Lesson 4

Prévia do material em texto

Lesson 4: Present→ aspect and mode and its semantic, lexical and pragmatic implications.
Goals:
1. Learn how to form and use the present tense verbs: The Simple Present, The Present Progressive, The Present Perfect Simple and The Present Perfect Progressive;
2. learn the common time expressions related to the present tense verbs.
THE PRESENT TENSE VERBS
THE PRESENT TENSE VERBS
THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE (OR SIMPLE PRESENT) is one of the most used verb tenses in English. It describes general facts, states, and habits. At its core, the Present Simple is used to refer to the general state of affairs in the present.
USAGES
	General truth and facts
	Water boils at 100˚C.
The earth revolves around the sun. 
Apples are red, yellow, or green.
Birds do not like milk. California is in America. Windows are not made of wood. 
People need food.
She has three children. I am married.
I don't like mushrooms.
	State
	Michelle lives in Paris. 
She works in Versailles.
She believes in balancing business and pleasure.
	Habit/routine (repeated actions)
We do these actions repeatedly, as they are habits. We may not be taking a class or reading now, but generally this happens regularly.
	We take a French class twice a week. We read a French website every day.
Watch out!
If the activity does not occur all the time and is only happening now, you need the Present Progressive tense:
Today, I am cleaning the house (but only today).
	Future plans and schedules (Scheduled Events in the Near Future)
	The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
When do we board the plane? The party starts at 8 o'clock. 
When does class begin tomorrow? School begins at nine tomorrow.
The plane doesn't arrive at seven, it arrives at seven thirty.
	We also use it to talk about the future after words like ‘when’, ‘until’, ‘after’, ‘before’, ‘as soon as’ in a future
sentence.
	I will call you when I have time. (Not ‘will have’) 
I won't go out until it stops raining.
She'll come as soon as her babysitter arrives.
I'm going to make dinner after I watch the news. 
I'll give you the book before you go.
	Reporting live events, story-telling, or retelling
a plot (narrative present)
	“Owen kicks the ball to Ronaldo, who passes it to Beckham. Beckham scores a goal!”
In Romeo and Juliet, Juliet’s father wants her to marry Paris, but Juliet loves Romeo. The hero dies at the end of the film.
	NOTE: This provides an instantaneous sense of the present, adding drama to live sport commentaries. Also used in giving accounts of stories, jokes, novels, movies, and plays (no matter how old they
are).
	A young woman travels through Europe, where she meets different people, and finally falls in love.
The main character is very pretty and works in a bookshop.
COMMON TIME EXPRESSIONS
Adverbs for the present tense indicate more permanent states and express how often activities occur or are repeated. Present tense statements of truth (fact) rarely occur with adverbs because no time marker is needed.
	GENERAL TRUTH
	FREQUENCY
	General Truth (Adverbs are rarely used.)
	always (routinely, customarily, normally, as a rule, in general)
	EVERY …
	usually (most of the time)
	every day (night, week, month, year, etc.)
	often (frequently, half of the time)
	each day (night, week, month, year, etc.)
	sometimes (occasionally, on occasion)
	every other day (night, week, year, etc.)
	rarely (seldom, hardly ever)
	most weekends (nights, weeks, months, etc.)
	never (not ever)
	
