Periodic_TableCheap_Charts_Frank_Schaffer_Publications_-_BarCharts_QuickStudy

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N
O
B
LE
 G
A
S
E
S
1
H
1.008
H
ydrogen
1s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1
2.2
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
37
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.75
13.60
3
Li
6.94
Lithium
1s
22s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1
0.98
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
152
(+1)76
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.62
5.39
4
B
e
9.01
B
eryllium
1s
22s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2
1.57
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
111
(+2)45
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
9.32
12
M
g
24.31
M
agnesium
[N
e]3s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2
1.31
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
160
(+2)72
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
7.65
21
S
c
44.96
S
candium
[A
r]3d
14s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.36
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
161
(+3)75
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.19
6.56
39
Y
88.91
Y
ttrium
[K
r]4d
15s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.22
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
178
(+3)102
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.31
6.22
57
La
138.9
Lanthanum
[X
e]5d
16s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.10
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
187
(+3)116
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.5
5.77
89
A
c
227
A
ctinium
[R
n]6d
17s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.1
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
188
(+3) -
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.17
104
R
f
261
R
utherfordium
[R
n]5f
146d
27s
2
disc.1964
105
D
b
262
D
ubnium
[R
n]5f
146d
37s
2
disc.1967
58
C
e
140.1
C
erium
[X
e]4f
15d
16s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,4
1.12
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
183
(+3)114
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.54
59
P
r
140.9
Praseodym
ium
[X
e]4f
36s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,4
1.13
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
182
(+3)113
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.46
60
N
d
144.2
N
eodym
ium
[X
e]4f
46s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.14
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
181
(+3)114
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.53
61
P
m
145
P
rom
ethium
[X
e]4f
56s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
181
(+3)109
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.55
62
S
m
150.4
S
am
arium
[X
e]4f
66s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,2
1.17
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
180
(+3)108
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.64
63
E
u
152.0
E
uropium
[X
e]4f
76s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,2
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
199
(+3)107
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.67
64
G
d
157.3
G
adolinium
[X
e]4f
75d
16s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.20
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
179
(+3)105
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.15
65
Tb
158.9
Terbium
[X
e]4f
96s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,4
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
176
(+3)118
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.86
66
D
y
162.5
D
ysprosium
[X
e]4f
106s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.22
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
175
(+3)103
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.94
67
H
o
164.9
H
olm
ium
[X
e]4f
116s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.23
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
174
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.02
68
E
r
167.3
E
rbium
[X
e]4f
126s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.24
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
173
(+3)100
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.11
69
Tm
168.9
Thulium
[X
e]4f
136s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,2
1.25
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
173
(+3)109
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.18
70
Y
b
173.0
Y
tterbium
[X
e]4f
146s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,2
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
194
(+3)99
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.25
71
Lu
175.0
Lutetium
[X
e]4f
145d
16s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.0
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
172
(+3)98
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.43
90
Th
232.0
Thorium
[R
n]6d
27s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4
1.3
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
180
(+4)94
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.08
91
P
a
231.0
P
rotactinium
[R
n]5f
26d
17s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
5,4
1.5
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
161
(+5)78
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.89
92
U
238.0
U
ranium
[R
n]5f
36d
17s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
6,5,4,3
1.7
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
139
(+6)73
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.19
93
N
p
237
N
eptunium
[R
n]5f
46d
17s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
6, 5,4,3
1.3
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
(+5)75
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.27
94
P
u
244
P
lutonium
[R
n]5f
67s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
6,5, 4,3
1.3
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
151
(+4)86
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.06
95
A
m
243
A
m
ericium
[R
n]5f
77s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
6,5,4, 3
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
131
(+3)98
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.99
96
C
m
247
C
urium
[R
n]5f
76d
17s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
(+3)97
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.02
97
B
k
247
B
erkelium
[R
n]5f
97s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4, 3
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
(+3)96
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.23
98
C
f
251
C
alifornium
[R
n]5f
107s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
(+3)95
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.30
99
E
s
252
E
insteinium
[R
n]5f
117s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.42
100Fm
257
Ferm
ium
[R
n]5f
127s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.50
101M
d
258
M
endelevium
[R
n]5f
137s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,2
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.58
102
N
o
259
N
obelium
[R
n]5f
147s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,2
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
6.65
103
Lr
262
Law
rencium
[R
n]5f
146d
17s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
–
106
S
g
266
S
eaborgium
[R
n]5f
146d
47s
2
disc.1974
107
B
h
264
B
ohrium
[R
n]5f
146d
57s
2
disc.1981
108
H
s
269
H
assium
[R
n]5f
146d
67s
2
disc.1984
109
M
t
268
M
eitnerium
[R
n]5f
146d
77s
2
disc.1982
110
Ds
281
D
arm
stadtium
[R
n]5f
146d
97s
1
D
arm
stats, G
erm
any
111
Uuu
272
U
nununium
disc.1994
D
arm
stats, G
erm
any
112
Uub
277
U
nunbium
disc.1996
D
arm
stats, G
erm
any
113
Uut
284
U
nuntrium
disc.2004
D
ubna, R
ussia
114
Uuq
289
U
nunquadium
disc.1999
D
ubna, R
ussia
115
Uup
288
U
nunpentium
disc.2004
D
ubna, R
ussia
116
?
?
Notdiscovered
- -
117
?
?
Notdiscovered
--
118
?
?
