Translation theory-final1

Prévia do material em texto

Subject: Translation Theory
Final Assignment -----Night-Shift
Topics: 
· Translation Studies- definition 
· Translation- definition 
· Kinds of translations
· Translators competences and roles
· Principles of correspondence
· Steps in translation projectStuStu
· de 
 Lecturer: Dr. Armando Magaia 
Maputo, 1st July 2022
Introduction 
During the translation theory course, we have prospered several procedures which will serve as a guidance to enable me, as a future translator to make a more adequate translation. Through the lessons we have discussed many topics, such as definition of translation, kinds of translation, translators competences and roles, machine translation and computer assisted one, amongst others, regarding many distinct authors for the better understanding as well as its overview, however, how many kinds of translation exist, which of them is more suitable to translators to take into consideration when doing their job. Moreover, apart from the definition and kinds of translations, what is there to be taken into account when talking about principles of correspondence, which steps and procedures should be pointed out and, certainly be gone through in the process of translation? Thus, whereas there are different optical fields discussing the same issues, there aren’t any distinctions between them, nonetheless each author claims the same purposes each one does, and the conclusion end up being the only one instead of the modifications each one make to differentiate his/her work from another. 
Translation Studies 
According to James Holmes (1988b/2004, p. 181), “Translation Studies is concerned with the complex of problems clustered around the phenomenon of translating and translations, and he claims that it has become more prominent in two ways: translation (writing) and interpretation (speaking). Even though there are two ways of translating, my purpose is to focus on written translation rather than spoken one, as you shall see, throughout essay will be revealed over around it. 
Translation
Regarding Mildred Larson (1984, 3), Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. It’s basically a change of form of the languages, including actual words, clauses, sentence, etc, which are written or spoken, this change of form is referred as surface structure. However, talking about the change of form, these kinds of adjustment may be discussed, allegedly, in two ways according to features each specific language adopt for the best communication, grammatical and lexical translating features. For example, when translating English adjectives into Portuguese must pay attention in the distinctions revealed toward genders, pronouns...
Ex.: My mother/father is a teacher. 
 A minha mãe é professora & O meu pai é professor 
Kinds of translations
Translation is classified in two different branches, as Larson (1984,17) listed: literal (form-based) and idiomatic (meaning-based) translations.
· Literal translation attempt to follow the form of the source language, it is desirable to reproduce the linguistic features of the source text, nevertheless, it doesn’t communicate the meaning, sounds foreign and can be understood when the two of the text are related.
Ex.: Where have you been? ------------English
 Onde ter você sido/estado? ----Portuguese 
· Idiomatic translation uses the natural forms of the receptor language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items, it doesn’t sound like translation, but like an originally written translation in the receptor language. 
Ex.: Where have you been? -----------English
 Onde você estava? -------------- Portuguese 
Translators competences and roles 
According to Campbell (1991, in Orozco and Albir 2002,376), “translation competence is the knowledge and skills the translator must possess in order to carry out a translation” apart from that, he mentioned two basic parts which briefly describe the tentative model of translation competence, such as disposition which has to do with attitudes and psychological qualities the translator brings to the task, and in the other hand proficiency, which has to do with the certain special bilingual skills that contain a developmental dimension. 
Principles of correspondence
Talking about the principles of correspondence the main point to be taken into consideration is that no two languages are identical, either in the meaning given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences, however there cannot be no fully exact translations and for that, the translator, somehow tend to have knowledge about the kinds of texts he ought to translate wether are ultraliteral or interlinear translation since each of them has its own principles. Thus, at first sight, interlinear also known as a formal equivalence is viewable by being basically source-oriented, the main principle is to reveal of the form and content of the original text. In contrast, ultraliteral (dynamic equivalence) focus much more toward the receptor text, rather than source and it’s resumed as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message” due to its naturalness concerned with the kind of the culture, context and the target-language audience.
Steps in translation project 
Before establishing a translation project, there are a number of matters to be gone through and are declared to be resumed under four T’s: text, target, team and tools.
Text:source document which is to be translated;
Target: audience, for whom the translation is being prepared;
Team: people who will do the translation;
Tools: instrumentals (grammar, dictionary, computers,…) the team will use during their translation. Since the matters are well-solved the project may get started with the following steps:
1. Exegesis: consists of reading the source text, analyse and discover the real meaning which is to be communicated in the receptor language using all the available tools, in order to produce an equivalent translation.
2. Transfer and initial draft: the team, during this step must keep their target audience in mind, discuss and check out wether there is wrong information, mistranslated words, meaningless words,…, and once they get unsatisfied ought to rework, doing some adjustments up to evaluation.
3. Evaluation: enables the team to get a revised draft, to find out if it sounds natural, accurate or clear, it’s quite important to have a receptor language speaker to do the further cheking.
4. Revised draft: translation based on the feedback given by the chekers from which the team will work through.
5. Consultation: the team must have some consultant which can help them to find a accuracy, clearness and naturalness of the text translated. 
6. Final draft: the team do the suggestions made by consultants and check again with mother tongue, apart from that, discuss about reccomendations’ format suggested by the audience and carry out. 
 
 
Conclusion 
Anything which can be said in one language can be said in another, the reason why there is a need of Translation. Along the lessons, we have broached various relevant methods which will guide me through the process of translation-practice, hencefoward, I feel myself able to handle any critical issues I used to face whenever I tried to translate as well as the solution of the mistranslated words I used to skip, therefore each of the topics highlighted in this current essay are of paramount importance as enabled me to pursue the best procedures ever, pheraps, from now onwards I know the main purpose of translation is to transfer the meaning of the source language to receptor one, even though the forms may be different. Furthermore, I have acquired the necessaryskills toward the translation project steps, moreover, I could acknowledge the translation must sound natural, equivalent and closest to the target text and for that, I must have the abilities to use tools, must have knowledge of the two languages, cultural competence, general knowledge about text types, creativity, attention, anyway, all the competences revealed in the principles that will make me succeed and produce productive and qualified translation. 
Bibliography 
Munday, Jeremy. 2008. Introducing Translation Studies. 2nd ed. What is Translation Studies? Ch.1:5-7.
Larson, Mildred L. 1984. Meaning-based translation: a guide to cross-language equivalence. 2nd ed. Form and Meaning Ch.1:3-15; Kinds of Translations Ch.2:17-25; Steps in a Translation Project Ch.5:51-56.
Nida, Eugene A.1964. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden, Netherlands:E.J.Brill. Principles of Correspondence. Ch.13:153-167.