Subject
	Time expressions frequency before the verb
	
Verb I
	Place / Manner
	Time
	I
	always
	go
	there
	on Sunday.
	You
	often
	travel
	abroad
	in the Summer.
	Dan/He
	usually/generally
	swims
	at the pool
	at 7 a.m.
	Sheila/She
	sometimes
	stays
	in
	on the weekend.
	We
	seldom
	study
	at the library
	at night.
	You
	rarely/hardly ever
	work
	hard
	every day.
	My parents
They
	never
	leave
	home
	in the evenings.
SPELLING RULES IN THE PRESENT SIMPLE:
Mouse over the boxes:
To form the third person singular present tense form of most regular English verbs, simply affix the suffix -s to the end of the verb. For example, the following list includes the infinitive, base form, and third person singular
present tense form of some common English verbs.: to argue - argue – argues; to clean - clean – cleans
For verbs spelled with a final y preceded by a consonant, change the y to an i and then affix the ­es suffix.: to apply - apply – applies; to copy - copy – copies
For verbs that end in an -s, -z, -x, -ch, or -sh, affix the suffix -es to the end of the verb: to box - box – boxes; to catch - catch – catches
Irregular Present Tense Verbs
Unlike most English verbs that consistently take an -s or -es suffix in the third person singular present tense form, four other English verbs are irregular in the simple present.
Three of these irregular verbs experience consonant changes, vowel changes, or spelling changes in the third person singular form.: to have - have – has; to do - do – does ; to go - go – goes
REMEMBER: PRONUNCIATION OF PRESENT TENSE VERBS (THIRD PERSONS)
1. The -s is pronounced like /z/ after voiced sounds.: /b/ cabs; /d/ pads; /m/ slams; /i/ plays; /l/ travels; /g/ tags; /r/ bears; /v/ lives; /n/ begins; /ð/ smooths
Note: all vowels are voiced.
2. The -s is pronounced like /s/ after voiceless sounds.: /k/ cooks; /t/ bats; /f/ puffs; /p/ claps; /θ/ baths
 3. The -s is pronounced with an additional syllable - similar to "ɪz" - after the following endings, both voiced and voiceless which are sibilant.: /s/ kisses, fixes; /z/ exercises; /ʃ/ wishes; /dʒ/ judges; /tʃ/ watches
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(or the present continuous) describes an incomplete ongoing present action that is in the middle of a happening but will finish at some point. It is used to refer to a temporary dynamic activity occurring at a specific time in the present, not on a regular basis.
USING
	We use it for things that are happening at the moment of speaking.
	I’m working at the moment.
Please call us back – we are eating dinner.
You are studying the present continuous.
	Temporary situations, when we feel that something won't continue for a long time. NOTE: Compare this with the present simple, which is used for permanent situations that we feel will continue for a long time.
	She’s staying with her friend for a week.
I’m living in London for a few months.
John’s working in a bar until he finds a job in his field.
I’m reading a really great book.
	Habits, but they have to be temporary or new habits (for normal habits that continue for a long time, we use the present simple).
	She’s swimming every morning (she didn’t used to do this).
You’re smoking too much.
	Annoying habits, when we want to show that something happens too often and we don't like it. In this case, we need to use an adverb like ‘always’ / ‘forever’ / ‘constantly'.
	You’re always losing your keys!
She’s constantly missing the train.
He’s always sleeping in.
They’re forever being late.
	Definite future arrangements (with a future time word). In this case, we have already made a plan and we are pretty sure that the event will happen in the future.
	I’m meeting my father tomorrow.
We’re going to the beach at the weekend.
I’m leaving at three.
They’re coming to the party at the weekend.
	Talk about a situation which is slowly changing.
	I’m getting better at playing the piano.
The weather is improving.
 REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs
It is important to remember that NON-CONTINUOUS VERBS (STATE OR STATIVE VERBS) cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use SIMPLE PRESENT.
Examples:
She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct
She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct
Generally, continuous (or progressive) tensesare used to describe what is happening at a particular moment in time. The focus when using continuous tenses is always on an action in progress. However, there are some important exceptions to using continuous tenses. 
Most importantly, there are a number of common non-continuous verbs that are never or rarely used with continuous forms. These verbs fall into a few categories:
Mental and Emotional States: Believe - dislike - doubt - imagine - know - like - love (substitute
for enjoy) - hate - prefer - realize - recognize - remember - suppose - understand - want (substitute for to be willing to) wish (substitute for to be willing to)
She dislikes that boy. NOT She is disliking that boy.
Jack prefers going out for dinner tonight. NOT Jack is preferring going out for dinner tonight.
