<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/6f02abb6-ebdc-436e-b105-351d0d351b6a/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">FUNDAMENTOS </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">DE MATEM<span class="ff2">Á</span><span class="ws0">TICA<span class="ff3 sc1 ls0 ws2 v0"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y3 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc1 ls1 ws1">Mariana Sacrini Ayres Ferraz</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y4 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc1 ls1 ws1">Rute Henrique da Silva Ferreira</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x2 y5 w2 h4" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/6f02abb6-ebdc-436e-b105-351d0d351b6a/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 x2 h5 y6 ff5 fs2 fc1 sc1 ls4 wsa">C<span class="blank _0"></span>onjuntos numéricos</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y7 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc1 ls5 wsb">Objetivos de aprendizage<span class="blank _1"> </span>m</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y8 ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls1 ws1">Ao final de<span class="blank _0"></span>ste texto, v<span class="blank _0"></span>ocê deve apr<span class="blank _0"></span>esenta<span class="blank _0"></span>r os seguint<span class="blank _0"></span>es apr<span class="blank _0"></span>endizados:</div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y9 ff6 fs4 fc3 sc1 ls1 ws1"> <span class="blank _2"></span><span class="ff7 ls2">\ue684<span class="ff6 fc2 ls1">Definir o que são c<span class="blank _0"></span>onjun<span class="blank _0"></span>to<span class="blank _0"></span>s numéric<span class="blank _0"></span>os em mat<span class="blank _0"></span>emá<span class="blank _0"></span>tica.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 ya ff6 fs4 fc3 sc1 ls1 ws1"> <span class="blank _2"></span><span class="ff7 ls2">\ue684<span class="ff6 fc2 ls1">Represen<span class="blank _0"></span>tar c<span class="blank _0"></span>onjun<span class="blank _0"></span>tos por meio dos d<span class="blank _0"></span>iagrama<span class="blank _0"></span>s de Ve<span class="blank _0"></span>nn.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 yb ff6 fs4 fc3 sc1 ls1 ws1"> <span class="blank _2"></span><span class="ff7 ls2">\ue684<span class="ff6 fc2 ls1">Real<span class="blank _0"></span>izar operações com c<span class="blank _0"></span>onjun<span class="blank _0"></span>tos.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 yc ff5 fs3 fc1 sc1 ls6 ws3">Introduçã<span class="blank _0"></span>o</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 yd ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls1 wsc">Os con<span class="blank _0"></span>jun<span class="blank _0"></span>tos são bastant<span class="blank _0"></span>e importantes em m<span class="blank _0"></span>ate<span class="blank _0"></span>mática. T<span class="blank _3"></span>alvez os ma<span class="blank _0"></span>is </div><div class="t m1 x4 h7 ye ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls1 wsd">famosos seja<span class="blank _0"></span>m os con<span class="blank _0"></span>junt<span class="blank _0"></span>os numé<span class="blank _0"></span>ricos, c<span class="blank _0"></span>omo os re<span class="blank _0"></span>ais, os i<span class="blank _0"></span>nte<span class="blank _0"></span>iros e os </div><div class="t m2 x4 h7 yf ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls7 wse">naturais. Emb<span class="blank _1"> </span>or<span class="blank _1"> </span>a eles<span class="blank _1"> </span> tenham muitas aplic<span class="blank _1"> </span>ações<span class="blank _1"> </span> puram<span class="blank _1"> </span>ente matemá<span class="blank _0"></span>ticas<span class="blank _1"> </span>, </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y10 ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls1 wsf">muitas á<span class="blank _0"></span>rea<span class="blank _0"></span>s se beneficiam de sua<span class="blank _0"></span>s teorias, c<span class="blank _0"></span>omo quando t<span class="blank _0"></span>emos que d<span class="blank _0"></span>i-</div><div class="t m3 x4 h7 y11 ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls8 ws10">vidir grupos que t<span class="blank _0"></span>enha<span class="blank _0"></span>m carac<span class="blank _1"> </span>terí<span class="blank _0"></span>sticas sim<span class="blank _0"></span>ilar<span class="blank _0"></span>es ou não, ou par<span class="blank _0"></span>cial<span class="blank _0"></span>ment<span class="blank _0"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y12 ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls1 ws1">sim<span class="blank _0"></span>ilar<span class="blank _0"></span>es, e problemas de r<span class="blank _0"></span>econhecime<span class="blank _0"></span>nt<span class="blank _0"></span>o de padrões.</div><div class="t m4 x6 h7 y13 ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls9 ws11">Neste capítulo<span class="blank _0"></span>, você a<span class="blank _0"></span>prenderá a definição de c<span class="blank _0"></span>onju<span class="blank _0"></span>nt<span class="blank _0"></span>os, como </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y14 ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls1 ws1">repr<span class="blank _0"></span>esentá-los e sua<span class="blank _0"></span>s propriedades.</div><div class="t m0 x2 h8 y15 ff8 fs5 fc1 sc1 lsa ws4">1<span class="ws12 v0">. <span class="ff5 ws5">Conjuntos<span class="ws13"> numéricos</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 y16 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Um <span class="blank _0"></span>conju<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto pode ser de\ue6bf<span class="blank _1"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>ido como <span class="blank _0"></span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma coleção de entid<span class="blank _1"> </span>ade<span class="blank _1"> </span>s, as qu<span class="blank _1"> </span>ais são </div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 y17 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">seus element<span class="blank _1"> </span>os. Ou seja<span class="blank _1"> </span>, é u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma coleção de elemento<span class="blank _1"> </span>s que est<span class="blank _1"> </span>ão r<span class="blank _1"> </span>elacionado<span class="blank _1"> </span>s </div><div class="t m5 x2 h9 y18 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 lsb ws1">seg<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ndo <span class="blank _4"> </span>alg<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma <span class="blank _4"> </span>reg<span class="blank _1"> </span>ra<span class="blank _1"> </span>. <span class="blank _4"> </span>Por <span class="blank _1"> </span>exempl<span class="blank _0"></span>o, <span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _1"> </span>eleme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ntos <span class="blank _4"> </span>pode<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>ia<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _4"> </span>ser <span class="blank _4"> </span>nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>meros<span class="blank _1"> </span>, </div><div class="t m6 x2 h9 y19 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 lsb ws1">f<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>ut<span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>s, <span class="blank _4"> </span>pe<span class="blank _1"> </span>ssoa<span class="blank _1"> </span>s, <span class="blank _4"> </span>ca<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _4"> </span>etc. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Já <span class="blank _4"> </span>a <span class="blank _4"> </span>regr<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _4"> </span>à <span class="blank _4"> </span>qua<span class="blank _1"> </span>l <span class="blank _4"> </span>os <span class="blank _1"> </span>element<span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _4"> </span>obede<span class="blank _1"> </span>cem <span class="blank _4"> </span>deve </div><div class="t m7 x2 h9 y1a ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 lsc ws1">ser <span class="blank _4"> </span>be<span class="blank _1"> </span>m-<span class="blank _1"> </span>de\ue6bf<span class="blank _1"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>ida <span class="blank _4"> </span>\u2014 <span class="blank _4"> </span>por <span class="blank _4"> </span>exempl<span class="blank _0"></span>o, <span class="blank _1"> </span>p<span class="blank _1"> </span>oder<span class="blank _4"> </span>íamos <span class="blank _4"> </span>te<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _4"> </span>um <span class="blank _4"> </span>conju<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>palav<span class="blank _1"> </span>ra<span class="blank _1"> </span>s </div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 y1b ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">per<span class="blank _4"> </span>te<span class="blank _1"> </span>ncent<span class="blank _1"> </span>es à lí<span class="blank _1"> </span>ng<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>a p<span class="blank _1"> </span>or<span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>g<span class="blank _1"> </span>ues<span class="blank _1"> </span>a.</div><div class="t m8 x4 h9 y1c ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 lsd ws6">G<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>r<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="lse">l</span><span class="ws1">m<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _4"> </span>t<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>,<span class="blank _1"> </span> s<span class="blank _4"> </span>ã<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span> u<span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="lsf">t</span><span class="ws7">i<span class="blank"> </span>l<span class="blank"> </span>i<span class="blank"> </span>z<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ls10">d</span></span>a<span class="blank _5"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span> l<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ls11">t</span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span> m<span class="blank _4"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span>i<span class="blank _4"> </span>ú<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span>c<span class="blank _4"> </span>u<span class="blank _4"> </span>l<span class="blank _4"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span> p<span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ls12">a</span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span> s<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span> e<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span>p<span class="blank _5"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>c<span class="blank _1"> </span>i<span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ls13">f</span><span class="ws8">i<span class="blank"> </span>c<span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ls12">a</span></span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span> o<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span> c<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>j<span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ls14">u<span class="ls3">n<span class="ls1">-</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 y1d ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">tos, como <span class="ffa ws9">A<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff9 ws1">, <span class="ffa ws9">B<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff9 ws1">, <span class="ffa ls15">W</span>, <span class="blank _0"></span>\u2026<span class="blank _0"></span>, e <span class="blank _0"></span>letr<span class="blank _1"> </span>as mi<span class="blank _1"> </span>nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>scu<span class="blank _1"> </span>las par<span class="blank _1"> </span>a os e<span class="blank _0"></span>lementos de um conjunto, </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 y1e ffb fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">como <span class="ffa">a, b, c ,z<span class="ff9">,.