesthetic (exs. an ultrashort acting barbiturate, OR propofol, OR 
ketamine/valium (See Apendix 2)), or administered the inhalation agent by 
mask or by use of an induction chamber. 
f. Neuromuscular blockers (NMB)/Paralytics – See Appendix 4 
 
Important: Carefully note the following prior to the use of NMBs: 
 
i. Neuromuscular blocking agents are used as an adjunct to general 
anesthesia when a level of muscle relaxation is required that cannot be 
achieved with anesthesia alone. 
ii. These agents do not render the animal unconscious; therefore they are 
able to perceive pain. Extreme care must be taken to ensure that a proper 
level of anesthesia and analgesia are achieved prior to administering a 
neuromuscular blocking agent. 
iii. Monitor parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure throughout the 
procedure to make sure that adequate anesthesia and analgesia are 
maintained. 
iv. It is essential that all animals receiving neuromuscular blocking agents be 
placed on a ventilator. 
 
3. Procedures 
 
a. Place an intravenous catheter to maintain venous access and administration 
of intravenous fluids. 
i. Apply EMLA cream covered with plastic wrap (e.g., Saran® wrap) over the 
previously clipped venipuncture site 30 minutes prior to placing the 
catheter. 
ii. For peripheral vein access, use the cephalic or saphenous veins. 
iii. If central vein access is required, place a jugular catheter. 
iv. Administer 0.9% saline or Lactated Ringer’s Solution at an average rate of 
10 mL/kg/hour. 
b. Give intramuscular injections carefully to avoid damage to nerves. 
i. Inject into the cranial thigh (quadriceps) or lumbar spinal epaxial muscles 
unless limited by local pathology or implants. 
ii. If injecting into the caudal thigh muscles, direct the needle posteriorly to 
avoid the sciatic nerve. 
c. Administer subcutaneous injections in the interscapular region, the lateral 
thoracic, and lumbar dorsal region. 
d. Use of inhalant anesthetics for induction and/or maintenance of anesthesia. 
i. Use a tight-fitting mask or induction chamber for inhalant induction of the 
patient. Do not use an induction chamber for animals exceeding 5 kg. 
ii. Following sedation by injectable anesthetics or inhalant agents, place an 
endotracheal tube to maintain a level plane of anesthesia. 
 
4. Safety 
 
a. Use only anesthetic machine with valid certificate (<12 months). 
b. Avoid vapors from volatile drugs such as anesthetics, by proper use of 
scavenging equipment. Refer to CARE SOP 712 Waste Anesthetic Gas 
Scavenging Systems. 
c. Attend Waste Anesthetic Gas (WAGS) training given by EH&S 
d. Monitor the use of chemical agents and assure that product safety 
recommendations are followed to protect the health and welfare of the 
humans and animals that are exposed to the agents. 
e. Store drugs that come under the control of the Drug Enforcement Agency 
(DEA) in a double-locked cabinet in a secure area. 
 
5. Contingencies 
 
a. Contact Cornell Environmental Health and Safety at www.ehs.cornell.edu or 
255-8200 for concerns regarding the use of chemical agents and monitoringof waste anesthetics gas. 
 Should this be in the safty section since it seems to be related to 
employee safety? 
b. Contact CARE at 253-4378. For emergencies contact the CARE paging 
service at 1-800-349-2456 or care@cornell.edu for concerns regarding the 
use of particular anesthetic regimes or additional training. 
 
6. References 
 
a. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals; Kohn, et al., Ed.; Academic 
Press: New York, 1997. 
b. Muir, et al. Handbook of Veterinary Anesthesia; Mosby: New York, 1995. 
c. The University of Michigan, ULAM website, “Canine Anesthesia Guidelines”. 
http://www.ulam.umich.edu/UCUCA/forms/UL716C~1.DOC (accessed Dec. 
2005). 
d. University of Virginia Health System website, “Anesthesia and Analgesia”. 
http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/ccm/Anesth/aneshome.cfm 
(accessed Dec. 2005). 
e. Plumb, D.C. Veterinary Drug Handbook; Iowa State Press: Ames, Iowa, 1995. 
f. Harvey, R.C., et al. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Dogs and Cats and Ferrets. 
In Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals (D.F. Kohn, S.K. Wixson, 
W.J. White, and G.J. Benson, eds.), pp. 257-273. Academic Press, San 
Diego, California, 1997. 
 
