Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquimica

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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
1 
 
Água 
1) Desenhe e explique porque a água é uma molécula polar. 
 
 
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2) Desenhe e explique como são formadas as pontes de hidrogênio entre moléculas de 
água. 
 
 
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4) Quais são as principais interações intermoleculares? Diferencie. 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
2 
 
5) Esquematize e diferencie ligações iônicas e colvalentes? 
 
 
 
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6) O que é um detergente e como ele funciona? 
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7) Qual é o “nosso” detergente, o qual atua na emulsificação das gorduras? Onde é 
produzido, onde é armazenado e onde atua? 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
3 
 
Fontes energéticas 
1) Esquematize a teoria da endossimbiose? 
 
 
 
 
2) Calcule o valor calórico contido numa refeição que conste 60g de proteína, 20g de 
gorduras e 500g de carboidratos. 
Cálculo: 
 
Valor Calórico: __________ 
3) Sabendo que a necessidade diária calórico – protéica de um homem adulto é 70g de 
proteína e 2400kcal, como poderia ser distribuída a sua dieta, sabendo – se ainda que 
deve conter no máximo 30g de gorduras? 
Cálculo: 
 
Valor Calórico: __________ 
4) Calcule o conteúdo calórico de um litro de leite, sabendo que contém 48g de 
carboidratos, 31g de proteína e 32g de gorduras. 
Cálculo: 
 
Valor Calórico: __________ 
5) Qual o valor calórico de um biscoito que contém 1,9g de açúcar, gordura total 3,2g, 
gordura saturada 0,8g, sódio 124mg, fibra alimentar 1,4g. 
Cálculo: 
 
Valor Calórico: __________ 
Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
4 
 
6) Diferencie anabolizantes e suplemento alimentar. 
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7) Liste a composição das bebidas energéticas. E descreva, em poucas palavras, a 
função de cada nutriente. 
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8) Qual a diferença entre fibras solúveis e insolúveis 
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9. Mostre a equação química balanceada da fotossíntese e da oxidação de carboidratos 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
5 
 
 
Carboidratos 
1) O que são carboidratos? Exemplifique. 
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2) Cite algumas funções dos carboidratos. 
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3) Por que o organismo armazena carboidratos em pequenas quantidades? 
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4) Na dieta qual a % de calorias, ingeridas por dia, é recomendado provenientes dos 
carboidratos? 
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5) Como os animais e vegetais armazenam energia através dos carboidratos? 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
6 
 
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6) Como os carboidratos podem ser classificados. Apresente algumas características de 
cada categoria. 
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7) Como os oligossacarídeos ou polissacarídeos são unidos, esquematize essa ligação? 
 
 
 
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8) Por que o amido é digerido pelo organismo humano e a celulose não? 
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9) Quais as principais semelhanças e diferenças entre o amido e o glicogênio? 
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10) Porque a glicose é a hexose mais importante? 
Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
7 
 
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11) Quais são os 3 dissacarídeos e os 3 polissacarídeos de importância do ponto de 
vista nutricional? Em que alimentos podem ser encontrados? 
 
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12) Explique resumidamente como ocorre a digestão dos carboidratos. O que ocorre 
com os monossacarídeos formados? 
 
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13) Quando a glicose entra na corrente sanguínea é rapidamente enviada para as 
células onde pode ser metabolizada de 3 formas, cite-as. 
 
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15) Qual a relação entre aveia e o colesterol? 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
8 
 
 
16) Qual a relação entre as fibras insolúveis e o câncer de cólon de intestino? 
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17) Desenhe um milho de pipoca, indique suas partes e qual a composição de cada 
parte. E explique como este milho de pipoca estoura? 
 
 
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18) O que é Intolerância a lactose? Descreva seus sinais e sintomas. Como é feito o 
diagnóstico e o seu tratamento. 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
9 
 
 
 
Lipídios 
1) Cite quatro características que os lipídeos, de uma forma geral, apresentam. 
 
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2)Desenhe a estrutura orgânica de: ácido graxo, glicerol, monoaciglicerol, diaciglicerol 
e triaciglicerol. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3) Aponte seis funções dos lipídeos no organismo humano e escolha 3 para explicar. 
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4) Como os ácidos graxos podem ser classificados em função do número de carbonos e 
do grau de saturação? 
 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
10 
 
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5) O que são ácidos graxos essenciais? Quais são os principais? Em que alimentos são 
encontrados? Qual a importância destes para o organismo? 
 