<span class="blank _0"></span>.. P<span class="blank _0"></span>or exemp<span class="blank _0"></span>lo<span class="blank _0"></span>:</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y1f ffa fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws9">g<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff9 ws1">, <span class="ffa ws9">h</span><span class="ffb"> <span class="ffc">\u2208</span> <span class="ffa ws9">A</span></span>,</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y20 w3 ha" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/6f02abb6-ebdc-436e-b105-351d0d351b6a/bg3.png"><div class="t m9 x8 h9 y21 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls20 ws1">que significa que os elementos <span class="ffa ls1">g</span><span class="ffb ws16"> <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ffa ls1">h</span></span><span class="ls21"> pe<span class="ls16">r</span>tencem ao conj<span class="ls22">u</span>nto <span class="ffa ls1">A</span></span>. O símbolo <span class="ffc ls1">\u2208<span class="ffb ls23 ws17"> <span class="blank _1"> </span>pode </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y22 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">ser interpretado como \u201cé um elemento de\u201d. Para a negativa dessa afirmação, </div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y23 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls17">usa-se<span class="ws18"> <span class="blank _6"></span><span class="ffc ls1">\u2209<span class="ff9 ws1">, o que significa \u201cnão é um elemento de\u201d<span class="ffd">.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y24 ffe fs1 fc1 sc1 ls24">Notação</div><div class="t ma x8 h9 y25 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 lsb">Par<span class="ws1a">a s</span><span class="ws1b">e descreve</span><span class="ws1c">r o</span><span class="ws1d">s elemento</span><span class="ws1e">s d</span><span class="ws1f">e um conjunto</span><span class="ws20">, geralment</span><span class="ws21">e sã</span><span class="ws22">o </span><span class="ws1">utilizadas </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y26 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">chaves {} e vírgulas para separar os elementos. Por exemplo:</div><div class="t m0 x3 h9 y27 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">{\u20132, \u20131, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}<span class="blank _3"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 y28 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Para <span class="blank _7"> </span>conjuntos <span class="blank _7"> </span>com <span class="blank _7"> </span>número <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>elementos <span class="blank _7"> </span>muito <span class="blank _7"> </span>grandes, <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>notação </div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y29 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">acima </div><div class="t mb xa h9 y29 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">não <span class="blank _8"> </span>seria <span class="blank _8"> </span>a <span class="blank _8"> </span>mais <span class="blank _8"> </span>indicada, <span class="blank _8"> </span>pois <span class="blank _8"> </span>geraria <span class="blank _8"> </span>imensas <span class="blank _8"> </span>listas. <span class="blank _8"> </span>Assim, <span class="blank _8"> </span>uma </div><div class="t mb x8 h9 y2a ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">maneira <span class="blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y2a ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">se <span class="blank"> </span>descrever <span class="blank"> </span>os <span class="blank _9"> </span>conjuntos <span class="blank"> </span>é <span class="blank"> </span>utilizar <span class="blank _9"> </span>uma <span class="blank"> </span>letra, <span class="blank"> </span>como <span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ffa">x</span>. <span class="blank"> </span>Por </div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y2b ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1">exemplo:</div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y2c ffa fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1">B<span class="ff9 ws1"> = {</span><span class="ls25">x<span class="ff9 ls26">\u2502</span></span>x<span class="ff9 ws1"> é um inteiro e |</span>x<span class="ff9 ws1">| < 6}<span class="blank _3"></span>,</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y2d ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls9 ws23">o<span class="blank"> </span>qual lemos com<span class="blank _0"></span>o \u201c<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ffa ls1">B<span class="ff9 ws1"> é u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m conju<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto do<span class="blank _1"> </span>s elementos <span class="blank _1"> </span></span><span class="ws9">x<span class="ff9 ws1">, t<span class="blank _1"> </span>al que <span class="blank _1"> </span></span>x<span class="ff9 ws1"> é u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m i<span class="blank _1"> </span>nt<span class="blank _1"> </span>eir<span class="blank _1"> </span>o</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y2e ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">e tem mó<span class="blank _1"> </span>dulo me<span class="blank _1"> </span>nor que 6. Equ<span class="blank _1"> </span>ivalente<span class="blank _1"> </span>mente, p<span class="blank _1"> </span>odemo<span class="blank _1"> </span>s esc<span class="blank _1"> </span>rever:</div><div class="t m0 x3 hc y2f ffa fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws9">B<span class="ff9 ws1 v0"> = {</span><span class="v0">x<span class="blank _6"></span><span class="ff9">\u2502<span class="blank _3"></span><span class="ffa ls18">x<span class="ffb ls1 ws1"> <span class="ffc ls19">\u2208</span> <span class="fff ls1a">Z</span><span class="ff9">, |</span></span><span class="ls1b">x<span class="ff9 ls1 ws1">| < 6}<span class="blank _6"></span>.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd h9 y30 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Aqui, o <span class="blank _3"></span>sí<span class="blank _1"> </span>mbolo <span class="blank _0"></span>| <span class="blank _0"></span>si<span class="blank _0"></span>g<span class="blank _1"> </span>ni<span class="blank _1"> </span>f<span class="blank _1"> </span>ica \u201ct<span class="blank _1"> </span>al que\u201d<span class="blank _3"></span>, <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="fff">Z<span class="ff9 ls27 ws24"> <span class="blank _0"></span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>p<span class="blank _4"> </span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _4"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>c<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>j<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _4"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span> i<span class="blank _1"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>i<span class="blank _4"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span>,<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y31 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">e a ví<span class="blank _1"> </span>rg<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>la é i<span class="blank _1"> </span>nte<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>pr<span class="blank _1"> </span>et<span class="blank _1"> </span>ad<span class="blank _1"> </span>a c<span class="blank _1"> </span>omo \u201ce\u201d<span class="blank _3"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y32 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Vej<span class="blank _0"></span>a os três conjuntos a seguir:</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y33 ff10 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1">A<span class="ff6 ws14">\ue61f=\ue61f{</span><span class="ls1c">x<span class="ff6 ls1d">|</span><span class="ls1e">x<span class="ff6 fs7 ls1f v1">2</span></span></span><span class="ff6 ws14 v0">\ue61f\u2013\ue61f3<span class="ff10">x</span>\ue61f+\ue61f2\ue61f=\ue61f0},</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hd y34 ff10 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1">B<span class="ff6 ws14">\ue61f=\ue61f{<span class="blank _0"></span>1<span class="blank _0"></span>,\ue61f2<span class="blank _0"></span>},</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hd y35 ff10 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1">C<span class="ff6 ws14">\ue61f=\ue61f{2,\ue61f1<span class="blank _0"></span>,\ue61f2<span class="blank _0"></span>,\ue61f2,\ue61f1<span class="blank _0"></span>}.</span></div><div class="t m0 x12 hd y36 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Eles são i<span class="blank _1"> </span>guais<span class="blank _0"></span>?</div><div class="t m0 x12 hd y37 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws25">A respost<span class="blank _1"> </span>a é sim. Para conjuntos, não impor<span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>a a ordem de seus el<span class="blank _1"> </span>ementos, nem se </div><div class="t mc x5 hd y38 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws26">eles sã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o repeti<span class="blank _1"> </span>dos. D<span class="blank _1"> </span>essa man<span class="blank _1"> </span>eira, no c<span class="blank _1"> </span>aso dos t<span class="blank _1"> </span>rês conjunt<span class="blank _0"></span>os mos<span class="blank _1"> </span>tra<span class="blank _1"> </span>dos aqui, el<span class="blank _1"> </span>es </div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y39 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">são considera<span class="blank _1"> </span>dos iguais, ou s<span class="blank _1"> </span>eja, <span class="ff10">A</span> = <span class="ff10">B</span> = <span class="ff10 ws15">C</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x13 he y3a ff6 fs8 fc4 sc1 ls28 ws27">Conjunt<span class="blank _0"></span>os numéricos<span class="blank _a"></span><span class="ff11 ls1">2</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x14 y3b w4 hf" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/6f02abb6-ebdc-436e-b105-351d0d351b6a/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 x15 hb y3c ff12 fs1 fc1 sc1 ls33 ws38">1.1 <span class="ff13 ws28">S<span class="v0">ubconjuntos</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 y3d ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Supon<span class="blank _1"> </span>ha <span class="blank _4"> </span>que <span class="blank _4"> </span>te<span class="blank _1"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>ha<span class="blank _1"> </span>mos <span class="blank _4"> </span>dois <span class="blank _1"> </span>c<span class="blank _1"> </span>onjuntos<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff15">A<span class="ff16 ws39"> e </span><span class="ws9">B</span></span>. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Se <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff15 ws9">a</span><span class="ff16 ls29"> </span><span class="ff17">\u2208<span class="ff16 ls29"> </span><span class="ff15 ws9">A</span></span>, <span class="blank _1"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>mplica <span class="blank _1"> </span>que <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff15 ws9">a</span><span class="ff16 ls29"> </span><span class="ff17">\u2208<span class="ff16 ls2a"> </span><span class="ff15 ws9">B</span></span>. </div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 y3e ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls2b ws1">Podemos dizer <span class="blank _1"> </span>que <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff15 ls1">A<span class="ff14"> <span class="blank _1"> </span>é <span class="blank _1"> </span>um subconjunto <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span></span>B<span class="ff14"> <span class="blank _1"> </span>e, alternativamente, <span class="blank _1"> </span>que <span class="blank _1"> </span></span>A<span class="ff14"> <span class="blank _1"> </span>está </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 y3f ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">contido <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff18">ou <span class="blank _5"> </span>é <span class="blank _5"> </span>igual <span class="blank _5"> </span>a</span><span class="ls2c"> </span><span class="ff15">B</span>, <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff15">A<span class="ff16 ls2c"> </span><span class="ff17 ws29">\u2286</span><span class="ff16 ls2d"> </span>B</span>, <span class="blank _5"> </span>ou <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff15">B</span><span class="ls34"> <span class="blank _5"> </span>contém <span class="blank _5"> </span><span class="ff18"> <span class="blank _4"> </span>ou <span class="blank _5"> </span>é <span class="blank _5"> </span>igual <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _4"> </span></span></span><span class="ff15">A</span>, <span class="blank _5"> </span><span class="ff15">B<span class="ff16 ls2e"> </span><span class="ff17">\u2287<span class="ff16 ls2f"> </span></span>A</span>. <span class="blank _5"> </span>Por </div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 y40 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">exemplo, se <span class="ff15">P</span><span class="ls34"> = {2, 4, 6} </span><span class="ff16">e <span class="ff15">S</span></span> = {"inteiros pares"}<span class="blank _3"></span>, então, temos que <span class="ff15">P<span class="ff16"> <span class="ff17">\u2286</span> </span>S</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x16 h9 y41 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws3a">Se <span class="ws9">doi<span class="ws3b">s <span class="ws2a">conjunto</span>s </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span>ã<span class="ws3c">o <span class="ws2b">ig<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank"> </span>ai<span class="blank"> </span>s</span>, <span class="ws2c">ca<span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span></span></span></span>a <span class="ws2a">conju<span class="blank"> </span>nt<span class="ws3c">o <span class="ws2d">es<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span>á <span class="ws2e">cont<span class="blank"> </span>id<span class="ws3c">o <span class="ws9">n</span>o <span class="ws2f">out<span class="blank"> </span>ro</span>, <span class="ws1">Assim<span class="blank _1"> </span>, </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 y42 ff15 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1">A<span class="ff16 ws3d"> <span class="ws1">= </span></span>B<span class="ff14 ws3d"> "<span class="ws1">se, e somente se<span class="ws3e">\u201d </span></span></span>A<span class="ff16 ws3d"> <span class="ff17">\u2286</span><span class="ws3f"> </span></span>B<span class="ff16 ws3d"> e </span>B<span class="ff16 ws3d"> <span class="ff17">\u2286</span><span class="ws3f"> </span></span><span class="ws9">A<span class="ff14">.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x16 h9 y43 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws30">Par<span class="ws40">a <span class="ls30">o</span><span class="ws41">s <span class="ws2a">s<span class="blank"> </span>ubc<span class="blank"> </span>onjuntos<span class="blank"> </span></span></span>, <span class="ws9">temo<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ws41">s <span class="ws42">o <span class="ws31">seg<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank"> </span>i<span class="blank"> </span>nt<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ws43">e </span></span></span></span>te<span class="blank _1"> </span>orem<span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="ws43">: <span class="ws32">seja<span class="ws41">m </span></span></span><span class="ff15">A</span><span class="ws42">, <span class="ff15">B<span class="ff16 ws43"> e </span>C<span class="ff16 ls35 ws44"> <span class="ws2a">co<span class="blank"> </span>nj<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank _4"> </span>nt<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="ws45"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 y44 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">qua<span class="blank _1"> </span>isque<span class="blank _1"> </span>r, então:</div><div class="t m0 x8 h10 y45 ff19 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls36 ws33">1<span class="ls31 v0">.<span class="ff15 ls1">A<span class="ff16 ws3d"> <span class="ff17">\u2286</span><span class="ws3f"> </span></span>A<span class="ff16">;</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y46 ff19 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls36 ws34">2.<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff16 ls1 ws3e">Se <span class="ff15">A</span><span class="ws3d"> <span class="ff17">\u2286</span><span class="ws3f"> <span class="ff15">B</span></span> e <span class="ff15">B</span> <span class="ff17">\u2286</span><span class="ws3f"> <span class="ff15">A<span class="ff14 ws1">, então </span>A</span></span> <span class="ff18 ws1">- <span class="ff15">B</span></span>;</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y47 ff19 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls36 ws34">3.<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff16 ls1 ws3e">Se <span class="ff15">A</span><span class="ws3d"> <span class="ff17">\u2286</span><span class="ws3f"> <span class="ff15">B</span></span> e <span class="ff15">B</span> <span class="ff17">\u2286</span><span class="ws3f"> <span class="ff15">C<span class="ff14 ws1">, então </span>A</span></span> <span class="ff1a">\u2286</span><span class="ws1"> <span class="ff15">C<span class="ff14">.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x17 he y3a ff1b fs8 fc4 sc1 ls1 ws35">3<span class="blank _b"></span><span class="ff1c ls28 ws46">Conjunt<span class="blank _0"></span>os numéricos</span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h11 y48 ff14 fs9 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Nota: para o símbolo <span class="ff1a ws36">\u2286</span><span class="v0"> lê-se \u201csubconjunto contido ou igual à\u201d, ou ainda o símbolo </span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h12 y49 ff1a fs9 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws36">\u2287<span class="ff14 ws1"> , com a leitura de \u201csubconjunto contém ou igual à\u201d. Outro símbolo muito utilizado, </span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h12 y4a ff14 fs9 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">é o <span class="ff1a">\u2282</span> que lê-se \u201csubconjunto contido em\u201d, ou ainda <span class="ff1a ws36">\u2283</span> , com a seguinte leitura </div><div class="t m0 x15 h12 y4b ff14 fs9 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">\u201csubconjunto contém\u201d.</div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y4c ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Neste momento é importante deixar claro dois tipos de relações, a de </div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y4d ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">pertinência e a de inclusão. </div><div class="t m0 x15 h14 y4e ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1"> Para a relação de pertinência utiliza-se os símbolos de <span class="ff1e ws37">\u2208</span><span class="ws9 v0">,<span class="ff1e">\u2209</span><span class="ws1"> , onde lemos </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y4f ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">pertence e não pertence respectivamente, e com isso queremos dizer que </div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y50 ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">aquele elemento faz parte ou não de um determinado conjunto. Esses </div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y51 ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">símbolos só podem ser usados entre um elemento e um conjunto, ou seja, </div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y52 ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">não pode ser usado entre dois conjuntos. Como exemplo, temos o conjunto </div><div class="t m0 x15 h14 y53 ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">A={2,6,1,8,4,9}, podemos escrever por exemplo que 2<span class="ff1e ws37">\u2208</span>A, ou que 8<span class="ff1e ws37">\u2208</span>A, ou </div><div class="t m0 x15 h14 y54 ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">ainda que -1<span class="ff1e">\u2209</span>A e assim por diante.</div><div class="t m0 x15 h14 y55 ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1"> Já para a relação de inclusão, utilizamos os símbolos de <span class="ff1e ls32">\u2282</span><span class="ws9 v0">,<span class="ff1e">\u2283</span><span class="ws1"> , que lemos </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y56 ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">contido e contém respectivamente. Essa relação quer representar que um </div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y57 ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">conjunto \u201cestá dentro de outro\u201d, ou ainda que um conjunto é subconjunto de </div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y58 ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">outro. Esses símbolos só podem ser usados entre dois conjuntos ou </div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y59 ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">subconjuntos, como por exemplo, conhecendo o conjunto </div><div class="t m0 x15 h14 y5a ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">A={-3,-1,0,6,9,11} e o conjunto B={-3,0,11}, podemos escrever que B<span class="ff1e ws37">\u2282</span><span class="v0">A </span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h14 y5b ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">ou ainda que A<span class="ff1e ws37">\u2283</span>B. Aqui é importante lembrar que para um conjunto estar </div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y5c ff1d fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">contido em outro, todos os elementos devem estar.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x6 y5d w5 h15" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/6f02abb6-ebdc-436e-b105-351d0d351b6a/bg5.png"><div class="t m0 x17 h16 y5e ff1f fs8 fc4 sc1 ls1">4</div><div class="t m0 x18 he y3a ff20 fs8 fc4 sc1 ls28 ws46">Conjunt<span class="blank _0"></span>os numéricos</div><div class="t m0 x15 h17 y5f ff21 fs1 fc1 sc1 ls24 ws28">1<span class="ws19 v0">.2 <span class="ff13">Conjuntos<span class="ws54"> numéricos e<span class="ws47">speciais</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t md x15 h9 y60 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws48">Alg<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="ws55">s <span class="ws49">conjunt<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="ws56">s <span class="ws9">sã</span></span></span>o <span class="ws4a">mu<span class="blank"> </span>it</span>o <span class="ws4b">u<span class="blank"> </span>sa<span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank"> </span>o</span>s e, <span class="ws4c">a<span class="blank"> </span>ssi<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank"> </span></span>, <span class="ws1">a<span class="blank _1"> </span>caba<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>am <span class="blank _0"></span>rec<span class="blank _1"> </span>ebend<span class="ws56">o </span>t<span class="blank _4"> </span>rat<span class="blank _1"> </span>ame<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 y61 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">esp<span class="blank _1"> </span>ecial. <span class="ls38">V</span>eja a seg<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ir.