7. Appendicies 
 
Appendix 1 
Canine Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Analgesics, and Other Agents1 
Drug Dose/Route2 Duration of 
Effect 
Notes 
Acepromazine 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, 
SQ 
(maximum 3 mg total 
dose) 
4 hours Moderate sedation, no 
analgesia, use with 
caution in aged dogs 
Acepromazine/ 
Butorphanol 
0.02-0.22 mg/kg IV, IM, 
SQ needs clarification 
of dosing 
concentrations 
15–60 minutes Moderate to heavy 
analgesia and 
sedation 
Atropine 0.02–0.04 mg/kg IV, IM, 
SQ 
30–60 minutes Elevated heart rate 
may result 
Buprenorphine 0.01–0.02 mg/kg IM, IV 6–12 hours Moderate analgesia 
Hydromorphone 0.05-0.2 mg/kg IM, IV, 
SC 
2–4 hours Moderate to high 
analgesia High dose 
range can cause 
anxiety 
Carprofen 4 mg/kg PO, SC 24 hours Moderate analgesia 
Diazepam (Valium®) 0.2–0.4 mg/kg IV, IM 30–180 
minutes 
Sedative 
maximum 10 mg total 
dose 
Glycopyrrolate 0.01–0.02 mg/kg IM, 
SQ 
60–120 
minutes 
Elevated heart rate 
may result Try half 
dose first and monitor 
for 5-10 minutes and 
then administer to 
effect 
Midazolam (Versed®) 0.2–0.4 mg/kg IV, IM <2 hours Mild sedative 
Ketamine-Lidocaine 
infusion 
Lidocaine 0.1 mg/mL 
and 
Ketamine 0.06 mg/mL 
At infusion rate: 
10 mL/kg/hour 
 Diluted in LRS or 
0.9% NaCl 
Xylazine (Rompun®) 0.4–0.9 mg/kg IM, SQ 
0.1–0.5 mg/kg IV slowly 
30–60 minutes Sedative, analgesic - 
avoid in sick or 
debilitated animals- 
reverse with 
Yohimbine 
Yohimbine (Yobine®) 
 
Tramadol 
0.2 mg/kg IV, slowly 
 
1-4mg/kg PO, q 8-12hrs 
 Xylazine reversal 
agent 
Opioid, moderate 
analgesia, oral dosing 
only 
 
1 References: Plumb, 1995; Harvey, 1997 
2 IV = intravenous, IM = intramuscular, SQ= subcutaneous, PO = oral 
 
Appendix 2 
 
Canine Injectable Anesthetics and Combinations 
 
Anesthetic Dose and Route Duration of 
Effect 
Notes 
Medetomidine 
(Domitor®) 
0.01–0.08 mg/kg IV, IM Dose dependent Profound drop in 
heart rate; 
reversed with 
equal volume of 
Atipamezole 
Medetomidine + 
Butorphanol 
 
0.2 mg/kg butorphanol + 
equal volume of 
medetomidine in same 
syringe IV or IM 
(assumes 10 mg/mL 
butorphanol) 
IV 20 minutes 
IM longer 
sedation but less 
effect 
15–20 minute 
surgical plane of 
anesthesia. Can 
be reversed with 
atipamezole 
Pentobarbital 20–30 mg/kg IV 30–45 minutes Long acting 
Apnea may 
result, observe 
respiration 
following 
administration 
Thiopental 8–12 mg/kg IV 15 minutes Short acting 
Apnea may 
result, observe 
respiration 
following 
administration 
Ketamine + 
Diazepam (Valium®) 
3 mg/kg Ketamine + 
0.3 mg/kg Diazepam IV 
20 minutes May be mixed in 
same syringe, 
laryngeal reflexes 
preserved 
Ketamine + 
Midazolam 
10 mg/kg Ketamine + 
0.5 mg/kg Midazolam IV 
20 minutes May be mixed in 
same syringe, 
Laryngeal 
reflexes 
preserved 
Ketamine + 
Acepromazine 
2–4 mg/kg Ketamine IV + 
0.1 mg/kg Acepromazine 
IV, IM 
10 minutes Minor procedures 
Propofol 2–8 mg/kg IV induction 
(dose to effect) 
0.2–0.4 mg/kg/min IV 
infusion 
Until discontinued Apnea may 
result, observe 
respiration 
following 
administration 
Tiletamine + 
Zolazepam 
(Telazol®) 
6–12 mg/kg IM, SQ 20–30 minutes Good for 
fractious dogs, 
but rough 
recovery 
 
