Plural, demonstrativos

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PLURAL OF NOUNS (PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS) 
 
1. A regra geral para a formação do plural é acrescentar um S ao singular: 
 
 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
book (livro) books (livros) 
girl (garota) girls (garotas) 
car (carro) cars (carros) 
table (mesa) tables (mesas) 
 
 
2. Os substantivos terminados em O, CH, SH, S, X e Z formam o plural acrescentando-se o sufixo ES: 
 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
hero (herói) heroes (heróis) 
church (igreja) churches (igrejas) 
brush (pincel) brushes (pincéis) 
glass (copo) glasses (copos) 
bus (ônibus) buses (os ônibus) 
box (caixa) boxes (caixas) 
topaz (topázios) topazes (topázios) 
 
EXCEÇÕES 
 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
photo (foto) photos (fotos) 
piano (piano) pianos (pianos) 
moto (moto) motos (motos) 
 
3. Os substantivos terminados em Y precedido de vogal seguem a regra geral: acrescenta-se S ao singular. 
 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
key (chave) keys (chaves) 
boy (garoto) boys (garotos) 
toy (brinquedo) toys (brinquedos) 
 
Os substantivos terminados em Y, precedidos de consoante, perdem o Y e recebem IES: 
 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
country (país) countries (países) 
family (família) families (famílias) 
 
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4. Os substantivos abaixo terminados em F ou FE perdem essas letras e recebem VES 
 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
leaf (folha) leaves (folhas) 
knife (faca) knives (facas) 
 
5. Os substantivos com o final “MAN” no singular mudam o A por E no plural. 
 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
policeman (policial) policemen (policiais) 
fireman (bombeiro) firemen (bombeiros) 
 
6. Estes substantivos mudam os dois “OO” por “EE”: 
 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
foot (pé) feet (pés) 
tooth (dente) teeth (dentes) 
goose (ganso) geese (gansos) 
 
 
7. Estes substantivos têm a mesma forma para o singular e para o plural: 
 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
fish (peixe) fish (peixes) 
sheep (ovelha) sheep (ovelhas) 
fruit (fruta) fruit (frutas) 
bread (pão) bread (pães) 
 
8. Plural irregular 
 
SINGULAR PLURAL 
child (criança) children (crianças) 
ox (boi) oxen (bois) 
mouse (rato) mice (ratos) 
EXERCISES 
1) Write the plural form of the following nouns. Pay attention to the rule 1. (Escreva o plural dos 
seguintes substantives. Preste atenção na regra 1.) 
 
a) Music = ______________ b) House = ______________ c) Lion = _______________ 
d) Cup = _______________ 
e) Love = ______________ 
f) Singer = _____________ 
g) Chair = ______________ 
h) Tree = _______________ 
i) Girl = ________________ 
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2) Write the plural form of the following nouns. Pay attention to the rule 2. (Escreva o plural dos 
seguintes substantives. Preste atenção na regra 2.) 
 
a) Piano = _______________ 
b) Potato = ______________ 
c) Dress = ______________ 
d) Wish = _______________ 
e) Peach = ______________ 
f) Fox = ________________ 
 
3) Write the plural form of the following nouns. Pay attention to the rule 3. (Escreva o plural dos 
seguintes substantives. Preste atenção na regra 3.) 
 
a) Story = _______________ 
b) Fairy = _______________ 
c) Body = _______________ 
d) Lady = _______________ 
e) Way = _______________ 
f) Toy = ________________ 
g) Key = ________________ 
h) Day = ________________ 
i) Baby = _______________ 
 
4) Write the plural form of the following nouns. Pay attention to the rule 4. (Escreva o plural dos 
seguintes substantives. Preste atenção na regra 4.) 
 
a) Elf = ________________ 
b) Life = _______________ 
c) Wolf = _______________ 
d) Roof = _______________ 
e) Belief = _______________ 
f) Housewife = ___________ 
 
5) Write the plural form of the following nouns. Pay attention to the rule 5. (Escreva o plural dos 
seguintes substantives. Preste atenção na regra 5.) 
 
a) Fireman = _____________ b) Salesman = ____________ c) Policewoman = _________ 
 
6) Write the plural form of the following nouns. Pay attention to the rule 6. (Escreva o plural dos 
seguintes substantives. Preste atenção na regra 6.) 
 
