REL DISC 2

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1a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerunds can be used to perform different syntactic roles such as: subject, subject complement, direct object, just to name a few. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"Most people avoid talking about religion, politics, or gender issues in public events."
The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	
	prepositional complement
	
	subject
	 
	direct object
	
	subject complement
	
	indirect object
	Respondido em 22/08/2023 10:10:11
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: direct object
Feedback:
Direct object (ANSWER) - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb, which is the case of the verb avoid: it requires a direct object so that its meaning is not jeopardized.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb, which is not the case at play.
Prepositional complement - it refers to using a gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
	
		2a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Verbals, non-finite forms present in the English language, can be used to perform a variety of syntactic functions depending on the type of transitivity a sentence presents, as well as other factors. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"The candidates had no option but to respect society's demands."
The infinitive form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	
	noun complement
	
	subject
	
	direct object
	
	subject complement
	 
	prepositional complement
	Respondido em 22/08/2023 10:25:25
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: prepositional complement
Feedback:
Prepositional complement (ANSWER) - it refers to using an infinitive structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized. In the case above, the word but is synonymous with except. Hence, it functions as a preposition and the infinitive structure is used right after it to fulfil its meaning.
Subject complement - An infinitive functions as subject complement when it is placed after a linking verb, which is not the case in question.
Subject - When an infinitive structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, an infinitive structure must be located after a transitive verb, which is not the case, since the infinitive form is located after a preposition.
Noun complement - it deals with using an infinitive form right after a noun to provide more details on it.
	
		3a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Participles present multiple uses in the English language. For instance, they can take part in Perfect and Progressive verb tenses. Another important use has to do with simplifying more complex sentence structures. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"Standing in the queue, I realized I had forgotten my wallet at home."
The participle form in the sentence is used to simplify:
		
	
	An adverbial clause of manner
	 
	An adverbial clause of time
	
	An adverbial clause of condition
	
	A non-restrictive adjective clause
	
	A restrictive adjective clause
	Respondido em 22/08/2023 10:23:30
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: An adverbial clause of time
Feedback:
The participle form in this example is used to simplify an adverbial clause of time. It replaces the following structure: "While I was standing in the queue, ...". Since the sentence conveys an adverbial meaning it cannot refer to an adjective clause. Additionally, it refers to "when" an action took place, which means that "condition" and "manner" are not being expressed by the sentence.
	
		4a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerund clauses represent a specific type of subordinate clause whose structure is based on a non-finite form. Moreover, depending on the type of verbal transitivity employed in the main clause, the Gerund Clause will have specific syntactic functions. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
 
"People in general prefer not talking about politics in social occasions."
 
The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	
	Subject
	
	Prepositional complement
	
	Subject complement
	 
	Direct object
	
	Indirect object
	Respondido em 22/08/2023 10:10:43
	
	Explicação:
· Direct object (ANSWER) - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb, which is the case of the verb prefer: it requires a direct object so that its meaning is not jeopardized.
· Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb.
· Prepositional complement - it refers to using gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized.
· Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
· Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
	
		5a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerund clauses possess the common syntactic functions of nouns. It means they can be used as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, and so on. Bearing this piece of information in mind, consider the following sentence:
 
 
'' Running five kilometers at a good pace requires technique and strength.''
 
 
A gerund form in the sentence above was used as:
		
	
	Direct object
	 
	Subject
	
	Indirect object
	
	Part of an idiomatic expression
	
	Subject complement
	Respondido em 22/08/2023 10:11:47
	
	Explicação:
Subject (ANSWER) - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence
Part of an idiomatic expression - The structure GO + GERUND is a typical idiomatic expression used to refer to someone¿s (recreational) activity.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
	
		6a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerunds comprise a special class of non-finite forms present in the English language. They can be used to perform a variety of syntactic functions depending on the type of transitivity a sentence presents. Sometimes, they are required as part of a more complex structures. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
 
 
''My generation and I used to give reading books most of our free-time.''
 