Appendix 3 
 
Canine Inhalation Anesthetics 
Drug Dose and Route Duration of 
Effect 
Notes 
Halothane 5% induction 
2%–3% maintenance 
 
Until discontinued 
Inhalant 
anesthetic 
Isoflurane 5% induction 
1%–3% maintenance 
 
Until discontinued 
Preferred 
Inhalant 
anesthetic 
Nitrous oxide 1:1 mixture of nitrous 
oxide to oxygen 
Until discontinued Use in 
conjunction with 
other inhalant 
anesthetics 
 
 
Appendix 4 
 
Canine Neuromuscular Blockers 
Drug Dose/Route Duration of 
Effect 
Notes 
Succinylcholine 0.22 mg/kg IV 1–10 minutes Little effect on 
heart rate and 
blood pressure 
Pancuronium 
bromide 
0.044 mg/kg IV 30–40 minutes Duration is dose 
dependant 
 
 
Appendix 5: Example of anesthetic protocol for laparotomy (e.g., spay). 
Preanesthetic 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
EMLA Cream Topically over venipuncutre 
site for 30 minutes 
Cover plastic wrap (e.g., 
Saran® wrap) over the 
venipuncture site 
Acepromazine 
Buprenorphine 
0.05–0.1 mg/kg IM 
0.02 mg/kg IM 
Mixed in same syringe 
Takes 30 minutes to reach 
maximum effect 
Carprofen 4 mg/kg SC 
 
Install IV catheter and administer fluids at 10 mL/kg/hour with: 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Ketamine-Lidocaine infusion Lidocaine 0.1 mg/mL and 
Ketamine 0.06 mg/mL 
At infusion rate: 
10 mL/kg/hour 
Diluted in LRS or 0.9% NaCl 
 
Induction 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Ketamine + 
Diazepam (Valium®) 
3 mg/kg Ketamine + 
0.3 mg/kg Diazepam IV 
 
 
Local anesthesia 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Bupivacaine 0.5% Local infiltration of incision 
site, ~0.5 mL/kg 
 
 
Maintenance 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Isoflurane 1.5%–4% inhalation Monitor closely at higher end 
of range. Caution: Continued 
4% inhalation can cause 
cardiovascular collapse. 
 
Post-op 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Buprenorphine 0.02 mg/kg IM q 6–12 hours 
Carprofen 4 mg/kg q 24 hours for 3–5 
days 
Can be divided in 2 doses of 
2 mg/kg q12h 
 
 
Appendix 6: Example of anesthetic protocol for dental prophylaxis (no 
extraction/pain expected). 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
EMLA Cream Topically over venipuncutre 
site for 30 minutes 
Cover plastic wrap (e.g., 
Saran® wrap) over the 
venipuncture site 
Acepromazine 
Buprenorphine 
0.05 mg/kg IM 
0.01 mg/kg IM 
Mixed in same syringe 
Takes 30 minutes to 
reach maximum effect 
 
Install IV catheter and administer fluids at 10 mL/kg/hour 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Propofol 2–8 mg/kg IV slowly to effect Apnea may result, 
observe respiration 
following administration 
 
Drug Dose/Route Notes 
Isoflurane 1.5%–4% inhalation Monitor closely at higher 
end of range. Caution: 
Continued 4% inhalation 
can cause 
cardiovascular collapse. 
 
1 IV = intravenous, IM = intramuscular, SQ= subcutaneous, PO = oral 
 
 
Written by/date : Effective date : Review date : Referee SOP : 
M. Martin 
January 5, 2006 
Jan. 2006 August 2008 Jonathan Spears CARE104.01 
 
	Preferred 
	Inhalant anesthetic
	Succinylcholine 
	EMLA Cream
	EMLA Cream