Lingua Inglesa Estrutura Sintatica 1 CLASSE GRAMATICAL

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As Classes de Palavras e 
Expressões Idiomáticas 
Words that carry meaning and have a 
denotation are called lexical or 
content words. They may refer to: 
• People 
• Places 
• Things 
• States 
• Actions 
• Properties 
Grammatical Words or Function 
Words: 
• Articles (definite and 
indefinitive) 
• Auxiliar verbs 
• Demonstrative adjectives (this, 
that, these, those). 
• Prespositions 
 
OPEN CLASS CATEGORY (new words 
can be added): 
• Nouns, adjectives, verbs and 
adverbs. 
CLOSED CLASS CATEGORY 
(LIMITED): 
• Conjunctions, prepositions, 
articles, determiners and 
auxiliaries. 
VERBS AND NOUNS: 
While verbs can express tense (the -
ed ending for the past, the -s to 
express the simple present and the 
third person singular). Nouns have 
plural forms and have two cases: 
common case and genitive case. 
A. NOUM: a noun is a word that 
can be preceded by: A, AN, 
THE, THIS, THAT, THESE, 
THOSE. 
And that can also be modified by an 
adjective and be followed by a noun 
or a preposition. A verb, on the other 
hand, may be preceded by an 
auxiliary; it may be modified by an 
adverb and followed by a noun or a 
preposition and a noun. 
 
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: 
• Whereas an adjective modifies 
a noun. An adjective describes 
qualities typical of nouns, that 
is, nationality, size, age, color, 
character trait, material. 
Ex: The American girl is smiling 
at the camera. 
• An adverb modifies a verb, an 
adjective, or an adverb (VERY, 
REALLY, QUITE, PRETTY, SO, 
TOO) 
EX: She runs very slowly. 
 
 
PREPOSITIONS: 
Prepositions are a different type of 
word class in that they exhibit lexical 
and grammatical characteristics. 
Some prepositions, though, like the 
preposition of, have very little 
meaning. Semantically, they may 
express place or time, direction, 
causation, and relation. 
Morphologically, they are 
unchangeable in form and, 
syntactically, they have to occur 
before nouns. 
GRAMMATICAL WORDS: 
A. DETERMINERS 
B. AUXILIARIES 
C. CONJUNCTIONS 
 
A. DETERMINERS: 
• Articles: a(n), the. 
• Demonstratives: that, this, 
those, these. 
• Possessive pronouns: my, 
your, his, her, its, our, their. 
• Interrogatives: what, which, 
whose, etc. 
• Quantifiers: some, many, all, 
no, every, less, etc. 
• Numerals: one, two, three 
EX: 
Their dog ate my homework. 
B. AUXILIARIES: The verbs be, 
have and do may be lexical 
words or grammatical ones, 
depending on where they 
occur in the sentence. 
EX: I have a book. (Possess or 
own) 
Ex: I have written a book. (verb 
tense) 
 
 
 
C. CONJUNCTIONS: 
There are two types of 
conjunctions in English. When 
they link equal units, they are 
called coordinators. Coordinators 
link, then, words of the same kind, 
nouns or verbs, for instance. 
COMMON COORDINATORS: 
• And 
• But 
• Or 
• Also 
• both [...] and [...] 
• either [...] or [...] 
• not only [...] but also [...] 
EX: She bought bananas and 
apples, but no mangoes. 
COMMON SUBORDINATORS: 
• After 
• Although 
• As 
• Because 
• Before 
• If 
• Since 
• That 
• Till 
• Unless 
• Until 
• When 
• Where 
• While 
EX: I go to the movies after I got 
my car.