Liberman Prince 1977

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On Stress and Linguistic Rhythm (1977)
Mark Liberman and Alan Prince
0 Prospectus
In this essay a new theory of stress and linguistic rhythm will he elaborated, based
on the proposals of Liherman (j975),I It viIl he argued that certain features of prosodic
systems like that of English, in particular the phenomenon of “stress subordination,”
are not to he refi.rred primarily to the properties of individual segments (or syllables),
hut rather reflect a hierarchical rhythmic structuring that organizes the s Ilahies, words,
and syntactic phrases of a sentence. The character of this structuring. properly under
stood. will give fresh insight into phenomena that have been apprehended in terms
of the phonological cycle, the stress—subordination convention, the theory of disjunctive
ordering, and the use of crucial variables in phonological rules.
Our theory vill employ two basic ideas about the representation of traditional prosodic
concepts: first, we represent the notion re/a/ne prnnlnenee in terms of a relation defined
on constituent structure; and second, we represent certain aspects of the notion linguistic
rhythm in terms of the alignment of linguistic material with a “metrical grid.”
The perceived “stressing” of an utterance, we think, reflects the combined influence
of a constituent—structure pattern and its grid alignment. This pattern—grid combina
tion is reminiscent of the traditional picture of verse scansion, so that the theory as a
whole deserves the name “metrical,” We will also use the expression “metrical theory”
as a convenient term fir that portion of the theory which deals with the assignment of
relative prominence in terms of a relation defined on constituent structure.
Section 1 not rcpr. hcrej will apply the metrical theory of stress—pattern assignment to
the system of English phrasal stress, arguing this theory’s value in rationalizing otherwise
arbitrar\ characteristics ot stress features and stress rules. Section 2 not all repr. here
w ll extend this Ireatniem to the dom,un of Enalish word stress, aduptinL a somew hat
traditional \ icu of the assianmunt of the feature a-stress I, but u\plalning the generation
of w ordle ci patterns of stress in terms of the metrical rheor\ developed to treat the
duman. Section 3 not repr. here will mtroduce the concept of aljenment with
a eiern a! rnI ftindamentaJi a forn,alitari in of the traditional idea if stress—timine”
We ill arauc hit this e )ncept is cuntral 1 a at isfactorv icci )unt f the so—cilled rh\ I hn
rule, and ilo ices a realistic picture of relari\ e stress at the vilbie le ci
OJ A note on the data
For the most part, this article will advance its case in ternis of a wanalvs is of oh.l observa
tions, ra.ther than a 1.1 urish of new ones. •1.The body ..f descriptive data we. propose to
a’
On Stress and Linguistic Rhythm 393
reinici piet has betn common (diffrrcnces of detail aside) to the linguistic tiadition that
includes the inentan structurahsts as well as (Jeneratise Phonologi; it includes the
distribution of stressed and unstressed s1lahles in English ‘words, the location of main
‘i’ord stres’, the differential treatment of le’iical and suprale’iical constituents, the lire
wration of rclatie prominence undet embedding, and so forth.
er thc ears, saint fundamental charactei istics of this description ha’u. been called
into question on one basis or another. For eamplc, it has been proposed (most notabl)
h Bolinicer) that it is incorrect to etcnd the notton trecc be ond the ‘word Ic’ ci,
catiffli.? rre being nierel) a matter of pitch—accent placement. ‘l’his same point of
hold’ that ‘aord stress itself is no more than a guide to the ‘word—lc cl location of those
(phrasal) pitch acccnts that the speaker chooses to impose.
lthough it is not our purpose here to argue the point, ‘we feel that the strueturalists
(and their gencrati’e heirs) ‘were closcr to the truth. English is a stress language, not a
tone or pitch—accent language; English stress patterns, ‘within and among ‘words. ha’.e
rhonetic realit) as rh)thmic patterns entirel) independent of their role in orchestrating
the placcment of intonation contours.
This much should not be difficult to establish eperinienta1ly. One promising line of
inqur) relies on the fact that it is possible to mimic an arbitrar) English utterance ‘while
substituting reiteration of a single 5) Ilable (e.g. ma) 6w each 5) lIable of the original.
Such “reiterant speech” shows stable durational patterns, which depend on the stress
pattern and constituent structure of the utterance, just as durational patterns in natural
spccch do. It has been sho’wn that listeners are able to extract stress and constituent
structure infbrmation from reiterant speech, and that (under the conditions of the cited
espenment) duration is the dominant ue in both cases.
