<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3566ed77-e10f-4e33-9121-197563cbc0d7/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws0">CURSO DE ES<span class="_0 blank"> </span>TAT<span class="ff2 ws1">Õ<span class="ff1">STICA</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1">APLICADA</div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y3 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Prof. Henrique Dantas Neder</div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y4 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws3">Departamento de Economia<span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff4 ls0">ñ</span><span class="ws4">Universidade Federal de</span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h5 y5 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5">Uberl<span class="ff5 ls1">\u201a</span>ndia.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y6 w2 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3566ed77-e10f-4e33-9121-197563cbc0d7/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y7 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2">2</div><div class="t m0 x0 h8 y8 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws7">SUM<span class="ff7 ws8">¡<span class="ff3">RIO</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y9 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws9">1. Introdu<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsa">o ........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>........ 4</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha ya ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws9">2. Estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsb">stica<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Descritiv<span class="_2 blank"></span>a ...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_3 blank"> </span>8</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hb yb ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">2.1 Tipo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s de Vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="wsa">veis<span class="_4 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>........... 8</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 yc ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">2.2 Tab<span class="_0 blank"> </span>elas e Distribui<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u0131</span><span class="wsd">es de Freq<span class="ff9 ws5">¸Í</span><span class="wsb">n ci<span class="_2 blank"></span>a .........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.<span class="_3 blank"> </span>10</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 ha yd ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wse">2.3<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Histogramas .............<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>......<span class="_3 blank"> </span>13</div><div class="t m0 x5 hb ye ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">2.4 Tab<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ula<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o de Freq<span class="ff9 ws5">¸Í</span>n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cia e Histograma para Vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsf">veis Cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws10">nuas ..... ......<span class="_5 blank"> </span>14</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hb yf ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsd">2.5 Medida<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s de Posi<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsc">o e de Dispe<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rs<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws11">o<span class="_6 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>... 17</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y10 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">2.5.1 Uma Nota sobre Nota<span class="ff7 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws3">o Es<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tat<span class="ffc ls4">Ì</span><span class="ws12">stica <span class="ff8 ws11">.........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...... 18</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y11 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws13">2.5.2<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A M<span class="ffc ls3">È</span><span class="ws14">dia A<span class="_2 blank"></span>ritm<span class="ffc ls3">È</span>tica N<span class="ffd ls3">\u201e</span><span class="ws15">o<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Ponderada <span class="ff8 ws11">.<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..... 19</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y12 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws13">2.5.3<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A M<span class="ffc ls3">È</span><span class="ws14">dia A<span class="_2 blank"></span>ritm<span class="ffc ls3">È</span><span class="ws16">tica<span class="_6 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>onderada <span class="ff8 ws11">.........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..... 20</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y13 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">2.5.4 Propor<span class="ff7 ws5">Á\u0131</span><span class="ws17">e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s como M<span class="ffc ls3">È</span><span class="ws18">dias <span class="ff8 ws11">......<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..... 21</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y14 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws13">2.5.5<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A M<span class="ffc ls3">È</span><span class="ws14">dia Geom<span class="ffc ls3">È</span><span class="ws19">trica <span class="ff8 ws11">..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>......... 22</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y15 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws13">2.5.6<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A M<span class="ffc ls3">È</span><span class="ws14">dia Harm<span class="ffe ws5">Ù</span><span class="ws1a">nica <span class="ff8 ws11">...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.......... 2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y16 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1b">2.5.7<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Media<span class="_0 blank"> </span>na <span class="ff8 ws11">..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..... 27</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y17 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws13">2.5.8<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A M<span class="ffc ls3">È</span><span class="ws14">dia para Dados A<span class="_2 blank"></span>grupados<span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ws11">...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. 28</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y18 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">2.5.9 A<span class="_6 blank"> </span>Mediana para dados Agrupados<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ws1c">...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>........ 30</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y19 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">2.5.10 A M<span class="_2 blank"></span>oda para dados A<span class="_2 blank"></span>grupados<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ws11">....<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>....... 32</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1a ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws3">2.5.11<span class="_1 blank"> </span>O Intervalo (ou amplitude)<span class="ff8 ws11">.........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.......... 3<span class="_0 blank"> </span>9</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y1b ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">2.5.12 Pe<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rcentis, Decis e Qua<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rtis<span class="ff8 ws11">...<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...... 41</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y1c ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">2.5.13 Va<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ri<span class="ff5 ls3">\u201a</span>ncia e Desvio Padr<span class="ffd ls3">\u201e</span><span class="ls5">o</span><span class="ff8 ws11">.........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>......... 42</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y1d ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">2.5.14 Va<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ri<span class="ff5 ls3">\u201a</span>ncia e Desvio Padr<span class="ffd ls3">\u201e</span>o para Dados A<span class="_2 blank"></span>grupados<span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ls6 ws1d">...................... 44</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y1e ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws17">2.5.15<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Interpretando e A<span class="_2 blank"></span>plicando o Desvio Padr<span class="ffd ls1">\u201e</span><span class="ls7">o</span><span class="ff8 ws11">......<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...... 46</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws14">2.5.16 Coefici<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente de Varia<span class="ff7 ws5">Á\u201e<span class="_0 blank"> </span></span><span class="ls8">o</span><span class="ff8 ws11">...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. 47</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y20 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1e">2.6<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Medidas<span class="_8 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Assime tria. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .<span class="_5 blank"> </span>49</div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y21 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">2.7 Curtose: um<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a medida d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e achatam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ento<span class="_5 blank"> </span>...................<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...<span class="_5 blank"> </span>50</div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y22 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws11">3.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Probab<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ilidade ......<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..... 53</div><div class="t m0 x5 hb y23 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1f">3.1<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Defini<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsc">o Cl<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>ssica de Prob<span class="_0 blank"> </span>abilidade ..................<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>......<span class="_5 blank"> </span>5<span class="_0 blank"> </span>4</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y24 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">3.2 Conceito da Freq<span class="ff9 ws5">¸Í<span class="_0 blank"> </span></span><span class="ws11">ncia<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Relativa ....<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..... 56</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y25 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws11">3.3<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Probabilidad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Subjet<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iva<span class="_7 blank"> </span>.........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.. 57</div><div class="t m0 x5 hb y26 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsf">3.4 Algumas Re<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gras B<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws11">sicas<span class="_8 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Proba<span class="_0 blank"> </span>bilidade<span class="_3 blank"> </span>....<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>........... 5<span class="_0 blank"> </span>7</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y27 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">3.5 A Regra do Complem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ento<span class="_6 blank"> </span>...............<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>....<span class="_5 blank"> </span>58</div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y28 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">3.6 A Regra Geral da Adi<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws11">o<span class="_a blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.......... 6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y29 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsf">3.7<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Regras de Multiplica<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws20">o ..... ................. ................. ................. ................. ...<span class="_5 blank"> </span>62</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y2a ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws11">3.8<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Proba<span class="_0 blank"> </span>bilidade<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dicional<span class="_b blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>........ 64</div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y2b ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsd">3.9 Diagramas em<span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls9">¡</span><span class="ws11">rvore<span class="_a blank"> </span>................<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.......... 6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y2c ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws21">3.10 Te<span class="_0 blank"> </span>orema de Ba<span class="_0 blank"> </span>yes ....................<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>........<span class="_3 blank"> </span>67</div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y2d ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws21">Anexo 1 \u2013 Recordando De<span class="_0 blank"> </span>fini<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u0131</span><span class="ws11">es<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Conceitos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.. 68</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h9 y2e ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws22">Anexo 2 - In<span class="_0 blank"> </span>depend<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="wsc">ncia e Modelos de <span class="ff9 lsa">¡</span>rvore para Calcular Probab<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ilidades</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y2f ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws11">...