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h18 y62 ff22 fs4 fc3 sc1 ls1">\ue684<span class="ff16 ws1"> </span></div><div class="t me x12 h9 y62 ff23 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls39 ws4d">N:<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff14 lsc ws57"> <span class="blank _1"> </span>c<span class="blank _1"> </span>onjunto <span class="blank _4"> </span>dos <span class="blank _4"> </span>nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>mer<span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _4"> </span>nat<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>ais<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _4"> </span>ou <span class="blank _1"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>ntei<span class="blank _1"> </span>ro<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _4"> </span>positivos, <span class="blank _1"> </span>c<span class="blank _1"> </span>om <span class="blank _4"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>z<span class="blank _1"> </span>ero</span></div><div class="t m0 x12 h9 y63 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">\u2014 N = {<span class="blank _0"></span>0, 1<span class="blank _0"></span>, 2, 3, 4<span class="blank _0"></span>, \u2026<span class="blank _3"></span>}<span class="blank _3"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y64 ff22 fs4 fc3 sc1 ls1">\ue684<span class="ff16 ls37 ws1"> </span><span class="ff23 fc1 ls3a ws4e">Z:</span><span class="ff14 fc1 ws1"> <span class="blank _1"> </span>c<span class="blank _1"> </span>onjunto <span class="blank _4"> </span>dos <span class="blank _4"> </span>núme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros <span class="blank _4"> </span>intei<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>os, <span class="blank _4"> </span>ou <span class="blank _1"> </span>seja, <span class="blank _4"> </span>to<span class="blank _1"> </span>dos <span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _1"> </span>nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>me<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros <span class="blank _1"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>nt<span class="blank _1"> </span>eir<span class="blank _1"> </span>os</span></div><div class="t m0 x12 h9 y65 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws58">positivos, <span class="blank _1"> </span>negat<span class="blank _1"> </span>ivos e <span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span>zero <span class="blank _4"> </span>\u2014 <span class="blank _1"> </span>Z <span class="blank _1"> </span>={<span class="blank _6"></span>\u2026, \u20133<span class="blank _0"></span>, <span class="blank _1"> </span>\u20132, <span class="blank _1"> </span>\u20131<span class="blank _0"></span>, 0, <span class="blank _1"> </span>1, 2<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _1"> </span>3, \u2026<span class="blank _3"></span>}<span class="blank _3"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h18 y66 ff22 fs4 fc3 sc1 ls1">\ue684<span class="ff16 ws1"> </span></div><div class="t mf x12 h9 y66 ff23 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls7 ws4f">Q:<span class="ff14 ls3b ws59"> <span class="blank _0"></span>c<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _4"> </span>j<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _5"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _5"> </span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>d<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>ú<span class="blank _5"> </span>m<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span>c<span class="blank _4"> </span>i<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span>n<span class="blank _5"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span>,<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>ú<span class="blank _5"> </span>m<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span>i<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>c<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>m<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>í<span class="blank _4"> </span>g<span class="blank _4"> </span>i<span class="blank _4"> </span>t<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>d<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>c<span class="blank _4"> </span>i<span class="blank _4"> </span>m<span class="blank _4"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span>i<span class="blank _4"> </span>s</span></div><div class="t m10 x12 h9 y67 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls3c ws5a">f<span class="blank _1"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>itos. <span class="blank _0"></span>Número<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _0"></span>que <span class="blank _3"></span>p<span class="blank _1"> </span>odem <span class="blank _0"></span>ser <span class="blank _0"></span>escr<span class="blank _4"> </span>itos <span class="blank _0"></span>em <span class="blank _3"></span>for<span class="blank _1"> </span>m<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _3"></span>f<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>açã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _3"></span>nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>me<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros</div><div class="t m11 x12 h9 y68 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">int<span class="blank _1"> </span>ei<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros, <span class="blank _4"> </span>re<span class="blank _1"> </span>sult<span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>ndo <span class="blank _4"> </span>assi<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _4"> </span>em <span class="blank _4"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span>cim<span class="blank _1"> </span>ais <span class="blank _4"> </span>com <span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>ígitos <span class="blank _4"> </span>f<span class="blank _4"> </span>in<span class="blank _1"> </span>itos <span class="blank _4"> </span>\u2013 <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff17">\ud835\udc44<span class="ff16 ws5b"> = <span class="blank _c"> </span></span></span>,<span class="ff16"> <span class="blank _d"></span><span class="ff14"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x12 h9 y69 ff15 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws9">p<span class="ff14 ws1">, </span>q<span class="ff14 ws1"> \u03f5 Z e <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff15">q<span class="ff14"> \u2260 0<span class="blank _e"> </span>.</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h18 y6a ff22 fs4 fc3 sc1 ls1">\ue684<span class="ff16 ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m4 x12 h9 y6a ff23 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls3d ws50">I:<span class="ff14 ls3e ws5c"> <span class="blank _4"> </span>Conju<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto <span class="blank _4"> </span>dos <span class="blank _4"> </span>nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>mero<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _4"> </span>ir<span class="blank _4"> </span>ra<span class="blank _1"> </span>cionais<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _4"> </span>núme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros <span class="blank _4"> </span>que <span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>ão <span class="blank _4"> </span>po<span class="blank _1"> </span>dem <span class="blank _4"> </span>se<span class="blank _1"> </span>r</span></div><div class="t m12 x12 h9 y6b ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls6 ws5d">esc<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>itos <span class="blank _4"> </span>em <span class="blank _4"> </span>for<span class="blank _1"> </span>m<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>f<span class="blank _1"> </span>ra<span class="blank _1"> </span>ção <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>mer<span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _4"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>ntei<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros, <span class="blank _4"> </span>re<span class="blank _1"> </span>su<span class="blank _1"> </span>lta<span class="blank _1"> </span>ndo <span class="blank _4"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>ssi<span class="blank _1"> </span>m</div><div class="t m0 x12 h9 y6c ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">em <span class="blank _1"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>eci<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma<span class="blank _1"> </span>is <span class="blank _1"> </span>c<span class="blank _1"> </span>om <span class="blank _1"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>ígitos <span class="blank _4"> </span>in<span class="blank _1"> </span>f<span class="blank _4"> </span>in<span class="blank _1"> </span>itos <span class="blank _4"> </span>\u2014 <span class="blank _1"> </span>p<span class="blank _1"> </span>or <span class="blank _1"> </span>exemplo, r<span class="blank _1"> </span>aí<span class="blank _1"> </span>zes <span class="blank _4"> </span>nã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>exat<span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>s </div><div class="t m0 x19 h9 y6d ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">, o núme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ro <span class="ff17">\ud835\udf0b</span> e o nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>mero d<span class="blank _1"> </span>e Euler <span class="ff17 ws29">\ud835\udc52<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff14">.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y6e ff22 fs4 fc3 sc1 ls1">\ue684<span class="ff16 ls37 ws1"> </span><span class="ff23 fc1 lsb ws51">R:<span class="ff14 ls3c ws5a"> conju<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto do<span class="blank _1"> </span>s nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>mer<span class="blank _1"> </span>os re<span class="blank _1"> </span>ais<span class="blank _1"> </span>, o qu<span class="blank _1"> </span>al<span class="blank _1"> </span> in<span class="blank _1"> </span>clui os r<span class="blank _1"> </span>ac<span class="blank _1"> </span>ionai<span class="blank _1"> </span>s e os i<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>ra<span class="blank _1"> </span>cio<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ls1">-</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x12 h9 y6f ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">nais \u2014 <span class="ff15">R<span class="ff16"> = </span>Q<span class="ff16"> <span class="ff17">\u222a</span> </span><span class="ws9">I</span></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y70 ff22 fs4 fc3 sc1 ls1">\ue684<span class="ff16 ls37 ws1"> </span><span class="ff23 fc1 ls3f ws52">C:<span class="ff14 wsc"> c<span class="blank _1"> </span>on<span class="blank _1"> </span>ju<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span> do<span class="blank _1"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span> nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>m<span class="blank _1"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span> co<span class="blank _1"> </span>m<span class="blank _1"> </span>pl<span class="blank _1"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>xo<span class="blank _1"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span>,<span class="blank _1"> </span> pa<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>s (<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff15 ls6">a<span class="ff14 ls1 ws1">, <span class="ff15 ws9">b<span class="blank _3"></span><span class="ff14 ws1">) de <span class="blank _0"></span>nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>meros reai<span class="blank _1"> </span>s, ou</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m13 x12 h9 y71 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls23 ws5e">seja, <span class="blank _0"></span>núme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros <span class="blank _0"></span>da <span class="blank _0"></span>form<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff15 ls1 ws9">z<span class="ff16 ls23 ws5f"> = </span>a<span class="ff16 ls23 ws5f"> + </span><span class="lsc ws53">bi<span class="ff14 ls23 ws5e">, <span class="blank _3"></span>onde <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff15 ls1 ws9">a<span class="ff16 ls23 ws5f"> e <span class="ff15 ws5e">b <span class="blank _3"></span><span class="ff14">s<span class="blank _1"> </span>ão <span class="blank _0"></span>núme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros <span class="blank _0"></span>reais <span class="blank _0"></span>e <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff15 ls1">i</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m14 x1a h19 y72 ff14 fsa fc1 sc1 ls1">2</div><div class="t m13 x1b h9 y71 ff14 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls40 ws60"> <span class="blank _0"></span>=<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>\u20131.