Notdiscovered
- -
72
H
f
178.5
H
afnium
[X
e]4f
145d
26s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4
1.3
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
156
(+4)83
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
~0
6.83
73
Ta
180.9
Tantalum
[X
e]4f
145d
36s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
5
1.5
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
143
(+5)64
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.32
7.89
74
W
183.8
Tungsten
[X
e]4f
145d
46s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
6,5,4,3,2
1.7
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
137
(+6)60
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.86
7.98
75
R
e
186.2
R
henium
[X
e]4f
145d
56s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
7,6,4,2,-1
1.9
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
137
(+7)53
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.15
7.88
76
O
s
190.2
O
sm
ium
[X
e]4f
145d
66s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2,3, 4,6,8
2.2
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
134(+4)63
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.10
8.7
77
Ir
192.2
Iridium
[X
e]4f
145d
76s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2,3, 4,6
2.2
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
136
(+4)63
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.57
9.1
78
P
t
195.1
P
latinum
[X
e]4f
145d
96s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2, 4
2.2
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
139
(+4)63
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
2.13
9.0
79
A
u
197.0
G
old
[X
e]4f
145d
106s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,1
2.4
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
144
(+3)85
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
2.31
9.23
80
H
g
200.6
M
ercury
[X
e]4f
145d
106s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2,1
1.9
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
150
(+2)102
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
10.44
81
Tl
204.4
Thallium
[Xe]4f
145d
106s
2p
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3, 1
1.8
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
170
(+1)159
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.2
6.11
82
P
b
207.2
Lead
[Xe]4f
145d
106s
2p
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4, 2
1.8
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
175
(+2)119
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.36
7.42
83
B
i
209.0
B
ism
uth
[Xe]4f
145d
106s
2p
3
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,5
1.9
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
155
(+3)103
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.95
7.29
84
P
o
209
P
olonium
[Xe]4f
145d
106s
2p
4
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4,2
2.0
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
118
(+4)–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.9
8.42
40
Zr
91.22
Zirconium
[K
r]4d
25s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4
1.33
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
159
(+4)84
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.43
6.63
41
N
b
92.91
N
iobium
[K
r]4d
45s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
5, 3
1.60
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
143
(+5)64
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.90
6.76
42
M
o
95.94
M
olybdenum
[K
r]4d
55s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
6,5,4,3,2
2.16
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
136
(+6)59
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.75
7.09
43
Tc
98
Technetium
[K
r]4d
55s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
7
2.10
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
135
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.55
7.28
44
R
u
101.1
R
uthenium
[K
r]4d
75s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2,3, 4,6,8
2.20
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
133
(+3)68
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.05
7.36
45
R
h
102.9
R
hodium
[K
r]4d
85s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2, 3,4
2.28
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
135
(+3)67
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.14
7.46
46
P
d
106.4
P
alladium
[K
r]4d
10
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2,4
2.20
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
138
(+2)64
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.56
8.34
47
A
g
107.9
S
ilver
[K
r]4d
105s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1
1.93
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
145
(+1)115
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.30
7.58
48
C
d
112.4
C
adm
ium
[K
r]4d
105s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2
1.69
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
149
(+2)95
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
8.99
49
In
114.8
Indium
[K
r]4d
105s
2p
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.78
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
163
(+3)80
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.30
5.79
50
S
n
118.7
Tin
[K
r]4d
105s
2p
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4,2
1.96
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
141
(+4)45
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.11
7.34
22
Ti
47.87
Titanium
[A
r]3d
24s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4
1.54
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
145
(+4)61
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.08
6.83
23
V
50.94
Vanadium
[A
r]3d
34s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
5.3
1.63
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
131
(+5)54
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.53
6.75
24
C
r
52.00
C
hrom
ium
[A
r]3d
54s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
6, 3,2
1.66
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
125
(+3)62
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.67
6.77
25
M
n
54.94
M
anganese
[A
r]3d
54s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
7,6,4, 2,3
1.55
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
137
(+2)67
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
7.43
26
Fe
55.85
Iron
[A
r]3d
64s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2, 3
1.83
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
124
(+3)55
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.151
7.90
27
C
o
58.93
C
obalt
[A
r]3d
74s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2,3
1.88
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
125
(+2)65
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.66
7.88
28
N
i
58.69
N
ickel
[A
r]3d
84s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2, 3
1.91
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
125
(+2)69
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.16
7.64
29
C
u
63.55
C
opper
[A
r]3d
104s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2,1
1.90
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
128
(+2)73
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.24
7.73
30
Zn
65.39
Zinc
[A
r]3d
104s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2
1.65
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
133
(+2)74
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
9.39
31
G
a
69.72
G
allium
[A
r]3d
104s
2p
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.81
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
122
(+3)62
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.3
5.10
13
A
l
26.98
A
lum
inum
[N
e]3s
2p
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
1.61
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
143
(+3)54
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.44
5.99
5
B
10.81
B
oron
1s
22s
2p
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3
2.04
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
80
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.28
8.30
6
C
12.01
C
arbon
1s
22s
2p
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4,2
2.55
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
77
(+4)16
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.26
11.26
7
N
14.01
N
itrogen
1s
22s
2p
3
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,5,4,2
3.04
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
74
(+3)16
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
14.53
8
O
16.00
O
xygen
1s
22s
2p
4
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
-2
3.44
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
74
(-2)140
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.46
13.62
9
F
19.00
Fluorine
1s
22s
2p
5
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
-1
3.98
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
71
(-1)133
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
3.40
17.42
10
N
e
20.18
N
eon
1s
22s
2p
6
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
–
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
21.57
2
H
e
4.003
H
elium
1s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
–
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
24.59
14
S
i
28.09
S
ilicon
[N
e]3s
2p
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4
1.90
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
118
(+4)40
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.39
8.15
15
P
30.97
P
hosphorus
[N
e]3s
2p
3
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3, 5,4
2.19
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
110
(+5)17
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.75
10.49
33
A
s
74.92
A
rsenic
[A
r]3d
104s
2p
3
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,5
2.18
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
125
(+3)58
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.81
9.81
52
Te
127.6
Tellurium
[K
r]4d
105s
2p
4
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2, 4,6
2.10
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
143
(-2)221
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.97
9.01
85
A
t
210
A
statine
[Xe]4f
145d
106s
2p
5
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1,3,5,7
2.2
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
2.8
-
20
C
a
40.08
C
alcium
[A
r]4s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2
1.00
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
197
(+2)100
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.04
6.11
38
S
r
87.62
S
trontium
[K
r]5s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2
0.95
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
215
(+2)126
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.11
5.7056
B
a
137.3
B
arium
[X
e]6s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2
0.89
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
217
(+2)142
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.15
5.21
88
R
a
226
R
adium
[R
n]7s
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2
0.9
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
(+2)162
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
–
5.28
11
N
a
22.99
S
odium
[N
e]3s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1
0.93
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
186
(+1)102
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.55
5.14
19
K
39.10
P
otassium
[A
r]4s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1
0.82
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
227
(+1)151
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.50
4.34
37
R
b
85.47
R
ubidium
[K
r]5s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1
0.82
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
248
(+1)161
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.49
4.18
55
C
s
132.9
C
esium
[X
e]6s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1
0.79
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
265
(+1)174
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.47
3.89
87
Fr
223
Francium
[R
n]7s
1
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1
0.7
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
0.46
–
+–
34
S
e
78.96
S
elenium
[A
r]3d
104s
2p
4
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2, 4,6
2.55
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
116
(-2)198
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
2.02
9.75
+–
35
B
r
79.90
B
rom
ine
[A
r]3d
104s
2p
5
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1,5
2.96
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
114
(-1)196
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
3.36
11.81
+–
36
K
r
83.80
K
rypton
[A
r]3d
104s
2p
6
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
–
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
14.00
+–+–
16
S
32.07
S
ulfur
[N
e]3s
2p
4
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
2,4, 6
2.58
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
103
(-2)184
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
2.08
10.36
+–
17
C
l
35.45
C
hlorine
[N
e]3s
2p
5
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1,3,5,7
3.16
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
99
(-1)181
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
3.61
12.97
+–
18
A
r
39.95
A
rgon
[N
e]3s
2p
6
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
–
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
15.76
+–
53
I
126.9
Iodine
[K
r]4d
105s
2p
5
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
1,5,7
2.66
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
133
(-1)220
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
3.06
10.45
+–
54
X
e
131.3
X
enon
[K
r]4d
105s
2p
6
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
–
2.60
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
12.13
+–
86
R
n
222
R
adon
[Xe]4f
145d
106s
2p
6
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
–
–
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
–
–
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
U
nstable A
nion
10.75
51
S
b
121.8
A
ntim
ony
[K
r]4d
105s
2p
3
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
3,5
2.05
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
145
(+3)76
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.07
8.64
+–
32
G
e
72.61
G
erm
anium
[A
r]3d
104s
2p
2
O
xidation S
tates
E
lectroneg.