I recognize you! NOT I'm recognizing you!
Sense: Appear - hear (use: I can hear) - see (use: I can see) - seem - smell - sound - taste
I saw him when the train arrived. NOT I was seeing him when the train arrived.
It tastes strange. NOT It is tasting strange.
Did you hear that? NOT Were you hearing that?
Communication: Agree - astonish - deny - disagree - impress - mean - please - promise - satisfy – surprise 
You astonish me! NOT You are astonishing me!
I'm afraid I disagree with you. NOT I'm afraid I am disagreeing with you. ---
I meant to tell him yesterday afternoon. NOT I was meaning t o tell him yesterday afternoon.
Other states: Be - belong - concern - consist - contain - cost - depend - deserve - fit – include - involve - lack - matter - need - owe - own - possess
It depends on how much it costs. NOT It is depending on how much it is costing.
She said it involved a lot of work. NOT She said it was involving a lot of work.
It doesn't matter. NOT It isn't mattering.
There are also a number of verbs that don't take the continuous forms in one meaning but DO take the continuous forms in other meanings.
 SOME VERBS CAN BE BOTH STATIVE AND DYNAMIC:
‘Be’ is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means ‘behaving’ or ‘acting’
You are stupid = it’s part of your personality
You are being stupid = only now, not usually
Think (stative) = have an opinion - I think that coffee is great.
Think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head - what are you thinking about? I’m thinking about my next holiday
see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand - I see what you mean.
see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with/visit - I’ve been seeing my boyfriend for three years - She's seeing a doctor this morning.
Taste (stative) = have a certain taste - This soup tastes great.
Taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting - The chef is tasting the soup ('taste' is the same as other similar verbs such as 'smell')
Feel (stative) = 'have an opinion' - He feels he should get a second chance.
Feel (dynamic) = 'feel physically' - I'm feeling awful this afternoon.
Appear (stative) = 'look like' - That appears to be stale.[1: old and not fresh]
Appear = (dynamic) 'be on stage / perform' - Jack Daniels is appearing at the Paramount tonight.
Look (stative) = 'seem' - It looks impossible!
Look (dynamic) = 'stare at' - I'm looking at that strange man.
Hear (stative) = ‘use the ears’ -  He doesn't hear those bird calls. I don't know why not.
Hear (dynamic) = ‘witness’ - We're hearing strange stories about a creature in the forest.
Smell (stative) = ‘involuntary act’ - I smell something burning.  
Smell (dynamic) = ‘voluntary act’ - "What are you doing?" “I’m smelling these flowers."  
Seem (stative) = ‘appears’ - He seems upset. 
Seem (dynamic) = ‘is acting’ - He is seeming upset.  
Remember (stative) = ‘recalls’ - He remembers everything that happened.
Remember (dynamic) = ‘mental activity’ - He is often remembering his childhood.
Say this in English:
•  Eu não estou gostando da festa. → I don’t like the party – I am not enjoying the party.
•  Estou querendo falar com você. → I want to talk to you – I am willing to talk to you.
•  Não estou acreditando. → I don’t believe it – I can’t believe it.
•  Estou precisando de uma mão aqui. → I need a hand here -  I need some help here.
	Present Simple
	Present Continuous
	Things which are always true:
Water boils at 100 degrees.
	Things which are happening at the moment of speaking:
The water is boiling now, so you can put in the pasta.
	Permanent situations (or nearly permanent; true for a few years at least):
Julie lives in London.
	Temporary situations:
Julie is living in Paris for a few months (usually she lives in London).
Situations which are slowly changing:
I'm getting better and better at speaking English.
	Habits or things we do regularly:
I drink coffee every morning.
	Temporary or new habits:
I'm drinking too much coffee these days because I'm so busy at work.
Annoying habits (usually with 'always'):
My flatmate is always leaving the kitchen in a mess!
	Future events which are part of a timetable:
My plane leaves at eight tonight.
To talk about the future after certain words ('when' 'until' 'after' 'before' 'as soon as'):
I'll call you when I get home.
	Definite future plans:
I'm meeting John after class today.
	To talk about what happens in books, plays and films: 
At the end of the book, the detective catches the killer.
	To talk about people in pictures and photos:
In this photo, my mother is walking beside a lake.
 COMMON TIME EXPRESSIONS
Adverbs for the present progressive express a more temporary state — at the moment of speaking. The focus is on the present time period and not any amount of time that has passed, for example this month.
	Now 
	This 
	at the moment (momentarily)
	today (tonight) origin: "this day", "this night"
	now (for now, just now)
	this morning (morning, evening, afternoon, week, month, year)
	currently (presently)
	these mornings (evenings, afternoons, weeks, months, years)
	for the time being
	
