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FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA RAV1 – Aula de Revisão Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Conteúdo Programático desta aula • History of translation • Types of translation • Translation and other sciences • Psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics • Articles, passive voice, gerunds and infinitives Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA The importance of translating The use of applications to translate from one language to another has never been so used But, how has the job of translating information from one language to another started? What were the first documents translated and how has the study of translation evolved since then? Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA The meaning of translation The word translation comes from the Latin translatio, which means “to bring across” Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA The meaning of translation The first translator was a hermeneutic who was given the task of interpreting the message sent by God to the Human beings. As time went by, the need to decode information among different people became more and more needed Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA The process remains the same Technology has come as an invaluable aid to the process of translation. Nevertheless, the process remains the same: there will be a person who knows both languages and will bridge the gap between the two to make the message known Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Important concepts Source Language: the language in which the text was originally written Target Language: the language into which the text will be translated Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA History of translation The Tower of Babel is part of a story told in the book of Genesis in the Bible as a place where there was one people and one single language. God would have dismantled the place and scattered the languages all around the world to prevent them to get organised as a nation, and that was when the varied languages were created. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA History of translation There was a time they would say that English was not fit for the library but for the street (Crystal, 1995). At this time many foreign borrowings occurred. In 1476, William Caxton set up his press in Westminster. This event is considered by many as the key factor that might have determined the shift from Middle to Modern English. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Questions posed Theories about the nature of translation started to emerge. The distinction between metaphrase (referring to the literal translation (word-by-word) of the texts ) and paraphrase (reformulation of the original text ) Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Questions posed •Should we use foreign words •Which variety of English should he follow •How should language be spelled or punctuated •In publishing native writers, should he change their language Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA The role of the translator A competent translator... •must have very good knowledge of the SL. •must have an excellent command of the TL. •needs to have previous experience in translating texts •must have a profound understanding of the etymological and idiomatic correlates between the two languages •has to know about the TL culture. •should show good sense in the use of metaphrase and paraphrase Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA The present job market Have a look at the possible alternatives you have to choose from! •Translating •Interpreting •Dubbing •Subtitling Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA A quote by Cervantes “Translating from one language to another, unless it is from Greek and Latin, the queens of all languages, is like looking at Flemish tapestries from the wrong side, for although the figures are visible, they are covered by threads that obscure them, and cannot be seen with the smoothness and color of the right side.” Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Types of Translation Human – Translation from SL to TL made by a human translator. Mechanical – Translation in which a computer program analyses a source text and produces a target text without any human intervention. This kind of translation can usually be used with texts with limited range of vocabulary and simple sentence structure. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Types of Translation Computer-aided – Translation in which a human translator decodes language from SL to TL with the assistance of a computer. Usually the computer does the first round of translation and the professional translator revises the produced text Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Types of Translation Written – Translation performed in written form, irrespective of the text format, and can be literal or non- literal, consecutive or simultaneous. Oral – Translation performed in oral form, irrespective of the text format, and, differently from the written mode, can only be non-literal, consecutive or simultaneous. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Types of Translation Literary – Translation of texts that belong to the world of imagination (eg. literature and other similar texts). Non-literary - Translation of texts that belong to the world of facts (eg. weather forecast, reports). Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Types of Translation Consecutive – Type of oral translation in which the SL is translated into the TL after the utterance has been made. Simutaneous – Type of oral translation in which the SL is translated into the TL almost at the same time Sight-translation – Type of translation in which a written text in the SL is translated orally into the TL. It can occur both consecutively or simultaneously. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Types of Translation Machine Translation (MT) - Computer program analyses a text in a SL and produces a text in the TL without human intervention; this sort of translation, however, involve pre- or post-editing from a translator. Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT)/ Machine-Assisted Translation (MAT) – Human translators interact with a translation system, as an assistance tool, and which offers, a list of translations that best complete the part of the sentence already translated. Human-Assisted Machine Translation (MAMT) - Computer system does most of the translation Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Aim of translation •Literal - Translation which represents the precise meaning of the text being translated •Summative translation - Translation in which the main ideas are translated into the TL. •Abstracts - Translation done in no more than one paragraph in which the main idea of the SL text is portrayed. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Tasks and objectives of translation •Literary translation - only the main ideas are translated in the TL, as opposed to a word-by-word translation. •Informative translation - separation of important information from insignificant information, which enables the reader to understand the sense •Semantic translation - use of semantic information to aid in the translation of data from SL to TL. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Interpreters and Translators The difference between these two professionals is that the finalproduct of a translator’s job is a written document, whereas the final product of an interpreter is in oral mode. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Interpreter – skills required •High degree of proficiency in both English and the other language. •Impartiality. •Ability to accurately and idiomatically turn the message from the SL into the TL without any additions, omissions or other misleading factors that alter the intended meaning of the message from the speaker. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Interpreter – skills required •Be used to doing simultaneous and consecutive interpretation and sight translation. •Ability to communicate orally including appropriate delivery and poise. •Having high professional standards and professional conduct. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Translation workflow 1. Evaluation 2. Glossary Development 3. Initial Translation 4. Quality Assurance 5. Client Approval 6. Translator Proofreading 7. Final Delivery to Client Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Translation as a field of study The use of translation has been part of the history of mankind since its very early days. Translation as a field of study, however, has only started to develop in the beginning of the 80’s. Because of globalisation and the need to understand other languages and cultures, courses of translation have been spreading around the world since then and the need to understand the process involved in translating texts from a SL to a TL has only increased. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Translation and other fields of study Contribution from various fields of study such as linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, philosophy and anthropology, among others, was welcome into the investigation. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Jakobson An interesting notion brought about was that no one is able to understand a word unless he is acquainted with the meaning assigned to this word in his lexical code. That is to say that meaning (signatum) cannot exist without a sign (signum). So that a listener can fully understand the meaning of a word he must have the concept of this word clear in his mind. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Jakobson Types of translation • Intralingual • Interlingual • Intersemiotic Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Mutual translability One of the main concerns in linguistics is the mutual translability between languages: is it possible to find exact equivalence in meaning when translating a message from a SL to a TL? The translator examines the mutual translability between the two languages to try and find a correspondent in the TL that provides the exact meaning to the text (oral or written) in the SL Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Strategies •Naturalization: fiancé, fiancée •Neutralization: snow, bird, shoe •Descriptive and functional equivalent •Footnote •Cultural equivalent •Compensation Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics will aid our understanding of the translation process helping us reflect on the issue of the untranslability – is it really possible to translate all texts from a SL to a TL? Can all texts really be translated? Can translators always find equivalents from one language into another? Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics will help us reflect on the role of society in the translation process. Is the language used in a given social environment perfectly translatable into a different language? What about the society to which the other language belongs - can the reader from the TL understand the situation described in the SL? Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Psycholinguistic theories Sapir-Whorf goes on to describe that certain ideas from a SL language cannot be understood by those who speak another language either because the structure or the semantics of the language does not have a corresponding message Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Psycholinguistic theories Quine’s thesis of the indeterminacy of translation is based on the fact that there are different ways with which one might break a sentence into words, and different ways to distribute functions among words, and that, depending on the translator’s choices the meanings would vary considerably. Let’s consider the following sentence: Never had Joan visited this place before. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Translation and sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics can be defined as the study of language in its social context, which would include different aspects such as social class, age, gender, register, among others. It also aims at examining how social categorization can be reflected in language differentiation and also how language differences contribute to social distinction Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Variation Languages have a variation according to location, age, style, ethnic group and social class. Besides, they should also be connected to social relations and, more precisely, who the other is and how we interact with him Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Langage as action Sociolinguists have observed how language works in and across communities and realized that language use does not simply represent but also contributes to the definition of oneself, the other and those to whom they relate. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Definite and Indefinite Articles In more practical terms, however, one has to be very careful with the use of articles when translating texts into BrP for, unlike English, nouns cannot head sentences. Thus, for example: Time flies would be translated O tempo voa. The use of the definite article as the head of a sentence (which is not used in English) has to be present in BrP and has to agree with the noun both in gender and number (time/ o tempo; life/ a vida; visitors/ os visitantes; ladies/ as senhoras). Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Definite Articles •The definite article is not used with plural countable nouns in English but has to be present when the sentence is translated into BrP: It’s fantastic what teachers can do./ É fantástico o que os professores podem fazer. •The definite article is not used with uncountable nouns in English but has to be present when the sentence is translated into BrP: Love can change everything. O amor O amor pode mudar tudo. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Definite Articles There are certain nouns that can refer to either a place/object or to an activity: She goes to bed very late (activity)/ Hey, Joey, don’t jump on the bed (object). In English, when the noun refers to the activity, the definite article should not be used. In the translation, the definite article is used in both cases (Ela vai para a cama muito tarde/ Ei, Joey, não pule na cama). Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Passive Voice In BrP there is a distinction between two types of passive voice: the “analítica” and the “sintética”, which does not occur in English. The two types would correspond to the following examples: In English, this difference is not considered. Analyse the following sentence and the way in which the passive voice was employed: It is said that money corrupts people. (Diz-se/É dito que o dinheiro corrompe as pessoas.) It was reported that the man was killed cold blood. (Relata-se que o homem foi assassinado a sangue frio.) Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA A Agree aim appear arrange ask attempt be able beg begin care choose condescend consent continue dare decide deserve detest dislike expect fail forget get hurry intend leap leave like long love mean neglect offer ought plan hope happen have hesitate prefer prepare proceed remember promise propose say shoot start stop strive swear threaten try use wait refuse want wish Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Verbs followed by the gerund advise appreciate avoid can't help complete consider delay deny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse finish forbid get through have imagine mind miss permit postpone practice quit recall report resent resist resume risk spend (time) suggest tolerate waste (time) Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Verbs followed by both the gerund and the infinitive begin continue hate like love neglect prefer start try Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Verbs followed by both the gerund and the infinitive Forget Remember Stop Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Questions... • Should we use metaphrases or praphrases in translations? • Is an interpreter supposed to have a proficient knowledge of both source and target language? • Is there perfect translability? • Do the following sentences have the same meaning? • Mary stopped smoking last year • Mary stopped to smoke last year. Aula de Revisão – RAV1 FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA In this class, we learned... • History of translation • Types of translation • Translation and other sciences • Psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics • Articles, passive voice, gerunds and infinitives
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