a) Foot = ________________ b) Goose = ______________ c) Tooth = _______________ 
 
7) Write the plural form of the following nouns. Pay attention to the rule 7. (Escreva o plural dos 
seguintes substantives. Preste atenção na regra 7.) 
 
a) Fish = _________ b) Sheep = ________ c) Bread = ________ d) Fruit = _________ 
 
8) Write the plural form of the following nouns. Pay attention to the rule 8. (Escreva o plural dos 
seguintes substantives. Preste atenção na regra 8.) 
 
a) Child = ______________ b) Ox = _____________ c) Mouse = _______________ 
 
 
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 
Os pronomes demonstrativos, assim como no português, servem para apontar, mostrar algum animal, 
objeto ou pessoa. 
 
Usa-se “this” para referir-se a algo que está perto de quem fala. O plural de this é “these”. 
Exemplos: 
 
 This is a book. (Isto é um livro) 
 
 
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These are books. (Isto são livros) 
 
 
 
Usa-se “that” para referir-se a algo que está longe de quem fala. O plural de that é “those”. 
Exemplos: 
 
 That is a ball. (Aquilo é uma bola) 
 
 
 
 
 
Those are balls. (Aquilo são bolas) 
 
 
English Portuguese 
This (singular) Este, esta, isto. 
These (plural) Estes, estas. 
That (singular) Aquele, aquela, aquilo. 
Those (plural) Aqueles, aquelas. 
 
EXERCISES 
1) Write THIS or THAT, according to the situations below. (Escreva THIS ou THAT, de acordo 
com as situações abaixo) 
 
a) __________ is a pencil. 
 
 
 
 
 
b) ______________ is a house. 
 
 
 
 
 
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2) Write THESE or THOSE, according to the situations below. (Escreva THESE ou THOSE, de 
acordo com as situações abaixo) 
 
a) ____________ are strawberries. 
 
 
 
 
b) ________________ are apples. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3) Match the phrases with their translations. (Ligue as frases às suas traduções) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THERE TO BE - VERBO HAVER 
 
O verbo HAVER em inglês é representado pela palavra THERE (que normalmente significa LÁ, ALI, 
mas que neste caso fica sem significado) e o verbo TO BE. Daí ser chamado THERE TO BE. 
THERE TO BE – SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 
 
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE CONTRACTED 
NEGATIVE 
INTERROGATIVE 
SINGULAR There is There is not There isn’t Is there? 
PLURAL There are There are not There aren’t Are there? 
 
There is – há (singular) 
There are – há (plural) 
 
Exemplos: 
There is a boy in the car. (Há um garoto no carro.) 
There are boys in the car. (Há garotos no carro.) 
1) That is not a book. ( ) Aquilo é um régua. 
2) This is a watermelon ( ) Isto é uma mochila. 
3) That is a pineapple. ( ) Isto é uma melancia 
4) This is a knapsack. ( ) Aquilo não é um livro. 
5) That is a ruler. ( ) Aquilo é um abacaxi. 
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THERE TO BE – SIMPLE PAST TENSE 
 
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE CONTRACTED 
NEGATIVE 
INTERROGATIVE 
SINGULAR There was There was not There wasn’t Was there? 
PLURAL There were There were not There weren’t Were there? 
 
There was – havia, houve (singular) 
There were – havia, houve (plural) 
 
Exemplos: 
There was a bird on the tree. (Havia/Existia um pássaro na árvore). 
There were five birds on the tree. (Havia/ Existiam 5 pássaros na árvore). 
EXERCISES 
1) Complete using THERE IS or THERE ARE. (Complete usando THERE IS ou THERE ARE) 
 
a) _____________________ books on the table. 
b) __________________ many cars in the street. 
c) ___________________ a picture on the wall. 
d) __________________ a pencil near the book. 
e) _________________ many trees in the forest. 
f) ____________________ a cat under the table. 
g) ________________ seven apples in the fridge. 
 
h) ______________________ a dog in the house. 
i) ____________________ a monkey on the tree. 
j) ________________ many rooms in my house. 
k) ____________________ an opera in our city? 
l) _________________ many girls in your class? 
m) __________a police-station near the hospital? 
n) ________________ any bananas in the basket.
 