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>......... 7<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2</div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y30 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">Anexo 3 - Probabilidade Con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dicional<span class="_5 blank"> </span>...<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...<span class="_5 blank"> </span>77</div><div class="t m0 x5 hb y31 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">Resumo do C<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>lculo de P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>robabilidade<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s<span class="_5 blank"> </span>............<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>....<span class="_5 blank"> </span>81</div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y32 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">Exerc<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws11">cios<span class="_6 blank"> </span>de<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Probabilidad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e<span class="_6 blank"> </span>......<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..... 83</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y7 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2">3</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y33 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws24">4. Vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsf">veis Aleat<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span><span class="ws11">rias<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Discretas<span class="_4 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..... 101</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y34 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">4.1 O Valor Esperad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o (m<span class="ffa ls3">È</span>dia) de uma Distribui<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e<span class="_0 blank"> </span></span>o de Probabilida<span class="_0 blank"> </span>de<span class="_c blank"> </span>Discreta</div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y35 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws11">...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.......... 1<span class="_0 blank"> </span>05</div><div class="t m0 x5 hb y36 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws25">4.2 A Vari<span class="ff11 ls3">\u201a</span><span class="wsc">ncia e o Desvio Padr<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span>o de um<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a Distribui<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws26">o de Proba<span class="_0 blank"> </span>bilidade</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y37 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws27">Discreta ...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>........<span class="_3 blank"> </span>106</div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y38 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws25">4.3 A Distribui<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsc">o de Prob<span class="_0 blank"> </span>abilidade Bino<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mial<span class="_a blank"> </span>.....<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_3 blank"> </span>109</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y39 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws25">4.4 A M<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="wsc">dia e Vari<span class="ff11 ls3">\u201a</span><span class="ws21">ncia De Uma Distribui<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws11">o<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Binomial<span class="_b blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.......... 1<span class="_0 blank"> </span>12</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y3a ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">Ap<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="wsc">ndice 1 (Recorda<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws11">o)<span class="_7 blank"> </span>...<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.......... 1<span class="_0 blank"> </span>13</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y3b ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">Apendice 2 (Record<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws11">o)<span class="_7 blank"> </span>.<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. 114</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y3c ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">Ap<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="wsc">ndice 3 (Recorda<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws11">o)<span class="_7 blank"> </span>...<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.......... 1<span class="_0 blank"> </span>16</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y3d ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">Ap<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="wsc">ndice 4 (recorda<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e<span class="_0 blank"> </span></span><span class="ws11">o)....<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>........... 1<span class="_0 blank"> </span>19</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 hb y3e ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">Valor Esperado e V<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ari<span class="ff11 ls3">\u201a</span>ncia de uma Va<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ri<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws6">vel Aleat<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span><span class="ws11">ria<span class="_7 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>......... 11<span class="_0 blank"> </span>9</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hb y3f ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">Vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsd">veis Aleat<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span><span class="ws11">rias<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Indep<span class="_0 blank"> </span>enden<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tes<span class="_6 blank"> </span>.........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>......... 12<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y40 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws24">5. Vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsf">veis Aleat<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span>rias Cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span>nuas e<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Distribui<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws28">o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Normal . .............. .............. .....<span class="_5 blank"> </span>129</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hb y41 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">5.1 Vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsf">veis Aleat<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span>rias Cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws11">nua<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s .......<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>... 129</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hb y42 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">5.2 M<span class="ffa ls3">È</span>dia e Vari<span class="ff11 ls3">\u201a</span>ncia de um<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a Vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws6">vel Aleat<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span></span>ria Cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws29">nua ..... ....... ....... ....... .<span class="_5 blank"> </span>13 0</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hb y43 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">5.3 Vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws6">vel Aleat<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span><span class="ws11">ria<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Norma<span class="_0 blank"> </span>l<span class="_b blank"> </span>.......<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>........... 1<span class="_0 blank"> </span>31</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hb y44 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">5.4 Distribui<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws6">o Norm<span class="_0 blank"> </span>al Padr<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws11">o<span class="_a blank"> </span>......<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>........ 13<span class="_0 blank"> </span>3</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h9 y45 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2a">5.5 <span class="ff9 ls9">¡</span><span class="wsc">reas Abaixo da Curva Normal ..............<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.....<span class="_5 blank"> </span>13<span class="_0 blank"> </span>5</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y46 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws24">6. M<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="wsc">todos de Am<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ostragem e Distribui<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u0131</span><span class="ws11">es<span class="_8 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mostrais<span class="_4 blank"> </span>......<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>......... 14<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y47 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">6.1 Amost<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ragem Probabil<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws11">stica<span class="_a blank"> </span>.........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>....... 143</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y48 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">6.2 Teo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rema do Lim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ite Central<span class="_4 blank"> </span>.........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>..........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...........<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.......<span class="_5 blank"> </span>1<span class="_0 blank"> </span>474<span class="_d blank"></span>74.<span class="_e blank"></span>.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>129</div><div class="t m0 x5 ha y42 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">5.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y7 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2">4</div><div class="t m0 x0 hc y49 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2b">1. Introdu<span class="ff7 ws2c">Á\u201e</span>o</div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4a ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws13">A Signific<span class="ff5 ls3">\u201a</span><span class="ws2">ncia e a Abrang<span class="ffe ls3">Í</span>ncia da Estat<span class="ffc lsb">Ì</span><span class="ws5">stica</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h4 y4b ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws14">Porque a estat<span class="ffc ls4">Ì</span><span class="ws2d">stica <span class="ffc ls0">È</span><span class="ws5">importante?</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y4c ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2e">Os m<span class="ffa ls3">È</span>todo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span>sticos s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws2f">o<span class="_f blank"> </span>usados<span class="_f blank"> </span>hoje<span class="_f blank"> </span>em qua<span class="_0 blank"> </span>se tod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s campos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y4d ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">investiga<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws30">o cient<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws1f">fica,<span class="_10 blank"> </span>j<span class="ffb lsc">á</span><span class="ws31">que eles capa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>citam-nos<span class="_10 blank"> </span>a respon<span class="_0 blank"> </span>der a um vasto</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y4e ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3">n<span class="ffa">\u02d9</span><span class="ls2 wsc">mero de quest</span><span class="ffb">õ</span><span class="ls2 wsf">es,<span class="_1 blank"> </span>tais como a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s listadas aba<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ixo:</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y4f ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws32">1) <span class="ff8 fs1 wsc">Como os cient<span class="_0 blank"> </span>istas avaliam a validade de novas teorias?</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y50 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws32">2) <span class="ff8 fs1 wsd">Como o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s pesquisadores m<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ws33">dicos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>testa m<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>efici<span class="fff ls1">Í</span><span class="wsf">ncia d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e novas drogas ?</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y51 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws32">3) <span class="ff8 fs1 ws34">Como o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s dem<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span><span class="ws33">graf os<span class="_10 blank"> </span>prev<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="ws35">em<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o<span class="_10 blank"> </span>tam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>anho<span class="_10 blank"> </span>da p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>opula<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws36">o d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o mund<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o em</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y52 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1f">qualquer<span class="_8 blank"> </span>tempo<span class="_1 blank"> </span>futu ro?