Grátis
102 pág.

Pré-visualização | Página 7 de 50
oral polykinetids of “lapel” and “collar” separated, the latter anteriodorsal; paroral, prominent, as polystichomonad, encir- cling right border of the oral region from its right rear to its anterior left ; macronucleus, ellipsoid, as two or more separated nodules or moniliform; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, may be present; cytoproct (?); feeding on bacteria, micro- algae, and smaller protists; in marine habitats, free- living and in the mantle cavity of molluscs; five genera. – Diophryopsis Hill & Borror, 1992 – Diophrys Dujardin, 1841 – Paradiophrys Jankowski, 1978 – Swedmarkia Dragesco, 1954 – Uronychia Stein, 1859 Incertae sedis in Subclass Hypotrichia Family REICHENOWELLIDAE Kahl, 1932 (syn. Transitellidae ) Size, medium; shape, ellipsoidal; free- swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, with kineties occa- sionally slightly spiraled; ventral somatic kinetids as groupings of 2–6 dikinetids forming deli- cate “cirri” and dorsal somatic dikinetids as bristles ; extrusomes, not reported; oral region, a narrowed peristomial field with an oral cav- ity supported by a basket of nematodesmata, originating from kinetosomes of the oral polyki- netids and paroral ; adoral zone of polykinetids on left side of oral region; paroral and/or endoral on right side of oral region; macronucleus, elon- gate; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding on microalgae and smaller protists; in freshwater or terrestrial habitats; three genera. – Balantidioides Penard in Kahl, 1930 – Reichenowella Kahl, 1932 Subclass Choreotrichia Small & Lynn, 1985 (syns. Oligotricha , Oligotrichorida p.p ., Strobilia p.p .) Size, small to large; shape, typically conical or bell-shaped, sometimes tailed; free-swimming (even when loricate, as in Order Tintinnida ); a perilemma, often present external to the cell (plasma) membrane; extrusomes, restricted to the oral region as capsules torqueés, at least in tintinnids; somatic ciliature, as dikinetids or monokinetids, poorly developed, rang- ing from weakly holotrichous (e.g. Strombidinopsis ) to extremely reduced (e.g. Lohmanniella ); adoral zone of oral polykinetids, used in locomotion and feeding, forming closed, outer circle around broader anterior end, but slightly open at least in the living forms of Parastrombidinopsis ; inner ends of some of these outer polykinetids may extend 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 351 into the oral cavity where they may accompany a smaller number of inner oral polykinetids restricted to the inner oral cavity; paroral, typically composed of single file of kinetosomes (monostichomad); stomatogenesis, apokinetal, ultimately developing in a below- surface pouch; macronucleus, typically as two ellipsoid fragments, but various other shapes possible; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present at least in freshwater forms; cytoproct, pos- sibly absent; feeding on bacteria, microalgae, and other protists; mainly in marine habitats, but some freshwater forms, typically planktonic; two orders. Order Tintinnida Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (syns. Archaetintinnoinea , Eutintinnina p.p ., Tintin- nina , Tintinnoida , Tintinnoidea , Tintinniona , Tintinnoinea ) Size, small to large; shape, cylindrical or cone- haped, highly contractile, often with elongate posterior end; attached to inside of lorica, and sed- entary within lorica ; loricae, 100–200 (24–1,000) µm in length, but up to 3,000 µm if certain aberrant questionable fossil material is included; loricae, typ- ically rigid, but gelatinous in Family Tintinnidiidae , hyaline or agglomerated with mineral or organic particles; free-swimming or sessile; tentaculoids containing extrusomes (“capsules torquées”) inter- spersed between oral polykinetids in some taxa; macronuclei, typically two; micronucleus, present; in