Aula 05 Adjetivos - Complementação e Frase Adjetival

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Língua Inglesa - estrutura sintática I
Aula 05: Adjetivos - Complementação e Frase Adjetival
Apresentação
Hello everybody! In this lesson, we will study the adjective and the adjectival phrases.
Objetivos
Study the adjective and the adjectival phrases;
Analyze the syntactic uses of the adjective.
Initial Considerations
Take a look at these concepts:
1. A text consists of one or more sentences (frases)
2. A sentence consists of one or more clauses (orações)
3. A clause consists of one or more phrases (sintagmas)
4. A word consists of one or more morphemes (morfemas)
5. A phrase consists of one or more words (palavras)
 LeicherOliver (Fonte: Shutterstock).
Now, we will take a closer look at PHRASES:
In grammar, a phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.
Phrases may be classi�ed by the type of head taken by them:
Phrase Type Head Example
Noun Phrase [NP] Noun [the children in class 5]
Verb Phrase [VP] Verb [play the piano]
Adjective Phrase [AP] Adjective [delighted to meet you]
Adverb Phrase [AdvP] Adverb [very quickly]
Prepositional Phrase [PP] Preposition [in the garden]
See the following:
The house at the end of the street is a phrase.
It acts like a noun. It contains the phrase at the end of the street, a prepositional phrase which acts like an adjective. Most
phrases have a central word which de�nes the type of phrase. This word is called the head of the phrase.
The poor living conditions make planning your future [almost impossible].
The adjective phrase almost impossible consists of the head impossible and the degree modi�er almost.
The Uses of Adjective Phrases
Adjective phrases have two primary uses.:
They can be used to modify
nouns inside noun phrases
(Attributive)
First, they can be used to modify nouns
inside noun phrases , they expand noun
phrases, as in the following example:
The scarcity of supplies has become [an
increasingly di�cult problem].
Here, the noun phrase within square
brackets has the noun problem as its head,
and the adjective phrase increasingly
di�cult serves as a modi�er. This function
of adjective phrases is referred to as
attributive.
They can be predicatives in
clause structure (Predicative)
The second main function of adjective
phrases is as predicatives in clause
structure, following verbs like be, become,
seem, etc.
TMaintaining a reasonable level has
become increasingly di�cult. 
TThis function of adjective phrases is
referred to as predicative.
 
 
 
Example
See more examples.
Predicative-only Adjectives
Some adjectives only occur in predicative adjective phrases. Most dictionaries mark such adjectives as special (e.g. by labelling
them "predicative only" or "not in attributive use").
A few examples are given here:
Afraid Bill is afraid of dogs. NOT: *Bill is an afraid boy.
Alike The two brothers are very much alike. NOT: *The two most alike results were compared.
Aware We are aware of the difficulties. NOT: *We expect more aware attempts in the future.
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Adjectives as Heads of Noun Phrases
A somewhat odd function of adjectives is that of serving as heads of noun phrases. In English, this use is virtually restricted to
noun phrases that have generic reference (i.e. which refer to entities in general, rather than to speci�c instances). The following
two examples illustrate this use:
 Vectors bySkop (Fonte: Shutterstock).
We must plan for the future needs of the elderly. [elderly
people in general]
In the early 20th century, the study of the supernatural was
attracting a lot of interest. [supernatural phenomena in
general]
 Lorelyn Medina (Fonte: Shutterstock).
Note
In the �rst example, reference is made to a category of people who share some characteristic (age in this case). In the second
example, reference is made to an abstract concept.
Almost without exception, these two uses are the only ones where adjectives are used in this way in English. When reference is
made to a speci�c individual or a speci�c group of individuals or speci�c instances of abstract concepts , a nominal head (a
noun or a pronoun) is used.
 Kelly Hironaka (Fonte: Shutterstock).
The elderly woman was confused and disoriented.
They insist that the supernatural events described in the
bible are real-world manifestations of God.
 Maike Hildebrandt (Fonte: Shutterstock).
 Phrases Within Phrases
Consider the NP: [NP very small children] Head - children pre-Head string small. (adjective phrase)So in small children, we have
an AP small embedded with the NP small children. We represent this as follows: [NP [AP small] children].
 Very small children (Fonte: Shutterstock).
Example
See more examples.
 Tree Diagrams
The structure of adjective phrases is often represented using tree structures. There are two modern conventions for doing this:
constituency-based trees of phrase structure grammars; dependency-based trees of dependency grammars. Both types of trees
are produced here.
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 
- Head-�nal adjective phrases (constituency)
 
- Head-�nal adjective phrases (dependency)
The labels on the nodes in the trees are acronyms:
A = adjective,
Adv = adverb,
AP = adjective phrase,
N = noun/pronoun,
P = preposition,
PP = prepositional phrase.
The constituency trees identify these phrases as adjective phrases by labeling the top node with AP, and the dependency trees
accomplish the same thing by positioning the A node at the top of the tree.
 
