34 -cidect-design-guide-7-perfiles tubulares

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	Preface
	Contents
	1	Introduction 
	2	Structural hollow section steel grades and dimensional tolerances
	2.1	Steel grades 
	2.1.1	Welding considerations for the materials
	2.2	Sectional dimensions and properties
	2.2.1	Dimensional tolerances
	3	Structural hollow section fabrication methods
	3.1 Cutting
	3.1.1	Plane cut by sawing
	3.1.2	Flame cutting 
	3.1.2.1	Manual flame cutting 
	3.1.2.2 Automatic flame cutting
	3.1.3 Slotting
	3.1.4	Laser cutting
	3.1.5	Plasma cutting 
	3.2	Flattening 
	3.2.1	Cropping 
	3.2.2	Full flattening 
	3.2.3	Flattening with a recessed die 
	3.2.4	Partial flattening
	3.3	Bending (arching)
	3.3.1	Cold bending methods for CHS
	3.3.1.1	Cold bending by pressing 
	3.3.1.2	Cold bending by a "former" box
	3.3.1.3	Roller bender
	3.3.1.4	Bending by means of mitre cuts 
	3.3.2	Cold bending methods for RHS
	3.3.2.1	Roller bending 
	3.3.2.2	Mitre cuts or V-notches 
	3.3.2.3	Cold bending by pressing 
	3.3.3	Hot bending methods 
	3.3.3.1	Hollow sections filled up with sand 
	3.3.3.2	"Hamburger Rohrbogen
	3.3.3.3	Induction bending 
	3.3.3.4	Roller bender
	3.3.3.5 Cambering 
	3.4	Bolting 
	3.4.1	Blind bolting 
	3.4.1.1	Flowdrill with hollow sections 
	3.4.1.2	Lindapter HolloFast and HolloBolt 
	3.4.1.3	Huck Ultra-Twist 
	3.4.1.3.1 Connections failure modes with blind bolts
	3.4.2	Stud bolting 
	3.5	Nailing 
	3.6	Welding methods 
	3.6.1 Methods for welding hollow section joints 
	3.6.2	Welding positions and sequences 
	3.6.3	Tack welding 
	3.6.4 Pre- and post-heat treatment of welded constructions of hollow sections
	3.6.5	Residual stress and deformation due to welding
	3.6.6	Weld defects and repair 
	3.6.7	Inspection of welds 
	3.6.8	Welder qualification 
	3.6.9	Welding of metal coated or galvanised hollow section structures
	3.6.10	General recommendations regarding welding operation
	3.7	Holing 
	3.8	Application of robots 
	3.9	Castings for structural hollow section connections 
	4 Structures and subassemblies of hollow sections 
	4.1	Beams and girders 
	4.1.1	Single section beams 
	4.1.2	Lattice girders (trusses) 
	4.1.3	Arched girders
	4.2	Columns 
	4.2.1	Concrete filled hollow section columns 
	4.2.1.1	Concrete filling of hollow sections 
	4.3	Space structures 
	4.4	Connections 
	4.4.1	Beam-to-column connections 
	4.4.1.1	Beam-to-column connections with concrete filled hollow section columns 
	4.4.2	Column-to-truss connections
	4.4.3	Directly joined connections 
	4.4.3.1	End-to-end connections 
	4.4.3.2	Welded knee joints
	4.4.3.3	Vierendeel girder joints
	4.4.3.4	Truss joints with directly welded members 
	4.4.4	Indirectly joined connections 
	4.4.4.1	End-to-end connections 
	4.4.4.2	Indirectly joined truss connections
	4.4.4.3	Purlin connections 
	5	General procedure for the fabrication and assembly of hollow section structures
	5.1	Fabrication and full scale drawings and their approval
	5.2	Qualification of workshops and welders
	5.3 Assembly
	6	Transportation of hollow sections and structures
	7	Erection of hollow section structures 
	8	Protection against corrosion 
	8.1	Protection against external corrosion 
	8.1.1	Protection by painting and spraying 
	8.2	Protection against internal corrosion 
	8.3	Protection against internal and external corrosion by hot dip galvanising
	8.4	Protection of hollow section structures against corrosion inside buildings 
	9	Protection against fire
	10	Economical aspects regarding building steel structures with hollow
	11	List of symbols 
	12	References
	Appendix
	Appendix A: Chemical compositions of structural steels (ladle analysis)
	Appendix B: Chemical composition of hot finished and cold formed structural hollow
 sections of steels
	Appendix C: Formulae to calculate the geometrical properties of structural hollow sections
	Appendix D: Minimum bending radii for square and rectangular hollow sections for cold
 bending with 3-Roller bende
	General information about CIDECT
 objectives, activities, publications, members, etc