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Prática Oral em Língua Inglesa II
Aula 1: Personal Introduction
Apresentação
The degree of formality in business varies according to the company culture. Some companies are more conservative and formal in
how they address each other, how they share information, how decisions are made, how power is delegated, how people dress, and so
on. Other companies especially the younger, smaller high technology companies are very progressive and informal.
If you are a foreigner doing business in America for the first time, you do not have to be more informal than you feel comfortable with. If
you want to call someone by his or her last name, you may do so. But do not be surprised (or insulted!) if your American hosts call you
by your first name. At some point, you Will probably decide to do what they are doing. The main thing is that you can go at your own
speed.
Objetivos
Introduce yourself and someone else;
Ask and answer personal questions;
Learn how to have a small talk.
Informality and formality
In American society, INFORMALITY is valued very highly.
This attitude stems from our history. For a long time, the
majority of the people in America had either themselves
come from somewhere else or were only second or third
generation Americans. We were a country of foreigners.
Consequently, people were not judged according to the
families they were born into but by how hard they worked
and how they contributed to the society.
In addition, many of the earliest American immigrants had
escaped from governments and churches that did not
tolerate their kinds of people or ideas. In America, they
became enthusiastic defenders of all kinds of freedom. For
all of these reasons (and more), the first Americans
embraced informality as a basis for communication. Today
this is still the basic modal for communicating in American
society. We tend to become informal with each other very
quickly.
 Fonte: Jakob Owens / Unsplash
Signals that are formal have been left out because they are seldom used and because the neutral ones can always be used. In a
truly formal situation, you can be more formal by using titles:
In the information given below, most of the signals are neutral. That
means they can be used in ANY situation, formal or informal. Signals
that are informal are indicated with "[informal]".
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Meeting someone
When meeting someone formally for the first time, we shake their hand and say "How do you do?" or "Pleased to meet you."
"How do you do?" isn't really a question, it just means "Hello". The person should answer the same way:
OR
When young people meet informally they sometimes say "Give me five!" and slap their hands together (high five).
In an informal situation you may see social kissing (often
just a peck on the cheek), this is acceptable between men
and women and also between women who know each other
very well.
 Fonte: rawpixel / Pixabay
Meeting someone new
When someone introduces you to another person, you have to use a correct greeting. Below there are some neutral ones and
some informal ones. They are used by both parties. There are no rules about which one to use. The second person can use the
same greeting as the first person, or he can use a different one.
 Fonte: tsyhun / Shutterstock
It's nice to meet you. / It's a pleasure to meet you. I'm very
happy to meet you.  / I'm pleased to meet you. I'm
delighted to meet you. / How do you do. * Hello. / Hi.
[informal]  / Hi, there. [informal]Glad to meet you. [informal]
/ Good to meet you. [informal] / How are you? ** [informal]
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Comentário
The signal "how do you do" is not used in America nearly as much as in Great Britain. Please note that it is
NOT a question. It is only a greeting which requires a response with any other greeting, including "how do
you do"!** The phrase "how are you" is normally a greeting for people you already know, not for people to
whom you are being introduced for the first time. Nevertheless, many Americans use it this way.
Dialogue situation: introducing oneselves
Alex is talking to the new manager and his assistant. Notice how they introduce themselves:
Atenção
To remember: When introducing yourself or other people in a formal situation use full names. ("I'm Alex
Litterman.")
Greeting people
When you greet people whom you already know even
if you have only met them once before. You are
expected to show a certain amount of informality
toward them. It would be a mistake to be too formal,
because formality with someone you know is
interpreted as unfriendliness or a sign that something
is wrong. Informality and friendliness can be shown
with a smile, a friendly voice, and some
communication signals like the ones below.
 Fonte: Minerva Studio / Shutterstock
Clique nos botões para ver as informações.
When you greet people whom you already know even if you have only met them once before. You are expected to show a
certain amount of informality toward them. It would be a mistake to be too formal, because formality with someone you
know is interpreted as unfriendliness or a sign that something is wrong. Informality and friendliness can be shown with a
smile, a friendly voice, and some communication signals like the ones below.