	Examples:
We are planting our tomatoes today. (at the moment – temporary) 
We are watering the garden currently. (temporary activity)
We are rewriting our plan this month. (temporary change from the usual)
THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
It is a tricky grammar topic as it can be regarded as both a present and past tense. As a present tense, it signifies that an action started in the past and continues up to present time, in which it is completed.
	Talk about a completed action in the past when time is not important or mentioned. (We are interested in the results of the action at the present moment rather than in the time of the action.)
	I've lost my keys (so I can't get into my house). 
She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today). They've missed the bus (so they will be late).
I've cooked dinner (so you should come and eat).
	
Life experience (we don't say when the experience happened, just sometime in the past)
	I have been to Tokyo. ; She has lived in Germany.
COMPARE: 
He lived in London all his life - He is dead.
He has lived in London all his life – He is alive.
	Checking information
	Have you done the homework yet?
	Something you haven't done yet, but intend to
	I haven't done my homework yet.
	Describe an indefinite action which was repeated several times in the past
	I have read that book several times.
He has studied this lesson over and over (again).
	Defend oneself
	I have already hung out the dishes.
	Reassure something!
	I have already phoned the doctor.
	Boasting
	I have already seen it.
	Emphasize the idea of any time
	Have you ever read War and Peace?
We have never seen that film.
	
With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today, in the last year)
	I haven't seen her this month.
She's drunk three cups of coffee today.
This week, they’ve been shopping four times. 
SEE: It rained this morning - It is no longer morning.
It has rained this morning - It is still morning.
	Unfinished Actions
	I've knownKaren since 1994.
She's lived in London for three years.
CHECK OUT FOR THE DIFFERENCES
1. 'BEEN' AND 'GONE'
In this tense, we use both 'been' and 'gone' as the past participle of 'go', but in slightly different circumstances.
Been - We use 'been' (often when we talk about 'life experience') to mean that the person being talked about has visited the place and come back. Notice the preposition 'to':
• I've been to Paris (in my life, but now I'm in London, where I live).
•  She has been to school today (but now she's back at home).
•  They have never been to California.
Gone - We use 'gone' (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the person is at the place now:
•  'Where's John?' 'He's gone to the shops' (he's at the shops now).
•  Julie has gone to Mexico (now she's in Mexico).
•  They've gone to Japan for three weeks (now they're in Japan).
'SINCE' AND 'FOR'
We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year, two hours ago). The fixed time can be another action, indicated with the simple past (since I was at school, since I arrived):
•  I've known Sam since 1992.
•  I've liked chocolate since I was a child.
•  She's been here since 2pm.
We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months):
•  I've known Julie for ten years.
•  I've been hungry for hours.
•  She's had a cold for a week.
COMMON TIME EXPRESSIONS
	ALREADY / YET
	FREQUENCY
	REPETITION
	Use with activities that occur earlier or later than the speaker expects.
	Use with habitual activities that began in the past and continue to the present.
	Use to express a repeated activity that began in the past and continues in the present.
	
already (earlier than expected)
	always (routinely, customarily, normally, as a rule, usually, most of the time, in general)
	
repeatedly
	yet (later than expected)
	often (frequently, half of the
time)
	several times
	still (ongoing)
	sometimes (occasionally, on
occasion)
	continuously (continually)
	finally (later than expected)
	rarely (seldom, hardly ever,
not ever, never)
	again and again (over and over)
 Present Perfect X Simple Past
	Simple Past
	Present Perfect Simple
	A past action
They opened a new road last week.
	The present result of a past action
They've opened a new road. (So, it's open now)
	A longer time ago
Peter got up at half past six.
	A short time ago
I've just got up.
	Something that is already over
Tom saw it in town on Saturday.
	Something that we are expecting
I haven't seen the exhibition vet.
	A finished time
It didn't rain yesterday.
	An unfinished time
It hasn't rained today (today is not over yet)
	An action that changed something Let me see. When did she buy it?
	Something that has stayed the same
 How long has Mrs. Peters had that car?
	A time in the past
We traveled to London by plane six months ago.
	A time up to the present
Have you ever traveled by plane?
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE
We use the simple past for past events or actions which have no connection with the present. We use the present perfect for actions which started in the past and are still happening now OR for finished actions which have a connection with the present. We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word: 
NOT: I've been to the museum yesterday. → I went to the museum yesterday.
Visit the pages:
THE PERFECT TENSE AND ITS EQUIVALENT FORMS IN PORTUGUESE – Read an article on:
<http://www.sk.com.br/sk-perf.html>.
 