In perception e’iperiments, the use of reiterant speech guarantees that stress-pattern
perceptions cannot be deriu.d from the hearer’s knowledge of the ‘woids ,nohed.
control of F,. possible h using anal) sis rcs) nthesis technique’c, can be used to separate
tut the role of “pitch accent” (a role that is perhaps less central to stress—pattern per—
ccption than is generall) believed). In anal) sis of production data, the reiterant speech
technique pennits the stud) of prosodic influences on duration (as well as amplitude.
etc) in an en ironment free from segmental influences.
In both production and perception, it is not hard to sho’w the ca slesi:e of tress pat—
ten’s in Fnglish a a descriptie categor) independent of intonation contour. It remains
to be seen ‘whcthcr the particulars of traditional descriptions of stress, or for that matter
our i einah sis of them, ill pros ide m adequate framc’work for phonetic. rcse arch in this
in a We fed, in an ca’.. that both phonologist’ md phonetici ins stand ti Ic ito i seat
ck. ml trq mi ‘haS lit., flijfl to rind out I .
.
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lii ..i hit dl t r•’— saibo’ din aflon is as charactci istic ot ‘word’ a’, it Is it ;,hr hiS toil
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si hlsthat iloi oir’dshlc II is’ it ii I phnscsl’lc I ‘.
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3 9 4 M a r k L i b e r m a n a n d A l a n P n n c e
I n t e r m s o f t h e t h e o r b e i n g e p h r e d h e r e , t h i s c a n o n I m e a n t h a t w o r d s h a ’ e
a n i n t e r n a l m e t r i c a l s t r u c t u r e i n w h i c h s I l a b l e s a n d g r o u p s o f s I l a b l e s a r e w e i g h e d
a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r . F o r w o r d s , a s f o r p h r a s e s , t h e p a t t e r n o f s u b o r d i n a t i o n s i s k n o w n t o
b e e s s e n t i a l l i l a w f u l , a n d w e m u s t e x p e c t t o f i n d a r u l e t o d i s t r i b u t e n o d e l a b e l s b e l o w
t h e p h r a . s a l I n t l . j u s t a s w e t b u n d a m e t r i c a l t e n i o n o f t h e N S R ( ? s u c l e a r S t r e s s R u l e )
a n d C S R ( C o m p o u n d S t r e s s R u l e ) .
I l o w e v e r , i n d e a l i n g w i t h w o r d s , a s o p p o s e d t o p h r a s e s , w e c a n n o t a p p e a l t o a s > n t a x
o f s B a b I e s t h a t w o u l d d e s i g n t h e t r e e s f i r u s , i n d e p e n d e n t o f p r o s o d i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .
W e m u s t t h e r e f o r e d i s c o t a t h e r e l e v a n t p r i n c i p l e s o f c o n ’ t r u c t i o n .
2 . 1 W o r d t r e e s
C o n s i d e r f i r s t t h e s i m p l e s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h a s t r e s s e d s l I a b l e i s w e i g h e d a g a i n s t
u n s t r e s s e d s > H a b l e s . f t a c c o r d s q u i t e d i r e c t l ) w i t h t h e i n t u i t i o n b e h i n d m e t r i c a l c o m
p a r i s o n t o r e g ar d t h e s t r e s s e d s i l a b l e a s s i r ’ m g . i t s u n s t r e s s e d c o m p e e r s a s w e a k . T h i s ,
t a k e n w i t h t h e r e s t r i c t i o n t o b i n a r b r a n c h i n g . d i c t a t e s t r e e s h a p e a n d l a b e l i n g f o r
w o r d s l i k e l a b o r , c a p r i c e , P a m e l a :
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l a b o r c a p r i c e s w w
— + I l l
p a m e l a
I h e ( e - , ) m a r k ’ i n d i c a t e t h e s a l u e o f t h e s c g m e n t a l f e a t u r e I ± s r r e s s l f u r t h e o w c l s
t h e 5 a r e w r i t t e n u n d e r . l t h o u g h i n t h e e a m p I e s c i t e d £ d o m i n a t e s o n l y ( t ) a n d i v o n l y
( - ) , t h i s p e r f e c t c o r r e l a t i o n c a n n o t b e m a i n t a i n e d i n g e n e r a l , s i n c e a I + s t r c s s l t o w e l m a )
w e l l b e m e t r i c a l l ) w e a k , a s w o r d s l i k e g j m n a t , r a c e o ta n s h o w .