marine and freshwater habitats, typically marine, widespread in pelagic and neritic plankton (with fos- sil evidence for past aeons); 15 families, excluding several families based on fossil taxa (see NOTE ). NOTE : If phylogenies derived from small sub- unit rRNA gene sequences represent the true phy- logenetic relationships, the taxonomy of this order, based on lorica morphology, is very probably incorrect (Strüder-Kypke & Lynn, 2003). Agatha and Riedel-Lorjé (2006) noted that fewer than 20 species have the kinetome described in sufficient detail from silver impregnation to permit a rigorous comparative morphological analysis. Until more complete morphological and gene sequence data are available, we have conservatively retained the classification based on loricae. We do not accept the all-fossil Families Calpio- nellidae Bonet, 1956, Calpionellopsidae Maka rieva, 1982, Colomiellidae Bonet, 1956, Chitinoidellidae Grün and Blau, 1997, Crassicolariidae Makarieva, 1982, Remaniellidae Makarieva, 1982, Semichitino- idellidae Nowak, 1978, distributing their genera as incertae sedis among other families (see earlier review by Loeblich & Tappan, 1968). Several recently estab- lished families for fossil genera are listed at the end of this section with their included genera, which can- not be easily placed within the families that include contemporary taxa. A thorough review of these fossil data by a taxonomist familiar with the contemporary diversity of the tintinnids would provide a useful per- spective on the “historical” diversity of this group. Family ASCAMPBELLIELLIDAE Corliss, 1960 (for Craterellidae ) Size, small; lorica, cup-shaped, not elongate, with smooth to denticulate oral rim and trilaminar wall; lorica rim of collar as inner collar and outer flared rim, with gutter or trough between ; lorica of some species with agglutinated coccol- iths; in marine habitats, mainly eupelagic; no fossil species; two genera and two genera incertae sedis . – Acanthostomella Jörgensen, 1927 – Ascampbelliella Corliss, 1960 Incertae sedis in Family Ascampbelliellidae – Luxiella Lecal, 1953 – Niemarshallia Corliss, 1960 Family CODONELLIDAE Kent, 1881 (syns. Calpionellidae p.p ., Chitinoidellidae , Crassicollariidae , Remaniellidae ) Size, small to medium; lorica flask-, bowl- or chalice- shaped, with aboral end sometimes pointed and closed; lorica collar not clear, but if present may or may not have a nuchal constriction; lorica wall, unilaminar, commonly reticulate and agglom- merated ; predominantly in marine habitats, neritic and eupelagic forms, but a few species (e.g., of Codonella and Tintinnopsis ) abundant in the plankton of freshwater lakes, rivers, and ponds; numerous fossil as well as widespread contemporary forms; 28 genera and 16 fossil genera incertae sedis . – Amphorellina Colom, 1948 (fossil) – Bignotella Willems, 1975 (fossil) – Chitinoidella Doben, 1963 (fossil) – Claretinella Keij, 1974 (fossil) – Codonaria Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 – Codonella Haeckel, 1873 (some fossils) 352 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera – Codonopsis Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 – Coxliellina Colom, 1948 (fossil) – Crassicollaria Remane, 1962 (fossil) – Dicloeopella Eicher, 1965 (fossil) – Durandella Dragastan, 1972 (fossil) – Lorenziella Knauer & Nagy, 1964 (fossil) – Parachitinoidella Trejo, 1972 (fossil) – Poroecus Cleve, 1902 – Praetintinnopsella Borza, 1969 (fossil) – Pseudarcella Spandel, 1909 (fossil) – Remanellina Tappan & Loeblich, 1968 (fossil) – Remaniella Catalano, 1965 (fossil) – Salpingellina Colom, 1948 (fossil) – Savroniella Belokrys, 1995 (fossil) – Spinarcella Keij, 1969 (fossil) – Spinophenia Szczechura, 1969 (fossil) – Tintinnopsella Colom, 1948 (fossil) – Tintinnopsis Stein, 1867 (some fossils) – Tytthocorys Tappan & Loeblich, 1968 (fossil) – Urnulella Szczechura, 1969 [not listed in Aescht]