</div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y53 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws32">4) <span class="ff8 fs1 ws37">Como po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>de um econ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>omista verificar se a mud<span class="_0 blank"> </span>an<span class="ff9 ws5">Á</span><span class="ws38">a at<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ual no <span class="ff9 ls4">Õ</span><span class="ws39">n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dice de Pre<span class="ff9 ws5">Á</span><span class="ws23">os</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y54 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws3a">ao Consu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>midor <span class="ffa lsd">È</span><span class="ws3b">a cont<span class="_0 blank"> </span>inua<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o de u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma<span class="_11 blank"> </span>tend<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="ws3c">ncia<span class="_12 blank"> </span>secular, ou sim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>plesmen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>te</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y55 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws21">um desvio aleat<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span><span class="ws23">rio?</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y56 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws32">5) <span class="ff8 fs1 ws3d">Como <span class="ffa lse">È</span><span class="ws23">po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ss<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws3e">vel para algu<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ws3f">m predizer o<span class="_c blank"> </span>r<span class="_2 blank"></span>esultado<span class="_c blank"> </span>de uma elei<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y57 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsf">entrevistando a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>penas algum<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as centen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as de eleito<span class="_0 blank"> </span>res ?</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y58 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws40">Estes s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span>o po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ucos exemplos n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os quais a aplica<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws41">o d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws42">stica <span class="ffa">È</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y59 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">necess<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="ws43">ria. Pode<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mos presum<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ir que a matem<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws42">tica <span class="ffa lsf">È</span><span class="ws44">um<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a das rain<span class="_0 blank"> </span>has das</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y5a ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">ci<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="ws45">ncias porque ela fo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rnece a estrutura te<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span><span class="ws46">rica<span class="_9 blank"> </span>para quase tod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as as outra<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y5b ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">ci<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="ws47">ncias. Se voc<span class="fff ls10">Í</span></span>j<span class="ffb ls10">á</span><span class="ws33">fez<span class="_13 blank"> </span>um<span class="_13 blank"> </span>curso<span class="_13 blank"> </span>b<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws48">sico<span class="_13 blank"> </span>de<span class="_13 blank"> </span>f<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws49">sica, j<span class="ffb ls11">á</span></span></span></span>est<span class="ffb ls11">á</span><span class="ws4a">f am iliarizado<span class="_13 blank"> </span>com</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y5c ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4b">algumas das le<span class="_0 blank"> </span>is matem<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws4c">ticas que governam t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>emas t<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws4a">o<span class="_14 blank"> </span>diversificados<span class="_14 blank"> </span>como</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y5d ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4d">gravidade, energia, luz, eletricidade, etc. Mas ta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mb<span class="ffa ls1">È</span><span class="ws4e">m<span class="_15 blank"> </span>devemos con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>siderar o</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y5e ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4f">fato d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e que as teorias matem<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="ws50">ticas est<span class="ffb ls1">ã</span>o se<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ndo de<span class="_0 blank"> </span>senvolvidas todos os dias e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y5f ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws51">muitas <span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws52">reas<span class="_12 blank"> </span>por estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws53">sticos te<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span>ricos - pessoa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s treinadas e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m teoria e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws3c">stica e</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y60 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws54">probabilidad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e. Para citar alguns p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oucos caso<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s ilustrativos elas s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span>o</div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y61 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws55">desenvolvidas para teo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ria dos v<span class="fff ls3">Ù</span><span class="ws56">os<span class="_16 blank"> </span>espaciais<span class="_16 blank"> </span>em<span class="_16 blank"> </span>f <span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span></span>sica; pa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra teorias do</div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y62 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws57">conhecim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ento d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o com<span class="_0 blank"> </span>portame<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nto anima<span class="_0 blank"> </span>l e humano e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m psicologia; para teo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rias</div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y63 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws58">da migra<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws59">o e dos dif<span class="_0 blank"> </span>erenciais de ra<span class="ff9 ws5">Á</span>a em<span class="_12 blank"> </span>sociologia; para teorias de epidem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ias</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y64 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5a">em sa<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="wsc">de p<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="ws23">blica;<span class="_0 blank"> </span>...</span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y7 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2">5</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y33 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5b">De fato, a e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws5c">stica tornou-se um<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a ferram<span class="_0 blank"> </span>enta cotidia<span class="_0 blank"> </span>na para todo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s os</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y65 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5d">tipos de<span class="_17 blank"> </span>profission<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais que entram em con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tato com dad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os quantitativos ou tiram</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y66 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">conclus<span class="ffb ls3">õ</span><span class="ws5e">es a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>partir destes.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h4 y67 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5f">O que <span class="ffc ls0">È</span><span class="ws5">Estat<span class="ffc ls4">Ì</span><span class="ws2">stica ?</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y68 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws60">A no<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws61">o de <span class="ff9 ws5">ì</span><span class="ws23">Esta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>t<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws62">stica\u201d foi<span class="_14 blank"> </span>originalmente d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>erivada da mesma raiz da</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y69 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws63">palavra <span class="ff9 ws5">ì</span><span class="ws64">Estado\u201d, j<span class="ffb ls12">á</span><span class="ws33">que<span class="_12 blank"> </span>foi<span class="_12 blank"> </span>a<span class="_12 blank"> </span>fun<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws3b">o t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>radicional de governos centrais no sen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tido</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y6a ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws65">de arm<span class="_0 blank"> </span>azenar registros da po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>pula<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws46">o,<span class="_9 blank"> </span>nascimentos e<span class="_9 blank"> </span>mortes, produ<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws66">o das</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y6b ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws67">lavouras, taxas e muita<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s outras esp<span class="ffa ls1">È</span><span class="ws33">cie s<span class="_16 blank"> </span>d e<span class="_16 blank"> </span>in f orma <span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws68">o<span class="_18 blank"> </span>e atividades. A</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y6c ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws65">contagem e m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ensura<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws46">o<span class="_9 blank"> </span>dessas quantidad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>es gera todos os t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ipos de dados</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y6d ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws69">num<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ls2 ws6a">ricos que s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ls11">o<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span></span><span class="ws6b">teis para o<span class="_13 blank"> </span>de<span class="_0 blank"> </span>senvolvimento de m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uitos tipos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e fun<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u0131</span><span class="ws23">e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y6e ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1f">governamentais<span class="_8 blank"> </span>e<span class="_1 blank"> </span>formu la<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsc">o d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e pol<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsf">ticas p<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="ws23">blicas.</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y6f ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws50">Dados num<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ls3">È</span>ricos s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws4f">o de fa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to uma pa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rte da Estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsf">stica, mas s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsd">o apen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as a</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y70 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">mat<span class="ffa ls1">È</span><span class="ws6c">ria-prima, que<span class="_19 blank"> </span>precisa ser transfo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rmada pe<span class="_0 blank"> </span>los <span class="ff9 ws5">ì</span><span class="ls14">m<span class="ffa ls3">È</span></span><span class="ws6d">todos estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws6e">sticos\u201d pa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y71 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws6f">posterior an<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws70">lise. A Estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws71">stica, como u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m m<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ws72">tod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o cient<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws73">fico, ref<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ere-se ao projet<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y72 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws74">de experimento<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s e a descri<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o e interpreta<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e<span class="_0 blank"> </span></span>o de observa<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u0131</span><span class="ws75">es que s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws76">o<span class="_17 blank"> </span>feita s.