Complete English Grammar Rules_ Examples, Exceptions, Exercises, and Everything You Need to Master Proper Grammar ( PDFDrive )-139

Prévia do material em texto

climb
walk
arrive
bolt
climbed
walked
arrived
bolted
climbed
walked
arrived
bolted
	
In	all	of	the	above	examples,	the	only	alteration	to	the	verb	has	been	the	addition
of	“-d”	or	“-ed.”	Notice,	too,	that	the	past	tense	and	past	participle	forms	are
identical	in	each	case—this	is	a	defining	feature	of	regular	verbs.
Changing	spelling
In	some	cases,	though,	we	have	to	modify	the	verb	slightly	further	in	order	to	be
able	to	add	“-d”	or	“-ed.”
For	instance,	with	verbs	that	end	in	a	“short”	vowel	followed	by	a	consonant,	we
double	the	final	consonant	in	addition	to	adding	“-ed”;*	when	a	verb	ends	in	a
consonant	+	“y,”	we	replace	the	“y”	with	“i”	and	add	“-ied”;	and	when	a	verb
ends	in	“-ic,”	we	add	the	letter	“k”	in	addition	to	“-ed.”
For	example:
Base	Form Past	Simple	Tense Past	Participle
chop
copy
panic
chopped
copied
panicked
chopped
copied
panicked
	
(*Usage	Note:	An	exception	to	this	rule	occurs	for	words	that	end	in	a	soft	vowel
and	the	consonant	“l”	(as	in	travel,	cancel,	fuel,	label,	etc.).	In	this	case,	we
merely	add	“-ed”	to	form	the	past	simple	and	the	past	participle	(as	in	traveled,
canceled,	fueled,	labeled,	etc.)—we	do	not	double	the	consonant.	Note,	however,
that	this	exception	only	occurs	in	American	English;	in	other	varieties	of
English,	such	as	British	or	Australian	English,	the	consonant	is	still	doubled.)
See	the	chapter	on	Suffixes	to	learn	more	about	how	words	change	when	we	add
to	their	endings.
Example	sentences
•	“I	walk	around	the	park	each	evening.”	(base	form)