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arc-like file that parallels the anterior left serial oral polyki- netids and a frontoventral cirral zig-zag with 362 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera 1\u20136 files to the right of left marginal cirral file and also with several cirral files to the left of the right marginal cirri; multiple \u201cmarginal files\u201d derive from unique anlagen during morpho- genesis ; transverse cirri, present or absent; caudal cirri, absent; dorsal somatic ciliature as several files of bristle dikinetids; oral ciliature as for order with paroral and endoral; macronucleus, ellipsoid, multiple; micronucleus, present; contractile vacu- ole, present; cytoproct, likely present; feeding on bacteria, algae, smaller protists, including testate amoebae and ciliates; in freshwater and terrestrial habitats; three genera. \u2013 Hemicycliostyla Stokes, 1886 \u2013 Pseudourostyla Borror, 1972 \u2013 Trichotaxis Stokes, 1891 Family UROSTYLIDAE Bütschli, 1889 (syns. Bakuellidae , Bakuellinae , Erionellidae , Holostichidae , Holostichina , Holostichinae , Holostichoidea , Psammomitrinae Pseudoam- phisiellidae , Urostylinae , Urostyloidea ) Size, small to large; shape, elongate ovoid with some tailed forms; free-swimming; somatic ven- tral ciliature with several frontal cirri some- what larger than other frontoventral cirri, and with frontoventral cirri as a single zig-zag file of paired cirri or a series of shorter files off- set at their anterior and posterior ends (e.g., Bakuella, Eschaneustyla ) and typically not with additional \u201cmarginal files\u201d on both sides of this zig-zag (cf. Pseudourostylidae) ; transverse cirri, may be numerous; caudal cirri, present or absent; dorsal somatic ciliature as three to many files of bristle dikinetids; oral ciliature as for order with paroral and endoral; during division morpho- genesis, frontoventral cirri differentiate from a longitudinal field of more than five oblique cili- ary streaks; macronucleus, ellipsoid, two to many nodules; micronucleus, present; contractile vacu- ole, present; cytoproct, likely present; feeding on bacteria, algae, and smaller protists, including ciliates; in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats; 24 genera. \u2013 Afrothrix Foissner, 1999 \u2013 Anteholosticha Berger, 2003 * \u2013 Australothrix Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 \u2013 Bakuella Agamaliev & Alekperov, 1976 \u2013 Biholosticha Berger, 2003 * \u2013 Birojimia Berger & Foissner, 1989 \u2013 Caudiholosticha Berger, 2003 * \u2013 Diaxonella Jankowski, 1979 \u2013 Holosticha Wrzesniowski, 1877 \u2013 Holostichides Foissner, 1987 \u2013 Metabakuella Alekperov, 1989 \u2013 Metaurostylopsis Song, Petz, & Warren, 2001 * \u2013 Notocephalus Petz, Song, & Wilbert, 1995 \u2013 Parabirojimia Hu, Song, & Warren, 2002 * \u2013 Paragastrostyla Hemberger, 1985 \u2013 Paramitrella Jankowski, 1978 \u2013 Paruroleptus Wenzel, 1953 (subj. syn. Uroleptus ) \u2013 Periholosticha Hemberger, 1985 \u2013 Perisincirra Jankowski, 1978 \u2013 Psammomitra Borror, 1972 (subj. syn. Uroleptus ) \u2013 Pseudoamphisiella Song, 1996 \u2013 Pseudobakuella Alekperov, 1992 \u2013 Tunicothrix Xu, Lei & Choi, 2006 * \u2013 Uroleptus Ehrenberg, 1831 \u2013 Urostyla Ehrenberg, 1830 Incertae sedis in Subclass Stichotrichia \u2013 Erniella Foissner, 1987 \u2013 Gastrosticha Kahl, 1932 [nomen dubium] \u2013 Saudithrix Berger, Al-Rasheid, & Foissner, 2006 * \u2013 Stenotricha Jankowski, 1978 \u2013 Uncinata Bullington, 1940 Subclass Oligotrichia Bütschli, 1887/1889 (syns. Oligotricha , Oligotrichorida ) Size, small to large, shape, typically rounded or gently pointed posteriorly, sometimes tailed; free-swimming; a perilemma present in many spe- cies; internal polysaccharide plates in some spe- cies; somatic kineties, reduced in number and variable in pattern, forming girdles and spirals, typically derived from an \u201cequatorial\u201d girdle kinety and a \u201cventral\u201d kinety of dikinetids that originates near