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y73 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws77">De um po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nto de vista modern<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o, a Estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws78">stica <span class="ffa ls15">È</span><span class="ws33">freq<span class="ff9 ls1">¸</span><span class="ws79">ent<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ement<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e defin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ida como</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y74 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws7a">um m<span class="ffa ls1">È</span><span class="ws7b">tod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o de tomad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a de decis<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws7c">o<span class="_13 blank"> </span>em fa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ce da aleatoried<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ade dos f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>en<span class="fff ls3">Ù</span><span class="ws23">me<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nos.</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y75 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws7d">Em um<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a mais vasta perspect<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iva, o escopo da estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws7e">stica pod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e ser pensado e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y76 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws7f">termos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e tr<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="ls16">s<span class="ffb ls1">á</span></span><span class="ws80">reas<span class="_13 blank"> </span>dif erent es<span class="_13 blank"> </span>d e<span class="_13 blank"> </span>est udo s:<span class="_13 blank"> </span>(1)<span class="_13 blank"> </span>a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>Estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws81">stica Descritiva (<span class="_2 blank"></span>2) A</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y77 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">Estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsc">stica Indutiva e (3) A Teoria da Decis<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span>o Est<span class="_0 blank"> </span>at<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span></span>stica.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h4 y78 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5">Estat<span class="ffc lsb">Ì</span><span class="ws2">stica Desc<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ritiva</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y79 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws82">A estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws83">stica Descritiva refere-se ao co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rpo de m<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ls17 ws84">todos desenvolv<span class="_2 blank"></span>idos</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y7a ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws85">para<span class="_f blank"> </span>coletar,<span class="_f blank"> </span>organizar, a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>presenta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r e descrever dad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os num<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ws86">ricos. Essa <span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws87">rea da</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y7b ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">Estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws88">stica<span class="_8 blank"> </span>ref ere-se<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ls3">\u2021</span><span class="wsf">s se<span class="_0 blank"> </span>guintes taref<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as:</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y7c ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws32">1) <span class="ff8 fs1 ws6e">Encont<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rar um m<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ls13 ws89">todo apropriado de colet<span class="_2 blank"></span>ar dados num<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ls2 ws76">ricos<span class="_12 blank"> </span>ef icien tem ent e</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y7d ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">e acuradam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente para u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m dado prob<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lema.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y7e ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws32">2) <span class="ff8 fs1 ws8a">Determina<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r um<span class="_12 blank"> </span>fo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rmato e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ficiente , ta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>l como uma a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>presenta<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e<span class="_0 blank"> </span></span><span class="ws39">o tabular, pa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra a</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y7f ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">organiza<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws8b">o dos<span class="_13 blank"> </span>dad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os de uma f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>orma sistem<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws8c">tica e ordena<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da, de m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>aneira</span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y7 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2">6</div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y33 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws8d">que a informa<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o fo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rnecida pelos da<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos possa ser obse<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rvada com grande</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y65 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">facilidad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e e precis<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws23">o.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y66 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws32">3) <span class="ff8 fs1 ls13 ws8e">Apresentar dados num<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ls2 ws45">ricos, seja organizados ou n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws8f">o, de f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>orma que as</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y80 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">caracter<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws90">sticas e o comporta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mento d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os dados s<span class="ffb ls1">ã</span><span class="ws91">o clara e f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>acilmente</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y81 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsf">revelados. Tais a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>presenta<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u0131<span class="_0 blank"> </span></span><span class="wsd">es S<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws21">o fe<span class="_0 blank"> </span>itas por meio de m<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ls3">È</span></span>todos gr<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws4a">fico s.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y82 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws32">4) <span class="ff8 fs1 ws92">Suma<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rizar ou descrever cada ca<span class="_0 blank"> </span>racter<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws50">stica ou<span class="_1 blank"> </span>pro<span class="_0 blank"> </span>priedade d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os dado<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s por um</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y83 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws93">simples n<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="ws7f">m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ero, tal<span class="_15 blank"> </span>como u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma m<span class="ffa ls1">È</span><span class="ws94">dia, u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma porcen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tagem ou a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lguma outra</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y84 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5b">medida a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>propriada, a qual <span class="ffa ls18">È</span><span class="ws95">calculad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a a p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>artir dos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ados p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or meio d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e uma</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y85 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19">f<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span><span class="ls2 wsc">rmula derivada a partir de algum princ<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span>pio v<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws23">lido.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h4 y86 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5">Estat<span class="ffc lsb">Ì</span><span class="ws2">stica Indutiva</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y6e ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws96">A Estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws97">stica Indut<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iva, que <span class="ffa ls1a">È</span><span class="ws23">tamb<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ws33">m<span class="_18 blank"> </span>freq<span class="ff9 ls3">¸</span><span class="ws98">entem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente cha<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mada de</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y6f ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1f">infer<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="ws99">ncia e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws7f">stica ou estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws9a">stica infe<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rencial, em contraste com a est<span class="_0 blank"> </span>at<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws23">stica</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y70 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws9b">descritiva, <span class="ffa ls1b">È</span><span class="ws4f">essencialmen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>te anal<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws26">tica em<span class="_1 blank"> </span>sua natu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>reza. Consiste de um conjun<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y71 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws45">de princ<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws9c">pios ou teo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>remas que no<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s permitem<span class="_9 blank"> </span>generalizar acerca de alguma</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y72 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">caracter<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws9d">stica de uma <span class="ff9 ws5">ì</span></span>pop<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ula<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws9e">o\u201d a<span class="_15 blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>artir das caract<span class="_0 blank"> </span>er<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws9f">sticas observadas d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y73 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsa0">uma <span class="ff9 ws5">ì</span><span class="ws33">amo stra\u201d.<span class="_12 blank"> </span>Nessa<span class="_1 blank"> </span>de f ini<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsa1">o, u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma <span class="ff12 ls13 wsa2">popula</span><span class="ff13 ws5">Á\u201e<span class="ff12 ls1c">o<span class="ffa lsd">È</span></span></span><span class="ws53">o con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>junto de t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>odos os iten<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s,</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y87 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsa3">objetos,<span class="_12 blank"> </span>coisas ou pesso<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as a respeito<span class="_1 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as quais a inf<span class="_0 blank"> </span>orma<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ls1d">o<span class="ffa">È</span></span><span class="wsa4">d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>esejada pa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra a</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y88 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">solu<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsa5">o de um<span class="_1a blank"> </span>problema<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. Uma <span class="ff12 wsa6">amostra <span class="ffa ls1e">È</span></span><span class="ws75">um grupo<span class="_1a blank"> </span>de iten<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s selecionado<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s por</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y89 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsa7">um m<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ws57">tod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o cuidad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>osamen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>te conceb<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ido e projetado a p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>artir de uma pop<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ula<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws23">o.