( 1 6 ) ( a ) I b )
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i d . % h O % i t ’ , t l f h t s w , . o s n t i c , i g r n l e s , s i t h ‘ i l l i J s i g I ’ q
On Stress and Linguistic Rhythm 395
jl) (a) (I’)
‘I 5 ‘I
Iflodt%t balloon
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\Ietncalh. ‘no.kst and cjinn is!, balloon .ini] (dccOoii, tan only be identic it bet nice
the members of tach pair hai e identical pattcrns of relatiz e prominence. I.umpk.s like
thee shos that the familiar segmental (or syllabic) distinction marked in the feature
Itt1tssI must be maintained iiiithin metrical theori.
%e hspothesia’e, then, that the conelation betv.een (sn) and ft+,—) stressi is gisen in
the folloiing iinplicatiow
(18) Ifa ‘miel isc, then it is li-stressi.
By contraposition, (18) tells us that if a oicl is 1—stressi, it must be a’. Piinciple (18)
ill be regarded as a ‘ciell-formedness condition on metrical structures, functioning to
disalha the output configuration (l9)
(I’))
I %Ires.%
Piindple (IS) ma’ he pariphraed by saiing that only a %tre’bscd syllable may be the
qrnf element of a metrital Unit.
Ob’cr e that tin condition (18) th V% onl ‘inc parsing fur Pc,mcls, eliminating the
logKaIly po%%Ihle 2Oh. c):
(20) (a) .i (h) (c)
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i t 1 p o s s i b l e t h a t s u c h m u l t i p l i c i t 3 c o u l d f i s t a n d f u n c t i o n . i e s u b m i t t h a t o n l 3 ( 2 1 a )
i s c o r r e c t , a n d t h a t E n g l i s h m e t r i c a l s t r u c t u r e i s w e l l - d e f i n e d , i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e f o l 1 o ’ -
i n g d c s c r i p t i o n :
( 2 2 ) ( a ) E ’ s e r s e q u e n c e o f s ’ s l l a b h . s + , + — — , + — - - — , e t c . f o r m s a m e t r i c a l t r e e .
B e c a u s e o f t h e c o n d i t i o n l i m i t i n g I c t r e s s j t o ‘ t e a k p o s i t i o n s . a n d b e c a u s e
o f t h e b i ’ s a l e n t ( b i n a r y - b r a n t h i n g ) c h a r a c t e r o f m e t r i c a l t r e e s , t h e s t r u c t u r e
a n d l a b e l i n g o f t h e s e q u e n c e s i s u n i q u e l ) d e t e r m i n t d . i e h a t e , n e c i s s a t i l ’ s ,
l e f t - b r a n c h i n g t r e e s , l o o k i n g l i k e t h i s :
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s / I \A / 4 ,
f t i t L ’ t
( h ) T h e s l 1 a h l c — d o n i i n a t r n a t r e e s o f p r o v i . i o n ( a ) a r e o r g a n i i e d i n t o a r i g h t —
h i a n t h i n g t r c e ‘ u s h o s e r o o t i s a s s o c i a t e d ‘ s ’ i u h t h c . ‘ s n t a t t t c n o d e i m m c d i a t t l
d o m i n a t i n g t h e c n t i r e w t r d . [ h e a r r a n w e r n e n t i l l h i n t l i k e t h i c :
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h t n , . , t t i q m o n q b L s l i t o n s i c l i I
(1n S t r e s s a n d L i n g u i s t i c R h y t h m 3 9 7
l m p o % i n g t h L e p a t t c r n % o n . n h i a d e t h l c s i n L a ’ e n o f ( 2 1 a ) . ( I , a f l t a d a I ) : s i m i l a r
i t s u i t s i r e # t i a n n t t e d f o r t h e p a r s i n g o f l i m i t a :
j 2 i j i i ) t h )
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. ‘ t r a i g h t f o n a r d m e t h o d o f d e ’ . c i o p i n g t h e p a t t e r n s d e c r i b e d i n ( 2 2 a . h ) i s t o s t a r ta t t h e t n d o f t h e w o r d a n d w o r k i e f t w a r d . s t o p p i n g a t c a c h ( i - s t r e s s t o b u i l d u p a
m u c h o f t h e t r e e a s p o s s i b l e I n a w o r d l i k e r c n m , I i a t s e ’ n . f o r c i a m p l e , t h i f i r s t s t o p i s i t
- i t — . a n d a t r o c h a i c f o o t i s e i e r r e d .
