FCLLI_05

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FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Aula: 5The Revolutionary period and the influence of
 the French Revolution
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
To understand the concepts of freedom and search for liberty during the revolutionary period in the united states.
To analyze to what extent, these concepts are present in the declaration of independence and in the constitution of the united states.
To recognize the contribution of the war of secession and the fights between the agrarian south and the industrialized north.
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
Hi, students.
 In this class, we are going to discuss the causes which led to the American Revolution. In their immediate occasion they were largely economic. The colonists objected to the navigation laws which interfered with their trade, they denied the power of Parliament to impose taxes which they were obliged to pay, and they therefore resisted the royal governors and the royal forces which were sent to secure obedience to these laws. But the conviction is inescapable that a new civilization had come, a new spirit had arisen on that side of the Atlantic more advanced and more developed in its regard for the rights of the individual than that which characterized the Old World. Life in a new and open country had aspirations which could not be realized in any
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
any subordinate position. A separate establishment was ultimately inevitable. It had been decreed by the very laws of human nature. Man everywhere has an unconquerable desire to be the master of his own destiny. We are obliged to conclude that the Declaration of Independence represented the movement of a people. It was not, of course, a movement from the top. Revolutions do not come from that direction. Besides that, we are going to study the fights between the south and the north.
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
When were the concepts of freedom first mentioned?
The colonists- inheritors of the traditions of the Englishman ´s long struggle for political liberty- incorporated concepts of freedom into Virginia ´s first charter. This provided that English colonists were to exercise all liberties, franchises, and immunities “as if they had been abiding and born within this Realm of England”. They were, then, to enjoy the benefits of the Magna Carta and the 
common law.
The History of the United States:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICqJEt072WE&feature=fvwrel 
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
How did England loose control over the colonies?
In the early days, the colonies were able to hold fast to their heritage of rights because of the king ‘s arbitrary assumption that they were not subject to parliamentary control. In addition, for years afterward, the kings of England were too preoccupied with a great struggle in England itself- a struggle which culminated in the Puritan Revolution- to enforce their will. Before Parliament could bring its attention to the task of molding the American colonies to an imperial policy, they had grown strong and prosperous in their own right.
The thirteen colonies:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mlkgrrG7TU 
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
How did legislation become American?
From the first year after the colonists had set foot upon the new continent, they had functioned according to the English law and constitution- with legislative assemblies, a representative system of government, and a recognition of the common- law guarantees of personal liberty. But increasingly legislation became American in point of view, and less and less attention was paid to English practices and precedents. Nevertheless, colonial freedom from effective English control was not achieved without conflict, and colonial history abounds in struggles between the assemblies elected by the people and the governors appointed by the king.
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
How did power move from England to the colonies?
The recurring clashes between governor and assembly worked increasingly to awaken the colonists to the divergence between American and English interests. Gradually, the assemblies took over the functions of the governors and their councils, which were made up of colonists selected for their docile support of royal power, and the center of colonial administration shifted from London to the provincial capitals. Early in the 1771s, following the final expulsion of the French from the North American continent, an attempt was made to bring about a drastic change in the relationship between the colonies and the mother country.
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
How did colonists behave towards the war between England and France?
The colonies offered little support for the war as a whole, all schemes failing to bring them ‘to a sense of their duty to the King.” The colonists could see the war only as a struggle for empire on the part of England and France. They felt no compunction when British government was obliged to send large numbers of regular troops to wage colonial battles. Nor did they regret that the French , the ‘redcoats’, rather than provincial troops, won the war. Nor did they see any reason for cutting commerce that, in effect, constituted ‘trade with the enemy.’ In spite of colonial support and of several early military defeats, England won the war.
Colonists:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_ltTMQ6Gsg : 2.05 to 12.02
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
Was England able to control colonists’ demands for freedom?
Clear as was the British need for a new imperial design, the situation in America was anything but favorable to a change. Long accustomed to a large measure of independence, the colonies were demanding more, not less, freedom, particularly now that the French menace had been eliminated. To put a new system into effect, to tighten control, the statesmen of England had to contend with colonists trained to self-government and impatient of interference.
