SIMULADO LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II

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1a
          Questão
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	Some coordinating structures, introduced by and and or, allow the ellipsis of the subject. Choose the option that correctly presents a case of ellipsis of a subject that refers back to the subject of the first clause:
		
	
	He danced, and he jumped a lot.
	
	I will dance, or I jump a lot.
	
	He danced, or he jumped a lot.
	
	They are awesome, and they are great.
	 
	I will dance, and jump a lot.
	Respondido em 20/04/2022 22:05:23
	
	Explicação:
Feedback: Since ellipsis means the omission of some items in a sentence or clause, only the sentence I will dance, and jump a lot exemplifies this phenomenon. The subject I is omitted in the second clause, since not only are the two independent clauses linked by a coordinator, but also they refer to the same subject. The other sentences are not examples of ellipsis because no item is being omitted.
	
		2a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	We have seen that coordinating conjunctions can convey distinct meanings, such as alternative, contrast, etc. Based on it, choose the best option to complete the following sentence, considering the semantic of addition: she didn¿t call me yesterday, ___ did I.
		
	
	So
	
	But
	
	For
	
	And
	 
	Nor
	Respondido em 20/04/2022 22:05:40
	
	Explicação:
Feedback: The coordinating conjunctions, aside from and, are: or, nor, so, but, yet and for. While and and nor relate to addition, but and yet relate to contrast and for is the coordinating conjunction that refers to cause. Nor, however, even though it relates to addition, links negative sentences and triggers subject-verb inversion.
	
		3a
          Questão
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	Read the text below:
There is no such thing as the fairy tale; however, there are hundreds of thousands of fairy tales. And these fairy tales have been defined in so many different ways that it boggles the mind to think that they can be categorized as a genre. In fact, the confusion is so great that most literary critics continually confound the oral folk tale with the literary fairy tale and vice versa. Some even argue, to the dismay of folklorists, that we might as well label any text or narrative that calls itself and is called a fairy tale as such since the average reader is not aware of the distinction between the oral and literary traditions or even cares about it. Why should we bother with distinctions if very few people necessarily want them? There is even a strong general tendency among many readers in the West to resist defining the fairy tale. It is as though one should not tamper with sacred material. Whenever people dissect the fairy tale, they might destroy its magic, and it appears that this magic has something to do with the blessed realm of childhood and innocence. On the other hand, almost every reader of fairy tales, young and old, is curious about their magic. Mystery is what endows fairy tales with such enchantment...
 
(ZIPES, Jack. The Oxford Companion to Folk and Fairy Tales. Oxford: OUP, 2002)
What is the function of the highlighted Adverbial Clause in the text?
		
	
	Place
	 
	Manner
	
	Purpose
	
	Reason
	 
	Time
	Respondido em 20/04/2022 22:10:47
	
	Explicação:
Manner (CORRECT) - The Subordinator AS THOUGH is similar to the Subordinator AS IF. Consequently, the Adverbial Clause in question expresses MANNER. Subordinators WHEN, WHILE, WHENEVER are the ones which indicate TIME. Subordinators WHERE, WHEREVER are the ones which indicate PLACE. BECAUSE, SINCE and AS are examples of subordinators which indicate REASON, and, finally,  IN ORDER THAT and SO THAT are examples of subordinators which indicate PURPOSE.
	
		4a
          Questão
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	READ THE TEXT BELOW:
Where do these tales come from? Why do they have such a grip on us? Why do we always seem to need them? What we want is to know more about ourselves by knowing something more about fairy tales. We want to fathom their mysterious hold on us. Perhaps this is why there are literally hundreds of scholarly books and essays about the tales, and why there are more serious studies which insist on making a distinction between the oral folk tale and the literary fairy tale. Distinction is what preserves the unique socio-historical nature of genres. It is distinction that exposes the magic of a genre, while it allows us, at the same time, to preserve and cultivate it so that it will continue to flourish.
(ZIPES, Jack. The Oxford Companion to Folk and Fairy Tales. Oxford: OUP, 2002)
What is the function of the highlighted Adverbial Clause in the text?
		
	 
	Reason
	
	Place
	
	Manner
	
	Time
	 
	Purpose
	Respondido em 20/04/2022 22:13:14
	
	Explicação:
Purpose (CORRECT) - IN ORDER THAT and SO THAT are examples of subordinators which indicate PURPOSE. Subordinators WHEN, WHILE, WHENEVER are the ones which indicate TIME. AS IF and AS THOUGH are examples of subordinators which indicate MANNER. Subordinators WHERE, WHEREVER are the ones which indicate PLACE, and, finally, BECAUSE, SINCE and AS are examples of subordinators which indicate REASON.
	
		5a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Which option best rephrases the following statement?This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 - the year in which the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary.
		
	 
	This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 - the year the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary in.
	
	This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 the year in which the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary.
	
	This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 - the year in that the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary in.
	
	This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 when the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary.
	