( 2 4 )
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t h e n e x t s t o p i s — n i — . a n d h c i e i g i i n a t r o t h e , w i l l b e c a l l e d f o r b u t f u r t h e r a r b ’ n i . . ’ a t i o n
1 % d o p o s s i h i e . a n d t h e t w o t r o t h c e s “ i l l h e p l i n e d i n t o a h i g h e r — i n t l u n i t
( 2 5 ) A
i 1
5 ” 5 I ’
• c t • t n t i h a t i o n
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3 9 8 M a r k L i b e r m a n a n d A l a n P n n c e
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r e c o n c i l i a t i o n
t 1 - - t -
O b s e n e t h a t m a w o r d l i k e e i e t a t e , t h e f i r s t s t o p a t t h e s t r e s s e d s l i a b l e — t a t e — ‘ U ln o t r e s u l t i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f m e t r i c a l s t r u c t u r e ; t h e n e t s t o p w i l l a r b o r i e e t h e ( f . - )s e q u e n c e c i t e - a n d j o i n i t t o t h e r e m a i n i n g - U t ? , g e n e r a t i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e ( 2 7 ) :
( 2 7 )
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2 . 7 R e m a r k o n t h e c y c l e
‘ [ h e r e h a s t r i k i n g d i f f e r e n c e i n k i n d b e t w e e n t h e e i i d c n c e f o r t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l q c l ew i t h i n w o r d s m d t h c e ’ i d e n c e f o r t h e c 3 c l i d t y o f p h r a a i s t r e s s r u l e s . T h e m o t i e a n dt h e t u e f o r t h e p h r a . s a l c } c l e h a s b e e n t h e f a c t t h a t , i n l a n g u a g e s l i k e E n g l i s h . p a t t c n i s o fr e l a t i t e p r o m i n c n c e a r e l a r g e l y d e t c r m i n e d h ! s n t a c t i c c o n s t i t u e n t s t r u c t u r c a n d . ‘ r cq u i t e g e n e r a l l ) p r e s e n e d u n d e r c m b e d d i n g . 1 i t h i n w o r d s , h o w c i e r , s u c h m o n a t i o nf r o m t i n , c h a t i c i e r o f p r o r n i n e n e c p h e n o m e n a i s e n t i r e l y l a c k i n g \ l o r p h o l o g t , t h e
. a n a l e r , c u e i f s t i t a ’ • t i l l s f a r % h o l t o f p r o ’ t i l i n g ‘ i c o n s t i t u e n t $ r u c t u r e o f s t i l a b l e s t h a t i si l t q u i t t o : n c r n i i L i l d i n g O n t h e o n e h a n d . m a n 5 l N ) l n l l a h l e s a r c m o n o m o r p h c m i c
t . . 1 i t s i n i . g s u . I n ) . s o t h a t i n o r p i w l o w t I a s n o t h i n g t o s a i a b o u t s k i t ; n t c r n a l o r . , a n i i an o n , i n s l i t t i t h e r h a n d . w h c n m o r p h o l o , n d o t s p n n i d e s t r u t t u r e . i t i s t p i t a l l s I r a l e t . i n it , r n c t r i t a l u o u p i n g C o n s i d e r . 1 , r t s a m p l e , t h c w o r d ‘ s n f t c ‘ a c c n u n i : m o r p h o l o 2t t d ln i i t . i t i s j c o m I ‘ i t i o n I . t i h a l e p h o n i i . e i m n % t s a t h c p r i i t ’ p d • n r n i h c a n d i . i1 ‘ i c n e p e n j j ‘ u ’ n ’ h ! t h e i t o p u s r n q : % s l s a n ! i p a n l I tI n a t u m o r . m i r p h o i n v u a l t m a . h e d d i n g f ’ c c h d i s r u p t s t I n . p a t t e r n o f r e l a t i t p a oi k e . I n ‘ a ‘ • i . m h i i — t I I i h h . p n 1’ ; n u n , S ( i i L i t h e . t h y I ; i n s a a ,
, .t h e • h , . v , • n s ! q a . a . e 1 , . 1 i ? ’ I i i t h t S t t ‘ o p i o m m n c n t . m e • i i t i ! l t i L i ! t . ‘ d
O n S t r e s s a n d U n g u i s t i c R h y t h m 3 9 9
a n d t h e w e a k e s t s l l a b k . o f t h e i n n e r c o n s t i t u e n t ( — p e n — ) b e c o m e s t h e s t r o n g e s t s 3 l i a b l e
o f t h e e n t i r e w o r d . T h e p r o s o d i c c o n s t i t u e n t s t r u c t u r e ‘ s a d e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g l ) , c h a n g i n g
h o r n w o r d t o w o r d , r e g a r d k s s o f t h c c o n s t a n t s o f m o r p h o l o g i c a l r e l a t e d n e s s .