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y8a ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsa8">Existem dife<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rentes tipos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e amost<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ras, depen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dendo<span class="_1a blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os dife<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rentes m<span class="ffa ls3">È</span>to<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y8b ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">sele<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws90">o dispon<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span>veis. Uma amostra aleat<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span><span class="ws4a">ria<span class="_19 blank"> </span>simp les,<span class="_19 blank"> </span>f a lando<span class="_1b blank"> </span>em<span class="_19 blank"> </span>termos</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y8c ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1f">simplificad os,<span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ls1b">È</span><span class="wsa9">aquela que <span class="ffa ls1b">È</span><span class="ws4f">seleciona<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da de tal fo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rma que cada e todos os itens</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y8d ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">na popula<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o tem a me<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sma chan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ce de serem inclu<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsd">dos na<span class="_1 blank"> </span>amostra.</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y8e ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsaa">Se uma m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>edida descritiva <span class="ffa ls1f">È</span><span class="wsab">calculada a<span class="_1a blank"> </span>partir dos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ados da p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>opula<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y8f ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsac">ela <span class="ffa ls10">È</span><span class="ws8d">chama<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da de <span class="ff12 ls13 wsa2">par<span class="ff14 ls3">\u201a</span><span class="ls2 wsad">metro populacional</span></span><span class="ws49">, ou<span class="_13 blank"> </span>sim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>plesmen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>te <span class="ff12 ls17 wsae">par<span class="ff14 ls3">\u201a</span><span class="ls2 wsaf">metro; </span></span><span class="wsb0">se <span class="ffa">È</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y90 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws72">calculada a partir dos da<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos da amo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stra ela <span class="ffa ls20">È</span><span class="ls13 wsb1">chamada de </span><span class="ff12 ws5">estat<span class="ff15 lsb">Ì</span><span class="wsb2">stica amostral</span></span>,</div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y91 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws83">ou simplesm<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente <span class="ff12 ws5">estat<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff15 ls4">Ì</span><span class="wsb3">stica. </span></span><span class="wsb4">Consideran<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do esses con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ceitos pod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>emos de<span class="_0 blank"> </span>finir</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y92 ff12 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5">estat<span class="ff15 ls4">Ì</span><span class="wsb5">stica indu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tiva <span class="ff8 wsb6">como<span class="_1a blank"> </span>o p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rocesso d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e generalizar acerca de do valor de um</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y93 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws69">par<span class="ff11 ls3">\u201a</span><span class="ls2 wsa5">metro a partir do valor de uma estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws75">stica. Existem do<span class="_0 blank"> </span>is procedimen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tos de</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y94 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1f">infer<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="wsb7">ncia<span class="_1c blank"> </span>distintos ma<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s relacionado<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s: estima<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e<span class="_0 blank"> </span></span><span class="wsb8">o e t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>este de hip<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span><span class="ws23">te<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ses.</span></span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y7 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2">7</div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y33 ff12 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5">Estima<span class="ff13">Á\u201e</span><span class="ls0">o<span class="ffa">È</span></span><span class="ff8 wsc">processo de usar o valor de uma est<span class="_0 blank"> </span>at</span><span class="ffa">Ì<span class="ff8 ws5e">stica amost<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ral para estim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ar o</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y95 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsb9">valor de um<span class="_1a blank"> </span>par<span class="ff11 ls3">\u201a</span><span class="wsba">met<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ro que <span class="ffa ls21">È</span><span class="wsbb">desconhecido<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, mas <span class="ffa ls18">È</span><span class="wsbc">um<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a consta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nte. Como u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y96 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws37">exemplo supon<span class="_0 blank"> </span>hamos que tem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os uma popu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>la<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws39">o de 100<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.000 bola<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s de gude em</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y97 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2f">um<span class="_f blank"> </span>saco, to<span class="_0 blank"> </span>das a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s quais s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws72">o id<span class="fff ls1">Í</span>nticas exceto pela cor, e que n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span></span>o p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>odemo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s v<span class="fff ls3">Í</span>-</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y98 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws8a">las embora saiba<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mos que uma p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>arte delas s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws58">o brancas e o restant<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e s<span class="ffb ls1">ã</span><span class="ws3c">o pretas.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y99 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4f">Suponh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a que desejamo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s ter uma id<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="wsc">ia d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a propor<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsf">o d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e, digamos, b<span class="_0 blank"> </span>olas branca<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y9a ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsa5">nessa popu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>la<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws74">o. S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uponh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a que para con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>seguir isso selecionamos 1.0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>00 bolas</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y9b ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5b">aleatoriam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o saco<span class="_1a blank"> </span>e<span class="_1a blank"> </span>verificam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os que 350 s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsb6">o b<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rancas. Isso significa que</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y9c ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws74">nossa propo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o amostral de bo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>las brancas <span class="ffa ls22">È</span><span class="wsa7">35 %<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. A partir disso<span class="_17 blank"> </span>con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>clu<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws23">mos</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y9d ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsbd">que a propor<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws57">o pop<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ulacional de bo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>las brancas <span class="ffa ls23">È</span><span class="ws23">tamb<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="wsbe">m<span class="_f blank"> </span>3<span class="_0 blank"> </span>5 %. Fazendo isso</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y9e ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3">n<span class="ff10">Û</span><span class="ls2 wsd">s realizamos o que <span class="ffa ls0">È</span></span><span class="ls13 wsbf">chamado de </span><span class="ff12 ls2 ws5">esta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>t<span class="ff15 lsb">Ì</span><span class="ws2">stica pontua<span class="_0 blank"> </span>l.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y9f ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsaa">Mas af<span class="_0 blank"> </span>irmar que a propor<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws77">o de bo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>las brancas em to<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da a popu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>la<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ls1f">o</span><span class="ffa">È</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 ya0 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc0">exatament<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e igual a propo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws37">o daquela am<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ostra particular <span class="ffa lsd">È</span><span class="wsc1">como dar um tiro no</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 ya1 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsaa">escuro: o valor da propor<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsc2">o a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mostral <span class="ffa ls15">È</span><span class="ws5b">um<span class="_1a blank"> </span>resulta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do aleat<span class="ff10 ls1">Û</span><span class="wsb6">rio e dep<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ende de</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 ya2 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws7c">cada amo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stra de 1.000 b<span class="_0 blank"> </span>olas escolhida da popula<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsc3">o. P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ode ser que<span class="_1a blank"> </span>po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r uma</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha ya3 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc4">enorme<span class="_10 blank"> </span>casualidade<span class="_10 blank"> </span>o resultado daquela a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mostra que escolhe<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mos coincida</div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 ya4 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws74">exatament<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e com o valor da propor<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsc5">o de bolas bran<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cas em to<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da a po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>pula<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws23">o.