2) Complete with THERE WAS or THERE WERE. (Complete with THERE WAS or THEREWERE). 
 
a) ____________________ a monkey on the tree. 
b) ________________ many rooms in my house. 
c) ____________________ an opera in our city? 
d) ________________ many girls in your class? 
e) __________ a police-station near the hospital? 
f) _______________ any bananas in the basket? 
g) ____________________ a bag on the table. 
h) ________________ two posters in my room. 
i) _______________ lots of books in the shelf. 
j) ________________ six chairs in the kitchen. 
k) ___________________ children in the yard. 
l) __________________a calendar on the wall. 
3) Change to the INTERROGATIVE FORM. (Mude para a forma interrogativa) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a) There is someone looking at me._____________________________________________________ 
 
b) There are many boys in the school.___________________________________________________ 
 
There is a boy in the living room 
 
 
 Is There a boy in the living room? 
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c) There are some photos in her bag. ___________________________________________________ 
d) There is a magazine in her room. ____________________________________________________ 
e) There is any soccer stadium here. ____________________________________________________ 
f) There is a refrigerator in my house. __________________________________________________ 
g) There was a ghost in the house. _____________________________________________________ 
h) There are many cups on the table. ___________________________________________________ 
i) There were only six guests at the hotel. _______________________________________________ 
 
4) Change to the NEGATIVE FORM. (Mude para a forma negativa) 
There is a boy in the living room. 
There is not a boy in the living room. 
 
a) There is someone looking at me._____________________________________________________ 
 
b) There are many boys in the school.___________________________________________________ 
c) There are some photos in her bag. ____________________________________________________ 
d) There is a magazine in her room. ____________________________________________________ 
e) There is any soccer stadium here. ____________________________________________________ 
f) There is a refrigerator in my house. __________________________________________________ 
g) There was a ghost in the house. _____________________________________________________ 
h) There are many cups on the table. ___________________________________________________ 
i) There were only six guests at the hotel. _______________________________________________ 
 
 VERB CAN (PODER) 
 
 O verbo CAN significa poder fazer algo, conseguir, ser capaz: 
I can lift 30 kilos. (Eu posso levantar 30 quilos.) You can swim. (Você pode nadar.) 
 
 O verbo CAN apresenta forma única em todas as pessoas: 
 
I can do judo. (Eu posso fazer judo.) He can ski. (Ele pode esquiar.) 
We can play soccer. (Nós podemos jogar futebol) 
 
 É seguido de infinitivo sem to: 
 
They can win the game. (Eles podem vencer o jogo.) 
 CAN possui três formas negativas: 
Dogs can not climb trees. (Cães não podem subir em árvores.) 
Dogs cannot climb trees. (Cães não podem subir em árvores.) 
Dogs can’t climb trees. (Cães não podem subir em árvores.) – Contracted form. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Na interrogativa, o CAN fica antes do sujeito. 
Can you hear me? (Você pode me ouvir?) 
EXERCISES 
 
1) What can they do ?. (O que eles podem fazer ?.) 
 
 
a) ___________________________________________ 
b) ___________________________________________ 
c) ___________________________________________ 
d) They can play soccer. 
e) ___________________________________________ 
f) ___________________________________________ 
 
 
 
 
 
2) Put the sentences in order. (Coloque as frases em ordem.) 
 
 
 
a) ___________________________________________ 
 
. 
 
 
b) __________________________________________ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
c) ___________________________________________ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
d) ___________________________________________ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
e) __________________________________________ 
 
Play = Jogar 
Ride = andar de bicicleta 
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ORDINAL NUMBERS 
 
Os números ordinais, como o próprio nome diz, nos dizem uma ordem a ser seguida e não apenas uma 
simples numeração como fazemos com os números cardinais. 
 
REGRA BÁSICA 
 
Na abreviação dos números ordinais, SOMENTE os números com finais 1, 2 e 3 é que serão 
diferentes; do 4 em diante a abreviação será igual. 
1
st
: first 4
th
: fourth 
2
nd
: second 5
th
: fifth 
33
rd
: thirty-third 36
th
: thirty-sixth 
 
OBS.: 
 Os números 11, 12 e 13 são os únicos que NÃO seguem a regra básica. 
11 
th 
 eleventh 
12 
th 
 twelfth 
13 
th 
 thirteenth 
 
 Seguindo a sequência numérica do 20 ao 99, teremos a escrita da dezena igual a dos números 
cardinais, mas da unidade seguirá a escrita dos números ordinais. 
Ex: 
23 rd twenty-third 
24 
th 
 twenty-fourth 
 
