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protuberances along the left side of the anterior ciliated cavity ; macro- nucleus, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, one to several; in terrestrial habitats as endocommensals in the digestive tract of domestic and wild guinea pigs ; one genus. \u2013 Cyathodinium da Cunha, 1914 Family DENDROCOMETIDAE Haeckel, 1866 Size, small to medium; trophont, hemispheri- cal or disc-shaped; tentacles, with conical or tapered tips, ramified, and borne on arms or trunks ; swarmers, lenticular; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; con- tractile vacuole, present; in freshwater habitats as ectocommensals on gammarid amphipods ; two genera. \u2013 Dendrocometes Stein, 1852 \u2013 Niscometes Jankowski, 1987 [not listed in Aescht] Family DISCOPHRYIDAE Collin, 1912 (syns. Coronodiscophryidae , Cyathodiscophryidae , Multifasciculatidae ) Size, small to medium; trophont, with flattened disc-like body, rarely sac-like; with or without stalk; without lorica; tentacles, capitate, in fas- cicles or evenly distributed; swarmer, typically large, flattened, or elongate ovoid, with somatic kineties typically marginal, in two fields ; macro- nucleus, ellipsoid, ribbon-like or ramified; micro- nucleus, present; contractile vacuole, multiple as a rule; in freshwater habitats, in the periphyton, but many species ectocommensal on adult crusta- ceans and the larval forms of aquatic insects; four genera. \u2013 Discophrya Lachmann, 1859 \u2013 Misacineta Jankowski, 1978 (subj. syn. Discophrya ) \u2013 Multifasciculatum Goodrich & Jahn, 1943 \u2013 Setodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 (subj. syn. Discophrya ) Family ENCHELYOMORPHIDAE Augustin & Foissner, 1992 Size, small; trophont, ovoid to spheroid ; without stalk; without lorica; tentacles, rod-like, randomly distributed on one side of body; budding occurring evaginatively, usually in pairs; swarmer, spin- dle-shaped, with several rod-like tentacles and \u201ctransverse\u201d kineties ; macronucleus, globular; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; hydrogenosomes, present ; in brackish, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats, especially anaerobic ones, such as activated sludge; one genus. \u2013 Enchelyomorpha Kahl, 1930 Family HELIOPHRYIDAE Corliss, 1979 Size, small to medium; trophonts, discoid, often with flattened body, attached directly to the substrate by tectinous adhesive disc ; ten- tacles, knobbed, extensible, solitary or arranged in several fascicles; macronucleus, ellipsoid or ramified; micronucleus, present; contractile vacu- ole, multiple, around periphery of cell; in fresh- water habitats, free-living in the periphyton or as ectocommensals on invertebrates; two genera. \u2013 Cyclophrya Gönnert, 1935 \u2013 Heliophrya Saedeleer & Tellier, 1930 Family PERIACINETIDAE Jankowski, 1978 (syns. Caracatharinidae , Catharinidae ) Size, small to medium; trophont, laterally flat- tened or rarely sac-like ; lorica or stylotheca, tectinous ; tentacles, clavate, arranged in fascicles; macronucleus, ellipsoid, ribbon-like or ramified; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuoles, typi- cally several; in freshwater habitats, free-living in the periphyton or as ectocommensals on inverte- brates; four genera. \u2013 Elatodiscophrya Jankowski, 1978 (subj. syn. Discophrya ) \u2013 Kormosia Dovgal, 2002 * \u2013 Periacineta Collin, 1909 (subj. syn. Discophrya ) \u2013 Peridiscophrya Nozawa, 1938 Family PRODISCOPHRYIDAE Jankowski, 1978 Size, small; trophont, spheroid; stalked; ten- tacles, capitate, evenly distributed over the body 396 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera surface; macronucleus, globular; micronucleus, present; conjugation, anisogamous, with ciliated microconjugant similar to a swarmer ; contrac- tile vacuole, present; in freshwater habitats in periphtyon; one genus. \u2013 Prodiscophrya Kormos, 1935 Family