Aula 09 Língua Inglesa - Estrutura Sintática II

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LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Prof. Fábio Simas
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
In this class you are going to:
Study asyndetic, syndetic and polysyndetic clauses.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Hello everybody!
Going on with our studies on coordination, now we are going to take a look at the types of coordination clauses and their uses. Also, we are going to analyse the so-called pseudo-coordination and a grammar mechanism know as “gapping”.
For a further and more complete study, we are going to understand the use or the absence of the coordination conjunctions as writing style.
 
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics)) states that a coordinator (= coordinating conjunction) often appears between the conjuncts, usually at least between the penultimate (second to last) and ultimate (last) conjunct of the coordinate structure. The words and and or are by far the most frequently occurring coordinators in English. Other coordinators occur less often and have unique properties, e.g. but, as well as, then, etc. The coordinator usually serves to link the conjuncts and indicate the presence of a coordinate structure. 
FISCHER (1992, quoted in 
I. COORDINATORS
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
II. COORDINATION TYPES
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/conjunct/polysynd.htm) there are three types of coordination clauses:
According to VINCE (1994, quoted in 
Syndetic coordination
Asyndetic coordination
Polysyndetic coordination
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Conjoins are usually coordinated using one of the coordinators and, but, or or. In the following sentence, the bracketed conjoins are coordinated using and:   
He came towards me and asked for information.
This type of coordination, with a coordinator present, is called SYNDETIC COORDINATION.   
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Coordination can also occur without the presence of a coordinator, as in the following:   
He strode into the bank, asked for information.
He strode into the bank, asked for information.
No coordinator is present here, but the conjoins are still coordinated. This is known as ASYNDETIC COORDINATION.   
POLYSYNDETIC COORDINATION is used for effect, for instance to express continuation:   
This play will [run] and [run] and [run]   
He just [talks] and [talks] and [talks] 
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
What is the difference?
Learn the Difference when you want the style or rhythm of your writing to reflect the meaning:
a)Independent Clauses with compound sentence construction.
I came; I saw; I conquered. = A
I came; I saw, and I conquered= S
I came, and I as saw, and I conquered= P
The asyndetic coordination here makes the sentence sounds authoritarian. It puts emphasis on all three events. Caesar knew what he was doing: beautiful Roman rhetoric.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
So . . . in the first example, we would say that this is a compound or balanced sentence construction , which demonstrates asyndetic coordination and climactic order. It also has parallel structure.
b) Combining Verbs and Forming Compound Predicates
She talked, talked, talked=A 
She talked, talked, and talked= S
She talked and talked and talked=P
Do you see how fast she talks in the first example? How does this differ from how she talks in the third example? It is faster than the third one, and the second one may be considered a middle speed.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
The above sentences are simple sentences with compound predicates.
Over the river, through the woods, beside the mountain(,) lies the dragon
Over the river, through the woods, and beside the mountain (,) the dragon dwells. 
Over the river and through the woods and beside the mountain(,) dwells the dragon.
Which journey seems longer? I think the third one, the polysyndetic one. The repetition of the coordination makes the rhythm slower. 
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
III. TYPES OF SYNDETIC COORDINATION CLAUSES
VINCE (1994) points out these types of syndetic coordination clauses, according to the conjunction:
1) Addition (AND)
Tony drove to the golf course and played nine holes before lunch. (He drove first, played second.)
Mildred is eighty-seven and is very fragile now.
Andrew is handsome and is still single! 
Vicky saw the storm coming and ran to the basement.
Stop pouting, and I'll give you some ice cream. 
Mark is brave, and Alan is humorous. 
They sang and danced the night away.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
2) Opposition or contrast (BUT)
No one but Bert remembered to bring a notebook to class. (Everyone forgot to bring a notebook, with the exception of Bert.) 
Amanda never gets tough, but she still commands a lot of respect. 
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
3) Exception (YET)
Jackson sings beautifully, yet he prefers to listen to others. 
Everyone complains about politics, yet no one does anything about it.
Anna sews much better than the tailor on First St., yet she's afraid to charge for her services. 
John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton. 
The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day.
The visitors complained loudly yet continued to play golf every day.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
4) Alternative (OR) 
We didn't know if we should risk driving through the deep water, or get out and swim.
English Mistakes Welcome is the best room on Paltalk, or so the regulars say. 
You can eat dinner early, or you can wait until midnight to eat.
Clyde must like to chat or he wouldn't keep fighting with his bad connection to stay on-line. 
We can take turns talking on the microphone, or we can just sit here and look at each other. 
Iowa is the best place in the world to live, or at least Annie tries to tell us that. 
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
5) Negative-contrast (NOR)
He is neither sane nor brilliant. 
That is neither what I said nor what I meant.
That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.
George's handshake is as good as any written contract, nor has he ever proven untrustworthy.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
6) Consequence (SO)
At the ticket counter, Manny discovered he had forgotten our concert tickets, so we had to miss half the show while we went home to get them. 
Soto is not the only Olympic athlete in his family, so are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet.
7) Reason (FOR)
I hated listening to her talk, for she spoke in a high nasal voice.
She refuses to admit she hates her boss, for she dislikes conflict with anyone. 
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
points out that it is important to say that this kind of coordination canbe presented in subjects, objects, adverbials and predicates:
NOTE: VINCE (1994, quoted in http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/conjunct/polysynd.htm) 
[Quickly] and [resolutely], he strode into the bank  - SYNDETIC COORDINATION - ADVERBIALS
[Quickly], [resolutely], he strode into the bank - ASYNDETIC COORDINATION - ADVERBIALS  
I need [bread] and [cheese] and [eggs] and [milk] - POLYSYNDETIC COORDINATION – OBJECT.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
When three or more conjoins are coordinated, a coordinator will usually appear between the final two conjoins only:   
I need [bread], [cheese], [eggs], and [milk] 
I need [bread], [cheese], [eggs], and [milk] 
One coordinate structure can easily be nested inside another. Ambiguity is sometimes the result, e.g.
Fred and Bill and Sam came.
a. [Fred] and [Bill] and [Sam] came.
b. [Fred] and [[Bill] and [Sam]] came.
c. [[Fred] and [Bill]] and [Sam] came.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
The brackets indicate the three possible readings for the sentence. The (b)- and (c)-readings show one coordinate structure being embedded inside another. Which of the three readings is understood depends on intonation and context. The (b)-reading could be preferred in a situation where Bill and Sam arrived together, but Fred arrived separately. Similarly, the (c)-reading could be preferred in a situation where Fred and Bill arrived together, but Sam arrived separately. That the indicated groupings are indeed possible becomes evident when or is employed:
b'. [Fred] or [Bill and Sam] came.
c'. [Fred and Bill] or [Sam] came.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Let’s practice:
[Susie] and [Pippa] called for you this morning. 
a)Syndetic   b)Asyndetic   c) Polysyndetic
 