( h 3 )
“ 1
‘ I ‘ I / S
I . t
‘ S 4 ” \ I /
s s / s w
• 1 ” 7 ’ / “ 1 ’ ,
W W S % S ‘ s ‘ s S W S U
I I ’ I ’ I ‘ i( a ) I c o m p c n s a t e I ( b ) 1 1 c n n p e n s a t I i o n I ( c ) ( j c o m p e n s a t5 b r ) , j
‘ t h e p r i m a r y e s i d e n c e 1 1 w t h e s u b w o r d c ) c l e c o m e s f r o m t h e p e r s i s t e n c e o f t h e
s e g m e n t a l m a r k I + s t r e s s j , u n m o o r e d f r o m a n ) s ) n t a g m a t i c r e l a t i o n s i t m a ) e n t e r i n t o
C o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g a r r a y o f f a c t s :
( 8 4 ) ( a ) B a s e f l ’ p e I ( b ) E m k d d e d ( c ) T ) ’ p e I I ( d ) E m b e d d e d
a d ’ s a n t a g e a d ’ a n t a g e o u s c o m p c n s a t e c o m p e n s a t i o n
i m p r e g n a t e i m p r e g n a t i o n d e s i g n a t e d e s i g n a t i o n
i n f e s t i n f e s t a t i o n o r c h e s t r a t e o r c h e s t r a t i o n
s u b j e c t i ’ s e s u b j e c t i ’ s i t ) a n e c d o t e a n c c d o t a l
a b n o r m a l a b n o r m a h t ’ s d e m o n s t r a t e d e m o n s t r a t i o n
i n d e n t i n d e n t a t i o n c o n c e n t r a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n
r e p o r t t e p o r t o r i a l r e c o g n i z e r e c o g n i t i o n
T h e i n t e r e s t i n g a c t i o n t a k e s p l a c e i n t h e s e c o n d 5 5 H a b i t . I n c o l u m n ( M b ) , t h e
s e c o n d — s l I a b l e ‘ s o w e l s a r e a l l n o n r e d u c e d 1 a , r , ‘ I ; i n c o l u m n ( 8 4 d ) , w h i c h c o n t a i n s
w o r d s o f s i m i l a r m a k e - u p , i n t e r m s o f s e g m e n t s a n d p r o m i n e n c e , t h e a n a l o g o u s ‘ s o w e l s
a r e u n i l l u m l r e d u c e d , t h e 3 a r e s c h w a ( w i t h p e r h a p s s o m e e n ’ s i r o n m e n t a l c o l o r a t i o n ) .
S h e t h e r t h e v o w e l r e d u c e s o r n o t i n t h e c o r n p l e w o r d c o r r e l a t e s p e r f e c t l w i t h i t s
s t a t u s i n t h e b a s e f i r m s l i s t e d i n c o l u m n s ( 8 4 a ) a n d ( M c ) . I f i t i s u n s t r e s s e d i n t h e b a s e ,
a s i n c o l u m n ( 8 * ) , i t i s u n s t r c s s c d w h t n c m b e d d c d ; i f s t r t . s s e d a s i n ( 8 4 a ) , i t s h o w s s t r c s s
n h c n e m b e d d e d , a n d c h A s n o t , t h e r c f o r e , a d m i t o f r c d u c t i o n t o s c h ’ s i . ( “ % ‘ i t i c c , t o o , a
t k . i r h p c r c c p n h i e r h t h m i c d i f f e r t n c e b e t w e e n t h e o I d % o f c o l u m n s i M b ; a n d O s - I d ; .