Present Perfect Tense Part 1 - English with Sound and Light
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Me5AeV6jkk>.
 
Present Perfect Tense Part 2 - English with Sound and Light
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePSpJOjC2Gg>.
 
Present Perfect Cartoons
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hcJECNQDlc>.
Práctica Present perfect
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srv84zKxVDU>
 
Present Perfect examples in songs
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWSMgJGRs3E>
 
Present Perfect or Past Simple
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyLKNX5OE2M>.
 
Simple Present Perfect Questions and Answers
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5nY8M1IEDM>.
Present perfect with 'yet' and 'already' | Johnny Grammar | Learn English | British
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3RVtbj1opU>.
THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Also describes an action that began in the past and continues up to present time, in which it is (or most of it) completed. 
Moreover, it stresses that the action has been going on incessantly and may also continue into the future.
	Unfinished actions which started in the past and continue to the present. We often use this with for and since. (In many cases, the simple form and the continuous form can be used interchangeably).
	I’ve been living in London for two years.
She's been working here since 2004.
We've been waiting for the bus for hours.
SEE:
They have lived here for five years
OR
They have been living here for five years.
	Actions which have just stopped (though the whole action can be unfinished) and have a result, which we can often see, hear, or feel, in the present (focus on action).
	I’m so tired, I’ve been studying.
I've been running, so I'm really hot.
It's been raining, the pavement is wet.
I've been reading your book, it's very good.
COMPARE:
I am reading a book now – Eu estou lendo um livro agora.
I have been reading a book – Eu estou lendo um livro (não neste momento em que estou falando)
COMMON TIME EXPRESSIONS
	SINCE/FOR
	SO FAR/THIS…
	RECENTLY
	Use with activities that began in
the past and continue to the
present.
	Use with activities that began in the indefinite past and continue to the present.
	Use with activities that are completed but still within the speaker's present frame of mind.
	since 6:00 AM (exact time - 
midnight, noon, this morning, July
2012)
	next week (month, winter, year)
(origin: latest week)
	recently
	for a minute (hour, day, week,
month, year, decade, the time 
being)
	tomorrow (today, tonight) (a time
not yet passed)
	lately
	ever since then (Saturday, January, 2009, I met you, I was a child)
	in a minute (second, a while, an 
hour, the coming week, the coming month)
	just
	For/Since
	Up to Now
	Just/Recently
PRESENT PERFECT X PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
	PRESENT PERFECT NON-PROGRESSIVE
	PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
	Use the present perfect non-progressive tense to indicate duration, recent completion or permanence.
	Use the present perfect progressive to emphasize repetitive, ongoing or temporary activities.
	Engineers have stabilized the foundation. unspecified past; done
	Engineers have been stabilizing the foundation since 1838.
repetition; ongoing
	The art committee has photographed the entire Tower of Pisa. 
unspecified past; done
	They have been organizing 64,000 photographs. work in progress; ongoing
	Jason finished his project this morning. Afterwards, he played soccer. 
past; done
	Jason has just finished his project. He's so happy about it.
present; done but still in mind
In this class, you:
Learned how to form and use the present tense verbs: The Simple Present, The Present Progressive, The Present Perfect Simple and The Present Perfect Progressive;
learned the common time expressions related to the present tense verbs.
Next class, you will study:
Form and use of the present tense verbs: The Simple Present, The Present Progressive, The Present Perfect Simple and The Present Perfect Progressive;
common time expressions related to the present tense verbs.