the posterior pole ; extrusomes often prominent rod-like \u201ctrichites\u201d; oral region on anterior half with oral polykinetids extensive and conspicuous in two sections \u2013 a \u201ccollar\u201d out on the body surface encircling anterior pole of organism and a \u201clapel\u201d inside the oral cavity proper ; paroral, a single file of kinetosomes (i.e., monostichomonad); stomatogenesis, apokinetal, often in a below-surface pouch; division morpho- 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 363 genesis, enantiotropic-like; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid to band-like, often multiple; micronu- cleus, present; contractile vacuole, at least present in freshwater forms; cytoproct, possibly absent; feeding on bacteria, microalgae, and smaller pro- tists, but mixotrophic species common; in marine and freshwater habitats, free-living as plankton but several species endocommensals in echinoids; one order. NOTE : Our classification reflects the molecu- lar genetic analyses that suggest the halteriids , classically considered oligotrichs , arose within the stichotrichs while the strombidiids are a sepa- rate lineage probably related to the choreotrichs (Snoeyenbos-West, Salcedo, McManus, & Katz, 2002; Strüder-Kypke & Lynn, 2003). Order Strombidiida Petz & Foissner, 1992 (syn. Strombidiina ) With characterististics of the class; two families. Family STROMBIDIIDAE Fauré-Fremiet, 1970 (syns. Cyrtostrombidiidae , Pelagostrombidiidae ) With characteristics of the order; without an elongate and conspicuous contractile tail, but tail is often lost in fixed specimens (see Tontoniidae below); 17 genera. NOTE : We have listed all the names of strom- bidiid genera considered valid by Aescht (2001) and Agatha (2004). However, it is highly doubtful given recent research on the molecular evolution of strombidiids that all these genera represent mono- phyletic clades (e.g., see Agatha, Strüder-Kypke, Beran, & Lynn, 2005; Snoeyenbos-West et al., 2002; Strüder-Kypke & Lynn, 2003). \u2013 Buehringa Busch, 1921 (subj. syn. Strombidium ) \u2013 Cyrtostrombidium Lynn & Gilron, 1993 \u2013 Echinostrombidium Jankowski, 1978 \u2013 Laboea Lohmann, 1908 \u2013 Limnostrombidium Krainer, 1995 \u2013 Lissostrombidium Jankowski, 1978 \u2013 Metastrombidium Fauré-Fremiet, 1924 \u2013 Novistrombidium Song & Bradbury, 1998 \u2013 Omegastrombidium Agatha, 2004 * \u2013 Parallelostrombidium Agatha, 2004 * \u2013 Pelagostrombidium Krainer, 1991 \u2013 Peristrombidium Jankowski, 1978 \u2013 Pseudostrombidium Horváth, 1933 \u2013 Seravinella Alekperov & Mamajeva, 1992 \u2013 Spirostrombidium Jankowski, 1978 \u2013 Strombidium Claparède & Lachmann, 1859 \u2013 Thigmostrombidium Jankowski, 1978 Family TONTONIIDAE Agatha, 2004 With characteristics of the order; with elongate and conspicuous contractile tail, but tail is often lost in fixed specimens ; four genera. \u2013 Paratontonia Jankowski, 1978 (subj. syn. Tontonia ) \u2013 Pseudotontonia Agatha, 2004 * \u2013 Spirotontonia Agatha, 2004 * \u2013 Tontonia Fauré-Fremiet, 1914 Class ARMOPHOREA Lynn, 2004 Size, small to large; shape, varied from top- shaped with spines to laterally flattened and leaf-like; alveoli, conspicuous to absent; somatic dikinetids with both kinetosomes bearing cilia, typically distributed in kineties covering entire body, but in smaller forms ciliature reduced to tufts or cirri; hydrogenosomes, with remnant genome retained in some forms, replacing mitochondria; oral polykinetids on left side of oral cavity, few and inconspicuous to many, forming an adoral zone; stomatogenesis, typi- cally pleurokinetal; macronucleus, single, large, and ellipsoid to elongate, but sometimes multi- ple; conjugation, typically temporary, but may be total in some armophorids; contractile vacu- ole, present, sometimes with collecting canals; cytoproct, may be present; bacterivorous, but also with endosymbiotic methanogens; in marine, freshwater, and rarely terrestrial anaerobic habi- tats (i.e. polysaprobic), typically in sediments and the intestinal