FIDE titles

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Magnus Carlsen is a Grandmaster
and World Champion.
FIDE titles
The World Chess Federation, FIDE (Fédération Internationale des
Échecs), awards several performance-based titles to chess players,
up to and including the highly prized Grandmaster (GM) title. Titles
generally require a combination of Elo rating and norms
(performance benchmarks in competitions including other titled
players). Once awarded, FIDE titles are held for life, though a title
may be revoked in exceptional circumstances (for example for
cheating).[1] Open titles may be earned by all players, while women's
titles are restricted to female players. A strong female player may
have a title in both systems.
A chess title, usually in an abbreviated form, may be used as an
honorific. For example, Viswanathan Anand may be styled as "GM
Viswanathan Anand".
FIDE has also implemented online titles including AGM (Arena
Grandmaster), AIM (Arena International Master), AFM (Arena
FIDE Master) and ACM (Arena Candidate Master). These are
permanent titles that can only be achieved through the FIDE Online
Arena.
History
Open titles
Grandmaster (GM)
International Master (IM)
FIDE Master (FM)
Candidate Master (CM)
Arena titles
Women's titles
Woman Grandmaster (WGM)
Woman International Master (WIM)
Woman FIDE Master (WFM)
Woman Candidate Master (WCM)
Arbiters and trainers
See also
References
External links
Contents
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carlsen_Magnus_(30238051906).jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(chess)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Online_Arena
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FIDE's first titles were awarded in 1950 and consisted of 27 Grandmasters (GMs), 94 International
Masters (IMs), and 17 Woman International Masters (WIMs).
FIDE's first GMs were:
The standards for FIDE titles were not formally defined, and were decided by a committee. In 1957,
FIDE introduced norms (qualifying standards) for FIDE titles.[2]
The term "Grandmaster" (German: Großmeister) had been in informal use for strong chess players for
several decades before its official institution by FIDE in 1950.[5] At the same time FIDE also instituted
the lesser rank of International Master, and two further subordinate ranks, FIDE Master and Candidate
Master, were later created. The requirements for each rank have varied over time, but generally require
having demonstrated suitably strong skill in rated competition. Additionally, the World Federation for
Chess Composition awards Grandmaster, International Master, and FIDE Master titles to people who
Ossip Bernstein (France)
Isaac Boleslavsky (USSR)
Igor Bondarevsky (USSR)
Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR)
David Bronstein (USSR)
Oldřich Duras (Czechoslovakia)
Max Euwe (Netherlands)
Reuben Fine (USA)
Salo Flohr (USSR)
Ernst Gruenfeld (Austria)
Paul Keres (USSR)
Borislav Kostić (Yugoslavia)
Alexander Kotov (USSR)
Grigory Levenfish (USSR)
Andor Lilienthal (USSR)
Géza Maróczy (Hungary)
Jacques Mieses (England)
Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)
Viacheslav Ragozin (USSR)
Samuel Reshevsky (USA)
Akiba Rubinstein (Poland)
Friedrich Sämisch (West Germany)
Vasily Smyslov (USSR)
Gideon Ståhlberg (Sweden)
László Szabó (Hungary)
Savielly Tartakower (France)
Milan Vidmar (Yugoslavia)
History
Open titles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(chess)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_for_Chess_Composition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossip_Bernstein
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Boleslavsky
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Bondarevsky
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%C5%99ich_Duras
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Fine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salo_Flohr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Gruenfeld
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keres
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borislav_Kosti%C4%87
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kotov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Levenfish
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andor_Lilienthal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Mar%C3%B3czy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Mieses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacheslav_Ragozin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiba_Rubinstein
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_S%C3%A4misch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_St%C3%A5hlberg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Szab%C3%B3_(chess_player)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savielly_Tartakower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Vidmar
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Open titles, January 2020[3] [4]
Title Men Women Total
Grandmaster (GM) 1,655 37 1,692
International Master (IM) 3,738 116 3,854
FIDE Master (FM) 8,067 37 8,104
Candidate Master (CM) 1,708 19 1,727
Arena Grandmaster (AGM) 392 3 395
Arena International Master (AIM) 780 6 786
Arena FIDE Master (AFM) 792 10 802
Arena Candidate Master (ACM) 377 5 382
Total 17,509 233 17,742
demonstrate high skill in the field of
composing and solving chess problems (see
List of grandmasters of the FIDE for chess
compositions and Chess problem § Titles).[6]
Also, chess online titles that can be used in
OTB official tournaments can be earned by
online players. [7]
The title Grandmaster is awarded to
outstanding chess players by FIDE. Apart
from World Champion, Grandmaster is the
highest title a chess player can attain. Once
achieved, the title is generally held for life.
In chess literature it is usually abbreviated
to GM. The abbreviation IGM for International Grandmaster can also sometimes be found, particularly
in older literature. This title can be awarded to the players with an Elo rating greater than 2500 who
achieve the required three title norms.
