Aula 03

Prévia do material em texto

LITERATURAS CONTEMPORANEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Profª. Claudia de Freitas Lopes
Aula 3: Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
VIRGINIA WOOLF
Author, Journalist (1882–1941)
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
English writer Virginia Woolf was raised in a remarkable household. Her father, Sir Leslie Stephen, was an historian and author, and also one of the most prominent figures in the golden age of mountaineering. Woolf’s mother, Julia Prinsep Stephen (née Jackson), had been born in India and later served as a model for several Pre-Raphaelite painters. She was also a nurse and wrote a book on the profession. 
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
As a young girl, Virginia was light-hearted and playful. She started a family newspaper, the Hyde Park Gate News, to document her family’s humorous anecdotes. She had, however, been traumatized at the age of six when her half-brothers George and Gerald Duckworth sexually abuse her. This dark spot was only made deeper and more permanent when her mother suddenly died at the age of 49. The hormones of early adolescence and the undeniable reality of this huge loss spun Woolf into a nervous breakdown, only made worse when two years later, her half-sister Stella also died.
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
When Virginia was in her early 20s, her sister Vanessa and brother Adrian sold the family home in Hyde Park Gate, and purchased a house in the Bloomsbury area of London. Through her siblings’ connections, Virginia became acquainted with several members of the Bloomsbury Group. Leonard Woolf, a writer and a member of the group, took a fancy to Virginia. By 1912, she and Leonard were married. The two shared a passionate love for one another for the rest of their lives. Several years before marrying Leonard, Virginia had begun working on her first novel. The original title was Melymbrosia. In 1925, she wrote Mrs. Dalloway, her fourth novel, was released to rave reviews. The mesmerizing story interweaves interior monologues and raises issues of feminism, mental illness and homosexuality in post-World War I England. 
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
Throughout her career, Woolf spoke regularly at colleges and universities, penned dramatic letters, wrote moving essays and self-published a long list of short stories. By her mid-forties, she had established herself as both an intellectual and an innovative thinker and writer. Her ability to balance dream-like scenes with deeply tense plot lines earned her incredible respect from peers and the public alike. Despite her outward success, she continued to regularly suffer from bouts of depression and dramatic mood swings. On March 28, 1941, pull on her overcoat, walk out into the River Ouse and fill her pockets with stones. As she waded into the water, the stream took her with it. 
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
Main traces in Virginia Woolf’s literature:
No Element of Story—Rendering of inner reality
The World of Outer Reality not Ignored
Emergence of an Art Form
Poetisation of the English Novel
The Interior Monologue—Stream of Consciousness Technique
The Distinctive Nature of Reality
Artistic Sincerity and Integrity
Aestheticism
Woman’s Point of View; Feminisation of English Novel
Limitations of her Range
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
What does 'stream of consciousness' mean?
It's a style of writing evolved by authors at the beginning of the 20th century to express in words the flow of a character's thoughts and feelings. The technique aims to give readers the impression of being inside the mind of the character - an internal view that illuminates plot and motivation in the novel. Thoughts spoken aloud are not always the same as those "on the floor of the mind", as Woolf put it.
'Stream of consciousness' has its origins in the late 19th century with the birth of psychology. An American psychologist, William James (brother of novelist Henry), first used the phrase in his Principles of Psychology of 1890 to describe the flow of conscious experience in the brain.
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
Mrs. Dalloway. 
Themes:
Communication vs. Privacy
Disillusionment with the British Empire
The Fear of Death
The Threat of Oppression
Motifs:
Time
Shakespeare
Trees and Flowers
Waves and Water
Symbols:
The Prime Minister
Peter Walsh’s Pocketknife and Other Weapons
The Old Woman in the Window
The Old Woman Singing an Ancient Song
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
Virginia Woolf was extremely dissatisfied with the current form of the novel as represented by the great Edwardians, Bennett, Wells or Galsworthy. The form of the novel that prevailed in the first quarter of this century seemed to her to obscure or even falsify her experience. To her ‘life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged;’ but it ‘is a luminous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end.’ And task of the novelist is ‘to convey this varying, this unknown and uncircumscribed spirit, whatever aberration or complexity it may display....’ Virginia Woolf had the courage to discard the orthodox linear narrative and used instead a distinctive impressionistic technique, characterized by lyrical intensity and subtle penetration into the stream of consciousness. 
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
JAMES JOYCE
Author (1882–1941)
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
Born James Augustine Aloysius Joyce on February 2, 1882 in Dublin, Ireland. Joyce was one of the most revered writers of the 20th century. His exploration of language and new literary forms showed not only his genius as a writer but spawned a fresh approach for novelists, one that drew heavily on Joyce's love of the stream-of-consciousness technique and the examination of big events through small happenings in everyday lives.