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
To what extent did the financial policy of the British government affect their relationship with the colonists?
England needed more money to support the growing empire. Unless the taxpayer in England was to supply it all, the colonies would have to contribute. Colonists were very dissatisfied with the taxing. Here are some examples of the taxes and laws created by England and their consequences: Outraged colonies:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbwOop46Dag 
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
Which movements were developed to help the colonies reach independence?
*1774
- Representatives of the Colonies met in Philadelphia “to consult upon the present unhappy state of the Colonies.” (1st Continental Congress)
- No obedience to the “Coercive Acts”
- Formation of an “ Association to make resistance against British acts”.
* April 1775
- 1st bloodshed for independence: 8 patriots dead and many losses
in the British troops
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
* May 1775
- 2nd Continental Congress: John Hancock (president), Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin
-War was the issue to be discussed
- Colonel George Washington was appointed commander in chief of the American forces.
* 1776
- Thomas Paine publishes “Common Sense”, valuing the honest working man, and ridiculing monarchy- Brought many to the cause of Independence.
* July 4, 1776
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
- Declaration of Independence ( Thomas Jefferson- Virginia- and others)
* Revolutionary War
- Lasted more than 6 years
 - French helped: Revenge for 1763; enthusiasm for the American cause
 - Later, King Louis XVI sent a fleet to help and British surround
 * 1783
 - Independence was acknowledged
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
How can we link The Declaration of Independence to a philosophy of human freedom?
The Declaration of Independence- adopted July 4, 1776- not only announced the birth of a new nation, it also set forth a philosophy of human freedom meant to be a dynamic force in the entire western world. It rested, not upon particular grievances, but upon a broad base of individual liberty that could command general support throughout America. Its political philosophy is explicit:
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
“ We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.”
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
Which parallels can we draw between the American and French Revolution?
The effects of the American Revolution, as a revolution, were imponderable but very great. It inspired the sense of a new era. It added a new content to the conception of progress. It gave a whole new dimension to ideas of liberty and equality made familiar by the Enlightenment. It got people into the habit of thinking more concretely about political questions, and made them more readily critical of their own governments and society. It dethroned England, and set up America, as a model for those seeking a better world. It brought written constitutions, declarations of rights, and 
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
Constituent conventions into the realm of the possible. The apparition on the other side of the atlantic of certain ideas already familiar in europe made such ideas seem more truly universal, and confirmed the habit of thinking in terms of humanity at large. Whether fantastically idealized or seen in a factual way, whether as mirage or as reality, america made europe seem unsatisfactory to many people of the middle and lower classes, and to those of the upper classes who wished them well. It made a good many europeans feel sorry for themselves, and induced a kind of spiritual flight from the old regime. 
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
What were the differences between the South and the North?
Historians continue to debate why the country's tradition of compromise broke down in 1861. Several factors contributed to the outbreak of civil war. One was a growing divergence between the North and South-economically, socially, and ideologically. At the new nation's founding, the two regions were superficially quite similar. Slavery could be found in each of the thirteen states and each region had a predominantly agricultural economy. But except in parts of Rhode Island, New Jersey, and New York's Hudson River Valley, slavery was a marginal institution in the North, and following the Revolution, each Northern state either abolished slavery or adopted a gradual emancipation plan.
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The revolutionary period and the influence of the french revolution- aula 5
Personal thoughts about the Declaration follow the excerpts below.
The individual freedoms which we take for granted are still remarkable in much of the world more than 200 years after our Revolutionary War.  There is much in this "status quo" which merits vigilant conservative protection against the latest liberal ideas about how to mandate changes in our lives through federal government power.
In our system, it is up to us, the individual voters, to always remain vigilant against nascent tyranny or any other abuses of public trust or power by the elected officials of any party from any state.  This is not a government of allegiance sworn to those who wield power today.  We the people are still in charge here.