4
2.01
A
tom
ic R
adius
Ionic R
adius
123
(+4)53
E
lectron A
ffinity
1st Ion. P
ot.
1.23
7.90
A
LK
A
LI 
M
E
TA
LS
ACTINIDE
SERIES
LANTHANIDE
SERIES
A
tom
ic N
um
ber:
num
ber of protons
A
tom
ic W
eight:
w
eighted average of atom
ic m
asses of natural isotopes
- m
ass num
ber of the m
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R
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LS
H
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LO
G
E
N
S
E
lectronegativity:
P
auling scale; m
easures ability of atom
 
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A
tom
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given in “pm
”; 1 pm
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Ionic R
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E
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ffinity:
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2
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Libcc
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ehex
M
ghex
C
afcc
S
chex
Tihex 
Vbcc 
C
rbcc 
M
nbcc 
Febcc 
C
ohex 
N
ifcc 
C
ufcc 
Znhex 
G
a
ortho
G
efcc 
A
s
rhom
 
S
ehex
B
r2
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K
r
gas 
A
lfcc 
S
ifcc
Pcubic
Sortho
C
l2
gas 
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r
gas 
Brhom
Chex 
N
2
gas
O
2
gas 
F
2
gas 
N
egas 
H
egas 
Yhex
Zrhex 
N
bbcc 
M
obcc 
Tchex 
R
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R
hfcc 
P
dfcc 
A
gfcc 
C
dhex 
Intetra
S
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S
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Tehex
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Lahex
H
f
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Tabcc 
Wbcc 
R
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O
shex 
Irfcc 
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tfcc 
A
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H
g
liquid
Tl
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P
bfcc 
B
i
rhom
P
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cubic
A
t–
R
ngas 
C
efcc
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rhex 
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dhex
P
mhex 
S
mrhom
E
ubcc
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dhex
Tbhex 
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yhex 
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Tmhex 
Y
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Luhex 
Thfcc
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ortho 
P
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mhex
C
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Lr–
S
rfcc
B
abcc
R
abcc
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Fr–
H
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Li
0.53
B
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1.85
M
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1.74
C
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1.54
S
c2.99
Ti
4.51
V6.0
C
r
7.15
M
n7.3
Fe7.87
C
o8.86
N
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8.90
C
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Zn7.14
G
a
5.91
G
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5.32
A
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5.72
S
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B
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3.12
K
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A
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2.70
S
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2.33
P1.82
S2.07
C
l2
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A
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B2.34
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O
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F
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N
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H
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Y4.47
Zr
6.52
N
b8.57
M
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10.2
Tc11
R
u12.1
R
h12.4
P
d12.0
A
g10.5
C
d8.69
In7.31
S
n7.26
S
b6.68
Te6.24
I24.92
X
e
*5.89
La6.15
H
f
13.3
Ta16.4
W19.3
R
e
20.8
O
s
22.6
