FCLLI_07

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FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Aula 7: The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
to understand the impact of the Spanish-American war and of the 1st World War into the American society.
 to reflect critically about the processes of the Great Depression in the North American literature. 
 to analyze the themes and attitudes of the pos war writers.
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
What was international importance of the Spanish-American war?
Militarily, the Spanish-American War (1898) was not a monumental war. The war was brief, included few battles, and the US generally had an easy time of it, with the war's outcome never in much doubt. Secretary of State John Hay called it a "splendid little war." Internationally, however, the war had major historical significance. The Spanish-American War signaled the emergence of the US as a great power onto the world stage of international relations and diplomacy. The war did not make the US a great power: the rapid industrialization and economic growth of the previous decades had done that. However, the war did announce to the rest of the world that the US was now a major player. Lifting its head from a century of isolationism and flexing its muscles against the Spanish, the US now transitioned to a vigorous role in world affairs.
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
How did the war affirm US imperialism?
	The war demonstrated a US move towards imperialism (the taking of colonies). In general, this shift in policy was quite surprising, since the US, once a colony itself, had generally opposed the European colonial habit. Before the Spanish-American War, Congress even passed the Teller Amendment promising that the US would leave Cuba independent. Yet during the war or just after, the US annexed Guam, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to provide coaling stations for the US Navy throughout the world, as called for by the theories of strategist Alfred T. Mahan. There has been some debate among historians over whether 1898 was a rare moment of US imperialism or the beginning of a long period of informal imperialism accomplished through economic domination.
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Watch the video about Spanish-American war.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVtkZ6Sv16M 
What happened to US interference in world affairs?
The war also described a pattern extant through much of the 20th century: just as the Philippines and other annexed nations struggled against US rule, US interference in world affairs would not always be welcomed by the smaller nations that fell under Uncle Sam's increasingly tall shadow. The most immediate effect of anger over US interference lay in the 1899-1901 war waged by Emilio Aguinaldo and the Filipinos against the US, which was actually bloodier than the Spanish-American War itself. American embroilment in a military quagmire with an Asian nationalist group over independence seems oddly familiar to later American involvement in Korea and Vietnam, again showing that the Spanish- American War was a sign of things to come.
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
What was the role of the midia?
The war also revealed the growing power of the media to control public opinion in the US. Around the turn of the century and most powerfully just before and during the war, newspapermen like Hearst and Pulitzer practiced yellow journalism, sensationalizing stories and whipping the public into a frenzy for the simple purpose of increasing circulation. There is a great deal of historical proof that the "yellow journalists" tried to instigate the Spanish- American war because they knew war would help sell more newspapers. The role of the newspapers in this war foreshadowed the increasing importance of the media in shaping public opinion regarding wars, as would be seen increasingly in all successive US wars, culminating with the Vietnam War and the Gulf War. In this way, the Spanish-American War was very modern, arguably the first "media war" in American history.(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0XfxtMBF8A –Yellow jou
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
How did the US increase their power?
Finally, the Spanish-American War revealed that industrialization in the late 19th century had made the US a great power. Now, as the frontier in the American West disappeared, the nation sought new room to grow: world markets, protected by a worldwide Navy based on island territories throughout the world. Furthermore, new ideas of "Social Darwinism" in the period suggested to many Americans that international relations were a nasty contest in which the "fittest" nations would do what they had to in order to survive. 
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Regardless of the reasons behind annexation, the Spanish-American War and the colonies it brought to the US marked, for good and for ill, the beginning of the modern era of US intervention in world affairs. And the emergence of the US onto the international stage as a power also symbolized to many that the US had finally emerged, whole and healthy, from the era of the Civil War.
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
How has the 1920 ‘ s changed American society?
The 1920 's has changed America in many ways. Areas still have lasting effects on America's society. After World War I ended advertising transitioned from reform to consumerism. McClure's Magazine was a women's magazine in the 1920's. Pictures in magazines like this had a better printing quality which made them look more appealing. It advertised hosiery, makeup, and many more items to middle class women. Magazines would use clever slogans to essentially make the women of this time not feel guilty that they weren't up to par for their husbands. Tabloid papers were created. An example of this was the New York Daily News. It covered everything from crime, sports, to scandals. With new technology advertising reached millions of Americans. Movie stars and athletes were 
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
hired to persuade Americans to buy products like coffee or even tobacco. Prior to the 1920's Coca-Cola was used as a medicine. It was said to cure headaches. Coca-Cola knew it had a great taste and could be drank everyday so they pressured storekeepers to sell their product. Now Coca-Cola is one of the most popular sodas in the United States. Advertising is still a fundamental today and the 1920's was a key part of that. America's economy underwent major changes during the 1920's due to consumerism. Automotive companies employed 1 out of every twelve men in America. New technology, such as conveyor belts, made working in factories for efficient and time worthy. These conveyor belts at Ford plants cut work time from twelve and a half hours to one and a half hours to build one car. Automotive companies were also a big help for steel, glass, rubber, and
gas sales. Prices for equipment and materials to make the cars were referred to by the older generations as "portable bedrooms." 