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ya5 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc6">Mas as chance<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s de que isso n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws9d">o oco<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rra s<span class="ffb ls1">ã</span><span class="wsc7">o muito grandes. Uma f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>orma de</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ya6 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc8">contornarm<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os esse<span class="_17 blank"> </span>proble<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma <span class="ffa ls24">È</span><span class="wsc5">af<span class="_0 blank"> </span>irmarmos que as ch<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ances s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsc9">o de 9<span class="_0 blank"> </span>5 em 100</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 ya7 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsa5">(ou de 95 %) de que o intervalo form<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ado pela prop<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsca">o am<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ostral acrescida<span class="_17 blank"> </span>e</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 ya8 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">diminu<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wscb">da<span class="_13 blank"> </span>de<span class="_13 blank"> </span>3 p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ontos<span class="_13 blank"> </span>percen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tuais con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tenha<span class="_13 blank"> </span>o verdadeiro valor da propor<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha ya9 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wscc">populacion<span class="_0 blank"> </span>al desconh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ecido. Ou seja, co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nstru<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wscd">mos<span class="_12 blank"> </span>um<span class="_f blank"> </span>intervalo com<span class="_12 blank"> </span>limites 3<span class="_0 blank"> </span>5 +</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yaa ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws6c">0,03 x 35<span class="_17 blank"> </span>= 3<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6,05 e 35 - 0,03 x 35 = 33,95 e af<span class="_0 blank"> </span>irmamo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s (com base em algum</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yab ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">princ<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsce">pio obtido a partir da teoria estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wscf">stica) que as chance<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s s<span class="ffb ls1">ã</span><span class="ws73">o de 95 em 1<span class="_0 blank"> </span>00</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 yac ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws8d">de que o verdadeiro valor<span class="_1a blank"> </span>da propor<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wscb">o p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>opulacion<span class="_0 blank"> </span>al esteja localizado dentro</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yad ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsd0">desse intervalo. Quan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do uma af<span class="_0 blank"> </span>irmativa dessa nat<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ureza <span class="ffa ls25">È</span><span class="ws4a">feita<span class="_18 blank"> </span>estamos</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yae ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">realizando o que se chama de <span class="ff12 wsd1">e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stimativa por intervalo</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha yaf ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws21">Quanto ao se<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gundo proced<span class="_0 blank"> </span>imento da e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws33">stica<span class="_8 blank"> </span>inf erencial<span class="_8 blank"> </span>d eixaremos</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yb0 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">para comen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>t<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>-lo quando f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or abordado e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m sua <span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws26">ntegra. E o terceiro campo d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yb1 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsf">estudos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a Estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsc">stica, a Te<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oria da Decis<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span>o Estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span>stica n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span>o ser<span class="ffb ls0">á</span><span class="wsd2">discutid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o nessa</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 yb2 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws69">apresenta<span class="ff9 ls2 ws5">Á\u201e<span class="ff8 ws23">o.</span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y7 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2">8</div><div class="t m0 x0 hd y49 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2b">2. Est<span class="_1d blank"></span>at<span class="ffc lsa">Ì</span><span class="wsd3">stica Desc<span class="_2 blank"></span>ritiv<span class="_1d blank"></span>a</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yb3 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws14">2.1 Tipos de Vari<span class="ffd ls1">·</span><span class="ws5">veis</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hb yb4 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsd4">Existem diversos tipos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsd5">veis que ser<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span></span>o utilizadas em um e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>studo</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yb5 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsd6">stico. <span class="ffb ls26">É</span><span class="wsd7">impo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rtante co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mpreend<span class="_0 blank"> </span>er o co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nceito ma<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tem<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsd8">tico de vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span></span></span></span>vel.</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yb6 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">Vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="wsd9">vel <span class="ffa ls1b">È</span><span class="ws4f">uma abstra<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e<span class="_0 blank"> </span></span>o que se refere a um d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>etermina<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do aspecto do fen<span class="fff ls3">Ù</span></span></span>me<span class="_0 blank"> </span>no</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yb7 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws6c">que est<span class="ffb ls27">á</span><span class="wsc9">sendo est<span class="_0 blank"> </span>udado. P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>odemo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s afirmar que a quantida<span class="_0 blank"> </span>de colhida da sa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>fra</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yb8 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsda">anual de<span class="_1a blank"> </span>soja <span class="ffa ls28">È</span><span class="ws74">uma vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="wsdb">vel. Represente<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mos essa vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsdc">vel pela letra X. Essa</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yb9 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsdd">v<span class="_2 blank"></span>el pod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e assum<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ir diversos valores espec<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws33">ficos,<span class="_14 blank"> </span>depende ndo<span class="_14 blank"> </span>do<span class="_14 blank"> </span>anos<span class="_15 blank"> </span>de</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yba ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1f">safra,<span class="_12 blank"> </span>por<span class="_1 blank"> </span>exemplo,<span class="_1 blank"> </span>X<span class="fs5 wsde v1">1986</span><span class="wsdf">, X<span class="fs5 wse0 v1">1990 </span><span class="ws59">e X<span class="_1d blank"></span><span class="fs5 wsde v1">1992<span class="fs1 wsa3 v2">. Esses valores que a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="wse1">vel assume<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ybb ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wse2">determina<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos ano<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws3b">o s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws8a">o a pr<span class="ff10 ls3">Û</span>pria vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws53">vel , mas valores assu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>midos ela<span class="_12 blank"> </span>para</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 ybc ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">determina<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos ob<span class="_0 blank"> </span>jetos ou<span class="_1 blank"> </span>pesso<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as da amost<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra ou da popu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>la<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws26">o. Se um<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a amostra</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ybd ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wse3">tiver 50 indiv<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsd5">duos podem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os ref<span class="_0 blank"> </span>erimo-nos a X com<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o sendo<span class="_13 blank"> </span>a vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wse4">v<span class="_2 blank"></span>el nota<span class="_13 blank"> </span>de</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha ybe ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsc">stica e a X<span class="fs5 wse5 v1">30 </span>como a nota de u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m indiv<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws26">duo particular, no caso o trig<span class="ffa ls3">È</span></span></span>simo.</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ybf ffb fs1 fc0 sc0 ls29">É<span class="ff8 ls2 ws88">freq<span class="ff9 ls3">¸</span><span class="ws3b">ente ta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mb<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="wse6">m<span class="_12 blank"> </span>na literatura utilizar-se letras mai<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="ws53">sculas pa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra a nota<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e<span class="_0 blank"> </span></span><span class="ws3c">o de</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yc0 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wse7">v<span class="_2 blank"></span>eis e as correspo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ndente<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s letras min<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="ws76">scula s<span class="_13 blank"> </span>pa ra<span class="_13 blank"> </span>ref er<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="ws6b">ncia<span class="_13 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s valores</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yc1 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wse8">particulares assu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>midos p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or essa vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="ws34">vel mas ne<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sse resumo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rocuraremos</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 yc2 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws21">evitar essa forma de n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ota<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws23">o.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yc3 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5">Vari<span class="ffd ls3">·</span><span class="wse9">veis quantitativas -<span class="_17 blank"> </span><span class="ff8 wsa5">referem-se a quantida<span class="_0 blank"> </span>des e podem<span class="_1a blank"> </span>ser medidas em</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 yc4 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">uma escala n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>um<span class="ffa ls1">È</span>rica.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Exemplos: idade d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e pessoas, pre<span class="ff9 ws5">Á</span><span class="wsea">o<span class="_1 blank"> </span>de produt<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os, peso de</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yc5 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">rec<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ws5a">m nascidos.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yc6 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2f">As vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>veis q<span class="_2 blank"></span>uantita<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tivas subdividem-se em d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ois grupos: vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>veis quantitativas</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yc7 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4c">discretas e vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsc6">veis quantitativas cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wseb">nua<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s. Vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span></span>veis discretas s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsec">o aquelas</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yc8 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws44">que assum<span class="_0 blank"> </span>em ap<span class="_0 blank"> </span>enas de<span class="_0 blank"> </span>terminad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os valores tais como 0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>,1,2,3,<span class="_0 blank"> </span>4,5,6 da<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ndo</div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yc9 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsed">saltos de d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>escontinuid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ade entre seu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s valores. Normalmente ref<span class="_0 blank"> </span>erem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-se a</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yca ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsee">contagens.<span class="_17 blank"> </span>Por<span class="_17 blank"> </span>exemplo: n<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="ws6c">m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ero de vendas di<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="wsef">rias em<span class="_17 blank"> </span>uma e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mpresa, n<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ls1">\u02d9</span><span class="ws23">mero</span></span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 ycb w3 he" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3566ed77-e10f-4e33-9121-197563cbc0d7/bg9.png"><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y7 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2">9</div><div class="t m0 x0 hf y33 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf0">de pessoas por fam<span class="ffa ls2 ws5">Ì<span class="ff8 wsf1">lia, qua<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ntidade<span class="_11 blank"> </span>de doente<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s por hosp<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ital.