RHYNCHOPHRYIDAE Jankowski, 1978 Size, small; trophont, laterally flattened, elon- gate; stalked; tentacles, several, agile and con- tractile ; macronucleus, ribbon-like; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, multiple; in fresh- water habitats as ectoparasites of discophryid suctorians ; one genus. \u2013 Rhynchophrya Collin, 1909 Family STYLOCOMETIDAE Jankowski, 1978 (syn. Discosomatellidae ) Size, small to medium; trophont, ovoid, sac- like or disc-like, spread over the substrate; some stalked forms; tentacles, rod-like, unramified, evenly distributed or arranged in rows ; macro- nucleus, elongate ellipsoid; micronucleus, several; contractile vacuole, present; in freshwater habitats as ectocommensals on isopod and amphipod crus- taceans ; three genera. \u2013 Discosomatella Corliss, 1960 \u2013 Echinophrya Swarczewsky, 1928 \u2013 Stylocometes Stein, 1867 Family TRYPANOCOCCIDAE Dovgal, 2002 (syn. Tripanococcidae ) Size, small; trophont, sac-like; without stalk; tentacles, absent ; swarmer, ellipsoid, laterally flattened, with several longitudinal kineties; swarmer, produced by sequential polyinver- sogemmy ; macronucleus, globular; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; in freshwater habitats as parasites of the tissues of rotifers ; one genus. \u2013 Trypanococcus Stein in Zacharias, 1885 Incertae sedis in Class PHYLLOPHARYNGEA \u2013 Silenella Fenchel, 1965 Class NASSOPHOREA Small & Lynn, 1981 (syns. Clinostomata p.p ., Cyrtostomata p.p ., Gymnostomatida-Cyrtophorina , Gymnostomorida p.p ., Homotricha p.p ., Hypostomatida , Hypostomea p.p ., Hypostomina , Hypostomata p.p ., Parahymenostomata p.p .) Size, small to large; shape, flattened dorsov- entrally or cylindrical; free-swimming; somatic alveoli well-developed with paired alveolocysts present in at least two orders \u2013 the Nassulida and Microthoracids ; somatic ciliation, very dense to often reduced in smaller forms; somatic cilia as monokinetids, dikinetids, or polykinetids; monoki- netid with anterior, tangential transverse ribbon, a divergent postciliary ribbon, and anteriorly directed kinetodesmal fibril; for dikinetids, only the anterior kinetosome has a transverse ribbon while the pos- terior kinetosome has a postciliary ribbon and kine- todesmal fibril; polykinetids are cirrus-like in one family, the Discotrichidae ; somatic extrusomes as fibrocysts, fibrous trichocysts or rod-shaped muco- cysts; cytostome ventral; cytopharyngeal appara- tus typically of the cyrtos type, well-developed in several groups ; oral area may be sunk into an atrium, with more or less organized atrial ciliature; oral polykinetids with alveoli between kineto- somal rows, may be confined to oral area or extend around body as hypostomial frange or synhymenium ; stomatogenesis, mixokinetal, and morphogenesis of fission may be complex; macro- nucleus, typically homomerous; micronuclei, one to several; conjugation, temporary; contractile vacuoles, often multiple; cytoproct, typically mid- ventral; microphagous to algivorous; in marine, brackish, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats, with ecto- and endocommensals also common, usually with invertebrate hosts; three orders and one order incertae sedis . Order Synhymeniida de Puytorac et al. in Deroux, 1978 (for Synhymenida ; syns. Nassulopsida , Nass- ulopsina , Scaphidiodontida , Scaphidiodontina , Synhymen[i]ina ) Size, small to medium; shape, cylindrical; somatic ciliation, typically holotrichous with bipolar kineties; hypostomial frange or synhy- menium of dikinetids or small polykinetids (i.e., 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 397 usually of 4 kinetosomes), extending from right postoral body surface to left dorsal body sur- face, almost encircling the body in some forms ; no atrium; cyrtos, conspicuous; free-living, pre- dominantly freshwater forms, though some marine and a number interstitial species; four families. Family NASSULOPSIDAE Deroux