LIAM av1

Esta é uma pré-visualização de arquivo. Entre para ver o arquivo original

LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 to 5
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Learn the types of sentences elements: “predicate”, “object”, “predicative”, “adnominal functors” and “adverbial”.
Study the cases of subject-verb agreement;
Study Verb Transitivity;
Recognize the differences between “lexical” and “auxiliary” verbs;
Learn how to form and use the present and the past tense verbs;
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
There are seven types of sentence element:
SUBJECT (Simple and Compound)
PREDICATE (Simple and Compound; Verbal, Nominal and Adjective)
VERB TRANSITIVITY (Intransitive, Transitive, Ditransitive, Tritransitive, Ambitransitive, Circumstantial and Linking)
OBJECT (Direct, Indirect, Prepositional)
PREDICATIVE (aka Predicate complement- subject complements and object complements) 
ADNOMINAL FUNCTORS (Adnominal Adjectives and Noun Complement)
ADVERBIAL (Adjunct, Obligatory, Conjunct, Disjunct).
They elected him president yesterday. 
They (=subject), elected (=verb), him (=object), president (=predicative), yesterday (=adverbial)
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Types of Predicate
A Verbal Predicate (Predicado Verbal) occurs when, in a sentence, the verb, which is not linking, is followed by a noun, a pronoun, an adverb or nothing. 
Example: They gave him his hat.
A Nominal Predicate or Predicate Noun (Predicado Nominal) is a noun phrase that functions as the main predicate of a sentence (there is a linking verb) 
Example: George III is the king of England
An Adjective Predicate or Predicate Adjective (Predicado Nominal) is an adjective that functions as a predicate (there is a linking verb)
Example: Jenny is attractive
So, as you can see there are two types of “Predicado Nominal” in English, one (Nominal Predicate) when the Predicate is a noun phrase and the other one (Adjective Predicate) when the predicate is an adjective.
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
1. A plural verb is used when an adjective preceded by 'the' acts as a subject to represent a class of people. - plural
The rich are willing to help the poor.
2. AND - plural 
The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.
 
Note: AND - refer to the same person or thing - singular 
Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish.
Bread and cheese is my favourite for breakfast.
AND - If the words each, every, or no come before the subject- singular
No smoking and drinking is allowed. Every man and woman is required to check in.
3. when noun and pronoun subjects like some, half, none, more, all, etc. are followed by a prepositional phrase – agrees with the object:
All of the chicken is gone. All of the chickens are gone.
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
4. If one of them is plural and the other one is singular it agrees with the nearest: Are either my brothers or my father responsible? 
Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house. 
Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house. 
When two subjects (PRONOUNS) are connected by 'or', 'either...or', 'neither...nor' and 'not only...but also', the verb should be in agreement with the second subject. // Neither you nor I am the winner.
5 . After the words 'a lot of', 'most of the', 'some of', 'the majority of', 'all of', 'none of', etc, either singular or plural, depending on whether a countable or an uncountable noun is used. 
Most of the students are talking about their new teacher.
A lot of trouble was caused by your little sister.
Note:	A plural verb is used when 'a number of' and 'a group of' are followed by plural nouns or pronouns.
 A number of F.5 students are worried about their future.
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
6. Anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody - singular 
Everyone has done his or her homework. 
None – it can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb 
None of you claims responsibility for this incident? 
None of you claim responsibility for this incident? 
 //unless something else in the sentence determines its number. 
None of the students have done their homework. (In this last example, the word their precludes the use of the plural verb./
7. 'Economics', 'mathematics', 'physics', 'gymnastics', 'politics', ‘measles’ crisis', 'apparatus 'etc. - singular
Mathematics is what I am weak in.
Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.
 However, a plural verb is used when these words are preceded by possessive adjectives or articles.
Her politics are very radical.
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT – SPECIAL CASES
8. Units of measurement - singular
Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.
 
Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning. 
A large percentage of the older population is voting against her. 
A large percentage of the voters are voting against her
Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle. 
Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire. 
 
Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. E.g. Two and two is four. 
The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: 
"More than one student has tried this.“ 
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
TYPES OF VERBS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
TYPES OF VERBS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
VERB “TO BE”
AUXILIARY - Juvenile crime HAS BEEN plummeting since 1995. 
 LINKING- She WAS anxious.
INTRANSITIVE – Lucia's books ARE on the refrigerator. 
INTRANSITIVE - Professor Freelove HAS BEEN in a coma since the car accident. (IN A COMA indicates a location, not state of being.)
LINKINK - Professor Freelove HAS BEEN in a comatose since the car accident. (COMATOSE is a state of being)
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
OBJECTS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Lorna arrived (1)here (2)yesterday (3)by car (4)despite the rain. 
 
TYPES OF ADVERBIALS:
ADVERBIAL ADJUNCT – integral to sentence meaning and can be removed leaving a well-formed sentence.
Mr. Bibby saw her yesterday. 
OBLIGATORY ADVERBIAL – integral to sentence meaning but cannot be removed.
They treated her well. 
ADVERBIAL CONJUNCT - linking the sentence to another, and is removable.
You thought it was true; however, I thought otherwise. 
ADVERBIAL DISJUNCT - making a comment on the sentence
Stupidly, I answered the question. 
 
ADVEBIALS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
 
TENSE – ASPECT - MOOD
Tense–aspect–mood, commonly abbreviated TAM and also called tense–modality–aspect or TMA, is the grammatical system in a language that covers the expression of tense (location in time), aspect (fabric of time – a single block of time, continuous flow of time, or repetitive occurrence), and mood or modality (degree of necessity, obligation, probability, ability).
English has:
Two tenses: present and past
Four aspects: simple, progressive, perfect, perfect-progressive
Four moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional and imperative
Despite popular belief, English DOES NOT have a future tense (for didactic purpose we are going to study it is a tense). Futurity is, instead, expressed through modal verbs, specifically will and shall. 
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
LEXICAL VERBS AND AUXILIARY VERBS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
PRIMARY HELPING VERBS
REV 1 – LESSONS
1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
MODAL VERBS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
MODAL VERBS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
When we say that the time is definite, it does not mean that it has to be a point in the past. In English, definite time in the past means any phrase that answer the question: When?
I lived in Paris when I was young. 
When did you live in Paris? When I was young (Still we don’t know when he/she was young).
Details of news – when we are telling something, the first verb may be in the present perfect if the time is not definite. Example: I’ve hurt my leg.
From now on whatever is related to that action is definite: I fell off a ladder when I was painting my bedroom.
WATCH OUT!
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
REV 1 – LESSONS 1 TO 5.
LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Learn the types of sentences elements: “predicate”, “object”, “predicative”, “adnominal functors” and “adverbial”.
Study the cases of subject-verb agreement;
Study Verb Transitivity;
Recognize the differences between “lexical” and “auxiliary” verbs;
Learn how to form and use the present and the past tense verbs;