Ir22.5
P
t
21.5
A
u19.3
H
g
13.53
Tl
11.8
P
b11.3
B
i
9.79
P
o9.2
A
t–
R
n
*9.73
C
e
6.77
P
r
6.77
N
d7.01
P
m7.26
S
m7.52
E
u5.24
G
d
7.90
Tb8.23
D
y
8.55
H
o8.80
E
r
9.07
Tm9.32
Y
b6.90
Lu9.84
Th11.7
P
a15.4
U19.1
N
p20.2
P
u19.7
A
m13.6
C
m13.5
B
k
14.8
C
f–
E
s–
Fm–
M
d–
N
o–
Lr–
S
r
2.64
B
a
3.62
R
a5.0
A
c
10.0
N
a
0.97
K0.89
R
b1.53
C
s
1.93
Fr–
H
2
-253
Li
1342
B
e
2471
M
g
1090
C
a
1484
S
c
2836
Ti
3287
V3407
C
r
2671
M
n
2061
Fe
2861
C
o
2927
N
i
2913
C
u
2562
Zn907
G
a
2204
G
e
2833
A
s
603sp
S
e685
B
r2
59
K
r
-153
A
l
2519
S
i
3265
P280
S445
C
l2
-34
A
r
-186
B4000
C3825sp
N
2
-196
O
2
-183
F
2
-188
N
e
-246
H
e
-269
Y3345
Zr
4409
N
b
4744
M
o
4639
Tc4265
R
u
4150
R
h
3695
P
d
2963
A
g
2162
C
d767
In2072
S
n
2602
S
b
1587
Te988
I2184
X
e
-108
La
3464
H
f
4603
Ta5458
W5555
R
e
5596
O
s
5012
Ir4428
P
t
3825
A
u
2856
H
g357
Tl
1473
P
b
1749
B
i
1564
P
o962
A
t–
R
n-62
C
e
3443
P
r
3520
N
d
3074
P
m3000
S
m1794
E
u
1529
G
d
3273
Tb
3230
D
y
2567
H
o
2700
E
r
2868
Tm1950
Y
b
1196
Lu
3402
Th
4788
P
a–
U4131
N
p–
P
u
3228
A
m2011
C
m3100
B
k–
C
f–
E
s–
Fm–
M
d–
N
o–
Lr–
S
r
1382
B
a
1897
R
a–
A
c
3198
N
a883K
759
R
b688
C
s671
Fr–
H
2
-259
Li
181
B
e
1287
M
g650
C
a842
S
c
1541
Ti
1668
V1910
C
r
1907
M
n
1246
Fe
1538
C
o
1495
N
i
1455
C
u
1085
Zn420
G
a30
G
e939
A
s
817tp
S
e221
B
r2-7
K
r
-157tp
A
l
660
S
i
1414
P44
S120
C
l2
-102
A
r
-189
B2075
C4492tp
N
2
-210
O
2
-219
F
2
-220tp
N
e
-249
H
e–
Y1522
Zr
1855
N
b
2477
M
o
2623
Tc2157
R
u
2334
R
h
1964
P
d
1555
A
g962
C
d321
In157S
n232
S
b631
Te450
I2114
X
e
-112tp
La918
H
f
2233
Ta3017
W3422
R
e
3186
O
s
3033
Ir2446
P
t
1768
A
u
1064
H
g-39
Tl
304
P
b328
B
i
271
P
o254
A
t
302
R
n-71
C
e798
P
r931
N
d
1021
P
m1042
S
m1074
E
u822
G
d
1313
Tb
1356
D
y
1412
H
o
1474
E
r
1529
Tm1545
Y
b819
Lu
1663
Th
1750
P
a
1572
U1135
N
p644
P
u640
A
m1176
C
m1345
B
k
1050
C
f
900
E
s860
Fm1527
M
d827
N
o827
Lr
1627
S
r777
B
a727
R
a700
A
c
1051
N
a98K64
R
b39
C
s28Fr27
H
2
0.002
Li
0.85
B
e
2.00
M
g
1.56
C
a
2.01
S
c0.16
Ti
0.22
V0.31
C
r
0.94
M
n
0.08
Fe0.80
C
o1.00
N
i
0.91
C
u4.01
Zn1.16
G
a
0.41
G
e
0.60
A
s
0.50
S
e0.02
B
r2
0.001
K
r
<0.001
A
l
2.37
S
i
1.49
P0.002
S0.003
C
l2
<0.001
A
r
<0.001
B0.27
C1.96
N
2
<0.001
O
2
0.003
F
2
<0.001
N
e
<0.001
H
e
0.002
Y0.17
Zr
0.23
N
b0.54
M
o
1.38
Tc0.51
R
u1.17
R
h1.50
P
d0.72
A
g4.29
C
d0.97
In0.82
S
n0.67
S
b0.24
Te0.03
I2
0.004
X
e
<0.001
La0.13
H
f
0.23
Ta0.58
W1.74
R
e
0.48
O
s
0.88
Ir1.47
P
t
0.72
A
u3.17
H
g0.08
Tl
0.46
P
b0.35
B
i
0.08
P
o0.20
A
t
0.02
R
n
<0.001
C
e
0.11
P
r
0.13
N
d0.17
P
m0.15
S
m0.13
E
u0.14
G
d
0.10
Tb0.11
D
y
0.11
H
o0.16
E
r
0.15
Tm0.17
Y
b0.39
Lu0.16
Th0.54
P
a–
U0.28
N
p0.06
P
u0.07
A
m–
C
m–
B
k–
C
f–
E
s–
Fm–
M
d–
N
o–
Lr–
S
r
0.35
B
a
0.18
R
a–
A
c–
N
a
1.41
K1.03
R
b0.58
C
s
0.36
Fr–
H1400
Li20
B
e2.8
M
g
23300
C
a
41500
S
c22
Ti
5650
V120
C
r
102
M
n950
Fe
56300
C
o25
N
i84
C
u60
Zn70
G
a19
G
e1.5
A
s1.8
S
e0.05
B
r2.4
K
r
<0.001
A
l
82300
S
i
282000
P1050
S350
C
l
145
A
r3.5
B10
C200
N19
O461000
F585
N
e
0.005
H
e
0.008
Y33
Zr165
N
b20
M
o1.2
Tc
synthetic
R
u
0.001
R
h
0.001
P
d
0.015
A
g
0.075
C
d0.15
In0.25
S
n2.3
S
b0.2
Te
0.001
I0.45
X
e
<0.001
La39
H
f3
Ta2
W1.3
R
e
<0.001
O
s
0.002
Ir
0.001
P
t
0.005
A
u
0.004
H
g
0.085
Tl
0.85
P
b14
B
i
0.009
P
o
<0.001
A
t
<0.001
R
n
<0.001
C
e
66.5
P
r9.2
N
d41.5
P
m
<0.001
S
m7.05
E
u2.0
G
d6.2
Tb1.2
D
y5.2
H
o1.3
E
r3.5
Tm0.52
Y
b3.2
Lu0.8
Th9.6
P
a
<0.001
U2.7
N
p
synthetic 
P
u
synthetic A
m
synthetic C
m
synthetic 
B
k
synthetic 
C
f
synthetic 
E
s
synthetic Fm
synthetic M
d
synthetic 
N
o
synthetic 
Lr
synthetic 
S
r370
B
a425
R
a
<0.001
A
c
<0.001
N
a
23600
K20900
R
b90
C
s3Fr
<0.001
H
2
0.90
Li
134.7
B
e
308.8
M
g
128.7
C
a
150.0
S
c
305.0
Ti
429.0
V458.6
C
r
348.8
M
n
219.7
Fe
351.0
C
o
382.4
N
i
371.8
C
u
304.6
Zn
115.5
G
a
254.0
G
e
334.0
A
s
31.9
S
e
95.48
B
r2
29.96
K
r
9.08
A
l
294.0
S
i
383.0
P12.40
S45.0
C
l2
20.41
A
r
6.43
B480.0
C711.0
N
2
5.57
O
2
6.82
F
2
6.62
N
e
1.71
H
e
0.08
Y393.0
Zr
581.6
N
b
696.6
M
o
594.1
Tc
585.0
R
u
567.8
R
h
495.4
P
d
393.0
A
g
255.1
C
d
99.87
In226.4
S
n
290.4
S
b67.9
Te
114.1
I2
41.57
X
e
12.57
La
399.6
H
f
661.1
Ta
753.1
W799.1
R
e
707.1
O
s
627.6
Ir
563.6
P
t
510.5
A
u
324.0
H
g
59.11
Tl