	This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world¿s governments in 2018 - where the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary.
	Respondido em 20/04/2022 22:22:54
	
	Explicação:
You are asked to rephrase a nonrestrictive relative clause and, therefore, you must use either a dash or a comma to keep it apart from the main clause. Besides paying attention to punctuation, you must also preserve the preposition, even if you choose to delete the relative pronoun which. The only option in which both the nonrestrictive relative clause is maintained and the preposition is correctly being used is: "This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 - the year the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary in."
	
		6a
          Questão
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	As you read this Unit, you learned that the relative pronoun can be omitted under specific circumstances. Which option shows the correct use of the omitted relative pronoun in the statement below?
 
"Climate change is already affecting every region on Earth, in multiple ways. The changes we experience will increase with additional warming, (...)".
		
	 
	The changes we experience will increase with that additional warming, (¿)
	
	The changes we experience that will increase with additional warming, (¿)
	 
	The changes that we experience will increase with additional warming, (¿)
	
	The changes, whom we experience, will increase with additional warming, (¿)
	
	The changes we experience which will increase with additional warming, (¿)
	Respondido em 20/04/2022 22:17:41
	
	Explicação:
The referent is the noun phrase "the changes", a non-human antecedent. Therefore, either the relative pronoun "which" or ¿that¿ should be used. The restrictive relative clause [that we experience] defines which changes will increase with additional warming.Since "that" should come after "changes", the only correct option is "The changes that we experience will increase with additional warming, (¿)". The other options either show a relative pronoun being incorrectly used or placed.
	
		7a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Mark the option that best classifies the syntactic function of the noun phrase "the people" in the main clause and in the restrictive relative clause respectively:
 
"These changes affect both ocean ecosystems and the people [that rely on them]"
		
	
	Subject, agent of the passive voice.
	 
	Object, subject.
	
	Subject, object.
	
	Object, object.
	
	Subject, subject.
	Respondido em 20/04/2022 22:20:23
	
	Explicação:
The noun phrase "the people" is the object of the verb "affect" in the main clause as well as the subject of the verb "rely" in the restrictive relative clause. Remember that the canonical word order in English is subject-verb-complement, meaning that the subject usually precedes the verb phrase and that a complement (in this case an object) follows the verb phrase. "The people" follow the verb phrase, being the complement or object of the verb "affect"; whereas "that" precedes the verb "rely", occupying then the subject slot. The only correct alternative is "object, subject".
	
		8a
          Questão
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	You have learned that nonrestrictive relative clauses can refer to a noun phrase or to the main clause as a whole. When its referent is just a noun phrase, the nonrestrictive relative clause plays the role of an appositive. In the excerpt below, the nonrestrictive relative clause has been reduced, following the principles of the relative pronoun + verb to be deletion rule. Choose the option that best rephrases the statement below, while also eliciting the previously deleted relative pronoun and verb to be.
 
But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program ¿ the small size of the so-called buffer pool, a bureaucratic term for an insurance policy against disasters like fires.
 
Source: Forests Used as Carbon Offsets Are Going Up in Wildfire Flames - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
		
	 
	But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program - which is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...).
	
	But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program - whose is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...).
	
	But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program which is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...).
	
	But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program that is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...).
	
	But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program, in which is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...).
	Respondido em 20/04/2022 22:21:52
	
	Explicação:
Two relative pronouns could be used here: either that or which, since the noun phrase it refers to is a non-human antecedent (that is, "one of the main weaknesses in the program"). However, since a dash or a comma has to be used to keep apart the main clause and the nonrestrictive relative clause, only the relative pronoun "which" can be used in this case. The relative pronoun "that" is not used in nonrestrictive relative clauses. The only correct option is then: ¿But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program - which is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...)".
	
		9a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Subject-operator inversion is found after opening negative or restrictive coordinators or adverbials. This kind of subject-operator inversion occurs in sentences with introductory negatives or semi-negatives, like the following:
		
	
	Isn¿t she lovely?
	
	Should we go now?
	
	Is he going to the prom?
	
	Isn´t it fantastic?
	 
	Never were the front doors wide open
	Respondido em 20/04/2022 22:26:20
	
	Explicação:
"Never were the front doors wide open" is one case in which subject-operator inversion occurs in sentences with introductory negatives or semi-negatives, in this case, the word never. The other options present different types of inversions, be them negative questions ("Isn't it fantastic?" and "Isn't she lovely?") or simple interrogative sentences ("Should we go now?" and "Is he going to the prom?").
	
		10a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	Compare the following sentences:
i -  I rarely go out.
ii -  Rarely do I go out.
Regarding their meanings, it is correct to affirm that:
		
	 
	They have similar meanings.
	
	They differ in terms of focus, since in i) the adverbial is given prominence.
	
	i shows a clear case of inversion.
	 
	They differ in terms of focus, since in ii) the adverbial is given prominence.
	
	They differ in terms of focus, since in i) the action is given prominence.
	Respondido em 20/04/2022 22:29:59
	
	Explicação:
In ii) there is a verb-subject inversion due to the fronting of the adverbial (rarely). Whenever a word is placed at the beginning of the sentence there is a change in focus. Even though both sentences may seem at first to convey basically the same message, their difference resides in the focus being given to the adverbial in ii). Therefore, they differ in terms of focus, since in ii) the adverbial is given prominence.