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oral polykinetids of \u201clapel\u201d and \u201ccollar\u201d separated, the latter anteriodorsal; paroral, prominent, as polystichomonad, encir- cling right border of the oral region from its right rear to its anterior left ; macronucleus, ellipsoid, as two or more separated nodules or moniliform; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, may be present; cytoproct (?); feeding on bacteria, micro- algae, and smaller protists; in marine habitats, free- living and in the mantle cavity of molluscs; five genera. \u2013 Diophryopsis Hill & Borror, 1992 \u2013 Diophrys Dujardin, 1841 \u2013 Paradiophrys Jankowski, 1978 \u2013 Swedmarkia Dragesco, 1954 \u2013 Uronychia Stein, 1859 Incertae sedis in Subclass Hypotrichia Family REICHENOWELLIDAE Kahl, 1932 (syn. Transitellidae ) Size, medium; shape, ellipsoidal; free- swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, with kineties occa- sionally slightly spiraled; ventral somatic kinetids as groupings of 2\u20136 dikinetids forming deli- cate \u201ccirri\u201d and dorsal somatic dikinetids as bristles ; extrusomes, not reported; oral region, a narrowed peristomial field with an oral cav- ity supported by a basket of nematodesmata, originating from kinetosomes of the oral polyki- netids and paroral ; adoral zone of polykinetids on left side of oral region; paroral and/or endoral on right side of oral region; macronucleus, elon- gate; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding on microalgae and smaller protists; in freshwater or terrestrial habitats; three genera. \u2013 Balantidioides Penard in Kahl, 1930 \u2013 Reichenowella Kahl, 1932 Subclass Choreotrichia Small & Lynn, 1985 (syns. Oligotricha , Oligotrichorida p.p ., Strobilia p.p .) Size, small to large; shape, typically conical or bell-shaped, sometimes tailed; free-swimming (even when loricate, as in Order Tintinnida ); a perilemma, often present external to the cell (plasma) membrane; extrusomes, restricted to the oral region as capsules torqueés, at least in tintinnids; somatic ciliature, as dikinetids or monokinetids, poorly developed, rang- ing from weakly holotrichous (e.g. Strombidinopsis ) to extremely reduced (e.g. Lohmanniella ); adoral zone of oral polykinetids, used in locomotion and feeding, forming closed, outer circle around broader anterior end, but slightly open at least in the living forms of Parastrombidinopsis ; inner ends of some of these outer polykinetids may extend 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 351 into the oral cavity where they may accompany a smaller number of inner oral polykinetids restricted to the inner oral cavity; paroral, typically composed of single file of kinetosomes (monostichomad); stomatogenesis, apokinetal, ultimately developing in a below- surface pouch; macronucleus, typically as two ellipsoid fragments, but various other shapes possible; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present at least in freshwater forms; cytoproct, pos- sibly absent; feeding on bacteria, microalgae, and other protists; mainly in marine habitats, but some freshwater forms, typically planktonic; two orders. Order Tintinnida Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (syns. Archaetintinnoinea , Eutintinnina p.p ., Tintin- nina , Tintinnoida , Tintinnoidea , Tintinniona , Tintinnoinea ) Size, small to large; shape, cylindrical or cone- haped, highly contractile, often with elongate posterior end; attached to inside of lorica, and sed- entary within lorica ; loricae, 100\u2013200 (24\u20131,000) µm in length, but up to 3,000 µm if certain aberrant questionable fossil material is included; loricae, typ- ically rigid, but gelatinous in Family Tintinnidiidae , hyaline or agglomerated with mineral or organic particles; free-swimming or sessile; tentaculoids containing extrusomes (\u201ccapsules torquées\u201d) inter- spersed between oral polykinetids in some taxa; macronuclei, typically two; micronucleus, present; in marine and freshwater habitats, typically