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
 there were roughly 6.7 million cars in America, but by 1929 there was about 27 million. The United States spent over $2 billion a year to build and repair roads. From 1920 to 1929 483,000 miles of road was built throughout the U.S. Sadly, nearly 30,000 people died in traffic related accidents per year in the 1920's. The 1920's was a big decade for the economy, it had it's great up's in the beginning, but put us on a road to failure in the late 1920's, the Great Depression. On January 16, 1920 Prohibition was put into effect. It was led by the Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union. These two groups believed that ending the sale of liquor would end corruption, machine politics, help labor productivity, and Americanize immigrants. They also believed that it would end spousal abuse and child abuse. The Anti-Saloon League called 
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
	Milwaukee's breweries "the worst of all our German enemies." The eighteenth amendment banned the manufacture and sale of liquors. The death rate from alcoholism was cut by 80% in 1921. The Ammendment to stop alchohol use was barely approached. Too few of police officials made a good effort to stop the manufacture and consumption of alcohol. As an example, before Prohibition in 1919, Cleveland had 1,200 legal bas and in 1923 there were more than 3,000 illegal speakeasies and 10,000 stills. Prohibition ended on December 5, 1933. Today alcohol has lead to more than half our nation's homicides and a portion of domestic abuse.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msgMMMv2gLU 
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
What were the effects of the Great Depression over American society? The major effect of the Great Depression on America was expanded by government intervention into new areas of social and economic affairs and the creation of more social assistance agencies at the national level. The relationship between the national government and the people changed drastically. The government took on a greater role in the everyday social and economic lives of the people. The New Deal programs of FDR also created a liberal political alliance made up of labor unions, blacks and other ethnic and religious minorities, intellectuals, the poor, and some farmers. These groups became the backbone of the Democratic Party for decades following the Depression. 
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
How was the decline of American dream?
In the Great Depression the American dream had become a nightmare. What was once the land of opportunity was now the land of desperation. What was once the land of hope and optimism had become the land of despair. The American people were questioning all the maxims on which they had based their lives - democracy, capitalism, individualism. The best hope for a better life was California. Many Dust Bowl farmers packed their families into cars, tied their few possessions on the back, and sought work in the agricultural fields or cities of the West - their role as independent land owners gone forever. Between 1929 and 1932 the income of the average American family was reduced by 40%, from
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
$2,300 to $1,500. Instead of advancement, survival became the keyword. Institutions, attitudes, lifestyles changed in this decade but democracy prevailed. Democracies such as Germany and Italy fell to dictatorships, but the United States and its constitution survived.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8k0jJdqKP0 Great Depression
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
How were cultural activities and literature portrayed during the Great Depression?
The 1930s saw the marked growth of mass culture as citizens sought diversion from their troubles. Most popular culture centered on escapist themes and/or humor. In film, comedies were the most highly attended of all genres. The Marx Brothers became huge stars, often appearing in farcical productions depicting get-rich-quick schemes. Radio shows also became immensely popular during this period, so much so that the 1930s is often called the Golden Age of Radio. Magazines similarly provided popular diversion. Life magazine began publication during the 1930s, filling its pages with pictures of spectacular scenes and glorified personalities.
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
 	Literary work of the 1930s focused on the rejection of the notion of progress and a desire to return to an earlier age of purity and simplicity. John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath, glorified a simple, rural way of life. Jack Conroy’s The Disinherited, a 1933 chronicle of an average industrial worker’s life in the Depression Era, conveyed disillusionment and cynicism. William Faulkner also emerged as an important American writer, examining southern life in novels such as A Light in August, published in 1932, and Absalom! Absalom!, published in 1936.
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Disillusioned with capitalism, many intellectuals and writers—including Langston Hughes, John Dos Passos, and Ernest Hemingway—formed allegiances, direct and indirect, to the Communist Party. Along with other intellectuals, these writers joined the Popular Front, a political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War against fascist powers. Hemingway’s 1940 novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, portrays the life of an American soldier fighting in the Spanish Civil War against a fascist dictatorship.
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
An overview of fiction since World War
In the repression of the 19th century became the expression of the 20th. In their disillusionment with life, people tried to justify their behavior by the ‘New Psychology’ though Freud´s theory. His theory presented the whole truth on human nature and an approval for doing what one pleased. Therefore, attention was given to the inner life, that is, a subconscious activity dominated by sex.
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
After World War I, realism prevailed in American fiction, often an ironic realism, based on bitterness and postwar disillusion. The war intensified the crisis of human spirit in the intellectual class. This crisis provoked evolution in science. Modern thought, conditioned by scientific evolution, rejected the religious mysteries and accepted the mysteries of science. Outstanding among the novelists of the time were Sinclair Lewis, Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald.
During the 1930´s American novels were probably the most significant then being written 
Lesson 7- The United States as a military potency, the Great Depression and the post war writers
 FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DE LITERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
anywhere in the world.
Apart from the terror and dismay with which virtually all writers viewed World War I, there was no general pattern.
 On the whole, however, novelists were sympathetic in their presentation of the middle and lower classes, and often eloquent in portrayal of the miseries experienced by sensitive souls born in handicapping environments.