- Head-�nal adjective phrases (constituency)
 
- Head-�nal adjective phrases (dependency)
Now, take a look at the tree for these sentences. The restaurant served plain tasteless food:
The little girl wanted her room bright pink:
How Can I Identify an Adjective
Phrase?
Many people wonder how to pick out adjective phrases
within sentences. The trick to identifying one in a sentence is
to look at the �rst word of the group of words. If the �rst
word is an adverb or preposition, there is a good chance that
the phrase is an adjective phrase.
Ask yourself, what is this phrase modifying? Is it
describing the noun?
If the group of words does in fact modify the noun or subject
of the clause or sentence, then the phrase is in fact an
adjective phrase
. 
 Pakhnyushchy (Fonte: Shutterstock).
Adjective Phrase Vs. Adjectival Phrase
The term adjectival phrase is sometimes used instead of adjective phrase. However, there is tendency to call a phrase an
adjectival phrase in such a case where that phrase is functioning like an adjective phrase would, but does not contain an actual
adjective.
For example:
Mr. Clinton is a man of wealth. (the prepositional phrase of
wealth modi�es a man the way an adjective would.)
 Syda Productions (Fonte: Shutterstock).
 Photographee.eu (Fonte: Shutterstock).
That boy is without a friend. (a prepositional phrase without
a friend modi�es boy).
Example
See more examples.
01 Adnominal Adjective - Adjective phrase head (adjuntos adnominais)
02 Subject predicative (aka Subject complement)
03 Object predicative (aka Object complement)
04 Appositive
Adjective phrases, includes adjectives, perform four main grammatical functions within sentences in the English language.
Students of the English language must learn about the four functions to fully understand adjectives and adjective phrases in
spoken and written English.
The four functions of adjectives and adjective phrases are:
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Accordion
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An adnominal adjective is an adjective that modi�es a noun that comes after or before it.
The black cat drank the fresh cream.
The audition calls for young, female actresses.
The tiny baby was born prematurely
Finals week results in stressful days for students.
Circle the grammatically-correct sentences.
My very hyper puppy has destroyed my new pillows.
The Tate gallery has an amazing heap of works of art.
They lost their notion of time.
He conditionedeverything is a box of paper.
He ate one half of the cake.
Adnominal Adjectives 
Adjectives and adjective phrases thirdly function as subject complements. A subject complement is a word, phrase, or
clause that follows a linking verb and describes the subject. The following italicized adjective phrases are examples of
subject complements:
My puppy is very mischievous.
Christmas cookies smell delicious.
The patient appears dehydrated and feverish.
The apple pie you made tastes sour.
My grandmother was rather forward thinking.
The British are fond of �sh and chips.
Subject Predicative 
Adjectives and adjective phrases fourthly function as object complements. An object complement is a word, phrase, or
clause that directly follows and describes the direct object. The following italicized adjective phrases are examples of
object complements:
Judeo-Christians consider Jerusalem holy.
The little girl painted her bedroom bright pink.
The preschoolers are coloring the trees purple and blue.
The jury declared the defendant guilty.
We voted her entry most original.
Studying grammar makes me happy.
Object Predicative 
The �fth grammatical function that adjectives and adjective phrases perform is the appositive. An appositive is a word,
phrase, or clause that supports another word, phrase, or clause by describing or modifying the other word, phrase, or
clause. For example, the following italicized adjectives and adjective phrases function as appositives:
The man, hungry and exhausted, fainted.
Aware of the situation, the man called for emergency services.
The �re, warm and inviting, burned brightly in the dark night.
A stranger, rich and kind, paid for my dinner.
Scared but alive, the toddler was found wandering alone in the woods.
Appositives 
Notas
Título modal 1
Lorem Ipsum é simplesmente uma simulação de texto da indústria tipográ�ca e de impressos. Lorem Ipsum é simplesmente
uma simulação de texto da indústria tipográ�ca e de impressos. Lorem Ipsum é simplesmente uma simulação de texto da
indústria tipográ�ca e de impressos.
Título modal 1
Lorem Ipsum é simplesmente uma simulação de texto da indústria tipográ�ca e de impressos. Lorem Ipsum é simplesmente
uma simulação de texto da indústria tipográ�ca e de impressos. Lorem Ipsum é simplesmente uma simulação de texto da
indústria tipográ�ca e de impressos.Referências
QUIRK, R. & GREENBAUM, S.. A University Grammar of English. London: Longman, 1973.
QUIRK, R. & GREENBAUM, S.. A University Grammar of English. London: Longman, 1973.
CELCE-MURCIA, Marianne & FREEMAN, Diane Larsen. The Grammar book, 2ª ed., Editora Thomson Heinle, 2008.
LANE, Janet & LANGUE, Ellen. Wrinting clearly. Editora Thomson Heinle, 2008.
 
Bibliogra�a complementar
COLLIE, J.. Double take. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
GILBERT, J. B.. Clear Speech the start. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Próxima aula
The concept of Active and Passive Voice;
The Syntactic, Semantic and Stylistic forms of the Active and Passive Voices.
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