Aula 04 Lingua Inglesa Estrutura Basica

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INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Aula 4- O sintagma verbal
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
In this class, you will be able to:
- Understand the structure of a verbal phrase with examples;
- Point the the core of a verb phrase (verb);
- Explain the difference between a simple verb phrase and a complex verb phrase;·  
- Internalize the concept of lexical verb and auxiliary through exercises and examples. 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Last classes:
The importance of being a techaer;
Morphology X Syntax;
Last class we dedicated our time and efforts in order to understand and become familiar with specific syntactic structures. One of the explored syntactic structures was the VERB PHRASE. Let us talk about it once more and, once and for all, get the grip of this content and information.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Clause or phrase?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cn7XakkWiwA
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Clause X Phrase
A clause has a subject and a verb (predicate):
The beautiful woman has reached her goal.
A phrase is a group of words related to a head:
The beautiful woman
Has reached her goal
Her goal
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Defining a Phrase – structure and head. 
When we look at nouns and pronouns, we said that a pronoun can sometimes replace a noun in a sentence: 
 
Politicians should follow a strict code of ethics. => They should follow a strict code of ethics.
 
Here it is certainly true that the pronoun they replaces the noun politicians. But consider: 
 
The Politicians should follow a strict code of ethics. => They should follow a strict code of ethics.
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Children like the taste of melting chocolate. 
=> Children like it.
In this case, the pronoun it replaces not just a noun but a five-word noun phrase, the taste of melting chocolate. So instead of saying that pronouns can replace nouns, it is more accurate to say that they can replace noun phrases. 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
We refer to the central element in a phrase as the HEAD of the phrase. In the noun phrase the children, the Head is children. In the noun phrase the title of your book, the Head is title. 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Phrases consist minimally of a Head. This means that in a one-word phrase like [children - Children like the taste of melting chocolate.], the Head is children. In longer phrases, a string of elements may appear before the Head:
 
The endangered animal in the wild should be protected by international laws.
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Just as a noun functions as the Head of a noun phrase, a verb functions as the Head of a verb phrase, and an adjective functions as the Head of an adjective phrase, and so on. We recognize five phrase types in all: 
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
A language structure tree
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
What now?
One interesting thing to keep in mind when we study languages in general is that they are pretty much self explanatory. It means that when studying similar subjects, a paradigmatic relation may be established and conclusions can be derived from a comparative analysis involving the established relationship. Thus being, what is said about adverbial or noun phrases, for example, in a general spectrum can be applied to verb phrases structure.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
In a VERB PHRASE (VP), the Head is always a verb. The pre-Head string, if any, will be a `negative' word such as not [1] or never [2], or an adverb phrase [3]:
[1] [VP not know the information] [2] [VP never know the information] [3] Paul [VP passively surrendered]
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Many verb Heads must be followed by a post-Head string:
My son [VP made a cake] (compare: *My son made) 
We [VP keep pigeons] (compare: *We keep) 
I [VP recommend the fish] (compare: *I recommend)
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
These are known as INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
However, most verbs in English can be both transitive and intransitive, so it is perhaps more accurate to refer to transitive and intransitive uses of a verb. The following examples show the two uses of the same verb:
 
Intransitive: David smokes.  Transitive: David smokes cigars.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
TIME and TENSE
The verb phrase (vp) is also responsible to indicate time and tense.
It is important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it to talk about time.
For example, a present tense does not always refer to present time:
I hope it  rains  tomorrow. "rains" is present simple, but it refers here to future time (tomorrow)
Or a past tense does not always refer to past time:
 
If I had some money now, I could buy it. "had" is past simple but it refers here to present time (now)
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Tense, to conclude, can be the defined as the forms a verb takes by inflection or by adding auxiliary words, so as to indicate the time of the action or event signified; which verbs undergo the modification for the Indication of time. Consequently, time can be understood as points specifically located in the timeline.
Ex.: Past – simple, continuous, perfect etc.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Simple and complex verb phrase
Take a look at the examples below:
 
Friends respect each other.
Felines hunt at night.
The government announced new fiscal adjustment measures yesterday.
Shut up!
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Simple verb phrases consist of only one verb, which may be imperative, present, or past.
On the other hand, we often find other different structures:
 
John has finally found the love of her life.
Customers may withdraw their purchases on the counter.
Children must be respected as if they were adults. 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Analyzing each one of them we notice that there is more than one verb in their structure. They are examples of COMPLEX VERB PHRASES which consist in the occurrence of more than one verb in a phrase structure.
In a complex verb phrase we find verbs that are actually responsible for the ongoing action while other complement their meaning indicating tense or mood. These are called auxiliary verbs, and when inserted in the structure of phrases and sentences follow a strict order.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
There is a name for each one of them:
Modal, followed by an auxiliary: You must follow the orders!
Perfect (auxiliary have), followed by the participle form: She has finished her duties.
Progressive (the auxiliary be), followed by an –ing form: The detectives are interrogating a suspect.
Passive (the auxiliary be), followed by an –ed form: Brazil was discovered in 1500.
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
So, one can conclude that:
As a result of the foregoing discussion, it can be said that there are lexical verbs and auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary
verbs always precede main verbs within a verb phrase. Auxiliaries are also known as helping verbs. They contrast with lexical verbs, also known as main verbs since they are responsible for the meaning in a verb phrase.
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Clause or phrase?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cn7XakkWiwA
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 4-O sintagma Verbal
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Next class…
In the next class we will foccus on the noun phrases, its structure and peculiarities continuing our studies
Tema da Apresentação