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LITERATURA INGLESA II
Lesson4: Romanticism in England – First impressions
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
Class content:
An overview of the causes and consequences of the Industrial Revolution 
The different cultural manifestations of Realism 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
With the decline of religious commissions and with the end of aristocratic patronage, the modern artist was left dependent upon the State and the new art public. In the past, it had been sufficient to define “art” as that which had been approved by a higher power, but in the nineteenth century, a new definition of art was required. Aesthetics, which provides the epistemology of art, or the ground of “art,” was a new aspect of philosophy that emerged coincidentally with the historical break in the old definition of art. 
ART, ARTISTS AND A NEW REALITY
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
Romanticism, which was a reaction against the Enlightenment, Realism is a reaction against Romanticism. Realistic writers rebelled against the emotional writing of the Romantics and started a movement in search of a more realistic portrait of life. 
The transition from one movement to another, however, started during the Romantic years and some authors who are considered to be Romantics already bore features of Realism in their works. Such is the case of Jane Austen, whose works we studied as Romantic pieces but who is also considered by many to be a Realistic writer due to the detailed descriptions of the society of her time. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
In 1897 Mark Twain was visiting London during the Diamond Jubilee celebrations honoring the sixtieth anniversary of Queen Victoria's coming to the throne. "British history is two thousand years old," Twain observed, "and yet in a good many ways the world has moved farther ahead since the Queen was born than it moved in all the rest of the two thousand put together." Twain's comment captures the sense of dizzying change that characterized the Victorian period. Perhaps most important was the shift from a way of life based on ownership of land to a modern urban economy based on trade and manufacturing. 
THE WORLD IN EFFERVESCENCE
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
By the beginning of the Victorian period, the Industrial Revolution, as this shift was called, had created profound economic and social changes, including a mass migration of workers to industrial towns, where they lived in new urban slums. But the changes arising out of the Industrial Revolution were just one subset of the radical changes taking place in mid- and late-nineteenth-century Britain — among others were the democratization resulting from extension of the franchise; challenges to religious faith, in part based on the advances of scientific knowledge, particularly of evolution; and changes in the role of women. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
THE VICTORIAN ERA
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
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THE BRITISH EMPIRE 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
In England, Realism coincided approximately with the "Victorian Era", a period ruled by Queen Victoria (1837-1901) and which meant the height of the British Empire and the Industrial Revolution. The United Kingdom expanded its borders into America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania and became the first economic and political world power of the time. Industrialization spread and the lower classes became more firmly established. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
During the second half of the nineteenth century, the paradigm in novel writing was no longer the Romantic idealism of the earlier part of the century but a new approach to character and subject matter, a school of thought which later came to be known as Realism. Realism is exactly what it sounds to be: the attention to detail and an effort to portray the true nature of reality in a way that novelists had never attempted before. It was believed that the function of the novels was simply to report what happened, without any comment or judgment. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
All of these issues, and the controversies attending them, informed Victorian literature. In part because of the expansion of newspapers and the periodical press, debate about political and social issues played an important role in the experience of the reading public. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
The British Industrial Revolution 
An Industrial Revolution is a fundamental economic change:
between 1770 and 1850 the economy of England changed from mostly agricultural to mostly industrial
this was the result not of one key invention but of technological progress in different fields coming together
its center is the development of factories (which hadn't really existed before this time), but they couldn't have developed without better transportation creating larger markets and better transportation couldn't have existed without the growth of the iron industry, which couldn't have grown without steam engines
society had a hard time adjusting to the new economic system
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
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The Industrial Revolution, which began in England, was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when the life of ordinary people was changed dramatically forever. It was a time of numerous inventions, so industry developed so fast that society could barely keep up.
Before the Industrial Revolution, life for most people in England was a farming and rural lifestyle. Communications and travel were limited. Manufacturing was done by natural means, such as windmills. Life was hard, and people worked hard to pay the rent and put food on the table. Education was not available for ordinary people.
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
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However, there were major developments and inventions in agriculture, manufacture and travel that eventually spread throughout Europe and North America.  Industry and manufacturing that was once all by hand could now be done by machine. It all started with the textile industry and spread to other products. Factories were built and steam powered machinery increased the manufacture. Enormous amounts of coal had to be burned to make enough steam to power the machines. Increased products meant that more goods needed to be transported, so canals were built, and roads and railways improved.