Greeting people you know 
If you see someone you don’t know very well or with whom you are not very familiar, you can greet them with a neutral
signal: Good morning. / Good afternoon. / Good evening. Hello, Mr. Davis - Hello, Carl.
Greeting people you don't know well (neutral) 
If you are more familiar with the person, you may use more informal signals: Morning. [informal] / Hi. [informal] / Hi, there.
[informal] .
Greeting people you know well (informal) 
Questions
Clique nos botões para ver as informações.
To show more friendliness, you can add a question about the person: How are you today? / How are you? / How are you
doing? [informal] / How's it going? [informal]Here are some friendly questions of a very general nature:What's new?
[informal] / What's up? [informal] / What's happening? [informal].
Adding friendly questions about the person 
How are you? Very well, thank you. / I'm fine, thank you. And you? / And how about you? How are you? Fine. And you?
Formal 
What's new with you? Great. /How about you? No problem. And yourself? Pretty good. /What's new with? Can't complain./
How's everything with you? Could be better. /How's it going with? So, so.
Informal 
Saiba mais
Leia mais sobre politequestions.
Introducing yourself
May I introduce myself? My name is John Smith. I'm
responsible for sales. I don't think we've met. I’d like to
introduce myself. I’m … . Let me introduce myself. My
name’s … My name is John Smith. I work for SlashCom.
Hello, I'm John Smith. I work with Dave Benjamin.Hi, I'm
John Smith. I'm a friend of Dave Benjamin.
If you know who the person is but have never met him or her, you can introduce yourself in these ways: Hello. You must be Jack
Robinson.
My name is John Smith. I enjoyed your speech on ethics. OR: Excuse me. Aren't you Jack Robinson? I'm John Smith. I have read
your book and ...
If you must speak to a group of people (for example, to give a speech or a presentation), you may sometimes find it necessary
to use the following phrases: For those of you who don't know me, my name is John Smith.
Dialogue situation: Introducing yourself
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Introducing other people
When it comes to introducing people in America, neutral and
informal signals are most commonly used. Formal signals
are so rarely needed that most Americans would not know
what to do in a truly formal situation! People from other
cultures are often surprised at how informalwe are in
situations that would be more formal in their own cultures.
We will look first at how we introduce other people. Even if
you will not have to do this yourself, it is important to know
the patterns. For the purpose of explaining the patterns, the
person doing the introducing will be "you", and the two
people being introduced will be "Mary Smith" and "John
Brown".
 Fonte: Amanda Vick / Unsplash
Saiba mais
Leia mais sobre neutral introductions.
Informal introductions
Informal introductions are more common and much simpler. We will give you a pattern to follow, but you should know that it is
almost impossible to make a mistake with informal introductions because there really are no rules! For example, it is no
problem to introduce a woman to a man or an older person to a younger person. The reason is that equality is such a very
strong value in American culture the same as informality is. With informal introductions, it is okay to follow the same pattern as
with neutral introductions. However, because it is an informal situation, you should address each person by his or her first name.
 Fonte: Shutterstock
Mary, I'd like you to meet someone. This is John Brown.
John, this is Mary Smith. She is a former colleague of
mine.
With a slightly more informal situation, you can leave out
the last names altogether.
Mary, I'd like you to meet someone. This is John.
John, this is Mary. She is a former colleague of mine.
And in some extremely informal situations (for example,
parties), it is okay to give just the first names!
Mary, this is John. Mary, John. John, this is Mary. OR: John,
Mary.
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Leia mais sobre dialogue situation: introducing someone
Closing a conversation
After two people have been introduced – and when
people greet people they know – they may talk with
each other for a while. It could be small talk or it could
be a serious conversation. But when it is time to close
the conversation, Americans have a particular pattern
which they follow. The non-American should be
familiar with it.