a c o n s e q u e n c e , p r c s u n i a b b , o f t h c i r d i f k r c n t ( - r ) s t r c . s s p a t t e t n s . )
l ’ h i s k i n d o f p h o n o l o s , u a l d e p c n d e n c ’ s b c t w e e n c o m p l e x w o r d s a n d t h e s i m p h . t
“ ( I s t h c c o n t a i n s s i c l c s p r e a d i n t h e l n i i ’ o n o f E n g l i s h m d g c n e r a l l ’ s q u i t e r e g u l a r
J “ P ’ m a u i n ’ t i l ; : n g I \ p e I I i ’ . r r d ’ , i s , ‘ c ’ b e l i e ’ s e , u n k n . t ’ s ’ s n ; t h e r e u a p p i r c n tt’
n o u t I l i t m u s i t t h c h ’ p t h u u l l o i n . ’ i i t — t n u l i s l a m n i o n g I ‘ s p e I n
1 c H a i n i m o u n t o f L i n t p . c u c d i c . d u t t o n i s f o u n d , b i t t i t a j p e a r s t o l i e w i t h i n a p l i o r n t i
L i l t U l i f l q i j i l t j1 d ’ , I I ! a ’ I l . p ’ c ’ ; i t . t l ’ s t ’ a . . k • i c . , i l , s j ’ s ‘ s , n ; c i ’ , e m , . i % f l l . i l l ’ s I o l t i i ’ t , , t I i
I i n u t I u t % ‘ s i l u n ’ n o t a i t s , • ‘s ‘ i . h n t l n . ’ s s h o u l d b e i t u p i ’ t • s i n k s i l t
O O M a r k L i b r m a n a n d A l a n P n n c e
t i n d s u c h e x a m p k a s o m i n u l a 1 ) ( e ’ ) l n ! n ! n ) , e o n s / L i / u r n ( o n ’ i / i ) . t r a m / n u n / i o n ( t J n , i s / a m ) ,
a n d , o p t i o n a I l , 3 L l i t i m u t a / i t y ( S t f l / u i / i l i / i l l ) . “ 5 i t h t t t h e r e a r e n o n r e d u c e d i n s t a n c e s o f
a l l t h e s e I s i l l t n / i e n l i t i o n . u n j / m a t l u f l , t o i / m u o n . P e r t e c t i x r e g u l a r , t h o u g h u n s t r e s s e d ,
i s t h e s c t o i i d s \ l i a b l e o f o n h i l a n i l t m ? i : a s n o t e d a h o e , t h e o w c i I r o f e o n / u r m i a i w a s
r e s s l e s s w h e n m e t r i c a l l w e a k i n m e d i a l p o s i t i o n . I n t i c t , i / f s x i l a b i c l i q u i d s i r i d n a s a l s
( i n i i / r ) a r c s t r c s s k ’ s s w h e n m c d i a l l w e a k , a n d w e c a n c o n c l u d e t h a t i i h a t i s u n u s u a l a b o u t
w o r d s l i k e l i i n . / i ’ u i n n t u t i n i s t h e c o a l e s c e n c e o f ’ t h e i o w c i w i t h t h e s o n o r a n t / r / : a f t e r t h a t ,
t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t i n e . i — c o l o r e d o w e l ( o r s \ l i a b i c ) i s c o m p l c t e l n o r m a l .
s e c o n d , i e r s i m i l a r t i P C o f t r a n s l e x i c a l r c d u n d a n c m i o h e s t h e l o c a t i o n o f
( s e c o n d a r I s t r e s s e s i n l o n i r , m o r p h o l o g i c a l l c o m p l e x w o r d s ( : m i s i d e r t h e f l l o w i n g
e \ a m p l e s
( S ) ( a ) r e c i p r o c a l ( h ) r e c i p r O c a l i t ( c ) I ’ a t ã m ã g O u c h i
c o r p o r e a l c o r p o r e a l i t \ l s s r n i q u o d d
a r t i f i c i a l a r t i f i c L i l i t c a t m ã r i i n
o r i g i n a l o r i g i n a h i t h e t ë r O d n e
m u n i c i p a l m u n i c i p a I i t \ \ i n n ë p ë s a u k e e
r e l i g i o u s r e l 1 g i t s i t \ K a l a m a z o o
i o h i i m i n o u s i o l u m i n o s i t x a n t h r o p O m o r p h i c
‘ l ’ h u m a r k e d \ o w e l s o f c o l u m n ( 8 5 a ) a r e a l l s h o r t u n d e r l i l l L u l \ ( f u r t h e l a s t , c t . ‘ ‘ / ñ m e ) .
a n d t h e \ a r e s t r e s s e d h t h e o r d m n a r o p e r a t i o n o f t h e E S R ( h n g l i s h S t r e s s R u l e )
I ’ h e i n t e r e s t i n g c o n t i a s t i s b e t w e e n ( 8 5 h ) a n d ( 8 k ) ‘ a o r d s i n ( 8 k ) h a x e a s e c o n d s t r e s s
a s f i r b a c k f r o m t h e i r e n d m o s t s t r e s s a s i s p o s s i b l e : t h e i i o r d s i n ( X 5 b ) . w h i h h a ’ c a
s i l i a b l e s t r u c t u r e i d e n t i c a l i n t h e r c l e i a n t r e s p e c t s t o t h a t o f t h e w o r d s i n ( c ) . s h o w a
‘ . e e o n d s t r e s s t h a t f a l l s o n e s l i a b l e s h o r t o f i t s g r e a t e s t p o s s i b i l i t i e s ( e . g . i i g i i , a / u t i ’ )
T h i s s h o r t f a l l m e a n s t h a t t h e d e r i i e d w o r d w i l l h a i e a s t r e s s i u s t w h e r e i t s b a s e h a s
4 n e , \ s w i t h t h e r e d u c t i o n c a s e s , w e r t r u l a r k t n d a s t r es s e d s l i a b l e i i h e r e w e c o u l d a s
e a s i l y O n d a s t r e s s l e s s o n e i f t h e r u l e s o p e r a t e d f r e e l y o r r a n d o m I
I ’ i r a c l i g m s l i k e t h e s e s h o w c o n c l u s i s c i t h a t t h e ( ± ) s t r e s s p a t t e r n o f a c o m p l e x w o r d
d e p e n d s o n t h e ( ± ) s t r e s s p a t t e r n t h a t i t s m o r p h o l o g i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s a s s u m e i n i s o l a t i o n .