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
Towards the middle of the 19th century, steam-powered ships and railways meant progress got faster. Then later in the century, electricity and the development of the internal combustion engine increased the pace at which goods were manufactured and transported.Tema da Apresentação
Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
The effects of all this rapid change on society was enormous. More and more people left the land and went to towns and cities to work in factories. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
The growth of the towns couldn't keep up with the number of people pouring into them, and so housing was hard to get and people lived in slums in appalling circumstances. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
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Causes of the British Industrial Revolution:
expansion of trade, mercantile economic policy (see previous lecture)
decline of:feudalism--farmers were no longer bound to the land
 guild system--the guild for a particular trade could no longer control who set up a new business
 the system of customary prices--the market is more free, instead of the old system where changing the price because of a shortage was seen as profiteering
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
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Agricultural changes
enclosure =the abolishment of the old system of communal farming and its replacement with family farms.  Supposedly everyone had the same share of land as before, but the smallest farmers didn't have enough to survive as an independent farm and they went out of business and went looking for work. .
field crop rotation--wheat, turnips, barley, clover or alfalfa (made it possible to keep more livestock)
new scientific approaches to farming - average agricultural surplus per worker doubled from about 25% to about 50%
workers no longer needed in agriculture were available for industrial jobs
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
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ASPECTS TO CONSIDER
Transportation
Knowledge
Technology and Engineering
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
The debate about the benefits and evils of the Industrial Revolution, the debate about the nature and role of women, and the myriad issues that arose as British forces worked to expand their global influence. The debates on both industrialization and women's roles in society reflected profound social change: the formation of a new class of workers — men, women, and children — who had migrated to cities, in huge numbers, to take jobs in factories, and the growing demand for expanded liberties for women. The changes were related; the hardships that the Industrial Revolution and all its attendant social developments created put women into roles that challenged traditional ideas about women's nature. Moreover, the rate of change the Victorians experienced, caused to a large degree by advances in manufacturing, created new opportunities and challenges
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
In the debates about industrialism and about theWoman Question, voices came into print that had not been heard before. Not only did women writers play a major role in shaping the terms of the debate about the Woman Question, but also women from the working classes found opportunities to describe the conditions of their lives. Similarly, factory workers described their working and living conditions, in reports to parliamentary commissions The world of print became more inclusive and democratic. At the same time, novelists and even poets sought ways of representing these new voices. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
For Britain, the Victorian period witnessed a renewed interest in the empire’s overseas holdings. British opinions on the methods and justification of imperialist missions overseas varied, with some like author throwing into sharp relief the brutal tactics and cold calculations involved in these missions, while others  considered the British to be the “great governing race” with a moral obligation to expand its influence around the globe. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
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Social evolutionists supported the British dominion through their beliefs about the inherent developmental inferiority of the subject peoples, thus suggesting that Europeans had a greater capacity for ruling—a suggestion that many took as complete justification of British actions overseas. Regardless of dissenting voices, British expansion pushed forward at an unprecedented rate, ushering in a new era of cultural exchange that irreversibly altered the British worldview 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
The 19th century was characterized by sharp contradictions. In many ways it was an age of progress: railways and ships were built, great scientific discoveries were made, education became more widespread; but al the same time it was an age of profound social unrest, because there was too much poverty, too much injustice. The growth of scientific inventions mechanized industry and increased wealth, but this progress only enriched the few at the expense of the many. Dirty factories, long hours of work, child labour, exploitation, low wages, slums and frequent unemployment -these were the conditions of life for the workers in the growing industries of England, which became the richest country in the world towards the middle of the 19th century. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
By the thirties of the 19th century English capitalism had entered a new stage of development. England had become a classical capitalist country, a country of industrial capitalism. The Industrial Revolution gathered force as the 19th century progressed, and profound changes in hand-looms gave way, within a hundred years, to factory towns, railroads, and steamships. The population of Manchester, Birmingham and other industrial centres was growing rapidly as the number of factory workers increased, while the number of poor farmers decreased and many rural districts were depopulated. The basic social classes in England were no longer the peasants and the landlords but the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
Having won the victory over aristocracy, the bourgeoisie betrayed the interests of the working class. The workers fought for their rights. Their political demands were expressed in the People's Charier in 1833. The Chartis Movement was a revolutionary movement of the English workers, which lasted till 1848. The Chartists introduced their own literature, which was the first attempt to create a literature of the working class. The Chartist writers tried their hand at different genres. These writers used the novel as a means to protest against the evils in contemporary social and economic life and to picture the world in a realistic way. Their greatness also lies in their profound humanism. Their sympathy lies with the ordinary people. They believed in the good qualities of the human heart. 
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Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
The ideas of the Chartism attracted the attention of many progressive-minded people of that time. A lot of prominent writers became aware of the social injustices around them and tried to depict them in their works. Thus this period was mirrored in literature by the appearance of a new trend, the Critical Realism. The greatest novelists of the age are Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Charlotte Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell.Tema da Apresentação
Lesson 4:The Industrial Revolution: causes and consequences 
LITERATURA INGLESA II
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