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6) O que são gorduras trans? Por que são consideradas maléficas para á saúde? 
 
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7) Por que os triacilgliceróis são importantes biologicamente? Como são constituídos 
quimicamente? 
 
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8) Como e onde os lipídeos são armazenados e transportados? 
 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
11 
 
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9) O que é colesterol? Quais as suas principais funções? Onde é produzido? E, quando 
em excesso, o que pode ocasionar? 
 
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10) Diferencie VLDL, LDL, HDL e Quilomicrons. Desenhe esquemas para cada uma 
delas. 
 
 
 
 
 
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11) Por que armazenamos mais energia em forma de lipídeo do que em forma de 
carboidrato? O que aconteceria se tivéssemos apenas o glicogênio como reserva? 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
12 
 
 
 
Aminoácidos 
1) O que são aminoácidos e como são constituídos quimicamente? Desenhe a sua 
estrutura básica. 
 
 
 
 
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2) Diferencie aminoácidos essenciais dos não-essenciais. Cite exemplos. 
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3) Como os aminoácidos são unidos? Essa ligação é covalente? Esquematize a formação 
de um dipeptídeo. 
 
 
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4) Diferencie dipeptídeo, tripepídeo, polipeptídeos e proteínas. 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
13 
 
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5) O que é ponto isoelétrico de um aa? 
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6) Os aminoácidos são armazenados no organismo humano? Justifique 
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7) O que é Anemia Falciforme? Descreva seus sinais e sintomas. Como é feito o 
diagnóstico e o seu tratamento. 
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8) O que é Fenilcetonúria? Descreva seus sinais e sintomas. Como é feito o diagnóstico 
e o seu tratamento. 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
14 
 
 
Proteínas 
 
1) Defina o que são proteínas? Como são compostas quimicamente? 
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2) Aponte as três categorias e subcategorias em que as proteínas podem ser 
classificadas, em forma de organograma. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3) Cite cinco funções que as proteínas podem desempenhar exemplificando cada uma 
delas. 
 
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4) O que é a estrutura primária de uma proteína? 
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____________________________________________________________________________5) Explique as principais diferenças entre as estruturas (1º, 2º, 3º e 4º) que formam as 
proteínas. 
 
Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
15 
 
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6) Analise a seguinte frase: "Toda a enzima é uma proteína, mas nem toda proteína é 
uma enzima". Você concorda com ela? Explique. 
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7) O que são pontes dissulfeto? Explique e demostre-as. 
 
 
 
 
 
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8) Em que consiste a desnaturação protéica? Cite 5 substâncias que atuam como agentes 
desnaturantes. Aponte um ponto positivo e um negativo da desnaturação, relacionada 
com a área da saúde. 
 
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9) O que significa dizer que a proteína é de alta qualidade? 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
16 
 
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10) Quais são os três métodos utilizados para a determinação de proteínas. 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
17 
 
 
 
Enzimas 
 
1) Defina o que são enzimas. Diferencie-as em cinco pontos dos catalisadores não 
biológicos. 
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2) Explique o que é sítio ativo de uma enzima. 
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3)Desenhe e explique o gráfico de uma reação química sem e com a presença de uma 
enzima. 
 
 
 
 
 
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4) Como as enzimas podem ser classificadas? Cite as 6 classes. 
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5) Como é verificada a atividade enzimática? 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
18 
 
 
 
 
6) Explique resumidamente os seis fatores que influenciam na velocidade das reações 
que envolvem enzimas. 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
19 
 
 
Vitaminas 
1) Vitamina K (Naftoquinona) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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2) Vitamina A (Retinol) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
20 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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3) Vitamina D (Calciferol) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
21 
 
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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4) Vitamina E (Tocoferol) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
22 
 
 
 
 
5) Vitamina C (Ácido ascórbico) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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6) Vitamina B1 (Tiamina) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
23 
 
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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7) Vitamina B2 (Riboflavina) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
24 
 
Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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8) Vitamina B5 (Ácido Pantotênico) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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9) Vitamina B6 (Piridoxina) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
25 
 