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y73 w3 h1a" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/6f02abb6-ebdc-436e-b105-351d0d351b6a/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 x5 hd y74 ff24 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws64">Em teoria de conjuntos, a notação * é u<span class="blank _1"> </span>tiliza<span class="blank _1"> </span>da quando des<span class="blank _1"> </span>ejamos excluir o número </div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y75 ff24 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">zero do conjunt<span class="blank _0"></span>o. Por exemplo:</div><div class="t m0 x6 hd y76 ff24 fs6 fc3 sc1 ls1 ws1"> <span class="blank _f"></span><span class="ff25 ls41">\ue684<span class="ff24 fc1 ls1">N* = {<span class="blank _0"></span>1<span class="blank _0"></span>, 2, 3, 4, ...<span class="blank _0"></span>};</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 hd y77 ff24 fs6 fc3 sc1 ls1 ws1"> <span class="blank _f"></span><span class="ff25 ls41">\ue684<span class="ff24 fc1 ls1">Z* = {<span class="blank _0"></span>..., \u20133, \u2013<span class="blank _3"></span>2, \u2013<span class="blank _0"></span>1<span class="blank _0"></span>, 1<span class="blank _0"></span>, 2, 3<span class="blank _0"></span>, ...}.</span></span></div><div class="t m15 xd h9 y78 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls23 ws1">A <span class="blank _0"></span>par<span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _0"></span>dess<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>descr<span class="blank _1"> </span>içã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o, <span class="blank _0"></span>podemos <span class="blank _0"></span>pen<span class="blank _1"> </span>sa<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _0"></span>N <span class="blank _0"></span>como <span class="blank _3"></span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>par<span class="blank _4"> </span>te <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _0"></span>Z, <span class="blank _0"></span>Z <span class="blank _0"></span>como </div><div class="t m0 xe h1b y79 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma par<span class="blank _4"> </span>te de Q <span class="blank _0"></span>e Q <span class="blank _0"></span>como um<span class="blank _1"> </span>a par<span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>e de R. <span class="blank _0"></span>Em Q, <span class="blank _0"></span>eq<span class="blank _1"> </span>ua<span class="blank _1"> </span>çõe<span class="blank _1"> </span>s do tipo <span class="ff27 ls42">x</span><span class="fsa ws61 v2">2</span><span class="ls4b"> <span class="v0">\u2013 3 = <span class="blank _1"> </span>0 </span></span></div><div class="t m16 xe h9 y7a ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls23 ws1">ou <span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _3"></span>cá<span class="blank _1"> </span>lculo <span class="blank _0"></span>da <span class="blank _0"></span>área <span class="blank _0"></span>do <span class="blank _0"></span>círc<span class="blank _1"> </span>ulo, <span class="blank _0"></span>por <span class="blank _0"></span>e<span class="blank _0"></span>xemplo<span class="blank _0"></span>, <span class="blank _0"></span>não <span class="blank _0"></span>podem <span class="blank _0"></span>ser <span class="blank _0"></span>res<span class="blank _1"> </span>olvidas. <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls4c ws62">T<span class="ls23 ws1">emos </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y7b ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">ent<span class="blank _1"> </span>ão <span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m novo conjunto, <span class="blank _1"> </span>os i<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>ra<span class="blank _1"> </span>cionais <span class="blank _1"> </span>e e<span class="blank _1"> </span>sse <span class="blank _1"> </span>conju<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto I <span class="blank _1"> </span>po<span class="blank _1"> </span>de se<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _1"> </span>ente<span class="blank _1"> </span>ndido </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y7c ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">como u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma pa<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>te de R.</div><div class="t m17 xd h9 y7d ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls4d ws1">N<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span> e<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ls4e">t</span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _4"> </span>t<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span>,<span class="blank _4"> </span> a<span class="blank _4"> </span>l<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ls4f">g<span class="ls50">u</span></span>n<span class="blank _5"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span> p<span class="blank _4"> </span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>b<span class="blank _1"> </span>l<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>m<span class="blank _4"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span> n<span class="blank _4"> </span>ã<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span> p<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>m<span class="blank _4"> </span> s<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span> r<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _5"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>l<span class="blank _1"> </span>v<span class="blank _5"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>d<span class="blank _4"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span> a<span class="blank _1"> </span>p<span class="blank _5"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _4"> </span>a<span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _4"> </span> e<span class="blank _4"> </span>m<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ls51">R</span>,<span class="blank _4"> </span> o<span class="blank _4"> </span> q<span class="blank _4"> </span>u<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _4"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y7e ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">motivou <span class="blank _3"></span>o desenvo<span class="blank _0"></span>lvi<span class="blank _1"> </span>mento <span class="blank _0"></span>dos <span class="blank _0"></span>nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>meros comp<span class="blank _0"></span>lexos. <span class="blank _3"></span>Por <span class="blank _0"></span>ex<span class="blank _0"></span>emplo, <span class="blank _3"></span>a equaç<span class="blank _1"> </span>ão </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y7f ff27 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls43">x<span class="ff26 fsa ls1 ws61 v2">2</span><span class="ff26 ls1 ws1"> + 1 = 0 não t<span class="blank _1"> </span>em solução e<span class="blank _1"> </span>m R, m<span class="blank _1"> </span>as<span class="blank _1"> </span>, em C, vere<span class="blank _1"> </span>mos que ela te<span class="blank _1"> </span>m solução. </span></div><div class="t m18 xd h9 y80 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Na <span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>eor<span class="blank _1"> </span>ia <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>conjunt<span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _4"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _4"> </span>núme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ro <span class="blank _4"> </span>complex<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span>é <span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _4"> </span>pa<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _4"> </span>orden<span class="blank _1"> </span>ad<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>nú-</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y81 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">meros <span class="blank _4"> </span>rea<span class="blank _1"> </span>is <span class="blank _1"> </span>(<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff27 ls6">a<span class="ff26 ls1">, <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff27 ws9">b<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff26 ws1">) <span class="blank _1"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _1"> </span>q<span class="blank _1"> </span>ue <span class="blank _1"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>st<span class="blank _1"> </span>ão <span class="blank _4"> </span>def<span class="blank _1"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>ida<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _1"> </span>ig<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ald<span class="blank _1"> </span>ade, <span class="blank _4"> </span>ad<span class="blank _1"> </span>ição <span class="blank _4"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>mu<span class="blank _1"> </span>ltiplicaçã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y82 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">(D<span class="blank _0"></span>A<span class="blank _1"> </span>N<span class="blank _1"> </span>TE<span class="blank _1"> </span>, 20<span class="blank _1"> </span>02<span class="blank _0"></span>)<span class="blank _0"></span>:</div><div class="t m0 x1c h9 y83 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws9">(<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff27 ls44">a<span class="ff26 ls1 ws1">, </span><span class="ls1">b<span class="blank _3"></span><span class="ff26 ws1">) = (<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff27 ws9">c<span class="ff26 ws1">, </span><span class="ls45">d</span><span class="ff26 ws1">) \u2194 </span>a<span class="ff28 ws1"> = </span>c<span class="ff28 ws1"> e </span>b<span class="ff28 ws65"> <span class="ws1">= </span></span>d</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1d h9 y84 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws9">(<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff27 ls46">a<span class="ff26 ls1 ws1">, </span><span class="ls1">b<span class="blank _3"></span><span class="ff26 ws1">) + (<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff27 ws9">c<span class="ff26 ws1">, </span><span class="ls45">d</span><span class="ff26 ws1">) = (<span class="blank _3"></span><span class="ff27 ws9">a<span class="ff28 ws1"> + </span>c<span class="ff26 ws1">, </span>b<span class="ff28 ws1"> + </span><span class="ls47">d</span><span class="ff28">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1e h9 y85 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws9">(<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff27 ls48">a<span class="ff26 ls1 ws1">, </span><span class="ls1">b<span class="blank _3"></span><span class="ff26 ws1">) \u2219 (<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff27 ws9">c<span class="ff26 ws1">, </span><span class="ls45">d</span><span class="ff26 ws1">) = (<span class="blank _3"></span><span class="ff27 ls49">ac<span class="ff26 ls1 ws66"> <span class="ws1">\u2013 </span></span><span class="ls52 ws47">bd</span><span class="ff26 ls1">, </span><span class="ls4a">ad<span class="ff28 ls1 ws68"> <span class="ws1">+ </span></span></span><span class="ws63">bc<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff28 ls1">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd h9 y86 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Os nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>meros re<span class="blank _1"> </span>ais pe<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>ence<span class="blank _1"> </span>m a C e são aqueles pa<span class="blank _1"> </span>res em que t<span class="blank _1"> </span>emos <span class="ff27">b</span><span class="ls3a"> = 0, </span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y87 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">ou <span class="blank _1"> </span>seja, <span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>me<span