162.1
P
b
179.5
B
i
151.0
P
o
101.0
A
t–
R
n18.1
C
e
314.0
P
r
333.0
N
d
284.0
P
m–
S
m192.0
E
u
176.0
G
d
312.0
Tb
391.0
D
y
293.0
H
o
251.0
E
r
293.0
Tm247.0
Y
b
159.0
Lu
428.0
Th
543.9
P
a
481.0
U423.0
N
p
337.0
P
u
344.0
A
m–
C
m
387.0
B
k
310.0
C
f
196.0
E
s
133.0
Fm–
M
d–
N
o–
Lr–
S
r
139.0
B
a
140.0
R
a
136.8
A
c
418.0
N
a
89.04
K77.5
R
b69.2
C
s
65.9
Fr–
H
2
0.12
Li
3.00
B
e7.9
M
g
8.48
C
a
8.54
S
c
14.10
Ti
14.15
V21.5
C
r
21.0
M
n
12.91
Fe
13.81
C
o16.2
N
i
17.48
C
u
13.26
Zn7.32
G
a
5.59
G
e
36.94
A
s
24.44
S
e6.69
B
r2
10.57
K
r
1.64
A
l
10.71
S
i
50.21
P0.66
S1.72
C
l2
6.4
A
r
1.18
B50.2
C117
N
2
0.71
O
2
0.44
F
2
0.51
N
e
0.33
H
e–
Y11.4
Zr
21.0
N
b30.0
M
o
37.48
Tc
33.29
R
u
38.59
R
h
26.59
P
d
16.74
A
g
11.30
C
d6.19
In3.28
S
n7.03
S
b
19.87
Te
17.49
I2
15.52
X
e2.27
La6.20
H
f
27.2
Ta
36.57
W52.31
R
e
60.43
O
s
57.85
Ir
41.12
P
t
22.17
A
u
12.55
H
g2.29
Tl
4.14
P
b4.77
B
i
11.3
P
o–
A
t–
R
n2.89
C
e
5.46
P
r
6.89
N
d7.14
P
m7.7
S
m8.62
E
u9.21
G
d
10.0
Tb
10.15
D
y
11.06
H
o17.0
E
r
19.9
Tm16.84
Y
b7.66
Lu22.0
Th
13.81
P
a
12.34
U9.14
N
p3.20
P
u2.82
A
m
14.39
C
m15.0
B
k–
C
f–
E
s–
Fm–
M
d–
N
o–
Lr–
S
r
7.43
B
a
7.12
R
a
7.15
A
c
14.2
N
a
2.60
K2.33
R
b2.19
C
s
2.09
Fr–
H
2
14.30
Li
3.58
B
e
1.83
M
g
1.02
C
a
0.65
S
c0.57
Ti
0.52
V0.49
C
r
0.45
M
n
0.48
Fe0.45
C
o0.42
N
i
0.44
C
u0.39
Zn0.39
G
a
0.37
G
e
0.32
A
s
0.33
S
e0.32
B
r2
0.23
K
r
0.25
A
l
0.90
S
i
0.71
P0.77
S0.71
C
l2
0.48
A
r
0.52
B1.03
C0.71
N
2
1.04
O
2
0.92
F
2
0.82
N
e
1.03
H
e
5.19
Y0.30
Zr
0.28
N
b0.27
M
o
0.25
Tc–
R
u0.24
R
h0.24
P
d0.25
A
g0.24
C
d0.23
In0.23
S
n0.23
S
b0.21
Te0.20
I20.15
X
e0.16
La0.20
H
f
0.14
Ta0.14
W0.13
R
e
0.14
O
s
0.13
Ir0.13
P
t
0.13
A
u0.13
H
g0.14
Tl
0.13
P
b0.13
B
i
0.12
P
o–
A
t–
R
n0.09
C
e
0.19
P
r
0.19
N
d0.19
P
m–
S
m0.20
E
u0.18
G
d
0.24
Tb0.18
D
y
0.17
H
o0.17
E
r
0.17
Tm0.16
Y
b0.16
Lu0.15
Th0.11
P
a–
U0.12
N
p–
P
u–
A
m–
C
m–
B
k–
C
f–
E
s–
Fm–
M
d–
N
o–
Lr–
S
r
0.30
B
a
0.20
R
a–
A
c
0.12
N
a
1.23
K0.76
R
b0.36
C
s
0.24
Fr–
N
ATU
RA
L FO
RM
so
lid
 - fo
r so
lid
, m
o
st sta
b
le
 crysta
l fo
rm
liq
u
id
g
a
s
m
g of elem
ent per kg of crust
E
L
E
M
E
N
T
A
L
 A
B
U
N
D
A
N
C
E
 IN
T
H
E
 E
A
R
T
H
’S
 C
R
U
S
T
S
olid, liquid: g/cm
3(20°C
 and 1atm
)
gas: g/liter (0°C
 and 1atm
)
D
EN
SITY
°C
 and 1atm
; Liquid ↔
G
as
sp = sublim
ation point
BO
ILIN
G
 PO
IN
T
°C
 and 1atm
; S
olid ↔
Liquid
tp = triple point
M
ELTIN
G
 PO
IN
T
W
/(cm
 K
) (at 25°C
 and 1atm
, W
 = w
att)
TH
ERM
A
L CO
N
D
U
CTIV
ITY
kJ/m
ole
Liquid ➜
G
as ∆
H
vap at boiling point 
EN
TH
A
LPY O
F VA
PO
RIZATIO
N
kJ/m
ole
S
olid ➜
Liquid ∆
H
fus at M
elting point
EN
TH
A
LPY O
F FU
SIO
N
J/(g K
) (at 25°C
 and 1atm
)
SPECIFIC H
EAT CA
PA
CITY
1
A
lkali m
etals; com
pounds w
ith M
(1+) valences
C
s C
esium
R
b R
ubidium
K
 P
otassium
N
a S
odium
Li Lithium
E
 - P
hotoelectric cells
E
 - P
hotoelectric cells
C
 - F
ertilizer, glass, lenses
E
 - S
treet lights A
- N
uclear reactor
A
- Lubricant additive, alloys used
in space
E
 - A
tom
ic clocks, infrared lam
ps
E
 - Vacuum
 tubes, heart research
C
 - M
atches, gunpow
der, salt substitute
coolant, batteries C
 - S
alt, soda, glass
C
 - G
lass &
 pharm
aceuticals
13
M
etal; com
pounds and ligand com
plexes: M
(1+...3+) 
Tl Thallium
In Indium
G
a G
allium
A
l A
lum
inum
E
 - S
olar cells, m
irrors
E
 - T
herm
om
eter filling
A
- R
egulator in nuclear pow
er
E
 - Q
uartz therm
om
eters
E
 - W
indow
 fram
es, doorknobs, tube
C
 - Insecticides, infrared detectors
C
 - P
hoto cells, transistors
C
 - C
om
puter m
em
ory, transistors laser
E
 - C
able, foil, firew
orks, flashbulbs
C
 - H
eart m
uscle research
C
 - B
lood and lung research
C
 - Laser diodes, used to locate tum
ors
A
- C
ars, rockets, planes
2
A
lkaline earth m
etals; com
pounds w
ith M
(2+) valences
B
a B
arium
S
r S
trontium
C
a C
alcium
M
g M
agnesium
B
e B
eryllium
A
- S
parkplugs, vacuum
 tubes
C
 - N
uclear batteries in bouys
E
 - M
etallurgy A
- C
able insulation, batteries
E
 - F
lashbulbs A
-A
irplanes, racing bikes
E
 - X
-ray tube w
indow
s
C
 - F
irew
orks, flourescent lam
ps
V
 - F
irew
orks, phosphorescent paint
C
 - F
ertilizer, concrete, plaster of P
aris
C
 - F
ireplace bricks, pigm
ents, fillers
A
- W