 
The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	 
	Indirect object
	
	Direct object
	
	Prepositional complement
	
	Subject 
	
	Subject complement
	Respondido em 22/08/2023 10:12:10
	
	Explicação:
Indirect object (ANSWER) - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs. In the example above, the verb give is ditransitive, whose indirect and direct objects are, respectively, reading books and most of our free-time.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed after a linking verb, which is not the case in question.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be locatedafter a transitive verb.
Prepositional complement - it refers to using gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized
	
		7a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	A to-infinitive clause may play the role of subject, object, adjunct and even object complement. Choose the option in which the infinitive clause plays the role of object complement:
		
	
	To imitate his politeness, she admired the beauty of the place.
	
	She wanted to persuade herself.
	
	He was coming to us in order to assure us of his concern.
	
	He has pledged to assist Mr. Wickham with money.
	 
	Sir William's interruption has made me forget everything.
	Respondido em 22/08/2023 10:16:50
	
	Explicação:
All the alternatives above were adapted from the novel Pride and Prejudice.
AUSTEN, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Available at: The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen. Accessed Oct 12th, 2021
 
To imitate his politeness, she admired the beauty of the place and He was coming to us in order to assure us of his concern contain examples in which the to-infinitive clauses function as circumstantial adjuncts, they provide us with the reason why. In He has pledged to assist Mr. Wickham with money and She wanted to persuade herself, they complete the main verb, playing the role of objects. At last, in Sir William's interruption has made me forget everything, the bare-infinitive clause operates as an object complement, since "forget everything" is connected to the object "me".
	
		8a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Think is a verb that, like understand and realize, describe a mental process. Mark the alternative in which there is a main verb implying a mental process followed by a to-infinitive introduced by a wh-word.
		
	
	We attempted to carry him into the cabin.
	
	He hoped to procure some respectable employment in a merchant's house.
	
	Those men wished to ask him a thousand questions.
	
	At first, I perceived that he tried to suppress his emotion.
	 
	I had obtained that fire through accident and knew not how to reproduce it.
	Respondido em 22/08/2023 10:21:43
	
	Explicação:
The only verb above which entails a cognitive process is "knew". Besides, it is followed by a to-infinitive clause introduced by "how". Other possible verbs would be:
· assume
· perceive
· prove
· show
· think
· understand
Therefore, the correct answer is: I had obtained that fire through accident and knew not how to reproduce it.
	
		9a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Reduced present participle clauses may have two forms: basic and perfective. Bearing it in mind, read the sentences below:
I - the girl _______________ a red dress studies with me at the Santa Ana School
II - _______________ the test before everyone, she left the room and waited outside.
Considering that sentence I presents a basic form and sentence II, a perfective form, choose the option that fills in the gaps correctly.
		
	
	I - having worn, II - having finished.
	
	I - worn, II - having finished.
	
	I - worn, II - finishing.
	 
	I - wearing; II - having finished.
	
	I - wearing, II - finishing.
	Respondido em 22/08/2023 10:20:37
	
	Explicação:
Answer: I - wearing; II - having finished.
Feedback: Reduced present participle clauses in their basic structure are formed by -ing participles. In their perfective form, they are introduced by the auxiliary have and a participle ending in - ed. Therefore, only "I - wearing; II - having finished" is correct.
	
		10a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	RPCs are shortened versions of full subordinate clauses. They vary according to the type of participle used to replace the verb tense of the unreduced clause. Regarding the different types of RPCs, read the statements below:
I - Reduced present participle clauses have participle forms ending in -ing, that convey an active meaning in the clause.
II - Reduced past participle clauses can have three types of structure: basic, progressive and perfective.
III - Reduced present participle clauses in their perfective form are introduced by the auxiliary have.
What is the option that presents the correct judgement about the statements above?
		
	
	I - false, II - true, III - true.
	
	I - false, II - false, III - true.
	
	I - true, II - false, III - true.
	 
	I - true, II - true, III - true.
	
	I - true, II - true, III - false.
	Respondido em 22/08/2023 10:19:31
	
	Explicação:
Answer: I - true, II - true, III - true.
Feedback: It is true that reduced present participle clauses convey an active meaning and are formed using a participle form that ends in -ing as well as it is true that, in their perfective form, they are preceded by an auxiliary verb: have. Finally, it is also true that reduced past participle clauses have three types of form: basic, progressive and perfective.