class="blank _1"> </span>ro <span class="blank _1"> </span>rea<span class="blank _1"> </span>l <span class="blank _1"> </span>5 <span class="blank _1"> </span>po<span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>ser <span class="blank _4"> </span>escr<span class="blank _4"> </span>ito <span class="blank _1"> </span>como <span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>pa<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _1"> </span>(<span class="blank _0"></span>5<span class="blank _0"></span>, 0)<span class="blank _0"></span>. <span class="blank _1"> </span>T<span class="blank _0"></span>ambém <span class="blank _1"> </span>é <span class="blank _1"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y88 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">um nome especial para <span class="blank _1"> </span>o par (0, <span class="blank _1"> </span>1), unidade imaginária. Ele <span class="blank _1"> </span>é indicado por <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff27">i</span>, </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y89 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">e, usando a definição de multiplicação de complexos, temos:</div><div class="t m0 xc h1c y8a ff29 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">(a,b) \u2219 (c,d) </div><div class="t m19 x1f h1c y8a ff29 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">= (ac - bd, ad + bc)</div><div class="t m0 x20 h9 y8b ff27 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws9">i<span class="ff26 fsa ws61 v2">2</span><span class="ff26 ws1"> = (0,1) \u2219 (0,1) = (0 \u2219 0 \u2012 1 \u2219 1, 0 \u2219 1 + 1 \u2219 0) = ( \u2012 1, 0) = \u2012 1</span></div><div class="t m0 xd h9 y8c ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Essa definição <span class="blank _1"> </span>nos permite <span class="blank _1"> </span>calcular, em C, <span class="blank _1"> </span>raízes <span class="blank _1"> </span>quadradas de <span class="blank _1"> </span>números </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y8d ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">negativos. Por exemplo:</div><div class="t m0 x13 he y3a ff24 fs8 fc4 sc1 ls28 ws27">Conjunt<span class="blank _0"></span>os numéricos</div><div class="t m0 x21 h16 y5e ff2a fs8 fc4 sc1 ls1">5</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x22 y8e w6 h1d" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/6f02abb6-ebdc-436e-b105-351d0d351b6a/bg7.png"><div class="t m1a x4 h9 y8f ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Os <span class="blank _0"></span>núme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros <span class="blank _0"></span>complex<span class="blank _0"></span>os <span class="blank _0"></span>podem <span class="blank _0"></span>ser <span class="blank _0"></span>rep<span class="blank _1"> </span>rese<span class="blank _1"> </span>nt<span class="blank _1"> </span>ados <span class="blank _0"></span>na <span class="blank _0"></span>for<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma <span class="blank _0"></span>algébrica <span class="blank _0"></span>ou <span class="blank _0"></span>na </div><div class="t m1b x2 h9 y6 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls56 ws6c">for<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma <span class="blank _0"></span>tr<span class="blank _4"> </span>ig<span class="blank _0"></span>onomét<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>ica<span class="blank _1"> </span>. <span class="blank _0"></span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>eja <span class="blank _3"></span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>seg<span class="blank _1"> </span>ui<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _0"></span>alg<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _0"></span>defi<span class="blank _1"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>içõe<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _0"></span>e <span class="blank _3"></span>exemplos <span class="blank _3"></span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>nvo<span class="blank _0"></span>lv<span class="blank _0"></span>endo<span class="blank _1"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 y90 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">núme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ros com<span class="blank _1"> </span>plex<span class="blank _0"></span>os.</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1e y91 ff2b fsb fc2 sc1 ls1 ws1">Forma algébr<span class="blank _0"></span>ica de um número complex<span class="blank _0"></span>o: <span class="ff2c">z</span>\ue61f=\ue61f<span class="ff2c">a</span>\ue61f+\ue61f<span class="ff2c">bi</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h9 y8 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">(<span class="blank _0"></span>\u20122, 3<span class="blank _0"></span>) = \u20122 + 3<span class="blank _0"></span>i</div><div class="t m0 x24 h9 y92 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">(<span class="blank _0"></span>0, \u2012<span class="blank _0"></span>1<span class="blank _3"></span>) = 0 \u2012 1i = \u2013i</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1e y93 ff2b fsb fc2 sc1 ls1 ws1">Con<span class="blank _0"></span>jugado de um número c<span class="blank _0"></span>omplexo<span class="blank _0"></span>: <span class="ff2c">z</span>\ue61f=\ue61f<span class="ff2c">a</span>\ue61f\u2013\ue61f<span class="ff2c">bi</span></div><div class="t m0 x25 h9 y94 ff27 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls53"><span class="fc5 sc1">z</span><span class="ff26 ls1 ws1"><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">=</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">2</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">+</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">3</span></span><span class="ls1 ws9"><span class="fc5 sc1">i</span><span class="ff26 ws1"><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">\u2192</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span></span></span><span class="fc5 sc1">z</span><span class="ff26 ls1 ws1"><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">=</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">2</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">\u2013</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">3</span><span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff27"><span class="fc5 sc1">i</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x25 h9 y95 ff27 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls54"><span class="fc5 sc1">z</span><span class="ff26 ls1 ws1"><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">=</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">5</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">\u2013</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">2</span></span><span class="ls1 ws9"><span class="fc5 sc1">i</span><span class="ff26 ws1"><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">\u2192</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span></span><span class="ls53"><span class="fc5 sc1">z</span></span><span class="ff26 ws1"><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">=</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">5</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">+</span><span class="fc5 sc1"> </span><span class="fc5 sc1">2</span></span><span class="fc5 sc1">i</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h1e y96 ff2b fsb fc2 sc1 ls1 ws1">Interpretação geométri<span class="blank _0"></span>ca de um número complex<span class="blank _0"></span>o</div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 ye ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Como cad<span class="blank _1"> </span>a nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>mer<span class="blank _1"> </span>o complex<span class="blank _0"></span>o est<span class="blank _1"> </span>á ass<span class="blank _1"> </span>ocia<span class="blank _1"> </span>do a um pa<span class="blank _1"> </span>r (<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff2d ls57 ws69">\ud835\udc4e,\ud835\udc4f<span class="blank _6"></span><span class="ff26 ls1 ws1">), que por su<span class="blank _1"> </span>a vez </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 yf ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">est<span class="blank _1"> </span>á asso<span class="blank _1"> </span>ciado a um ú<span class="blank _1"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span>ico ponto no p<span class="blank _0"></span>lano, pode<span class="blank _1"> </span>mos repre<span class="blank _1"> </span>sent<span class="blank _1"> </span>á-los como um </div><div class="t m1c x2 h9 y10 ff28 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls3c ws5a">pont<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff27 lsb">P<span class="ff26 ws6d"> <span class="blank _4"> </span>no <span class="blank _4"> </span>siste<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>coorde<span class="blank _1"> </span>na<span class="blank _1"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>as <span class="blank _4"> </span>ca<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _4"> </span>tesia<span class="blank _1"> </span>na<span class="blank _1"> </span>s. <span class="blank _4"> </span>O <span class="blank _4"> </span>âng<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>lo <span class="blank _4"> </span>\u03b8 <span class="blank _1"> </span>for<span class="blank _1"> </span>m<span class="blank _1"> </span>ado <span class="blank _4"> </span>p<span class="blank _1"> </span>elo </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 y11 ff28 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls58 ws6e">seg<span class="blank _1"> </span>me<span class="blank _1"> </span>nt<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff27 ls4e ws6a">Oz<span class="ff26 ls1 ws1"> <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span>eixo <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff27">x</span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>é <span class="blank _1"> </span>cha<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma<span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>rg<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>me<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto, <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>\u03c1 <span class="blank _4"> </span>é <span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span>módu<span class="blank _1"> </span>lo <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff27 ws9">z</span>, <span class="blank _1"> </span>que </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 y12 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">de\ue6bf<span class="blank _1"> </span>ni<span class="blank _1"> </span>mos n<span class="blank _1"> </span>a Fi<span class="blank _0"></span>g<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>a 1<span class="blank _0"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x26 he y97 ff2b fs8 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Figur<span class="blank _1"> </span>a 1. <span class="ff24">Gráfico do mó<span class="blank _1"> </span>dulo d<span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="ff2e ls55">z</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x26 h1f y98 ff2f fsc fc1 sc1 ls59 ws6b">Fonte:<span class="ff24 ls5a ws6f"> Adaptada de Dante (2002<span class="blank _0"></span>).</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h16 y5e ff30 fs8 fc4 sc1 ls1">6</div><div class="t m0 x18 he y3a ff24 fs8 fc4 sc1 ls28 ws46">Conjunt<span class="blank _0"></span>os numéricos</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y99 w7 h20" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/6f02abb6-ebdc-436e-b105-351d0d351b6a/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 xe h1e y9a ff2b fsb fc2 sc1 ls1 ws1">Módulo de um número c<span class="blank _0"></span>omplexo</div><div class="t m1d xe h9 y90 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 lsb ws6d">O <span class="blank _4"> </span>módulo <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _4"> </span>núme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ro <span class="blank _4"> </span>complex<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span>é <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>ist<span class="blank _1"> </span>â<span class="blank _1"> </span>ncia <span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _4"> </span>origem <span class="blank _4"> </span>do <span class="blank _4"> </span>siste<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma <span class="blank _4"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y9b ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls5f ws70">coorde<span class="blank _1"> </span>na<span class="blank _1"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>as <span class="blank _4"> </span>até <span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span>ponto <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff27 ls1 ws9">z<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff26 ls5f ws70">. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Aplica<span class="blank _1"> </span>ndo <span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span>te<span class="blank _1"> </span>orem<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>Pitágor<span class="blank _1"> </span>as<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="ls1 ws1">. </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y9c ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">V<span class="blank _3"></span>ejamos u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m exemplo<span class="blank _0"></span>:</div><div class="t m0 xe h1e y9d ff2b fsb fc2 sc1 ls1 ws1">Forma t<span class="blank _0"></span>rigonométrica de um nú<span class="blank _0"></span>mero complexo</div><div class="t m1e xe h9 yb ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls23 ws5e">A <span class="blank _0"></span>par<span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _0"></span>da <span class="blank _0"></span>rep<span class="blank _1"> </span>rese<span class="blank _1"> </span>nta<span class="blank _1"> </span>ção <span class="blank _0"></span>geomét<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>ica <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _0"></span>um <span class="blank _0"></span>núme<span class="blank _1"> </span>ro <span class="blank _0"></span>complex<span class="blank _0"></span>o, <span class="blank _3"></span>con<span class="blank _1"> </span>sidera<span class="blank _1"> </span>ndo<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ls1">-</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y94 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">-se <span class="blank _1"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span>eu <span class="blank _1"> </span>mód<span class="blank _1"> </span>ulo, <span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>â<span class="blank _1"> </span>ng<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>lo <span class="blank _1"> </span>for<span class="blank _1"> </span>mad<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>pelo <span class="blank _1"> </span>seg<span class="blank _1"> </span>ment<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff27 ls4e ws6a">Oz</span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>ei<span class="blank _1"> </span>xo <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff27">x</span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _1"> </span>no<span class="blank _1"> </span>çõe<span class="blank _1"> </span>s</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y95 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">de seno e co<span class="blank _1"> </span>sseno, t<span class="blank _1"> </span>emos:</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 y9e ff27 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls5b">z<span class="ff28 ls1 ws1"> = </span><span class="ls1 ws9">a<span class="ff28 ws1"> = </span></span><span class="lsb ws51">bi</span><span class="ff26 ls1 ws1"> \u2192 |</span><span class="ls5c">z<span class="ff26 ls1 ws1">| (<span class="blank _0"></span>cos \u03b8 + <span class="ff27 ls6">i</span>sen \u03b8)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd h9 ye ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">V<span class="blank _3"></span>ejamos u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m exemplo<span class="blank _0"></span>:</div><div class="t m0 xe h1e y9f ff2b fsb fc2 sc1 ls1 ws1">Resolução de equaç<span class="blank _0"></span>ões com raiz c<span class="blank _0"></span>omplexa</div><div class="t m0 x28 h9 y14 ff27 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls5d">x<span class="ff26 fsa ls1 ws1 v2">2 </span><span class="ff26 ls1 ws1"> <span class="blank _d"></span>\u2013 2<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff27 ws9">x</span> + 1<span class="blank _0"></span>0 = 0</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 h9 ya0 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">\u2206 = <span class="ff27 ls5e">b</span><span class="fsa ws61 v2">2</span> \u2013 4<span class="ff27 ls49 ws63">ac</span> = 4 \u2013 4 \u2219 1 \u2219 1<span class="blank _0"></span>0 = \u2013<span class="blank _0"></span>36 \u2192 não poss<span class="blank _1"> </span>ui r<span class="blank _1"> </span>ai<span class="blank _1"> </span>z rea<span class="blank _1"> </span>l</div><div class="t m0 xd h9 ya1 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Usando nú<span class="blank _1"> </span>mero<span class="blank _1"> </span>s complex<span class="blank _0"></span>os, t<span class="blank _1"> </span>emos: </div><div class="t m0 xd h9 y1e ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Assi<span class="blank _1"> </span>m, a<span class="blank _1"> </span>s r<span class="blank _1"> </span>aí<span class="blank _1"> </span>zes d<span class="blank _1"> </span>a eq<span class="blank _1"> </span>ua<span class="blank _1"> </span>çã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o são 1 + 3<span class="ff27 ws9">i</span> e 1 <span class="blank _d"></span> \u2013 3<span class="ff27 ws9">i<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff26">.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 he y3a ff24 fs8 fc4 sc1 ls28 ws27">Conjunt<span class="blank _0"></span>os numéricos</div><div class="t m0 x21 h16 y5e ff31 fs8 fc4 sc1 ls1">7</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x2 ya2 w8 h21" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/6f02abb6-ebdc-436e-b105-351d0d351b6a/bg9.png"><div class="t m1f x4 h9 ya3 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 lsb ws6d">A <span class="blank _4"> </span>equ<span class="blank _1"> </span>açã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff27 ls60">x</span><span class="fsa ls61 v2">2</span><span class="ws1"> <span class="blank _1"> </span>+ <span class="blank _4"> </span>1 <span class="blank _4"> </span>= <span class="blank _4"> </span>0, <span class="blank _1"> </span>men<span class="blank _1"> </span>cionad<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _4"> </span>ant<span class="blank _1"> </span>er<span class="blank _1"> </span>ior<span class="blank _1"> </span>me<span class="blank _1"> </span>nte <span class="blank _4"> </span>no <span class="blank _4"> </span>capítu<span class="blank _1"> </span>lo, <span class="blank _1"> </span>po<span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>ser </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h9 ya4 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">resolvid<span class="blank _1"> </span>a da s<span class="blank _1"> </span>eg<span class="blank _1"> </span>ui<span class="blank _1"> </span>nte for<span class="blank _1"> </span>m<span class="blank _1"> </span>a:</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 ya5 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Sua solução, ent<span class="blank _1"> </span>ão, é:</div><div class="t m0 x2a h13 ya6 ff27 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1">x<span class="ff28 ws3d"> <span class="ws1">= ±</span></span>i</div><div class="t m0 x15 h22 ya7 ff32 fs1 fc1 sc1 ls24 ws28">1.<span class="ws19 v0">3 <span class="ff2b">Conjunto<span class="ws54"> universo e conjunto<span class="ws7d"> vazio</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m20 x15 h9 ya8 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls23 ws1">O <span class="blank _0"></span>conjunto <span class="blank _0"></span>un<span class="blank _1"> </span>iverso <span class="blank _0"></span>nor<span class="blank _1"> </span>m<span class="blank _1"> </span>al<span class="blank _1"> </span>mente <span class="blank _0"></span>é <span class="blank _0"></span>denot<span class="blank _1"> </span>ado <span class="blank _0"></span>pela <span class="blank _0"></span>letr<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff33 ls1 ws57">U<span class="blank _3"></span><span class="ff26 ls23 ws1">. <span class="blank _0"></span>Ele <span class="blank _3"></span>se<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>ia <span class="blank _0"></span>compost<span class="blank _1"> </span>o </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 ya9 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">por <span class="blank _0"></span>todos os <span class="blank _3"></span>element<span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _0"></span>e <span class="blank _0"></span>conjuntos <span class="blank _0"></span>em <span class="blank _0"></span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _0"></span>da<span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _0"></span>contexto. <span class="blank _0"></span>Já <span class="blank _3"></span>o <span class="blank _0"></span>conju<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto <span class="blank _0"></span>vaz<span class="blank _1"> </span>io </div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 yaa ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">não contém qualquer el<span class="blank _0"></span>eme<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto e <span class="blank _0"></span>é <span class="blank _0"></span>repre<span class="blank _1"> </span>sent<span class="blank _1"> </span>ad<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _0"></span>por chav<span class="blank _0"></span>es <span class="blank _0"></span>va<span class="blank _1"> </span>zia<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _0"></span>{<span class="ls67 ws71">}</span>, <span class="blank _0"></span>ou <span class="blank _0"></span>pel<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 yab ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls4b ws1">sí<span class="blank _1"> </span>m<span class="blank _1"> </span>b<span class="blank _1"> </span>olo <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff2d ls1 ws29">\u2205<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ff26 ws1">. Por ex<span class="blank _0"></span>emplo<span class="blank _0"></span>:</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2b h9 yac ff28 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Se <span class="ff27">U<span class="ff26 ws7e"> = Z, então {</span><span class="ls68">x<span class="ff26 ls26">\u2502</span><span class="ls62">x</span></span><span class="ff26 fsa ws61 v2">2</span><span class="ff26"> = 10} = <span class="ff2d">\u2205</span>.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 hb yad ff32 fs1 fc1 sc1 ls24 ws19">1.4 <span class="ff2b">Conjuntos<span class="ws54"> disjuntos</span></span></div><div class="t m4 x15 h9 yae ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls64 ws72">Conjunto<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ws7f">s <span class="ws73">disju<span class="blank"> </span>nto<span class="blank"> </span></span>s <span class="ws74">sã</span>o <span class="ws75">a<span class="blank"> </span>q<span class="blank"> </span>uele</span>s <span class="ws74">qu</span>e <span class="ws74">nã<span class="blank _1"> </span></span>o <span class="ws74">tê</span>m <span class="ws74">element<span class="blank _1"> </span>o</span>s <span class="ls63">e</span>m <span class="ws76">comu<span class="blank"> </span>m</span>. <span class="ws74">Por<span class="ls65 ws80"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 yaf ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">exempl<span class="blank _0"></span>o, supon<span class="blank _1"> </span>h<span class="blank _1"> </span>a os t<span class="blank _1"> </span>rê<span class="blank _1"> </span>s conjunt<span class="blank _1"> </span>os a seg<span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>r:</div><div class="t m0 x2c h9 yb0 ff27 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1">A<span class="ff26 ls62 ws3d"> </span><span class="ff26 ws1">= {<span class="blank _3"></span>1<span class="blank _0"></span>, 4, 5<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls69 ws77">}<span class="ls1">,</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h9 yb1 ff27 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1">B<span class="ff26 ls62 ws3d"> </span><span class="ff26 ws1">= {<span class="blank _0"></span>5<span class="blank _0"></span>, 6, 8, 1<span class="blank _0"></span>0<span class="blank _3"></span>} e</span></div><div class="t m0 x2c h9 yb2 ff27 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1">C<span class="ff26 ws1"> = {<span class="blank _3"></span>1<span class="blank _0"></span>0, 1<span class="blank _3"></span>4<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls6a ws78">}<span class="ls1">.