atch springs, sparkfree tools
3
M
etal; com
pounds and ligand com
plexes M
(3+)
2 La Lanthanum
Y
Y
ttrium
S
c S
candium
C
 - C
olor T
V
 screens, radar, lasers
E
 - Leak detectors, A
- S
pace industry
C
 - C
am
era lenses, fireproof bricks
m
aterials C
 - S
eed germ
inating agents
4
M
etal; com
pounds: M(2+...4+); ligand com
plexes: M
(1-,0,1+)
H
f H
afnium
Zr Zirconium
Ti Titanium
 titanate TiO
4 (4-)
E
 - N
uclear subm
arines
E
 - N
uclear fuel rods, catalytic converters
E
 - C
ontrols nuclear reactors
A
- P
ercussion caps
E
 - H
eat exchanger A
- A
irplane m
otors
E
 - G
as scavenger in vacuum
 tubes
C
 - F
urnace bricks
A
- B
one pins
C
- P
igm
ents for paint/paper
m
etatitanate TiO
3 (2-)
5
M
etal; com
pounds: M
(2+...5+); ligand com
plexes: M
(1-,0,1+)
Ta Tantalum
N
b N
iobium
V
 Vanadium
E
 - C
ondensers
A
- W
eights, cutting tools
A
- C
utting tools, pipelines
E
 - C
onstruction m
aterials, tools
E
 - Vacuum
 tube filam
ents
A
- S
uper m
agnets, w
elding rods
E
 - S
prings, jet engines
vanadate V
O
4 (3-)
6
M
etal; com
pounds: M
(2+...6+); ligand com
plexes: M
(2-...1+)
W
 Tungsten
M
o M
olybdenum
C
r C
hrom
ium
E
 -
Lam
p filam
ents, TV, w
elding electrodes
E
 - P
lating for car parts
A
- R
ocket nozzles
E
 - Filam
ent in electric heaters
A
- Tools, knives C
 - C
am
ouflage paint
C
 - C
utting &
 boring tools
A
- R
ocket m
otors C
 - Lubricant
C
 - S
tereo, video tape, lasers
chrom
ate C
rO
4 (2-)
dichrom
ate C
r2 O
7 (2-)
m
olybdate M
oO
3 , M
oO
4 (2-)
dim
olybdate M
o
2 O
7 (2-)
M
o-cyanate M
o-C
N
8 (4-)
tungstate W
O
4 (2-)
7
M
etal; com
pounds: M
(1+...7+); ligand com
plexes: M
(3-...1+)
R
e R
henium
Tc Technetium
M
n M
anganese
A
- O
ven filam
ents, electrodes, jew
elry
E
 - R
adiation source for m
edical
A
- Tools, axles, steel for rail sw
itches
A
- P
lating, therm
ocouples
research
C
 - S
afes, plow
s, batteries
perm
anganate M
nO
4 (1-)
synthetic
tungstate W
O
4 (2-)
8
M
etal; com
pounds: M
(1+...8+); ligand com
plexes: M
(2-...1+)
O
s O
sm
ium
R
u R
uthenium
Fe Iron
E
 - E
ye treatm
ent, thickness m
eters 
A
- F
ountain pen points, com
pass
for egg shells
A
- B
ikes,cars, bridges, m
agnets,m
achines
needles, clock bearings, decorations
A
- F
ountain pen point, electrical contacts
C
 - N
ails, tools, tin cans
F
e-cyanate F
e(C
N
)6 (3-and4-)
ferrate F
eO
4 (2-)
9
M
etal; com
pounds: M
(2+...6+); ligand com
plexes: M
(2-...1+)
Ir Iridium
R
h R
hodium
C
o C
obalt
E
 - C
ancer irradiation
E
 - H
eadlight reflectors, telephone 
A
- H
ypoderm
ic needles, helicopter spark
E
 - R
elays, fountain pen points
E
-G
am
m
a radiation A
- P
erm
anent m
agnet
plugs, standard one-m
eter bar
A
- A
irplane spark plugs
A
- R
azor blades
C
 - C
atalytic converter
cobaltate C
oO
4 (4- 3-)
C
o-cyanate C
o(C
N
)6 (3- and 4-)
rhenate R
eO
4 (1-)
10
M
etal; com
pounds: M
(1+...6+); ligand com
plexes: M
(1-,0,1+)
P
t P
latinum
P
d P
alladium
N
i N
ickel
E
 - C
rucibles, nitric acid production
E
 - C
atalytic converters, hydrogen 
E
 - C
oins A
-K
nives, forks, spoons
A
- D
ental crow
ns C
 - A
nti-tum
or agent
seperation A
- D
ental crow
ns, tel. relays
E
 - W
hite gold C
-R
echargeable batteries
11
M
etal; com
pounds: M
(1+...3+); ligand com
plexes: M
(1-,0,1+)
A
u G
old
A
g S
ilver
C
u C
opper
E
 - P
recious m
etal A
- Jew
elry
E
 - M
irror, batteries; A
- S
ilverw
are 
E
 - C
able, w
ire A
- P
ennies, bells 
A
- E
lectrical contacts, dental crow
ns
C
 - P
hotograph film
 and paper
A
- B
ronze sculpture, S
tatue of Liberty
12
M
etal; com
pounds and ligand com
plexes: M
(2+)
H
g M
ercury
C
d C
adm
ium
Zn Zinc
E
- B
arom
eters,therm
om
eters, street
E
- R
echargeable
batteries A
- N
uclear
E
 - A
nti-corrosion coating, batteries 
lights A
-D
ental fillings C
 -S
eed protection
reactor regulator C
-R
ed/yellow
 pigm
ents
A
-W
ater/gas valves
C
- W
hite rubberpigm
ent
H
g
2 (2+)
B
 B
oron m
etalloid
C
 - Tennis rackets, regulator in nuclear plants, heat resist-
ant glass, eye disinfectant
14
M
etal; com
pounds and ligand com
plexes: M
(2+,4+) 
P
b Lead m
etal
S
n Tin m
etal 
G
e G
erm
anium
 m
etalloid
S
i S
ilicon m
etalloid
E
 - R
adiation protection
A
- B
atteries, roof coverings, solders
A
- C
ups, plates, coins, organ pipes
