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in character- istic helical coils so that the margin of the cone spirals at least twice around the central column, but may spiral up to a half a dozen full turns in some species ; no spines; collar, short, broad; cili- ation with posterior part of the right field covering the spiralling cone and the left field at the base of the cone; sessile; peduncle, low and broad; macro- nucleus, heteromerous, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, possibly present; cyto- proct, present; feeding (?); typically in freshwater habitats, usually on the gills of gammarid amphi- pods ; three genera. \u2013 Cavichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Serpentichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Spirochona Stein, 1852 Order Cryptogemmida Jankowski, 1975 (syns. Endogemmina , Dorsofragmina + Ventro- fragmina ) Size, small; shape, often flattened, leaf-like, and angular; spines common and of several types; collar, reduced; stalk, typically present, of vary- ing length; internal budding, with up to eight tomites produced in a crypt or marsupium; macronucleus, heteromerous, with orthomere directed antapically away from funnel ; in marine habitats, occurring solely on littoral and open ocean crustaceans (i.e. amphipods , copepods , cya- mids , nebaliids ), including crustacean epibionts of whales ; six families. Family ACTINICHONIDAE Jankowski, 1973 Size, small to medium; shape, sac-like, usually flattened; cortex, often thickened; apical end coni- cal, not flattened, sometimes with a fold, and with conspicuous spines in some species; cone rotated 90° to right, relative to body and point of attachment ; collar may be elongate; ciliation with left field considerably reduced; sessile; peduncle, present, rather than stalk, with broad part of body often closely applied to substrate; crypt of vary- ing size; macronucleus, heteromerous, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, absent; cytoproct, absent; feeding (?); in marine habitats, exclusively on nebaliids ; six genera. \u2013 Actinichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Carinichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Crassichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Cristichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Kentrochonopsis Doflein, 1897 \u2013 Rhizochona Jankowski, 1973 Family ECHINICHONIDAE Jankowski, 1973 Size, small to medium; shape, rhombic or spin- dle-like, markedly flattened dorsoventrally; cone flattened, not rotated; cone with smooth wall and small teeth on its margins ; collar distinct, nar- row, low; ciliation with long and narrow right field and very reduced left field ; sessile; stalk, quite long in some species; crypt, very deep and broad ; macronucleus, heteromerous, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, absent; cytoproct, absent; feeding (?); in marine habitats, on nebaliids ; three genera. \u2013 Coronochona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Echinichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Eurychona Jankowski, 1973 Family INVERSOCHONIDAE Jankowski, 1973 (syn. Pleochonidae ) Size, small to medium; shape, sometimes elon- gate, flattened dorsoventrally; very heavy, well- developed body spines in some species; apical end very broad, flattened, usually simple, but occasionally with a few spines ; cone flattened, not rotated; collar, distinct; ciliation with left field larger than right field, which may be subdivided into two components ; sessile; peduncle, exceed- ingly short; crypt relatively shallow ; macro- nucleus, heteromerous, elongate; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, absent; cytoproct, absent; feeding (?); in marine habitats, on nebali- ids ; five genera. \u2013 Ceratochona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Chonosaurus Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Inversochona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Kentrochona Rompel, 1894 \u2013 Pleochona Jankowski, 1973 Family ISOCHONIDAE Jankowski, 1973 Size, medium; shape, cylindrical, elongate, not flattened; cone, rounded, simple, funnel-shaped, rather small and undistinguished, and in line 386 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera with main axis of long body ; collar, short; cili- ation with right field not subdivided and left field relatively large; sessile; stalk, sometimes long; crypt of moderate size; macronucleus, heteromer- ous, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, absent; cytoproct, absent; feeding (?); in marine habitats, with very wide distribution on appendages or shell of amphipods , nebaliids , and cyamids , including the \u201c whale-lice \u201d found on species of several genera of whales from various oceans; five genera \u2013 Cyamichona Jankowski, 1971 \u2013 Inermichona Jankowski, 1971 \u2013 Isochona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Thalassochona Jankowski, 1971 \u2013 Trichochona Mohr, 1948 Family ISOCHONOPSIDAE Batisse & Crumeyrolle, 1988 Size, small to medium; shape, cylindrical, elon- gate; cone, rounded, funnel-shaped, in line with main axis of long body; cone margin indented by flexible folds that are able to close the opening to the oral region ; collar, short; ciliation with left field and a right field, which is subdivided into an horizontal upper band and an oblique lower band; sessile; peduncle, short; macronucleus, heteromer- ous, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, absent; cytoproct, connected by tube to the cell surface; feeding (?); in marine habitats, on the periopods of copepods ; one genus. \u2013 Isochonopsis Batisse & Crumeyrolle, 1988 Family STYLOCHONIDAE Mohr, 1948 Size, small to medium; shape, triangular or rhomboid, leaf-like, markedly flattened dorsoven- trally, spines, may be large, elongate or may be as rows of papillae; cone, flattened, not rotated; conal margin often spiny, with pockets and folds in conal wall ; collar, very short; ciliation with larger right field and a left field that may be reduced to an almost vertical band; sessile; stalk, of varying length, sometimes unusually long; crypt, often very deep ; macronucleus, heteromerous, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, absent; cytoproct, absent; feeding (?); in marine habitats, on nebaliids; ten genera. \u2013 Armichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Ctenochona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Dentichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Eriochona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Flectichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Oxychonina Corliss, 1979 \u2013 Paraoxychona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Pterochona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Spinichona Jankowski, 1973 \u2013 Stylochona Kent, 1881 Subclass Rhynchodia Chatton & Lwoff, 1939 (syns. Rhynchodea p.p ., Toxistomia p.p .) Size, small to rarely medium; shape, ovoid, somewhat flattened, typically with pointed ante- rior end; free-swimming, but if parasitic, typically attached to host tissue; adult forms, either devoid of somatic ciliature or with it mostly restricted to an anteroventral thigmotactic field; oral region not bounded by oral kinetal structures; oral appa- ratus a suctorial tube supported only by phyl- lae ; oral extrusomes, as toxic (?) acmocysts or haptotrichocysts ; reproduction, isotomic fission or often by budding; larval forms typically with two ciliated fields; macronucleus, homomerous; micronucleus, often large, sometimes multiple; predators of other ciliates, especially suctorians and peritrichs, or parasitic (?) on gills or mouth- parts of diverse invertebrates in marine and fresh- water habitats, but most often on gills of marine bivalve molluscs ; two orders. NOTE : The classic monographs on this group are by Chatton and Lwoff (1949, 1950). Raabe (1970b) provided the last major taxonomic treat- ment. Order Hypocomatida Deroux, 1976 (syns. Hypocomatina , Hypocomida , Hypocomina + Macrostomatina ) Size, small; shape, dorsoventrally flattened; somatic kineties, essentially restricted to the ventral surface with a short anterio-lateral left kinety, a presumed homologue of the dorsal right kinetofragment of cyrtophorines; poste- rior adhesive region bounded by somatic kine- ties in right-ventral pit or fosette ; oral ciliature,