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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10) Vitamina B9 (Ácido Fólico) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
26 
 
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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11) Vitamina B12 (Cobalamina) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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12) Vitamina B8 (Biotina) 
 
Estrutura: 
 
 
 
 
Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
27 
 
 
 
Função:________________________________________________________________
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Fontes:________________________________________________________________
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Hipovitaminose:_________________________________________________________
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Hipervitaminose:________________________________________________________
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
28 
 
 
Glicólise, gliconeogênese, 
glicogenólise. 
1) Onde ocorre a glicólise? 
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2) Em que ponto da glicólise ocorre a “duplicação” das reações subseqüentes? 
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3) Quantas moléculas de ATP são formadas e consumidas na glicólise? 
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4) Quais são as duas partes principais da glicólise? 
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5) Quantas reações formam a via da glicólise? 
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6) Quais enzimas são o ponto de controle da glicólise? 
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7) Qual é o papel da insulina e do glucagon no metabolismo da glicose? 
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8) Defina gliconeogênese, glicogênese e glicogenólise. 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
29 
 
9) O que é o glicogênio? 
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10) Qual é a molécula base para síntese do glicogênio? 
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11) Qual proteína está envolvida na iniciação de uma nova cadeia de glicogênio? 
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12) Quais tipos de ligações glicosídicas estão presentes no glicogênio? 
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13) Qual as funções da glicólise? 
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14) Em que tipos de células e organismos a glicólise ocorre? Em que local da célula? 
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15) Quais são os produtos da glicólise? 
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16) Mostre as reações de transformação de piruvato em etanol? 
 
 
 
 
 
17) Mostre as reações de transformação de lactato a partir do piruvato? 
 
 
Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
30 
 
 
18) Esquematize o mapa metabólico da Glicólise. Indicando as enzimas e seus 
substratos. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
31 
 
 
Ciclo de Krebs 
1) Como o acetil-CoA é formado a partir do piruvato? 
 
 
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2) O que são reações anapleróticas? 
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3) Como a velocidade do cliclo de Krebs é regulada? 
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4) Onde ocorre a transferênciade elétrons posterior ao ciclo de Krebs? 
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5) Quais são os três estágios da respiração celular? 
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Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
32 
 
 
6) Esquematize o mapa metabólico do ciclo de Krebs. Indicando as enzimas e seus 
substratos. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
33 
 
 
Cadeia transportadora de elétrons e 
fosforilação oxidativa 
1) Onde ocorre a transferência de elétrons posterior ao ciclo de Krebs? 
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2) Considerando apenas as reações do ciclo de Krebs para uma molécula de acetil-CoA, 
quantos NADH, FADH2 e ATP são formados? Quantos ATP resultarão destas 
moléculas após a fosforilação oxidativa? 
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3) Quantos ATP são formados a partir do NADH produzido na glicólise? 
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4) Qual é o saldo total de moléculas de ATP obtidas a partir de uma única molécula de 
glicose? 
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5) Esquematize o mapa metabólico da cadeia transportadora de elétrons e geração de 
ATP. Indicando as enzimas e o fluxo de elétrons e prótons. 
 
 
 
Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
34 
 
 
Metabolismo de lipídios e 
aminoácidos. 
1) Qual é a primeira etapa do metabolismo dos ácidos graxos? 
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2) Qual é o papel da carnitina aciltransferase I no metabolismo dos ácidos graxos? 
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 3) O que é beta oxidação? Qual é o produto metabólico final da beta oxidação? 
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4) Qual é o complexo enzimático responsável pela síntese de ácidos graxos? 
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5) O que são corpos cetônicos e quando são formados? 
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6) Como se forma a ureia? De onde vêm os nitrogênios? Qual o órgão envolvido na 
síntese da uréia? 
Caderno de Exercícios de Bioquímica Humana 
Prof. Dr. João Jaime Giffoni Leite 
 
35 
 
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7. Qual a fonte de carbono da uréia? Como se forma? 
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8. Forneça a reação de transaminação. Qual a vitamina envolvida? Quais os 
aminoácidos que não sofrem transaminação? 
 
 
 
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9. O que são aminoácidos cetogênicos e glicogênicos? Cite 3 exemplos de cada. 
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