2. You wouldn't believe how many exams I've got. I've got [semantics] and [pragmatics] and [sociolinguistics] and [psycholinguistics] and [syntax]. 
a)Syndetic   b)Asyndetic   c) Polysyndetic
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
3. This wine has a [rich], [fruity], [full-bodied] quality. 	
a)Syndetic   b)Asyndetic   c) Polysyndetic
 
4. I'd like [ham], [eggs] and [fried bread] for breakfast. 
a)Syndetic   b)Asyndetic   c) Polysyndetic
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
5. It was [a happy time], [a carefree time], [a period of our lives which we will never forget]. 
   a)Syndetic   b)Asyndetic   c) Polysyndetic
(extracted from: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/conjunct/polysynd.htm)
KEY: 1 – B; 2 – C; 3 – B; 4 – A; 5 – B.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
IV. FALSE COORDINATION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics)) states that coordinators are sometimes used without performing any strictly coordinating role: 
FISCHER (1992, quoted in 
I'll come when I'm good and ready  
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Here, the adjectives good and ready are not really being coordinated with each other. If they were, the sentence would mean something like:   
I'll come [when I'm good] and [when I'm ready]  
Clearly, this is not the meaning which good and ready conveys. Instead, good and intensifies the meaning of ready. We might rephrase the sentence as   
I'll come when I'm completely ready.  
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Good and ready is an example of FALSE COORDINATION -- using a coordinator without any coordinating role. It is sometimes called PSEUDO-COORDINATION.   
False coordination can also be found in informal expressions using try and:   
Please try and come early. 
I'll try and ring you from the office . 
Here, too, no real coordination is taking place. The first sentence, for instance, does not mean Please try, and please come early. Instead, it is semantically equivalent to Please try to come early.   
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
In informal spoken English, and and but are often used as false coordinators, without any real coordinating role. The following extract from a conversation illustrates this:   
Speaker A: Well he told me it's this super high-flying computer software stuff. I'm sure it's the old job he used to have cleaning them  .
Speaker B: But it went off okay last night then did it? Did you have a good turnout? 
Here, the word but used by Speaker B does not coordinate any conjoins. Instead, it initiates her utterance, and introduces a completely new topic.   
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
V. GAPPING OR NOT?
FISCHER (1992, quoted in 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics)) Gapping (and stripping) 
is an ellipsis mechanism that seems to occur in coordinate structures only. While gapping itself is widely acknowledged to involve ellipsis, just which instances of coordination do and do not involve gapping is a matter of debate.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Most theories of syntax agree that gapping is involved in the following cases. A subscript and a smaller font are used to indicate the "gapped" material:
[Brent ate the beans], and [Bill ate the rice]. – Gapping
[You should call me more], and [I should call you more]. – Gapping
[Mary always orders wine], and [Sally always orders beer]. - Gapping
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Accounts of gapping and coordination disagree, however, concerning data like the following:
[They saw him first] and [they saw her second]. - Gapping analysis
They saw [him first] and [her second]. - Non-gapping analysis
 
[Tanya expects the dog to eat cat food] and [she expects the cat to eat dog food]. - Gapping analysis
Tanya expects [the dog to eat cat food] and [the cat to eat dog food]. - Non-gapping analysis
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
The gapping analysis shown in the a-sentences is motivated above all by the desire to avoid the non-constituent conjuncts associated with the b-sentences. No consensus has been reached about which analysis is better.
VI. NON-PARALLEL COORDINATING STRUCTURES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics))
FISCHER (1992, quoted in 
points out that it is very important to keep structures parallel. It means that if the coordinating conjunction is linking two clauses, these clauses must have the same verb form. If it is linking two words, these words must belong to the same class.
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Sarah is [a CEO] and [proud of her job]. - Noun + adjective
Sarah is a CEO and a proudy person of her job.
Is Jim [conservative] and [a closet Republican]? – Adjective + noun
Is Jim a conservative and a closet Republican?
Sam works [evenings] and [on weekends]. – adverbial + adverbial with preposition.
Sam works in the evenings and on the weekends.
They are leaving [due to the weather] and [because they want to save money]. – noun + clause
They are leaving due to the weather and because of money saving. ,
Aula 9 - Coordenação sindética, assindética e polissindética.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
In this class, you:
Analysed coordinating conjunctions, types and uses;
Analysed correlative conjunctions; typesand uses.