Table of Ordinal Numbers 
Ordinal Numbers from 1 to 1,000,000 
 
1 
st 
first 11 
th 
eleventh 21 
st 
twenty-first 31 
st 
thirty-first 
2 
nd 
second 12 
th 
twelfth 22 
nd 
twenty-second 40 
th 
fortieth 
3 
rd 
third 13 
th 
thirteenth 23 
rd 
twenty-third 50 
th 
fiftieth 
4 
th 
fourth 14 
th 
fourteenth 24 
th 
twenty-fourth 60 
th 
sixtieth 
5 
th 
fifth 15 
th 
fifteenth 25 
th 
twenty-fifth 70 
th 
seventieth 
6 
th 
sixth 16 
th 
sixteenth 26 
th 
twenty-sixth 80 
th 
eightieth 
7 
th 
seventh 17 
th 
seventeenth 27 
th 
twenty-seventh 90 
th 
ninetieth 
8 
th 
eighth 18 
th 
eighteenth 28 
th 
twenty-eighth 100 
th 
one hundredth 
9 
th 
ninth 19 
th 
nineteenth 29 
th 
twenty-ninth 1,000 
th 
one thousandth 
10 
th 
tenth 20 
th 
twentieth 30 
th 
thirtieth 1,000,000 
th 
one millionth 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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CARDINAL NUMBERS 
(FROM 0 TO 100) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EXERCISES 
 
1) Write the numbers in full. (Escreva os números por extenso). 
 
a) Harry is the __________________ (1st). 
b) Melina is the _________________ (8th). 
c) Max is the ___________________ (20th). 
d) Mohamed is the _______________ (2nd). 
e) Helen is the __________________ (3rd). 
f) Monique is the _________________ (12th) 
g) Myriam is the __________________ (29th). 
h) Denis is the ____________________ (55th). 
i) Mauris is the __________________ (100th). 
j) Lyn is the _____________________ (34th). 
 
 
The fox and the grapes 
 
 
 
One hot summer's day a hungry Fox saw some clusters of ripe grapes hanging from a vine. But the 
vine on which the grapes hung was too high for him to reach. 
Drawing back a few steps, it took a running leap at it, but it missed the bunch. Again and again it he 
tried, but in vain. At last, it had to give it up, and walked away with his nose in the air, saying, "They 
must be sour." h 
 It is easy to despise what you cannot get. 
 
Activities 
 
1- The text is ? 
 
a) Cartoon. b) Tale. c) Fable. d) Prayer.
 
 
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2- The finality is: 
 
a) Show mood. 
b) Show animals. 
c) Just be a simple storie. 
d) Show a moral lesson.
 
3- In the sentence: “One hot summer's day a hungry Fox saw some clusters of ripe grapes hanging from a 
vine.” The underlined expression gives idea of: h 
 
a) Time. b) Addition. c) Fable. d) Opposition.
4- In the text, the Fox finished: 
 
a) Happy. 
 
b)Sad. 
 
c) Scorned. 
 
d) Laughing. 
5- In the sentence: “But the vine on which the grapes hung was too high for him to reach.” The 
underlined word refers to: 
 
a) The fox. 
b) The grapes. 
c) The vine. 
d) The But. 
 
6- The characteristic of this text is: 
 
a) Short text and moral. 
b) Long text and moral. 
c) Short text and joke. 
d) Long text and images. 
 
7- The fox made several attempts to pick the grapes, so she finally: 
 
a) Picked grapes and smiled. 
b) Ate the entire bunch of grapes. 
c) She called reinforcement to pick grapes. 
d) She could not pick the grapes. 
 
8- What’s the textual type: 
 
a) Description. b) Narration. c) Injunction. d) Dissertation 
 
9- In the sentence: “One hot summer's day a hungry Fox saw some clusters of ripe grapes hanging from a 
vine.” The underline word can be replaced by: 
 
a) Bunch. b) Vine. c) Vain. d) Grapes. 
 
10- In the sentence: “Again and again it tried, but in vain.” The underlined word refers to: 
 
a) The hot summer. 
b) The grape 
c) The vain. 
d) The fox. 
 
11- In the sentence: "They must be sour." The underlined word gives idea of: 
 
a) Certainty. b) Ability. c) Probability. d) Flavor. 
 
 
Trabalho final da Apostila: 
Trazer 1 gênero textual, explicando-o, separando a função, onde foi tirado, suporte, entre outros.