marine, widespread in pelagic and neritic plankton (with fos- sil evidence for past aeons); 15 families, excluding several families based on fossil taxa (see NOTE ). NOTE : If phylogenies derived from small sub- unit rRNA gene sequences represent the true phy- logenetic relationships, the taxonomy of this order, based on lorica morphology, is very probably incorrect (Strüder-Kypke & Lynn, 2003). Agatha and Riedel-Lorjé (2006) noted that fewer than 20 species have the kinetome described in sufficient detail from silver impregnation to permit a rigorous comparative morphological analysis. Until more complete morphological and gene sequence data are available, we have conservatively retained the classification based on loricae. We do not accept the all-fossil Families Calpio- nellidae Bonet, 1956, Calpionellopsidae Maka rieva, 1982, Colomiellidae Bonet, 1956, Chitinoidellidae Grün and Blau, 1997, Crassicolariidae Makarieva, 1982, Remaniellidae Makarieva, 1982, Semichitino- idellidae Nowak, 1978, distributing their genera as incertae sedis among other families (see earlier review by Loeblich & Tappan, 1968). Several recently estab- lished families for fossil genera are listed at the end of this section with their included genera, which can- not be easily placed within the families that include contemporary taxa. A thorough review of these fossil data by a taxonomist familiar with the contemporary diversity of the tintinnids would provide a useful per- spective on the \u201chistorical\u201d diversity of this group. Family ASCAMPBELLIELLIDAE Corliss, 1960 (for Craterellidae ) Size, small; lorica, cup-shaped, not elongate, with smooth to denticulate oral rim and trilaminar wall; lorica rim of collar as inner collar and outer flared rim, with gutter or trough between ; lorica of some species with agglutinated coccol- iths; in marine habitats, mainly eupelagic; no fossil species; two genera and two genera incertae sedis . \u2013 Acanthostomella Jörgensen, 1927 \u2013 Ascampbelliella Corliss, 1960 Incertae sedis in Family Ascampbelliellidae \u2013 Luxiella Lecal, 1953 \u2013 Niemarshallia Corliss, 1960 Family CODONELLIDAE Kent, 1881 (syns. Calpionellidae p.p ., Chitinoidellidae , Crassicollariidae , Remaniellidae ) Size, small to medium; lorica flask-, bowl- or chalice- shaped, with aboral end sometimes pointed and closed; lorica collar not clear, but if present may or may not have a nuchal constriction; lorica wall, unilaminar, commonly reticulate and agglom- merated ; predominantly in marine habitats, neritic and eupelagic forms, but a few species (e.g., of Codonella and Tintinnopsis ) abundant in the plankton of freshwater lakes, rivers, and ponds; numerous fossil as well as widespread contemporary forms; 28 genera and 16 fossil genera incertae sedis . \u2013 Amphorellina Colom, 1948 (fossil) \u2013 Bignotella Willems, 1975 (fossil) \u2013 Chitinoidella Doben, 1963 (fossil) \u2013 Claretinella Keij, 1974 (fossil) \u2013 Codonaria Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 \u2013 Codonella Haeckel, 1873 (some fossils) 352 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera \u2013 Codonopsis Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 \u2013 Coxliellina Colom, 1948 (fossil) \u2013 Crassicollaria Remane, 1962 (fossil) \u2013 Dicloeopella Eicher, 1965 (fossil) \u2013 Durandella Dragastan, 1972 (fossil) \u2013 Lorenziella Knauer & Nagy, 1964 (fossil) \u2013 Parachitinoidella Trejo, 1972 (fossil) \u2013 Poroecus Cleve, 1902 \u2013 Praetintinnopsella Borza, 1969 (fossil) \u2013 Pseudarcella Spandel, 1909 (fossil) \u2013 Remanellina Tappan & Loeblich, 1968 (fossil) \u2013 Remaniella Catalano, 1965 (fossil) \u2013 Salpingellina Colom, 1948 (fossil) \u2013 Savroniella Belokrys, 1995 (fossil) \u2013 Spinarcella Keij, 1969 (fossil) \u2013 Spinophenia Szczechura, 1969 (fossil) \u2013 Tintinnopsella Colom, 1948 (fossil) \u2013 Tintinnopsis Stein, 1867 (some fossils) \u2013 Tytthocorys Tappan & Loeblich, 1968 (fossil) \u2013 Urnulella Szczechura, 1969 [not listed in Aescht]