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LITERATURA INGLESA II
Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
Tema da Apresentação
Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Class content:
The Brontë Sisters 
overview of the main features of Realism in the works of Charlotte and Emily Brontë.
•Realism in the works of Charles Dickens. .
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
“Big Brother is watching you.” 
George Orwell (1903-1950)
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
“Political language... is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind.”   
“If you want a vision of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face - forever.”
“One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes a revolution in order to establish a dictatorship.”   
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Eric Arthur Blair, better known as George Orwell, was born on 25th of June 1903. He was born in a British colony in India and was brought by his parents back to England when he was a year old. 
EDUCATION - He attended a small school in Henley before attending Eton, where it is recorded that some of his teachers thoroughly disliked him because he had little time for those in authority. The reports of his achievements at school vary: some say that he was a poor student, other disagree with this.
It was clear that Orwell would not be able to attend university due to the inability to pay the fees.
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Orwell joined the police in Burma, where he had family connections. In 1924 he was promoted. In 1927 he contracted Dengue fever: in light of this he was allowed to return to England. It was at this time that he resigned from the police force with the intention of focusing on writing. It was this time in Burma that provided the inspiration for Orwell’s first novel, Burmese Days,published in 1934.
Orwell took a job as a teacher in England, after living in Paris for a short time. It was a small school and allowed Orwell to focus on his writing. He was contributing on a regular basis to the magazine New Adelphi, where his essay "A Hanging" first appeared.
Orwell, after suffering with pneumonia, would take a part-time job working in a book shop in Hampstead.
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
When the Spanish Civil war began, Orwell volunteered to fight for the republicans against the uprising. He was injured after being shot in the neck by a sniper's bullet; following this he and his new wife, Eileen O’Shaughnessy, left Spain to return to England. 
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Eileen died in March of 1945 after having a hysterectomy. In the year following her death, Orwell wrote 130 articles and mixed journalism for numerous magazines and newspapers, as well as writing what would be his greatest work, 1984, published in 1949.
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Orwell became seriously ill around this time, suffering with tuberculosis. By Christmas Orwell was very weak and in January of 1950, aged 46, he died. In accordance with his wishes, Orwell was buried. He lies in All Saint’s Churchyard in Oxford, as it was impossible for him to be buried in London. 
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Orwell’s Style
He draws upon his experiences around the world and in various economic situations. Writing during a World War II bombing in London, he said, "As I write, highly civilized human beings are flying overhead, trying to kill me." Although his experience shaped him, he felt that there were four motives for writing: egoism, aesthetic enthusiasm, historical impulse, and finally political purpose. Of these writing impulses, the last of the motives seems the most important. His style is clear, with a simplicity and directness that is combined with underlying humor to create works of literary art. But, through his words, Orwell created an identity, a face to put to the writing voice — so democratic and aloof. He wanted to create new politics in writing, to bring political writing up to a new level and make it art.
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
In the book 1984 By George Orwell, Winston Smith, the protagonist, lives in a world where the government attempts to control the bodies and minds of the civilians. He and Julia, a woman he meets about mid-novel, together hold to the belief that the party can never take away their love towards each other, and hatred towards the omnipotent government. However, in the end, the two are proven wrong when they are captured, taken to the Ministry of Love, and physically and mentally tortured. The party succeeds in molding their minds and, after Winston comes back to his dull life, he professes his love towards Big Brother and betrays Julia by ceasing to love her. Many readers of Orwell's novel are angered by this ending
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
because it shows them how easily they can let the government manipulate and control their minds which undermines their ability to think for themselves. However, this point is necessary to the work because it is the final contribution to Orwell's message of the dangers of a totalitarianism authority.  
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
In George Orwell’s 1984, Winston Smith, a member of the Outer Party from Oceania (a fictional state representing both England and America), lives in all visible ways as a good party member, in complete conformance with the wishes of Big Brother-the leader of the Inner Party (Ingsoc). He keeps his loathing for the workings of the Party-for the vile food and drink, the terrible housing, the conversion of children into spies, the orchestrated histrionics of the Two Minutes’ Hate-deep inside, hidden, for he knows that such feelings are an offense punishable by death, or worse. But, as the year 1984 begins, he has decided, against his better judgment, to keep a diary in which his true feelings are laid bare. He sits back in
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
an alcove in his dingy apartment, just out of view of the telescreen (two-way television screens that are in all buildings and homes, which broadcast propaganda and transmit back the activities of anyone passing in front of the screen) and writes of his hatred for Big Brother.
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
1984 – MAJOR THEMES
The Power of Big Brother 
Freedom and Enslavement/Free Will 
Appearances and Reality 
Loyalty and Betrayal 
Utopia and Anti-Utopia 
Patriotism/Nationalism 
Information Control/Censorship 
Personal Rebellion/Surveillance 
The Degradation of Language 
The Triumph of Drudgery 
Futurology 
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
 ANIMAL FARM
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The story takes place on a farm somewhere in England. The story is told by an all-knowing narrator in the third person. The action of this novel starts when the oldest pig on the farm, Old Major, calls all animals to a secret meeting. He tells them about his dream of a revolution against the cruel Mr Jones. Three days later Major dies, but the speech gives the more intelligent animals a newoutlook on life. The pigs, who are considered the most intelligent animals, instruct the other ones. During the period of preparation two pigs distinguish themselves, Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon is big, and although he isn't a good speaker, he can assert himself. Snowball is a better speaker, he has a lot of ideas and he is very vivid. Together with another pig called Squealer, who is a very good speaker, they work out the theory of "Animalism". The rebellion starts some
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
months later, when Mr Jones comes home drunk one night and forgets to feed the animals. They break out of the barns and run to the house, where the food is stored. When Mr Jones sees this he takes out his shotgun, but it is too late for him; all the animals fall over him and drive him off the farm. The animals destroy all whips, nose rings, reins, and all other instruments that have been used to suppress them. The same day the animals celebrate their victory with an extra ration of food. The pigs make up the seven commandments, and they write them above the door of the big barn.
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
ANIMALS` LIBERATING RULES:
All animals are equal.
No animal shall wear clothes.
No animal shall sleep in a bed.
No animal shall drink alcohol.
No animal shall kill another animal.
Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend.
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Animal Farm is an allegorical and dystopian novel by George Orwell, published in England on 17 August 1945. According to Orwell, the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalin era in the Soviet Union. Orwell, a democratic socialist, was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, especially after his experiences with the NKVD and the Spanish Civil War.The Soviet Union, he believed, had become a brutal dictatorship, built upon a cult of personality and enforced by a reign of terror. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin "une conte satirique contre Stalin“, and in his essay "Why I Write" (1946), he wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he had tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, "to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole". 
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
ALLEGORY: a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. The difference between an allegory and a symbol is that an allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point across, while a symbol is a representation of an idea or concept that can have a different meaning throughout a literary work
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
DISTOPYA:  is a community or society, usually fictional, that is in some important way undesirable or frightening. It is the opposite of a utopia. Such societies appear in many works of fiction, particularly in stories set in a speculative future. Dystopias are often characterized by dehumanization,totalitarian governments,  environmental disaster, or other characteristics associated with a cataclysmic decline in society. 
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
ANIMAL FARM – MAJOR THEMES
The Soviet Union under Stalinism
The Inevitability of Totalitarianism
Intelligence and Education as Tools of Oppression
Propaganda and Duplicity
Violence and Terror as Means of Control
Exploitation and the Need for Human Rights
Apathy and Acceptance
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Lesson 8 - Post-War literature: George Orwell
LITERATURA INGLESA I
THE END
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