 Fonte: Shutterstock
Signaling the end of the conversation
Before Americans actually say goodbye, we SIGNAL that the end is coming. And usually we follow that with a REASON why we
are ending the conversation. Here are some examples:
1. I'm afraid it's time for me to go now. I have a meeting.
2. I'm afraid I have to leave now. I have a visitor coming.
3. I had better be leaving. I have to pick up my wife.
4. Well, I should be going now. I have a lot to do.
5. I have to get going. I have an appointment.
6. Well, I see it's getting late. I'd better go. I have to get up early.
Saying goodbye
Finally, it is time to say goodbye. But it isn't easy for Americans to say goodbye. We postpone it and avoid it, and when we finally
do say it, we say it again and again. All of the expressions below mean goodbye:
Goodbye.
Good night.
Good evening I'll talk to you later.
Talk to you later.
Have a nice weekend.
Have a nice day.
I'll see you later.
See you later.
I'll see you.
See you.
Take care of yourself.
Take care.
I must go now.
I (really) must be going.
I must be off.
It’s getting (very / rather) late.
I’ve enjoyed talking to you.
It’s been (most) interesting talking to you.
It’s been a very useful meeting / nice afternoon.
I look forward to our next meeting.
I look forward to seeing you again.
It was nice to meet you. / It was nice meeting you. (first
time conversation)
It was nice talking to you. / It was really good talking to
you.
I enjoyed talking to you. / I enjoyed our conversation.
It was nice to see you (again). OR: It was nice seeing you
(again).
Thanks for coming. / I’m glad you came. / I enjoyed your
visit. (conversations with visitors)
I enjoyed having you here.
NEUTRAL
I was wondering if you would like to join us for a meal.
Perhaps you would like to have dinner at my home.
Perhaps you would like to come round for a meal.
We wanted to invite you to dinner.
I thought you might like to try some of our local cuisine.
There's a really nice place just a few minutes from here / round the corner / down the road.
There's a pretty good place you might like which specializes in fish.
There's a great new place with a fantastic view of the city.
INFORMAL
Why not come round for a drink? / What about going out for a meal? Why not join us for a drink? / Fancy going for a
drink / a meal?
There's a really
Shall we meet later tonight to discuss it over dinner?
Let's discuss it later over a drink.
ACCEPTING
That's very kind of you. Thank you for inviting me. I'd like that very much. / I'd be delighted to come. / Thank you.
That'd be very nice. 1'11 look forward to it. / Yes, please. / Thanks. / That's / What a good idea. / That sounds good / fun
/ great.
Invitations
SETTING THE DETAILS
What time should I come? / Where shall we meet? / Shall I pick you What time / Where shall I pick you up?
Shall we meet at half past seven? Say at half past seven.
DECLINING
Thank you very much, but I'm afraid I can't come.
That's very kind of you, unfortunately I have arranged something else./ but I won't be here tomorrow./ I'm busy on
Tuesday.
Thanks, but I won't be able to make it then.
No, thank you/ thanks. / I'm all right, thanks. / I can manage.
Let’s see some situations:
How would you Invite an important business partner for a meal:
I was wondering if you would like to join us for a meal?
Invite a colleague for a drink:
Why not come round for a drink?
Accept an invitation politely
I’d be delighted to come.
Accept an invitation in a less formal way
That sounds fun. Great new place with a fantastic view of the city.
Ask about the time and place of your meeting
What time shall we meet and where?
Suggest a concrete time to meet
At nine.
Ask about the best time to pick your colleague up
When shall I pick you up?
Say sorry because you can’t come
Thank you very much, but I’m afraid I can’t come.
Saiba mais
Leia mais sobre smalltalk
NotasReferências
CAMBRIDGE. Dictionary of american english. Cambridge: CUP, 2007.
MARTINEZ, Ron. Como dizer tudo em inglês. 41. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Campus (Elsevier), 2000.
PAVLIK, Cheryl. Hot Topics 3. 1. ed. Boston: HEINLE, 2008.
Próxima aula
Talking about professional experiences.
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