Coming from a big family, he was the eldest of ten children born to John Stanislaus Joyce and his wife Marry Murray Joyce. His father, while a talented singer, didn't provide a stable a household. He liked to drink and his lack of attention to the family finances meant the Joyces never had much money.
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
From an early age, James Joyce showed not only exceeding intelligence but also a gift for writing and a passion for literature. Because of his intelligence Joyce's family pushed him to get an education. Largely educated by Jesuits.
In 1914
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
Ulysses records events in the lives of two central characters--Leopold Bloom and Stephen Dedalus--on a single day in Dublin. With its depth and complexities, Ulysses completelychanged our understanding of literature and language.
Ulysses is endlessly inventive, and labyrinthine in its construction. The novel is both a mythical adventure of the everyday and a stunning portrait of internal psychological processes--rendered through high art. Brilliant and sparkling, the novel is difficult to read, but offers rewards tenfold the effort and attention that willing readers give it. Ulysses by James Joyce holds a very special place in the history of English literature. The novel is one of the greatest masterpiece of modernist literature. But, Ulysses is also sometimes seen as so experimental that it is completely unreadable.
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
Ulysses - Themes 
The Quest for Paternity
The Remorse of Conscience
Compassion as Heroic
Parallax, or the Need for Multiple Perspectives
Love
Patriotism
Sex
Memory and the past
Life, Counciousness, and Existance
Religion
Prejudice
Mortality
Prison and Confinement
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
By creating a novel based around a stream of consciousness narrative, it is clear that James Joyce wrote Ulysses in an effort to better understand the human mind and the way in which it functions. However, in order to fully understand the human mind, it is necessary to study both male and female perspectives. For that reason, Ulysses concludes with an episode focusing on the thoughts of Molly Bloom, the primary female character in Ulysses. Based on the fact that episode eighteen in the only chapter written from a female perspective, it is apparent that Molly is intended to represent women as a whole and, for that reason, Molly is portrayed as an extremely ambivalent character. By having Molly exhibit contrasting opinions regarding the various topics that filter through her mind throughout the final episode of Ulysses, Joyce uses Molly as a means to convey and understand both the various layers of the female mind and the way in which women are united despite their differences in mindset and opinions.
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
T. S. Elliot
T. S Elliot
(1888 —1965)
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
The Waste Land
In October 1922, Eliot published The Waste Land in The Criterion. Eliot's dedication to il miglior fabbro ("the better craftsman") refers to Ezra Pound's significant hand in editing and reshaping the poem from a longer Eliot manuscript to the shortened version that appears in publication.
It was composed during a period of personal difficulty for Eliot—his marriage was failing, and both he and Vivienne were suffering from nervous disorders. The poem is often read as a representation of the disillusionment of the post-war generation. Before the poem's publication as a book in December 1922, Eliot distanced himself from its vision of despair. On 15 November 1922, he wrote to Richard Aldington, saying, "As for The Waste Land, that is a thing of the past so far as I am concerned and I am now feeling toward a new form and style."
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
The poem is known for its obscure nature—its slippage between satire and prophecy; its abrupt changes of speaker, location, and time. This structural complexity is one of the reasons that the poem has become a touchstone of modern literature, a poetic counterpart to a novel published in the same year, James Joyce's Ulysses.
Among its best-known phrases are "April is the cruellest month", "I will show you fear in a handful of dust" and "Shantih shantih shantih". The Sanskrit mantra ends the poem.
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot
Not only is The Waste Land Eliot’s greatest work, but it may be—along with Joyce’s Ulysses—the greatest work of all modernist literature. Most of the poem was written in 1921, and it first appeared in print in 1922. As the poem’s dedication indicates, Eliot received a great deal of guidance from Ezra Pound, who encouraged him to cut large sections of the planned work and to break up the rhyme scheme. Recent scholarship suggests that Eliot’s wife, Vivien, also had a significant role in the poem’s final form. A long work divided into five sections, The Waste Land takes on the degraded mess that Eliot considered modern culture to constitute, particularly after the first World War had ravaged Europe. A sign of the pessimism with which Eliot approaches his subject is the poem’s epigraph, taken from the Satyricon, in which the Sibyl (a woman with prophetic powers who ages but never dies) looks at the future and proclaims that she only wants to die. 
LITERATURAS CONTEMPORÂNEAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Aula 3 : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and T.S. Eliot