</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 yb3 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls66">O<span class="ls1 ws81">s <span class="ws2a">conjunto<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ws82">s <span class="ff27">A<span class="ff28 ws83"> <span class="ws84">e </span></span>C</span><span class="ws85"> <span class="ws9">sã</span></span></span></span>o <span class="ws79">c<span class="blank"> </span>on<span class="blank"> </span>sider<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="ws83">s <span class="ws7a">d<span class="blank"> </span>isju<span class="blank"> </span>nt<span class="blank"> </span>os<span class="ws85">, <span class="ws7b">m<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span>s <span class="ff27">A<span class="ff28"> <span class="ws84">e </span></span>B</span><span class="ws86"> <span class="ws9">nã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="ws85">, </span>poi</span></span>s <span class="ws1">eles </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 yb4 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">têm element<span class="blank _1"> </span>os em c<span class="blank _1"> </span>omum<span class="blank _1"> </span>. Os conju<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto<span class="ws87">s <span class="ff27">B<span class="ff28 ws3d"> e </span><span class="ws9">C</span></span></span> t<span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>mbém n<span class="blank _1"> </span>ão sã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o di<span class="blank _1"> </span>sjunto<span class="blank _1"> </span>s.</div><div class="t m0 x17 h16 y5e ff34 fs8 fc4 sc1 ls1">8</div><div class="t m0 x18 he y3a ff24 fs8 fc4 sc1 ls28 ws46">Conjunt<span class="blank _0"></span>os numéricos</div><div class="t m0 xd h23 yb5 ff35 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Podemos afirmar que</div><div class="t m0 xd h24 yb6 ff35 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls19">N<span class="ff36 ls1 ws7c v0">\u2282<span class="ff35">Z</span>\u2282<span class="ff35">Q</span>\u2282<span class="ff35">Z</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd h23 yb7 ff35 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Sim podemos, pois neste caso estamos afirmando que o conjunto dos naturais </div><div class="t m0 xd h23 yb8 ff35 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">está contido no conjunto dos inteiros, que por sua vez está contido dentro do </div><div class="t m0 xd h23 yb9 ff35 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">conjunto dos racionais e por fim, o conjunto dos racionais está contido no </div><div class="t m0 xd h23 yba ff35 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">conjunto dos inteiros. A seguir quando aprendermos o conceito diagrama de </div><div class="t m0 xd h23 ybb ff35 fs6 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Venn e observarmos a Figura 3, este conceito fica bem claro.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 ybc w3 h25" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/6f02abb6-ebdc-436e-b105-351d0d351b6a/bga.png"><div class="t m0 xe h26 ybd ff37 fs5 fc1 sc1 ls6e">2.<span class="ws8d"> <span class="ff38">Diagramas<span class="ws12"> de<span class="ws8e"> Venn</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m21 xe h9 ybe ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls8 ws1">Uma <span class="blank _0"></span>manei<span class="blank _1"> </span>ra <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _0"></span>repre<span class="blank _1"> </span>sent<span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _0"></span>conj<span class="blank _0"></span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ntos <span class="blank _0"></span>é <span class="blank _0"></span>usa<span class="blank _1"> </span>ndo <span class="blank _0"></span>os <span class="blank _3"></span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>iag<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>am<span class="blank _1"> </span>as <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls6f ws88">V<span class="ls8 ws1">en<span class="blank _1"> </span>n. <span class="blank _0"></span>Nesses </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ybf ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls4a ws1">diagramas, <span class="blank _11"> </span>os <span class="blank _11"> </span>conjuntos <span class="blank _11"> </span>são <span class="blank _11"> </span>representados <span class="blank _11"> </span>por <span class="blank _11"> </span>áreas <span class="blank _11"> </span>delimitadas <span class="blank _11"> </span>no </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc0 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls4a ws1">espaço, <span class="blank"> </span><span class="ls1">geralmente <span class="blank _7"> </span>círculos <span class="blank _7"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>elipses. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Assim, <span class="blank"> </span>o <span class="blank _7"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _7"> </span>univers<span class="ff39 ws89">o</span><span class="ls6b"> </span><span class="ff33">U</span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>é </span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc1 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">representado <span class="blank _4"> </span>por <span class="blank _4"> </span>um <span class="blank _4"> </span>retângulo, <span class="blank _4"> </span>em <span class="blank _4"> </span>que <span class="blank _5"> </span>estão <span class="blank _4"> </span>os <span class="blank _4"> </span>outros <span class="blank _4"> </span>conjuntos. <span class="blank _4"> </span>A <span class="blank _4"> </span>Figura </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc2 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">2 <span class="blank _4"> </span>mostra <span class="blank _5"> </span>três <span class="blank _5"> </span>exemplos <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>diagramas <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span><span class="ls38">V</span>enn. <span class="blank _4"> </span>Em <span class="blank _5"> </span>(a), <span class="blank _5"> </span>há <span class="blank _5"> </span>um <span class="blank _4"> </span>exemplo <span class="blank _5"> </span>em </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc3 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">que <span class="blank _5"> </span>o <span class="blank _5"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _12"> </span><span class="ff27">A</span><span class="ls70"> <span class="blank _5"> </span>está <span class="blank _5"> </span>contido <span class="blank _12"> </span>no <span class="blank _5"> </span>conj<span class="ls57">u</span>nto <span class="blank _5"> </span></span><span class="ff27">B</span>; <span class="blank _12"> </span>em <span class="blank _5"> </span>(b), <span class="blank _5"> </span>os <span class="blank _12"> </span>conjuntos <span class="blank _5"> </span><span class="ff27">A<span class="ff28 ws8f"> <span class="blank _5"> </span>e <span class="blank _12"> </span></span>B</span><span class="ls70"> <span class="blank _5"> </span>são </span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc4 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls70 ws52">disj<span class="ls6c">u</span><span class="ws1">ntos; em (c), <span class="ff28 ls1">os conjuntos <span class="ff27">A</span> e <span class="ff27">B<span class="ff26"> sobrepõem-se parcialmente.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 he yc5 ff2b fs8 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Figur<span class="blank _1"> </span>a 2. <span class="ff24">E<span class="blank _1"> </span>xemp<span class="blank _1"> </span>los de d<span class="blank _1"> </span>iagramas d<span class="blank _1"> </span>e Venn.</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h1f yc6 ff2f fsc fc1 sc1 ls59 ws6b">Fonte:<span class="ff24 ls5a ws6f"> Adaptada de Lips<span class="blank _1"> </span>chut<span class="blank _1"> </span>z e Lipson (20<span class="blank _0"></span>1<span class="blank _0"></span>3<span class="blank _0"></span>).</span></div><div class="t m22 xd h9 y13 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls56 ws6c">Os <span class="blank _0"></span>diag<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>am<span class="blank _1"> </span>as <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _0"></span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>en<span class="blank _1"> </span>n <span class="blank _0"></span>ta<span class="blank _1"> </span>mbé<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _0"></span>ser<span class="blank _1"> </span>vem <span class="blank _0"></span>par<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>ilust<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _0"></span>os <span class="blank _3"></span>conju<span class="blank _1"> </span>ntos <span class="blank _0"></span>numé<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>icos </div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y14 ff26 fs4 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">desc<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>itos n<span class="blank _1"> </span>a seçã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o ant<span class="blank _1"> </span>er<span class="blank _1"> </span>ior, como most<span class="blank _1"> </span>ra a Figu<span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>a 3<span class="blank _0"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x5 he yc7 ff2b fs8 fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Figur<span class="blank _1"> </span>a 3. <span class="ff24 ls28 ws90">Representaçã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o dos conjun<span class="blank _0"></span>tos numéricos.</span></div><div class="t m0 x2d h27 yc8 ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls1">N</div><div class="t m0 x2e h27 yc9 ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls71 ws1">Números Naturais</div><div class="t m0 x2d h27 yca ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls1">Z</div><div class="t m0 x2e h27 ycb ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Números Inteiros</div><div class="t m0 x2d h27 ycc ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls1">Q</div><div class="t m0 x2f h27 ycd ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Números Racionais</div><div class="t m0 x30 h27 yce ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls1">I</div><div class="t m0 x31 h27 ycf ff3b fsd fc1 sc1 ls1">R<span class="ff3a ws1"> = </span><span class="ws1">Q <span class="ff3c">\u222a </span>I</span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h27 yd0 ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls72 ws8a">Número<span class="ls1">s</span></div><div class="t m0 x33 h27 yd1 ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls6d ws8b">Irr<span class="ls1">acionais</span></div><div class="t m0 x34 h27 yd2 ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls1">C</div><div class="t m0 x2d h27 yd3 ff3a fsd fc1 sc1 ls1 ws1">Números Comple<span class="ls73 ws8c">xo</span>s</div><div class="t m0 x13 he y3a ff24 fs8 fc4 sc1 ls28 ws27">Conjunt<span class="blank _0"></span>os numéricos</div><div class="t m0 x21 h16 y5e ff3d fs8 fc4 sc1 ls1">9</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div>
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