1 ‘ h e m o s t e l e g a n t a n d r e s t r i c t i i e d c i i c e p r o p o s e d t o r e p r e s e n t t h i s k i n d o f p e n a s i \ c
“ t r ’ r n s d e r i v a t i o n a l ” r e l a t i o n s h i p , a n d t h e o n e w e s h a l l a c c e p t , i s t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l c d c ,
m e a n s o f i t . a s p e c t s o f t h e d e r m i a t i o n o f s u h c o n s t i t u e n t s b e c o m e . l i t e r a l h , p a r t o f
i h e d e n ’ a n o n o f t h e w h o l e I n S P T a n d I l a l l e m d k e i s e r ( 1 ) 7 1 ) . t h e m a r k e d s t r e s s e s
t n s u c h i i o r d s a s i t / i l l a l i o n , o n ç i n a h u / ) ’ n e c e s s i t a t e d c i d i e a p p l i c a t i o n i n a d O e c t ,
s c ’ n \ a t m o n ’ t I ” i i i i : f o r i t i t h o u t i t , n o s t r e s s i o u l d h e p l a c e d o n t h o s e s i i l a b i c s h i
p d r u l e s i s t e m , i t d i f 1 ’ r I n ‘ i n f u r s i i n o t h a i t a n i t u r a t e n s i n s s o h
h h c o n i c s 0f t h i s s o r t d t p e n d o n k m i i a t o m s o f t h f O l l o w j p t 1 0 1 r n
i \ o n i u e ’4u i u c I ) c i , u / m n I
0 1 i g i n5 a l t n
I m i s t ( i d c S t r e s s
S r c 1 ( t e I c , S t r e s s
I l i e d ( \ c i e . S t i e s s
( htu r R ’ i l e
( ) p u t
On Stress and Linguistic Rhythm 401
I ndt i thc prcscnt anal3 vs, of tout se, no such sit aightfoni ird irgument for thc
Ic, based on the inert present e (it I -stressi. is a’ tilable. The iterati’te rule ;e ha’te
postul tad md has e ban .. .ueful to iilu4ratc its operation at es er sIcp ss ith non—
uanpte nords ha.. titi. capacit) to pIact trcss appropriateh in rr1 ii alum. s’r,,fl,,/,lI.
itt. We nccd simpis mark such ords for ‘tieak retraction. ‘flu do so. hossestr, siould lx.
to ihandon thi. gcneriliiation that uch stress positioning correlates i’tith morphological
composition 1 sin hit could be irgued that is eak retraction is the “unmarked” mode
11w omples scords, and therefore need oni) be stipulated once for the entire class, the
u gument from lost 4encrahf.auon still has Lotte; with a C) etc to transmit to the whole
word the fbatures that its parts earn on their own, the fact that sufihes like —a!. —‘sin.
—re. -asfc, tie induce iscak rctr talon ii hen stressed folhiss s dire. LI) from the fact chat
thc ESR treats them quite normail) ii hen thes end a constituent no lcical ‘tipulation
Is requircd, gc.netal or specific, to guide the stressing of such sutihes and the words
the) bttonji to.
To acu,mn”odate this generalization within (1W anats sis, sic must slightis modif; the
ESR mud our conception of its effects. rhc ESR takes on thc fotlocung shape:
(“7) !SR gCelie iersion)
s —+frstrcssj/ C,( i (cj)( i (1)(V\) ,I[ —long ] V long),
stress j
Conditions c — 1, ‘s. t I
[he rule has ken hanged to measure from the end of a constituent rather than
from the cnd of a wind; md the term a has ban further restticted so that it can
cml’. cc ‘ri espond to sti e’%sle’i. s’ Ilables [his “ill present it from skipping os yr the
c.t lit ails assigntd striss of ninulaj’ n Iuiouly. etc finn I; must, how ci is, on our
.u “unt. he .uliIe to inab c a stressed s liable, in order to corrtctl’. den; e wils like
• dIffl)’
What of the metE teat constituent structure entailed I,; the ESR? I he first thing we
d tu mined about n orphologuc-il embedding was that it fails to prescri C ni Ltis e pro—
minence rclation’. and thence) the pros ‘dii structureS that represent those rclaitops.