E
 - Infrared prism
s, reflector in projectors
E
 - M
icrochips, solar cells C
 - Tools
A
- A
m
m
unition C
 - G
as additives
C
 - O
palescent glass, enam
el
E
 - W
ide angle lenses A
- D
entistry
C
 - Q
uartz, cem
ent, glass, grease, oils
C
 C
arbon 
E
 - P
encils, diam
onds, steel, controls nuclear reaction
E
 - Tire colorant
C
 - P
lastics, life
15
S
olid; com
pounds: M
(3+,5+,3-) 
B
i B
ism
uth 
S
b A
ntim
ony A
s A
rsenic 
P
P
hosphorus 
E
 - S
hotgun pellets
E
 - C
atalyst in rubber production
A
- M
etal for m
irrors
A
- F
uses, sprinklers
A
- S
older, bearings, lead batteries
C
 - G
lass, lasers
E
 - F
irew
orks, m
atches C
 - P
esticides
C
 - G
lass, ceram
ics
C
 - M
ascara, infrared detectors
C
 - Light-em
m
iting diodes=LE
D
C
 - F
ertilizer, detergents, toothpaste
N
 N
itrogen 
E
 - C
ryogenic surgery, liquid coolant, am
m
onia production
C
 - R
ocket fuel
16
S
olid; com
pounds: M
(2+,4+,6+,2-) 
P
o P
olonium
 m
etal Te Tellurium
 m
etalloid 
S
e S
elenium
 
S
 S
ulfur
solid 
E
 - V
ulcanization of rubber, percussion
E
 - N
uclear batteries, neutron source
caps, battery plate protector
E
 - Light m
eters, copy m
achines, solar cells
E
 - M
atches, firew
orks, batteries, vulcanization of rubber
E
 - A
ntistatic agents, film
 cleaner
A
- E
lectric resistors
C
 - A
nti-dandruff sham
poo
C
 - P
erm
anent w
ave lotion
O
 O
xygen o(2-,1-) 
E
 - C
om
bustion, steel production
E
 - W
ater purification
C
 - S
and, w
ater, cem
ent
17
H
alogens, X
2, com
pounds: M
(1-), H
alide (1-), A
cid=H
X
A
t A
stinate m
etalloid I Iodine 
B
r B
rom
ine 
C
l C
hlorine 
E
 - D
isinfectant, halogen lam
ps
C
 - P
hotographic film
, tear gas
E
 - W
ater purification
E
, A
, C
 - S
eldom
 found in nature
C
 - Ink pigm
ents, salt additive
C
 - fire retardants, disinfectant
C
 - B
leach, hydrochloric acid, P
V
C
 plastics, stain rem
overs
F Fluorine 
C
 - Toothpaste additives, teflon
C
 - U
ranium
 enrichm
ent
C
 - R
efrigerator coolants
18
N
oble G
ases; not reactive; unstable low
 tem
perature com
plexes 
R
n R
adon 
X
e X
enon 
K
r K
rypton 
A
r A
rgon
N
e N
eon
H
e H
elium
E
- E
arthquake
prediction, health threat in
E
 - U
V
 lam
ps, sun lam
ps, electronic
E
 - Flourescent bulbs, flashbulbs
E
 - Light bulbs, gas discharge tubes
lasers
E
 - N
eon lights, fog lam
ps, TV
 tubes
E
 - D
iving bell atm
osphere, leak detectors
hom
es built on granite
flashes, projection lam
ps, paint testers
E
 - U
V
 lasers, w
avelength standard
E
 - G
eiger counters, w
elding blanket gas
E
 - Lasers, voltage detectors
E
 - N
uclear pow
er plant coolant
B
(2+,3+,3-)
com
pounds: borates (B
O
4 , B
O
3 )
tetraborates B
4 O
7 (2-), boranes, borides
C
(2+,4+,4-) carbonate C
O
3 (2-)
bicarbonate H
C
O
3 (1-), acetate C
2 H
3 O
2 (1-)
oxalate C
2 O
4 (2-), carbides (4-)
N
(3-...5+); am
m
onium
 N
H
4 (1+)
cyanide C
N
(1-) nitrate N
O
3 (1-)
nitrite N
O
2 (1-) nitride N
(3-) oxides - N
O
x
azide N
3 (1-) diim
ide N
2 (2-) am
ide N
H
2 (1-)
acid: nitric H
N
O
3
nitrous H
N
O
2
hydroxy stannate S
n(O
H
)6 (-2)
germ
anate G
eO
2 (2-) G
eO
3 (2-)
silicates S
iO
4 (-4) silanes (S
i-
hydrides) S
i(4-) silicides silicic
acid H
4 S
iO
4
arsenide (3-)
phosphide (3-)
phosphate (P
O
4 (-3)
phosphoric acid H
3 P
O4
tellurate TeO
4 (2-)
S
elenides S
e(2-)
selenate S
eO
4 (2)
acids of S
eO
x
sulfide S
(2-) sulfate S
O
4 (2-) sulfite S
O
3 (2-)
thiosulfate S
2 O
3 (2-) thio...(S
 added or subst. for an O
)
acids: sulfuric H
2 S
O
4 , sulfurous H
2 S
O
3
ozone O
3
oxide (2-)
peroxide O
2 (2-)
hydroxide O
H
(1-)
acid: H
l, iodide(1-)
iodate IO
3 (1-)
periodate IO
4 (1-)
acid: H
B
r
brom
ides B
r(1-)
brom
ate B
rO
3 (1-)
chloride C
l(1-) chlorate C
lO
3 (1-)
chlorite C
lO
2(1-) hypochlorite C
lO
(1-)
perchlorate C
lO
4(1-) acid: hydrochloric H
C
l,
perchloric H
C
lO
4 , chloric H
C
lO
3
fluoride(1-) acid: H
F
hydrofluoric, oxyfluorides-
halofluorides
F
orm
s com
pounds
w
ith F
F
2
gas
O
2
gas
N
2
gas
C
l2
gas
B
r2
liquid
I2
solid
E
 - B
alloons, blim
ps, lasers
M
A
JO
R
 N
A
TU
R
A
L
IS
O
TO
P
E
S
W
ITH
 %
 O
F O
C
C
U
R
R
E
N
C
E
Isotopes have the sam
e num
ber of protons, 
but different num
bers of neutrons.
Isotopes not listed are radioactive or synthetic.