Players with an Elo rating greater than 2700, such as Viswanathan Anand, Garry Kasparov, Magnus
Carlsen, and Vladimir Kramnik are sometimes informally referred to as "Super-GMs". There are 38
players who would qualify for this title as of January 2020.[3]
Beginning with Nona Gaprindashvili in 1978, a number of women have earned the GM title. Since about
2000, most of the top 10 women have held the GM title. This should not be confused with the Woman
Grandmaster (WGM) title.
At 12 years and 7 months, Sergey Karjakin became the youngest person ever to qualify for the
Grandmaster title.[8]
The title International Master is awarded to strong chess players. Instituted in 1950, it is a lifetime title,
usually abbreviated as IM in chess literature.
Normally three norms in international tournaments involving other IMs and Grandmasters are required
before FIDE will confer the title on a player. IMs usually have an Elo rating between 2400 and 2500.
Occasionally there may be an IM who has not yet become a Grandmaster but has a rating greater than
2500.
The IM title can also be awarded for a few specific performances. For example, under current rules, the
runner-up at the World Junior Championship will be awarded the IM title if he or she does not already
have it. Current regulations may be found in the FIDE handbook.[9]
After becoming an IM, most professional players set their next goal as becoming a Grandmaster. It is
also possible to become a Grandmaster without ever having been an International Master. Larry
Christiansen of the United States (1977), Wang Hao ofChina, Anish Giri of The Netherlands, and former
world champion Vladimir Kramnik of Russia all became Grandmasters without ever having been an IM.
Bobby Fischer of the United States attained both titles solely by virtue of qualifying for the 1958
Grandmaster (GM)
International Master (IM)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_problem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grandmasters_of_the_FIDE_for_chess_compositions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_problem#Titles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(chess)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nona_Gaprindashvili
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Grandmaster#Woman_Grandmaster_(WGM)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Karjakin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(chess)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Christiansen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Hao_(chess_player)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anish_Giri
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer
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Interzonal (IM title) and 1959 Candidates Tournament (GM title), entirely bypassing the usual process of
achieving norms at each level only incidentally becoming IM before GM. The more usual path is first to
become an IM, then move on to the GM level.
At 10 years, 9 months, and 20 days, Abhimanyu Mishra became the youngest-ever person to hold an IM
title in 2019.[10]
Introduced in 1978, FM ranks below the title of International Master but ahead of Candidate Master. The
usual way for a player to qualify for the FIDE Master title is by achieving an Elo rating of 2300 or more.
The current title regulations can be found in the FIDE handbook.[11]
The youngest FM ever in chess history is Alekhine Nouri of the Philippines who was awarded the title
after winning the 14th ASEAN Age Group Chess Championships 2013 in Thailand at age 7.[12]
Introduced in 2002,[13] the usual way for a player to qualify for the Candidate Master title is by achieving
an Elo rating of 2200 or more. Candidate Master ranks below other open FIDE titles, but above the
WFM and WCM titles.
FIDE awards online titles for people who play on its chess server.
Arena Grandmaster (AGM) is the highest online title. It is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100
blitz games or 50 rapid games with a performance rating of over 2000.[14]
Arena International Master (AIM) is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50
rapid games with a performance rating of over 1700. [14]
Arena FIDE Master (AFM) is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid games
with a performance rating of over 1400. [14]
Arena Candidate Master (ACM) is achieved by a series of 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid
games with a performance rating of over 1100. [14]
Though the open FIDE titles are not gender-segregated, the following four titles given by FIDE are
exclusive to women and may be held simultaneously with an open title. The requirements for these titles
are about 200 Elo rating points lower than the requirements for the corresponding open titles. Not all
leading female players have elected to take such titles; for example, Grandmaster Judit Polgár, in
keeping with her policy of playing only open competitions, never took a women's title.
FIDE Master (FM)
Candidate Master (CM)
Arena titles
Women's titles
Woman Grandmaster (WGM)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekhine_Nouri
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judit_Polg%C3%A1r
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Women's titles, January 2020[3]
Title Total
Woman Grandmaster (WGM) 458
Woman International Master (WIM) 846
Woman FIDE Master (WFM) 1,737
Woman Candidate Master (WCM) 762
Total 3,803
Woman Grandmaster is the highest-ranking chess title
restricted to women aside from Women's World Champion.
FIDE introduced the WGM title in 1976, joining the
previously introduced lower-ranking title, Woman
International Master.[15]
The WGM title represents a level of chess skill lower than
that of the unrestricted Grandmaster (GM) (2500) title, and
WGM requirements are also lower than the requirements for
the unrestricted International Master (IM) (2400) title. The
winner of the World Girls Junior Championship is
automatically awarded the WGM title. The current
regulations can be found in the FIDE handbook.[16]
The winner of the Women's World Championship is automatically awarded the GM title if she does not
already hold it, while the runner-up receives the IM title and a GM norm.[16]
Woman International Master is next to the highest-ranking title given by FIDE exclusively to women.
FIDE first awarded the WIM title (formerly called International Woman Master, or IWM) in 1950.
The WIM title has lower requirements than the unrestricted International Master (2400) title. The
runners-up in the World Girls Junior Championship are automatically awarded the WIM title. The
current regulations can be found in the FIDE handbook.[17]
The WFM title is just above Woman Candidate Master in the women-only titles given by FIDE. The
minimum rating for receiving this title is 2100.