<span class="fs5 ls2a v3">1</span><span class="wsf2">As vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws23">veis</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y65 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2e">quantitativas cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ls13 wsf3">nuas s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span></span><span class="ws2f">o aquelas cujo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s valores assumem<span class="_f blank"> </span>uma f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>aixa cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ls17 wsf4">nua</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y66 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsce">e n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws2f">o a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>presentam<span class="_f blank"> </span>salto<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s de<span class="_f blank"> </span>descont<span class="_0 blank"> </span>inuidade.<span class="_f blank"> </span>Exemplos dessa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>v<span class="_2 blank"></span>eis s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws73">o o</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y80 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws99">peso d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e pessoas, a rend<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a fam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iliar, o consumo m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ensal de ene<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rgia el<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="wsf5">trica, o</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hf y81 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">pre<span class="ff9 ws5">Á</span><span class="ws74">o de um pro<span class="_0 blank"> </span>duto agr<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span></span>cola.<span class="fs5 ls2b v3">2</span><span class="wsef">As vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="wsc5">veis quantitativas cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws4a">nuas<span class="_17 blank"> </span>referem-se</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y82 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsd">ao conjun<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to dos n<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="wsc">m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eros reais ou a um de se<span class="_0 blank"> </span>us subconjun<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tos cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws23">nuos.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hf ycc ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5">Vari<span class="ffd ls3">·</span><span class="wsf6">veis Qualitativas - <span class="ff8 ws33">referem-se<span class="_12 blank"> </span>a<span class="_12 blank"> </span>dados<span class="_12 blank"> </span>n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws8a">o num<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ws23">ricos.<span class="fs5 ls2c v3">3</span><span class="wsf7">Exemp<span class="_0 blank"> </span>los dessas</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y6b ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsf">v<span class="_2 blank"></span>eis s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsc">o o sexo das pessoas, a co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r, o grau de instru<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws23">o.</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y6c ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws93">As vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>veis q<span class="_2 blank"></span>ualitativas subdividem-se tam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>b<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ws4e">m em dois grupos: as vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws23">veis</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y6d ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws50">qualitativas ordinais e as vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsd">veis qualitativas nomin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais. As vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>veis qualitativas</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y6e ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsf8">ordinais s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws33">o<span class="_19 blank"> </span>aquela s<span class="_19 blank"> </span>que<span class="_19 blank"> </span>de f inem<span class="_1b blank"> </span>um<span class="_19 blank"> </span>orde nam ent o<span class="_19 blank"> </span>ou<span class="_19 blank"> </span>uma<span class="_19 blank"> </span>hierarquia.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h10 ycd ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls2d">1<span class="fs1 ls2 wsf9 v4">Uma vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>vel q<span class="_2 blank"></span>uantitat<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iva discreta n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsfa">o precisa assumir necessa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>riamente</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yce ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsfb">apenas valores d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e contagem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, ou seja n<span class="ffa ls1">\u02d9</span><span class="ws3b">m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eros int<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eiros ou n<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="wse2">m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eros natura<span class="_0 blank"> </span>is em</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ycf ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">seq<span class="ff9 ws5">¸Í</span><span class="wsfc">ncia. Um exemplo d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsfd">vel q<span class="_2 blank"></span>uantita<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tiva discreta seria, po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r exemplo,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yd0 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws53">uma que a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ssumisse ape<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nas os seguinte<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s valores : { 1;<span class="_10 blank"> </span>3,5 ;<span class="_10 blank"> </span>5,75 ; 10 }. Apesar</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yd1 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsfe">dessa vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsff">vel abranger valores n<span class="ffb ls1">ã</span><span class="ws100">o inteiros e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>la apresent<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a saltos de</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yd2 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws101">descontinu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>idade:<span class="_c blank"> </span>nesse exemplo ela n<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls3">ã</span>o pode assum<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ir<span class="_1e blank"> </span>nenhum<span class="_c blank"> </span>valor</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yd3 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">intermedi<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="wsc">rio en<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tre 1 e 3,5 ou entre 5,<span class="_0 blank"> </span>75 e 10.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h10 yd4 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls2e">2<span class="fs1 ls2 wsa5 v4">Seria imposs<span class="ffa ws5">Ì<span class="ff8 ws74">vel obter<span class="_17 blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a pr<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>tica uma vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="ws33">vel<span class="_f blank"> </span>p erf eitam en te<span class="_17 blank"> </span>cont</span></span>Ì<span class="ff8 wsdc">nua j<span class="ffb ls22">á</span><span class="ws23">que</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yd5 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws74">os instrum<span class="_0 blank"> </span>entos de m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>edida n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span>o tem<span class="_17 blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>recis<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsdc">o infinita. Po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r exemplo., o peso de</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yd6 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws102">pessoas <span class="ffa ls10">È</span><span class="ws8d">m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>edido com u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma balan<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws5">Á</span><span class="ws103">a com precis<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws104">o,<span class="_13 blank"> </span>digamos, d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e d<span class="ffa ls1">È</span><span class="ws105">cimos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yd7 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws106">gramas. Ent<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws107">o<span class="_f blank"> </span>jam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais conseguirem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os obte<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r um valor para<span class="_f blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ssa vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws108">vel que se</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yd8 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws109">localize entre 50.000<span class="_0 blank"> </span>,1 e 50.000<span class="_0 blank"> </span>,2 gramas, por exemplo, 5<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0.000,1<span class="_0 blank"> </span>5 gramas.</div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yd9 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws37">Ocorre portanto u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m salto de desco<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ntinuidad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e entre os dois valores poss<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wscd">veis de</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yda ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4f">serem med<span class="_0 blank"> </span>idos e a vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>vel, do ponto de vista te<span class="ff10 ls1">Û</span><span class="ws10a">rico, n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws5e">o pod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e ser consid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>erada</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ydb ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws5c">como vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws10b">vel quantitativa cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws10c">nua,<span class="_1a blank"> </span>mas vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="ws10d">vel quantitativa discreta. Mas<span class="_17 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ydc ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws109">ponto de vista pr<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws33">tico,<span class="_14 blank"> </span>aca bam os<span class="_14 blank"> </span>f req<span class="ff9 ls3">¸</span><span class="ws10e">ent<span class="_0 blank"> </span>emente<span class="_9 blank"> </span>por consider<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws10f">-la e trat<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws23">-la</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ydd ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws7d">como<span class="_17 blank"> </span>sendo uma vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws110">vel quantitativa cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws111">nua<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, apesar dessa f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>alta de precis<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span>o</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yde ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws8b">absoluta.<span class="_1f blank"> </span>O mesm<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>demos dizer para o caso da ren<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da ou qualquer outra</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ydf ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws112">v<span class="_2 blank"></span>el econ<span class="fff ls3">Ù</span><span class="ws113">m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ica med<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ida em u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nidades m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>onet<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws114">ria: n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws115">o<span class="_13 blank"> </span>existe uma renda de</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ye0 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws116">por exemplo<span class="_10 blank"> </span>R$ 200,3<span class="_0 blank"> </span>45 j<span class="ffb ls2f">á</span>que o centavo <span class="ffa ls2f">È</span><span class="ws117">a me<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nor divis<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws118">o do sistema</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ye1 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws69">monet<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ls2 wsc7">rio. Mas de<span class="_14 blank"> </span>qualquer forma<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, costum<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a-se trata<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r a renda com<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws23">vel</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ye2 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">quantitativa cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws21">nua e n<span class="ffb ls1">ã</span>o discret<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h10 ye3 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls30">3<span class="ffb fs1 ls31 v4">É<span class="ff8 ls2 ws7b">muito com<span class="_0 blank"> </span>um conside<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rar-se que a estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsd5">stica apenas a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>brange os estu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ye4 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws6d">que utilizam as vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="ws119">veis quantitativas. Nad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a mais equivocado.