H1 -
99.98%
2 - 
0.02%
H
e
4 - 
~100%
Li6 -
7.5%
7 -
92.5%
B
e
9 - 
100%
B10 - 19.9%
11 - 80.1%
C12 - 98.9%
13 - 
1.1%
N14 - 99.63%
15 - 0.37%
O16 - 99.8%
18 - 
0.2%
F19 - 
100%
N
e
20 - 90.5%
21 -
0.3%
22 - 
9.3%
N
a
23 - 
100%
M
g
24 - 79.0%
25 - 10.0%
26 - 11.0%
A
l27 - 100%
S
i28 - 92.2%
29 - 
4.7%
30 -
3.1%
P31 - 100%
S32 - 95.0%
33 - 
0.8%
34 - 
4.2%
C
l
35 - 75.8%
37 - 24.2%
A
r36 - 
0.3%
40 - 99.6%
K39 -
93.3%
41 - 
6.7%
C
a
40 - 96.9%
42 - 
0.7%
44 -
2.1%
S
c45 - 100%
Ti46 - 
8.0%
47 - 
7.3%
48 - 73.8%
49 - 
5.5%
50 - 
5.4%
V50 - 
0.3%
51 - 99.7%
C
r
50 - 
4.4%
52 - 83.8%
53 -
9.5%
54 - 
2.4%
M
n
55 - 100%
Fe54 - 
5.9%
56 - 91.7%
57 - 
2.1%
C
o
59 - 100%
N
i
58 - 68.1%
60 - 26.2%
61 - 
1.1%
62 - 
3.6%
64 - 
0.9%
C
u
63 - 69.2%
65 - 30.8%
Zn64 - 48.6%
66 - 27.9%
67 - 
4.1%
68 - 18.8%
G
a
69 - 60.1%
71 - 39.9%
G
e
70 - 21.2%
72 - 27.7%
73 - 
7.7%
74 - 35.9%
78 - 
7.4%
A
s75 - 100%
S
e74 - 
0.9%
76 - 
9.4%
77 - 
7.6%
78 - 23.8%
80 - 49.6%
82 - 
8.7%
B
r
79 - 50.7%
81 - 49.3%
K
r
80 - 
2.3%
82 - 11.6%
83 - 11.5%
84 - 57.0%
86 - 17.3%
R
b
85 - 72.2%
87 - 27.8%
S
r86 - 
9.9%
87 - 
7.0%
88 - 82.6%
Y89 - 100%
Zr90 -
51.5%
91 - 11.2%
92 - 17.2%
94 - 17.4%
96 - 
2.8%
N
b
93 - 100%
M
o
92 - 14.8%
94 - 
9.3%
95 - 15.9%
96 - 16.7%
97 - 
9.6%
98 - 24.1%
100 - 9.6%
Tc93 - synthetic
R
u
96 - 
5.5%
98 - 
1.9%
99 - 12.7%
100 - 12.6%
101 - 17.1%
102 - 31.6%
104 - 18.6%
R
h
103 - 100%
P
d102 - 1.02%
104 - 11.1%
105 - 22.3%
106 - 27.3%
108 - 26.5%
110 - 11.7%
A
g107 - 51.8%
109 - 48.2%
C
d
106 - 
0.9%
108 - 
0.9%
110 - 12.5%
111 - 12.8%
112 - 24.1%
113 - 12.2%
114 - 28.7%
116 - 
7.5%
In113 - 
4.3%
115 - 95.7%
S
n112 - 
1.0%
116 - 14.5%
117 - 
7.7%
118 - 24.2%
119 - 
8.6%
120 - 32.6%
122 - 
4.6%
124 - 
5.8%
S
b121 - 57.4%
123 - 42.6%
Te122 - 
2.6%
123 - 
0.9%
124 - 
4.8%
125 - 
7.1%
126 - 18.9%
128 - 31.7%
130 - 33.9%
I127 - 100%
X
e128 - 
1.9%
129 - 26.4%
130 - 
4.1%
131 - 21.2%
132 - 26.9%
134 - 10.4%
136 - 
8.9%
C
s
133 - 100%
B
a
134 - 
2.4%
135 - 
6.6%
136 - 
7.9%
137 - 11.2%
138 - 71.7%
La138 - 
0.1%
139 - 99.9%
C
e
140 - 88.4%
142 - 11.1%
P
r141 - 100%
N
d
142 - 27.1%
143 - 12.2%
144 - 23.8%
145 - 
8.3%
146 - 17.2%
148 - 
5.8%
150 - 
5.6%
P
m
145 - synthetic
S
m144 - 
3.1%
147 - 15.0%
148 - 11.3%
149 - 13.8%
150 - 
7.4%
152 - 26.7%
154 - 22.7%
E
u151 - 47.8%
153 - 52.2%
G
d
154 - 
2.2%
155 - 14.8%
156 - 20.5%
157 - 15.7%
158 - 24.8%
160 - 21.9%
Tb159 - 100%
D
y
160 - 
2.3%
161 - 18.9%
162 - 25.5%
163 -24.9%
164 - 28.2%
H
o
165 - 100%
E
r164 - 
1.6%
166 - 33.6%
167 - 23.0%
168 - 26.8%
170 - 14.9%
Tm169 - 100%
Y
b170 - 
3.1%
171 - 14.3%
172 - 21.9%
173 - 16.1%
174 - 31.8%
176 - 12.7%
Lu175 - 97.4%
176 - 
2.6%
H
f
176 - 
5.2%
177 - 18.6%
178 - 27.3%
179 - 13.6%
180 - 35.1%
Ta180 - 0.01%
181 - 99.99%
W182 - 26.3%
183 - 14.3%
184 - 30.7%
186 - 28.6%
R
e
185 - 37.4%
187 - 62.6%
O
s
186 - 
1.6%
187 - 
1.6%
188 - 13.3%
189 - 16.1%
190 - 26.4%
192 - 41.0%
Ir191 - 37.3%
193 - 62.7%
P
t
194 - 32.9%
195 - 33.8%
196 - 25.3%
198 - 
7.2%
A
u
197 - 100%
H
g
198 - 10.0%
199 - 16.9%
200 - 23.1%
201 - 13.2%
202 - 29.9%
204 - 
6.9%
Tl203 - 29.5%
205 - 70.5%
P
b
204 - 1.4%
206 - 24.1%
207 - 22.1%
208 - 52.4%
B
i
209 - 100%
P
o
209 - 100%
A
t
210 - 100%
R
n
222 - 100%
Fr223 - 100%
R
a
226 - 100%
A
c
227 - 100%
Th232 - 100%
P
a
231 - 100%
U235 - 
0.7%
238 - 99.3%
H
 H
ydrogen 
E
 - R
ocket fuel, hydrogenation of fats
E
 - P
etroleum
 desulfurization, H
2 O
, am
m
onia
H
(1+) com
pounds,
acids: m
etal hydrides H
(1-)
H
2
M
 = G
eneric sym
bol for elem
ent in com
pound; E
 = E
lem
ent raw
 m
aterial form
; A
= A
lloy, blend or m
ixture; C
 = C
om
pound; B
old = M
ost Im
portant U
se
E
 - P
acem
aker B
atteries
cubic = S
IM
P
LE
 C
U
B
IC
, bcc = B
O
D
Y
C
E
N
TE
R
E
D
 C
U
B
IC
 fcc = FA
C
E
 C
E
N
TE
R
E
D
 C
U
B
IC
;
hex = H
E
X
A
G
O
N
A
L; ortho = O
R
TH
O
H
O
M
B
IC
; rhom
 = R
H
O
M
B
O
H
E
D
R
A
L;
tetra = TE
TR
A
G
O
N
A
L
m
ono = M
O
N
O
C
LIN
IC
; – = unknow
n 
E
lem
ents >
#92 are
synthetic and 
radioactive
R
eferences: C
R
C
; T
he E
lem
ents, 3rd ed., J. E
m
sley, 1998
1. O
xygen
2. S
ilicon
3. A
lum
inum
4. Iron
5. C
alcium
6. S
odium
7. M
agnesium
8. P
otassium
9. Titanium
10. H
ydrogen