ns tru.s cnicted hi d.c I SR on a tick klmi thc ssord lesd simpl’. do not ntluciice
f ‘a this prawes’.in.i I hc sb n’ ‘t. appatcnth. —ur is e the passaae hi the tint ‘.tIc. iL
‘i cd, ti crc,f’;t ‘, to .ntcnd “ci thcoi . of tiet. building isith i .1 tuse th it iv .ar s ‘.i hat
“tight j t ,tlttLl ut 101’. ‘t,itft iii it tilt’ i’t t,i.i.iii. I It I, ,fl, h ‘.• ie
g’sS) Iiü’t •.:‘‘
13 to c ml’pi’.li mi atitc on its I’ ci. se ill piosod, sur tc.tuuc in tie dom flit of
tI.it • ‘I,.
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404 M.i’ I’ tibetman ‘nd Alan Prince
k t n i at i l n , dicrr I’, thu’s brought into ton%lttnti u h t’dic. .ipphc.anon of ruin
IlL i k 1 SR i\iitt that the IXties’dng Ride (7(I) jnot iepr. here) remain’ nord-leeI.)
llecau..r the ‘%uhoid cvde i. not defined on m©n hallt rtleant brat ketinct the wa the
phr bat t i. Ic i . tin, present theor doe, not iIlunnute the struct Ut c—dependent e of
) str s rult. in former thtorics, this is a spcual propert) that dots n it foil ns
from indtpt ndcnt anumptions about tin. nature of tin. grammar.
cii tacliun, then, and our undcrstanding of thi. uboreal consequcnccs of appl)mg
strcss i print ipic. is rcquired to idjudicate imong tin. conflicting tructurd claims of
a n iu VL’iciic ap hcations of thc. TSR, ic offcr (h8) lkfore’sation, it hich rules in fat or
of the tat C) Ac on hich the rule operates, the ant. that encompasses the i hole ii aid.
Further in idence is if course needed to establish (*4j a’. the correct interprttation of the
phenomenon, in the late of the man) imapinable technital and conteptual alternati es It
is interesting to note that the nther uell4nmi n mode of phonological organfration. group
ing of segments into 5) llal,le. ala thang..s under morphological embedding: compare
the second s% liable of ci plain iiith that at c’ phi va ‘ton; if stress rules are cnsit e to
s3llabh. structure ler se, as suggestcd aboe, then thete must be dc- (and rca) sillabifict—
don at cach c’ tIc, just as thet e is ic- and re—forest anon. Principle (8k), then, M hich ma
b. the mu ical ic.ficction of a mort embr acing thcor3 of ccJic reorganinnon, allosas us
to prcscnt a usion of the F SR (87), that can pla a I n role in ri.prcsenting the sistcm
of ‘ti ansleie’al’ i tgul intic s 1) pificd b) the data disc used in this section I I
Notes
Ut. ‘suit l:ke to iSint 3 13. (,rrnba. l utile. S 3. kntr. R. P c. kipar%Lt. I) I. \aani.
F. I) S. Ilirk n i l R Via ir.tueI t,r mu h .iuahk di’.. .n’.w’n ot the m ‘tel tat’ prncnteil in ‘hi’, utrir
I pc. i1 tin, the t pn p ‘.il’.. or id a samilu in ‘.p’rit. r • i’s hi. found in Fthu J )t’ tfl’.en
R did 1%-I 19’’ ‘lhis rtin’u iork ‘ill bc dist cd it the ‘nil of scuior 3( lot tpr bcsel
2 ( I I ’ rnami’dStrc ziCO
I Pi \ib Pill ii I Sdaf d. lv”
Refet e’i..es
1. ‘ tt’ fl”a fl, I 1 )4s f fl’ t,.int1 •‘fl t•i” fl I. I t.fl ‘f ‘.t.’ i ‘.,in:al tit it’ t’. hi
£ p t • it.Ii ii’ .. .
. c ‘iL — mt ii :u. r ’t -: ii c ..; . t •‘m”a Rt’i.’n’. I •‘ i
• ‘.t
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t• j n \ i I, I ø•j’’.’ti, pun ‘,hi ‘. i l i i i ‘‘is .%lli
I ‘ I. ‘a
I i i t ‘ t i l l ‘a I. I i ‘.ti P ’ ilL inl’’,iud In
c’ i P ’ Ii i ’ I I ’ • t r . ‘ ‘ ‘ s i n I ) i o I’ll
i i I nil i t 114,9 I I’ 4 1 %‘t Ii I i’ c t i
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