<span class="_f blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>xiste um vasto</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 ye5 w4 he" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3566ed77-e10f-4e33-9121-197563cbc0d7/bga.png"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y7 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws11a">10</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y33 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wse2">Exemplos s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws3b">o o grau de instru<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws33">o ,<span class="_12 blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>classif ica<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws3c">o d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e um estud<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ante no curso de</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y65 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws11b">stica, as po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>si<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u0131</span><span class="ws4b">es das 10<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0 empresa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s mais lucrativas, etc. As vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span></span></span>v<span class="_1d blank"></span>e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>is</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y66 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws11c">qualitativas nominais p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or sua vez n<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws33">o<span class="_20 blank"> </span>defin em<span class="_20 blank"> </span>qua lquer<span class="_20 blank"> </span>ordenam ento<span class="_20 blank"> </span>ou</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hf y80 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws24">hierarquia. S<span class="ffb ls1">ã</span><span class="wsc">o exemplos de<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stas a cor , o sexo, o local de nascimento<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, etc.<span class="fs5 v3">4</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hb y81 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsbd">Depende<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ndo d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a situa<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o um<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws6e">vel qualitativa pode ser represen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tada</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y82 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1f">(codificad a)<span class="_1c blank"> </span>atrav<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ws11d">s de emprego de n<span class="ffa ls1">\u02d9</span><span class="ws11e">m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eros (por exemp<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lo: em sexo</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 y83 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsa8">representam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os hom<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ens com<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o sendo <span class="ff9 ws5">ì</span><span class="wsc3">0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>\u201d e mulhe<span class="_0 blank"> </span>res como<span class="_1a blank"> </span>sen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do <span class="ff9 ws5">ì</span><span class="wsab">1\u201d). Mas no</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y84 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws59">tratamen<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws4f">stico dessa vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="ws80">vel<span class="_8 blank"> </span>codif icad a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>n<span class="ffb ls1">ã</span><span class="ws50">o pode<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mos con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sider<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws11f">-la como</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb y85 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws58">sendo quantita<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tiva. Ela continua send<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o uma vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws120">vel qualitativa (pois o <span class="ffa ls1d">È</span><span class="ws52">em sua</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 ye6 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">ess<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="ws121">ncia e nature<span class="_0 blank"> </span>za) apesar de sua codif<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ica<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws122">o num<span class="ffa ls3">È</span></span></span><span class="ws123">rica que tem<span class="_20 blank"> </span>como</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 ye7 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">finalida<span class="_0 blank"> </span>de uma m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>aior finalida<span class="_0 blank"> </span>de de tabu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>la<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o de resultad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os.</div><div class="t m0 x7 hb ye8 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">N<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws7c">o pode<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>izer que para qualquer uma destas categorias qualquer</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb ye9 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls14">m<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="ls2 ws8a">todo estat<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws53">stico pode<span class="_12 blank"> </span>ser ad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>equadame<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nte ap<span class="_0 blank"> </span>licado. As vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span>veis quantitativas</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yea ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">cont<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws124">nuas s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws30">o aquela<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s que permitem a utiliza<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws117">o<span class="_10 blank"> </span>de<span class="_10 blank"> </span>um conjun<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to ma<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ior e</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yeb ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws125">superior de<span class="_12 blank"> </span>m<span class="ffa ls3">È</span><span class="wscd">to<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws3b">sticos<span class="_12 blank"> </span>e s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsa1">o, sem d<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="wse2">vida, as vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span>veis mais pass<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws23">veis</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yec ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws74">de um<span class="_1a blank"> </span>rico tratament<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws126">stico. Em seguida<span class="_17 blank"> </span>v<span class="fff ls3">Í</span><span class="wsdb">m, ne<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ssa ordem,<span class="_17 blank"> </span>as vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws23">veis</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yed ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws127">quantitativas discret<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as, as vari<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="ws128">veis qualitativas ordinais e por <span class="ffa ls1">\u02d9</span><span class="ws129">ltim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o, as</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yee ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws23">vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws12a">v<span class="_2 blank"></span>eis qualitativas nomin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais<span class="_16 blank"> </span>Essas <span class="ffa ls1">\u02d9</span><span class="ws2e">ltim<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsce">o as que permitem a u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tiliza<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span>o</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yef ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">de um me<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nor e menos po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>deroso arsena<span class="_0 blank"> </span>l de instrument<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="wsf">sticos de a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>n<span class="ffb ls1">á</span><span class="ws23">lise.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yf0 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">2.2 Tabelas e Dis<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tribui<span class="ff7 ws5">Á\u0131</span>es de Freq<span class="ff7 ws5">¸Í<span class="ff3">ncia</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 hb yf1 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws60">A an<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsfc">lise estat<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws12b">stica se inicia quando um<span class="_14 blank"> </span>conjunt<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o conjunto de d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ados</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 yf2 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws8b">torna-se dispon<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span>vel de acordo com a defini<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="ws12c">o do p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>roblema da p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>esquisa. Um</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h9 yf3 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws57">conjunto de d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ados, seja de u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma popu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>la<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u201e</span><span class="wsbd">o ou de um<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a amost<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra contem m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uitas</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yf4 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsdb">vezes um n<span class="ffa ls3">\u02d9</span><span class="ws74">mero mu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ito grande de valores. Al<span class="ffa ls1">È</span><span class="wsef">m d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>isso, esse<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s valores, na sua</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yf5 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws37">forma b<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ruta, encon<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tram-se muito d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>esorganizados. Eles variam de um valor para</div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yf6 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">outro se<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m qualquer o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rdem o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>u padr<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsf">o. Os da<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos precisam<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ent<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws5e">o se<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r organizados</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yf7 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws12d">campo de a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>plica<span class="ff9 ws5">Á\u0131</span><span class="ws12e">es esta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>t<span class="ffa ws5">Ì</span><span class="ws12f">sticas em que s<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="ws130">o em<span class="_0 blank"> </span>pregadas as vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="ws23">veis</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hb yf8 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws21">qualitativas, tanto isoladam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente com<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o em conju<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nto com vari<span class="ffb ls3">á</span><span class="wsd">veis quantitativas.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h10 yf9 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls32">4<span class="fs1 ls2 ws23 v4">N<span class="ffb ls3">ã</span><span class="wsc">o podem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os dizer que a cor X<span class="_6 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ls0">È</span><span class="ws5e">superior a co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r Y mas po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>demos<span class="_8 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>firmar que<span class="_1 blank"> </span>o</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yfa ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">terceiro ano do<span class="_9 blank"> </span>segundo grau<span class="_9 blank"> </span><span class="ffa ls0">È</span><span class="ws26">superior hierarquicam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente ao prime<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iro ano do</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha yfb ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsc">primeiro grau.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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