Woman Candidate Master (achieved at some time a rating of 2000 and played at least 30 rated games) is
the lowest-ranking title awarded by FIDE.[18]
FIDE also awards titles for arbiters and trainers.
The arbiter titles are International Arbiter (IA) and FIDE Arbiter (FA).[19]
The titles for trainers are FIDE Senior Trainer, FIDE Trainer, FIDE Instructor, National Instructor, and
Developmental Instructor.[20]
Chess titles
Woman International Master (WIM)
Woman FIDE Master (WFM)
Woman Candidate Master (WCM)
Arbiters and trainers
See also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Grandmaster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship#World_Girls_U-20_Championship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(chess)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship#World_Girls_U-20_Championship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Arbiter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_titles
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FIDE
World Chess Championship
1. "Handbook > FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2014" (https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.
html?id=174&view=article). FIDE.com. FIDE. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
2. Wall, W. "FIDE History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091028083110/http://www.geocities.com/Silic
onValley/Lab/7378/fide.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7
378/fide.htm) on 2009-10-28.
3. "FIDE Download Rating list" (http://ratings.fide.com/download.phtml). FIDE. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
4. "FIDE Online Arena - Titled Players" (https://arena.myfide.net/ratings-and-titles/titled-players).
arena.myfide.net. Retrieved Feb 4, 2020.
5. Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (2 ed.), Oxford University
Press, p. 156, ISBN 978-0-19-280049-7
6. "Titles - WFCC" (https://www.wfcc.ch/titles/). Retrieved Feb 4, 2020.
7. "B. Permanent Commissions / 11. FIDE Online Arena Regulations / FIDE Titles for the Lower Rating
Band / FIDE Handbook" (https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B11FOATitlesForLowerRatingBand).
International Chess Federation (FIDE). Retrieved Feb 4, 2020.
8. "Record-breaking mini-grandmaster?" (https://en.chessbase.com/post/record-breaking-mini-grandma
ster-).ChessBase. 2002-05-16.
9. "FIDE Official Handbook: Title Requirements" (http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=58&view=articl
e). Fide.com. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
10. "Abhimanyu Mishra becomes the youngest IM in the world" (https://en.chessbase.com/post/abhiman
yu-mishra-becomes-the-youngest-im-in-the-world). ChessBase. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
11. International Title Regulations – Requirements for the titles designated (http://www.fide.com/compon
ent/handbook/?id=58&view=article). FIDE
12. Larano, Cris (July 3, 2013). "7-Year-old Filipino Chess Player Has Big Dreams" (https://blogs.wsj.co
m/searealtime/2013/07/03/7-year-old-filipino-chess-player-has-big-dreams/). The Wall Street Journal.
Retrieved August 31, 2013.
13. Felice, Gino (2017). Chess International Title Holders. Jefferson, North Carolina: Mcfarland and
Company Holders. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4766-7132-1.
14. "FIDE Online Arena - Titles" (https://arena.myfide.net/ratings-and-titles/titles). arena.myfide.net.
Retrieved Feb 4, 2020.
15. Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992). The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.). Oxford
University Press. p. 450. ISBN 0-19-280049-3.
16. 1.0. Requirements for the titles designated in 0.31. (http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=58&view=
article) from the FIDE Handbook, 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission)
17. "Handbook" (http://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=58&view=article). Fide.com. Retrieved
2012-03-12.
18. "2019 FIDE Arbiters' Manual" (http://arbiters.fide.com/images/stories/downloads/2019/Arbiters-Manu
al-2019-v1.pdf) (PDF). arbiters.fide.com.
19. "06. Regulations for the Titles of Arbiters" (https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=41&view=cat
egory). FIDE. Retrieved 17 Aug 2019.
20. "07. Regulations for the Titles of Trainers" (https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=42&view=cat
egory). FIDE. Archived (http://archive.is/C7NaD) from the original on 17 Aug 2019. Retrieved 17 Aug
2019.
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship
https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=174&view=article
https://web.archive.org/web/20091028083110/http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/fide.htm
http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/fide.htm
http://ratings.fide.com/download.phtml
https://arena.myfide.net/ratings-and-titles/titled-players
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280049-7
https://www.wfcc.ch/titles/
https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B11FOATitlesForLowerRatingBand
https://en.chessbase.com/post/record-breaking-mini-grandmaster-
http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=58&view=article
https://en.chessbase.com/post/abhimanyu-mishra-becomes-the-youngest-im-in-the-world
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChessBase
http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=58&view=article
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE
https://blogs.wsj.com/searealtime/2013/07/03/7-year-old-filipino-chess-player-has-big-dreams/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7132-1
https://arena.myfide.net/ratings-and-titles/titles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3
http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=58&view=article
http://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=58&view=article
http://arbiters.fide.com/images/stories/downloads/2019/Arbiters-Manual-2019-v1.pdf
https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=41&view=category
https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=42&view=category
http://archive.is/C7NaD
4/30/2020 FIDE titles - Wikipedia
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World Chess Federation FIDE official site (http://www.fide.com)
FIDE Handbook (http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?view=sections)
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